Fight against harmful insects. Insect control methods

Most biological pest control methods are based on the natural connection of all creatures living in nature. They do not contradict its normal circulation and do not damage the environment.

Conventionally, all biological methods used to protect garden plots can be divided into six main ones:

Bait method;
- bacterial;
- method of entomophages;
- zoological;
- method of natural or natural chemical compounds;
- phytoncidal.

Using food baits, you can lure pests to a pre-prepared place where it will not be difficult to destroy them. For example, for a wireworm, potatoes or carrots are used as bait, buried in the ground no deeper than 15 cm from the surface. A few days later, it is removed along with the larvae that have climbed there.

Bacterial protection method - the use of different strains of bacteria that affect only certain pests. For example, exclusively mosquito larvae, colorado potato beetle or white caterpillars. These bacteria are absolutely safe for humans and for the whole environment. So, granulosis viruses that multiply in caterpillars are used against the codling moth. For warm-blooded animals, they are not dangerous, and insect larvae die fairly quickly. Pathogenic bacteria for pests are found in such modern preparations, like "Bitoxibacillin", "Dendrobacillin", "Lepidocid". These bacteria are alive, so everything similar drugs can not be stored for a long time and left in unheated room for the winter.

The method of entomophages is the use of their natural enemies, which are many insect predators, to control pests. They constantly live in gardens and orchards and destroy pests no worse than others. chemicals. Of course, they do not act as quickly as poisons and herbicides, which is why we often do not notice their daily work. Well-known ladybugs actively eat aphids. A certain type of nematode cleans the soil from the larvae of the May beetle. small insect named encarsia are placed in greenhouses to fight hymenoptera, like the whitefly butterfly. Lacewing larvae destroy small sucking pests.

The number of entomophages living on the site should be increased as much as possible. The first thing to do is to limit or even eliminate the use of chemicals. Then it is desirable to plant plants that will attract beneficial insects such as spices and legumes.

Zoological method - attraction to the site of small animals and birds that feed on harmful insects, their eggs and larvae. Most often, these are various insectivorous birds, toads, frogs, and even moles and shrews, hated by many gardeners. It is the moles that destroy most larvae of the May beetle, one of the most voracious destroyers of our gardens. It is toads and frogs that save the beds from the invasion of slugs and caterpillars. And hedgehogs, in addition to insects, also exterminate mice. A pair of starlings that have settled in the garden daily collects so many caterpillars for food for their chicks that their mass exceeds the weight of the feathered hunters themselves. Therefore, attracting all this living creatures to your site, creating suitable conditions for its habitation, it should become a constant concern of the gardener who wants to protect the crop from uninvited freeloaders.

Another good biological control method to reduce the number of pests in your garden is to disorientate them with smell. For this, plants that are often subject to insect raids are regularly sprayed with infusions or decoctions. fragrant herbs able to drown out the natural smell. Infusion of needles is successfully used against the codling moth, aphids, weevil. Infusion of garlic or husks onion well repels leaf-eating and leaf-sucking. Against them, freshly prepared infusions of marigolds, nettles, marigolds, wormwood, as well as yarrow and potato tops are effective.

Some plants are able to release special substances into the air - phytoncides. Therefore, planted next to others, they not only interrupt their smell, but also scare away those who want to feast on future garden products. It has long been known that carrots protect onions from onion flies, and he protects them from carrot flies. Cabbage white does not like the smell of celery, and cruciferous fleas do not like dill. Majority garden pests they are afraid of phytoncides of pharmaceutical chamomile, and almost everyone bypasses black and red elderberries.

Of course, this does not exhaust all possible biological methods of pest control, especially those used in industrial scale. The above is only what can be freely used in any area without fear of any undesirable consequences. Which of the listed methods to choose or apply them in combination depends on the characteristics of each particular garden or vegetable garden.

Biological pest and disease control

The biological method of combating pests and diseases also includes the use of biological preparations made on the basis of bacteria, fungi and viruses that cause diseases. harmful insects or suppress plant pathogens. Also, biological preparations are prepared on the basis of pathogenic bacteria that infect small and large rodents and lead them to illness and death.

Widely used as part of the biological method of pest and disease control and genetic method, based on artificial (chemical or radiation) sterilization of male pests. Insects sterilized in this way are unable to reproduce and lead to population decline.

A large number of pests are destroyed by insectivorous birds of prey, such as tits, starlings, wagtails and woodpeckers. Attraction of birds by the device of various man-made nests, birdhouses, as well as feeders in winter time contributes to a significant reduction in the number of insect pests. This method of biological control of pests and diseases does not require large expenditures.

Thus, we can conclude that the biological method of pest and disease control is cheap and does not disturb the ecological balance. The use of the biological method of pest and disease control eliminates unnecessary expenses and the consequences associated with the chemical method of struggle. Biological preparations are practically safe for humans and for the environment. However, the biological method of pest and disease control still requires careful development, since the contribution of the method to plant protection is still not great enough. At the moment, when chemical methods of controlling plant pests and diseases are becoming more and more costly and time-consuming, and the benefits they bring are no longer as obvious as the harm done to the environment, the biological method of controlling plant pests and diseases comes to the fore in terms of prospects. . Biologists are improving biopreparations that protect plants and their distribution already reaches 10% of the sown area in the world.

Those who care about the environmental cleanliness of the crop on their site can be recommended to contact the specialized company "Zelenitel Stroy", where experienced employees will help you select the necessary biopreparations for plant protection.

Biological pest control

AT last years more and more attention is paid to biological methods of pest control: the protection and attraction of insectivorous birds, bats, the breeding of pests, the use of biological preparations that cause insect diseases.

Used for pest control predatory insects. many kinds ladybugs, ground beetles, ants - they all feed on other insects and help humans in reducing the number of insect pests.

ladybugs

Beetles with bright elytra, with black dots. Their larvae eat aphids and other small insects. They hibernate under the bark of trees and fallen leaves.

ground beetles

Large and medium sized beetles, black, green or bronze with a metallic sheen. Ground beetles and their larvae are predators. They actively hunt various woody caterpillars of the ground beetle.

Red forest ants

protect large areas of the forest from insect pests (one family destroys up to 18 thousand insects in 1 day).

Ovi-eaters and ichneumons from the order Hymenoptera are widely used.

egg eaters

Tiny insects, they lay their eggs in eggs or on the eggs of other insect pests, where they develop. These include trichograms and telenomus. The female Trichogramma lays her eggs in the eggs of more than 80 species of butterflies. The egg-eater darkmus infects the eggs of bugs of harmful turtles. Trichogramma is bred in special laboratories, and then released into the fields, gardens and orchards. Riders lay their eggs in the body of insect larvae and pupae.

One of the important directions of this method is the protection entomophages. The biological method of control involves the use of pathogens of fungal, bacterial and viral diseases of harmful insects. The bacterial preparations entobactrin and dendrobacillin are currently used.

An invaluable service in the fight against garden pests is provided by insectivorous birds(tits, starlings, swallows, sparrows, flycatchers, etc.), destroying various caterpillars, larvae, butterflies and beetles in huge quantities. Especially many harmful insects are destroyed by birds while feeding chicks. Thus, a family of starlings destroys up to 350 caterpillars, beetles, snails per day, and a redstart family feeds more than 7,000 caterpillars to chicks. Tits differ in particular voracity. An adult tit, for example, eats food in a mass equal to its own mass in one day.

Given this, it is necessary in every possible way to attract insectivorous birds to the gardens and protect them by arranging artificial nests for them - birdhouses, titmouses, and in winter do not forget to regularly feed the birds.

Agrotechnical methods of combating diseases and pests

Evidence-based fertilization contributes to increasing plant resistance to pathogens. Thus, the use of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers significantly reduces the number of insects with piercing-sucking oral apparatus(aphids, mites), which is associated with a change under the influence of these fertilizers chemical composition plants, which becomes less favorable for pests.

Ammonia forms have an inhibitory effect on a number of pathogens and nematodes. nitrogen fertilizers, as well as liming acidic soils.

A significant number of pests and pathogens are destroyed by autumn digging soil, when plantings are mulched with peat or compost with a layer of 8-10 cm.

Amateur gardeners successfully use manual shaking of raspberry beetles and raspberry-strawberry weevils on the litter with their subsequent destruction, they catch insects flying into the light at night (moths, moths, leafworms). A large number of beetles and butterflies fall into containers with fermenting molasses, sweet tea with milk, beer, etc., placed between bushes or not far from them.

It is known that it is easier to prevent a negative effect than to eliminate its consequences later on plantings, especially since the use of pesticides is considered undesirable.

That is why it is necessary, on the one hand, to prevent or eliminate sources of infection (at a minimum, use a healthy planting material), and on the other hand, to create conditions under which the plant would quickly take root, get stronger and itself join in the competition for light, moisture, nutrition. And in the end, it would realize its potential in the fight against infection.

To prevent the occurrence of infection or stop its spread, gardeners need to strictly and timely implement special agrotechnical measures.

To combat harmful insects in individual gardens, biological preparations can also be used - dendrobacillin and lepidocid by spraying plants as pests appear. These drugs do not affect the aroma and taste of fruits, are safe for humans, warm-blooded animals and bees.

The main pests of raspberries

The most dangerous pests for raspberries are the raspberry beetle, raspberry-strawberry weevil, raspberry stem midge, raspberry shoot midge or raspberry mosquito, raspberry stem fly, aphid, raspberry mite, spider mite, cicada.

raspberry beetle

Raspberry plants are harmed by adult beetles and insect larvae. After overwintering in the soil near the bush at a depth of up to 10 cm, first light brown and then grayish-brown beetles appear in late May - early June. At this time, they settle on weeds and early flowering berry bushes, and when buds appear, they switch to raspberries. Beetles gnaw holes in the buds and eat their contents. In young leaves, they gnaw out tissues between the veins of the second order. The females then lay their eggs in the flower or at the base of the ovary. Insect larvae that appear after 10 days spend three days outside the fruit, and then bite into the berry, feed on the fruit bed, sometimes on drupes. As a rule, one yellowish-white larva with dark brown spots on the back settles in the berry. The larvae pupate in the soil, turning into beetles.

Control measures: loosening the soil in autumn and spring with a violation of the wintering place of the beetles, mulching the soil under the bushes with a thick layer of loose mulch materials, destroying weeds on which the beetle feeds before moving to raspberries, shaking off and destroying the beetles.

A farmer can preserve and protect plant crops planted in a garden or vegetable garden not only by chemical, but also by organizational, economic, agrotechnical, mechanical and biological methods. By taking the above measures, you will be able to avoid damage and death of a healthy crop.

Measures to protect garden and horticultural crops aimed at reducing the number dangerous pests and pathogens, to prevent their mass reproduction or to increase the resistance of plants to damage and disease. A set of techniques aimed at the destruction of pests and pathogens or at reducing damage from them is called a system of plant protection measures. It includes organizational and economic measures, agrotechnical, mechanical, biological and chemical methods of control. All these methods are combined with each other, complementing each other.

Organizational and economic activities

The group of organizational and economic activities includes, first of all, correct placement trees in the area. It provides for compliance optimal distances between trees defined by agricultural instructions. For tall varieties, big square food (usually 4 × 5 m), for semi-dwarf and dwarf - less. The thickening of plants is undesirable: by closing their crowns, the trees interfere with each other, the work of spraying trees is difficult, and the lighting conditions worsen. Thickened plantations, in addition, are worse blown by the wind.

Varieties fruit crops different terms maturation is sprayed an unequal number of times: summer varieties are less, winter varieties are more. Often they are used to process different means. Therefore, trees with the same fruit ripening period should be placed in groups. This will protect summer varieties, especially during the period of ripening and harvesting, from getting pesticides on them when spraying winter varieties.

Planting material for laying and renewing the garden and berries, seedlings and seeds of vegetable and flower crops must be healthy, not infected with pests and diseases. With planting material, aphids, leafworms, scale insects, phylloxera, and some pathogens can be brought into the garden. Therefore, it is better to take planting material not from individuals, but from fruit nurseries.

Sometimes, in order to make fuller use of the land, berry bushes, strawberries, vegetable crops. Such placement can be justified only in the first years after the laying of the garden, when there is still no need to spray the trees with pesticides. When spraying, pesticides fall on berries, strawberries, vegetables growing under trees and make them unsuitable or unsuitable for food.

Agrotechnical measures

Agrotechnical measures with timely and high-quality implementation make it possible to grow strong healthy plants with increased resistance to damage by pests and diseases. They significantly reduce the number of pests and, accordingly, reduce the damage from them. It is desirable to give preference to varieties resistant to pests and diseases, if their yield and taste qualities meet the needs of the gardener. Loosening the soil, destroying weeds, and moderate fertilization prevent the reproduction of many pests and pathogens.

Autumn digging of the soil with careful incorporation of fallen leaves and other plant residues is an effective technique control of apple tree scab, cabbage moth, spotting, etc. Pruning and burning dry and damaged branches in the garden helps to reduce the number of corrosive woodworm, gooseberry aphids, apple vitreous, raspberry flies and others. Many pests and pathogens reproduce on weeds and pass from them to cultivated plants.

Regular destruction of weeds reduces the number cruciferous fleas, cabbage moth, white rot of garden crops and many others harmful organisms. Timely harvesting of apple fruits reduces their losses from codling moth, scab. Sowing on the plot flower plants and nectariferous attracts beneficial insects. Feeding flowers with nectar increases their fertility and enhances beneficial activity.

Mechanical events

The mechanical method of control includes measures aimed at the physical extermination of harmful insects, and sometimes pathogens, and at creating obstacles for the penetration of pests to fruit tree or on its crown. The group of these methods includes, for example, removing from the branches and burning the winter nests of golden tail and hawthorn, hanging trapping belts on boles, manual collection and destruction of the Colorado potato beetle, cabbage white caterpillars, etc.

Chemical method of struggle

chemical method control is based on the use of chemicals against pests and diseases: insecticides against insects, acaricides against ticks, fungicides against fungal diseases. Chemicals can be used by spraying, less often pollinating plants, introducing them into the soil, preparing poisoned baits, sometimes gassing (plants, warehouses, greenhouses, containers), dressing seeds, bulbs and tubers intended for planting. Chemical preparations are applied to plants using special equipment - sprayers, bleaches. The chemical method is convenient and easy to use. It allows you to reliably protect the crop. However, pesticides are not harmless to humans and domestic animals, which requires caution in handling them.

In addition, not only harmful ones die from pesticides, but also beneficial organisms. Accumulating in fruits and other parts of plants, pesticides can be dangerous to humans. Getting into the air, soil, water, they, together with fertilizers and herbicides, are a source of environmental pollution. Therefore, in recent years, pesticides tend to be used less frequently, only in the presence of a significant number of pests, when it is impossible to reduce their number by other methods.

Scientists have developed thresholds of harmfulness, i.e., such quantities of certain pests have been established at which and above which the treatment with pesticides becomes appropriate. To obtain a higher effect and avoid burns of the sprayed plants, when using pesticides, it is necessary to adhere to the concentrations recommended by the instructions.

The method is based on the use of phytoncides of living vegetation. It is known that plants themselves are able to protect themselves from insect pests with the help of phytoncides. Some types of insects that harm certain types of plants also ignore other types of plants that are poisonous or repellent to them. The deterrent property for many garden pests of plants such as elderberry, hemp, etc. is widely known.

Callitorg flies were artificially propagated and exposed to radioactive cobalt, which led to male infertility. In general, the insects were quite viable and were released into the wild. After mating with males, females lay eggs unable to develop. The application of this method was crowned with great success on the territory of a small island, and then on larger areas of the mainland.

For other insect pests, the method of sterilization is not irradiation, but by chemical means, although the action is similar: they release into nature a large number of insects that are unable to reproduce.

This method is often called American, but it is fair to say that its author, Soviet geneticist A. S. Serebrovsky, a professor at Moscow University, a scientist back in 1940, proposed it for effective fight with insect pests.

biological bait method

This method became famous not so long ago, and its meaning is to place in traps an extract based on the odorous glands of female butterflies of harmful insects. Males of this species, attracted by the scent, will fall into the trap. As you know, butterflies catch the scent at fairly large distances.

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Microbiological or bacterial pest control

This method has found wide application in our country. Its essence is that viruses or bacteria are resettled in the centers of active reproduction of insect pests, as a result of which insect pests become infected with diseases and die.

showed good results experiments made in Siberia, when caterpillars of the Siberian silkworm were infected with bacilli that cause septicemia (putrefaction). A week after the aerial treatment of deciduous forests, an area of ​​about 300 hectares, up to 90% of the caterpillars died.

This method is good because the destructive effect extends only to caterpillars, silkworms and some other types of insects; for humans, other warm-blooded animals and invertebrates does not pose any danger.

The foci of the disease are quite persistent, the corpses and cocoons of caterpillars remaining on the trees for several years served as a source of diseases of the next generations, if they appear.

This method is used in two directions:

An example of the use of this method is the story, which began in the 18th century, when red blood aphids were accidentally brought to our country along with vegetation from abroad.

The aphid inflicted huge losses apple orchards southern regions of the country. In 1931, it was possible to cope with this insect pest, with the help of the colonization of the Aphelinus rider, who, for short span time significantly reduced the number of pests - blood aphids, that he practically ceased to be a pest.

Another example: the predatory vedalia beetle was brought to Transcaucasia in order to overcome the Australian worm Itceria. The worm came to our country from Australia, after some time it began to cause significant harm citrus trees. The vedalia beetle served to noticeably reduce the number of the mealybug.

This method involves the use of vertebrates and especially birds - it can be called zoological. Like many others, the method was developed in our country several decades ago. On the basis of reserves and on the territory of southern forest plantations, experiments were carried out to attract birds to combat forest pests.

It should be noted that using biological pest control methods, it is not nature itself that acts, but an incomparably more powerful anthropogenic factor. Man consciously rebuilds nature in a more favorable direction for himself, not taking into account the fact that cyclic regular fluctuations in the density of varieties of populations of harmful and useful species are not preserved.

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