What kind of mouth apparatus do caddisflies have. caddis

Less common are larvae that do not have caps - the so-called campodeoid larvae. Such larvae are mainly predators, building special trapping nets from thin cobweb threads. Such networks, having the form of funnels, are located with a wide opening against the current and are attached motionlessly to aquatic plants, stones and other underwater objects.

chrysalis

The larva pupates under water in a case built by it. The pupa has rudiments of wings, very long antennae, large eyes and huge mandibles, with which it destroys the cover of the case. Thin threadlike gills are noticeable on the abdomen. The pupa may be equipped with long swimming legs. At the posterior end of the pupa's body there are long bristles, with the help of which it cleans a hole in the sieve-like lid, which is easily clogged with silt, and thus provides access to fresh water. The opening of the anterior sieve operculum is cleaned with the help of bristles located on the upper lip, and also, perhaps, with the help of elongated jaws. To exit the imago, the pupa floats to the surface, acting like oars with rowing middle legs. Adult insects fly out in about a month.

Classification

Based on the diversity of larvae, two groups of families are distinguished Trichoptera. Group Annulipalpia includes those families of caddis flies whose larvae build nets (serve for catching prey and shelter). Families larvae Rhyacophilidae And Hydrobiosidae do not form larval caps, but the pupa is located inside a dome-shaped structure of mineral fragments. Hydroptilidae- larvae are free-living until the last stage, after which they build a cap, which can be free or attached to the substrate. Inside it, pupation takes place. In larvae of the family Glossosomatidae, the cap is similar to that of other Annulipalpia, however, the larva stretches a transverse thread under the dome, which allows the larva to drag the house. With each new stage, the larva builds a new sheath, and then a new sheath is built for pupation. In this case, the thread is removed and the case is attached to the substrate. family group Intgripalpia build mostly tubular covers. The material for construction and the type of construction are species-specific. The larva is mobile and completes the house with each larval stage.

• Suborder Annulipalpia
  • Hydropsychoidea: Arctopsychidae- Dipseudopsidae - Ecnomidae- †Electralbertidae - Hyalopsychidae - Hydropsychidae - Polycentropodidae - Psychomyiidae- Xiphocentronidae
  • †Necrotaulioidea: Necrotauliidae
  • Philopotamoidea: Philopotamidae - Stenopsychidae
  • Rhyacophiloidea: Glossosomatidae - Hydrobiosidae - Hydroptilidae- †Prorhyacophilidae - Rhyacophilidae
• Suborder Integripalpia
  • Leptoceroidea: Atriplectididae - Calamoceratidae- Kokiriidae - Leptoceridae- Limnocentropodidae - Molannidae - Odontoceridae- Philorheitridae
  • Limnephiloidea: Apataniidae - Brachycentridae - Goeridae - Lepidostomatidae - Limnephilidae- Oeconesidae - Pisuliidae - Rossianidae - †Taymyrelectronidae - Uenoidae
  • Phryganeoidea: †Baissoferidae - †Dysoneuridae - †Kalophryganeidae - Phryganeidae - Phryganopsychidae- Plectrotarsidae
  • Sericostomatoidea: Anomalopsychidae-Antipodoeciidae- Barbarochthonidae - Beraeidae - Calocidae - Chathamiidae - Conoesucidae - Helicophidae - Helicopsychidae- Hydrosalpingidae - Petrothrincidae - Sericostomatidae- Incertae Sedis
  • Tasimioidea: Tasimiidae
  • †Vitimotaulioidea: Vitimotauliidae
• Incertae Sedis Genera: †Conchindusia - †Folindusia - †Indusia - †Molindusia - †Ostracindusia - †Pelindusia - †Piscindusia - †Quinquania - †Scyphindusia - †Secrindusia - †Terrindusia

Notes

Literature

• Holzenthal R. W., Blahnik, R. J., Prather, A. L., and Kjer K. M. Order Trichoptera Kirby 1813 (Insecta), Caddisflies // Linneaus Tercentenary: Progress in Invertebrate Taxonomy. zootaxa./ Zhang, Z.-Q., and Shear, W.A. (Eds) .. - 2007. - T. 1668. - S. 639-698 (1–766).
• Kjer, K. M.; Blahnik, R. J.; Holzenthal, R. W. 2002: Phylogeny of Caddisflies (Insecta, Trichoptera). // Zoologica scripta, 31: 83–91.
• Schmid, F. 1998: Genera of the Trichoptera of Canada and Adjoining or Adjacent United States. - National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa.
• Ward, J. B. 1999: An annotated checklist of the caddis (Trichoptera) of the New Zealand subregion. // Records of the Canterbury Museum, 13: 75–95.
• A. V. MARTYNOV Caddisflies (vol. 1). - Leningrad, publishing house of the Academy of Sciences, 1934.

Hello friends! Today I want to continue talking about insects that are of great interest to anglers and I want to talk about such a popular insect among anglers as the caddisfly.

Probably, many of their childhood remember how crawling houses were caught in childhood in clear water, and for many of us the caddisfly reminds this particular house, and few people imagine at this moment a butterfly, usually small in size and not brightly colored, similar to night moths.

However, a caddisfly is such a butterfly, and crawling houses are caddisfly larvae that always live in water.

Caddisfly - (lat. Trichoptera) a detachment of insects with complete metamorphosis (transformation).

The life cycle of the caddisfly, unlike the mayfly, is complete and can be described by the following scheme: egg - larva (larva) - pupa (navel) - adult insect.

The difference between the caddisfly and many butterflies is that its body and especially the front wings are covered with hairs, and not with scales like butterflies. Hence the name Trichoptera: thrix - hair and pteron - wing.

Consider the development of the caddis in order. The female lays eggs in the water a little differently depending on the species. Basically, females descend into the water from the shore or dive to the bottom and lay their eggs there, but some species can do this on the surface of the water or plants, but in any case, the caddis eggs fall to the bottom of the reservoir and larvae (larvae) appear from them.

The larvae of many species of caddisflies live in houses that are built from sand, small pebbles, plant remains and other material. These caddis flies are known to many anglers. Often such larvae are collected and successfully fished for them, both in winter and in summer. Few people know that some species of caddisflies build their shelters among stones from silk threads secreted by special glands. And some species of caddisflies do not build any houses, but simply crawl between the stones.

And so we figured out that all caddisflies are divided into three groups: building houses, living freely and weaving nets of silk threads, building shelters for themselves. In this regard, the peculiarity of their life and place of residence may differ.

I will not describe the features of the life of various larvae of caddis flies so as not to clog your brain, for those who are very interested in these features, you can find a lot of such information in entomological works.

Regardless of the type of caddisfly, in order for the larva to turn into an adult insect, it must go through the pupa (navel) stage. Those larves that had houses attach them to immovable objects in the water and clog the holes, while those who did not have houses have to build shelters from sand and small pebbles.

After the caddisfly larva has taken refuge in its shelter, it begins to weave a silk cocoon. Then this cocoon hardens and inside it the transformation of the larva into an adult insect takes place.

At this stage of metamorphosis, wings grow in the larva and the shape of the body changes, as well as legs and antennae (antennae).

After an adult insect has formed in the cocoon, the caddisfly gnaws the cocoon and rushes to the surface of the water. At this moment, the caddisfly is still in a transparent shell, which bursts when it reaches the surface. In this state, the insect is very vulnerable in large quantities eaten by fish.

The emerged adult caddisfly rushes ashore to a safe place.

An adult insect has two pairs of wings, which are covered with small hairs, however, like the whole body. When the caddisfly rests, the back pair of wings is under the front ones, and the front ones are folded on the sides of the insect and cover it from above in the form of a house.

The caddisfly's antennae are long and usually exceed the length of the body.

The caddisfly feeds on the nectar of plants on the shore, but every day they fly to the reservoir to drink water, where it falls into the mouth of a voracious fish.

The silhouette of all species of caddisflies is similar and usually has a brown color with various shades. Fly anglers have long learned to copy the silhouette of an adult caddis flies, and the variety of flies is simply huge.

Among them there are flies that are very popular, such as "ELK HAIR CADDIS". I caught this fly very successfully last season.

There are also a large number of flies that imitate all stages of development of the caddisfly, and not just the adult insect. Imitation of the caddis larva is also successfully used in ice fishing.

At the bottom of many fresh water bodies - clean, fast streams and overgrown ponds - you can find amazing creatures that live in tubular houses, built by them from various small particles lying on the bottom. Depending on what small objects lie at the bottom, and depending on the type of insect, houses can be built from different materials. For some, this structure is made of large grains of sand, for others it is made of pebbles or shells of small mollusks, often it is a tube consisting of small fragments of twigs or dead parts of aquatic plants, etc. The “building material” is firmly fastened with cobweb threads. These houses are built by caddisfly larvae.

Adult caddisflies are rather delicate insects that look like hairy moths (Fig. 310). It is easiest to distinguish a caddisfly from a butterfly by its wings - in butterflies, the wings are covered with scales, and in caddis flies, with hairs. At rest, their dark-colored wings are folded roof-like on their backs. The head is rather large with compound eyes and usually with 3 simple ocelli between them.

The antennae are long, filiform, the mouth organs are reduced, in particular, there are no mandibles at all, and the rest of the mouth parts are transformed into a short proboscis with a tongue. Adult caddisflies do not feed, but can drink water. The legs ending in 5-segmented tarsi are rather slender. These generally inconspicuous nondescript insects fly reluctantly and sluggishly.

After mating, the female caddisflies lay gelatinous lumps of eggs - "caviar" - in the water. The eggs hatch into larvae, which, in most species, right off the bat begin to build themselves a cobweb cover from a silk thread secreted by modified salivary glands. The case is encrusted with suitable small particles lying on the bottom and accessible to the larva. The inclusion of hard objects in the case makes it stronger and stronger. And reliable protection is necessary for the caddis larva. The fact is that she never leaves the water and breathes with the entire surface of the skin of the entire elongated abdominal part of the body. The abdomen of caddisfly larvae has not only very thin, easily permeable (and if so, easily vulnerable) integuments, but often also has numerous even more delicate gill outgrowths that increase the surface of gas exchange with water. Bunches of gills are also on the back of the chest.

If everything is calm around, the larva crawls along the bottom, carrying a little house on itself. When moving, the larva protrudes its head and thoracic region from its sheath, on which there are 3 pairs of rather long and tenacious legs protruding forward. However, the front legs are often shorter than the rest, and some caddisfly larvae have only two pairs of legs. The head and thoracic segments protruding from the cap have dense covers. The head of caddisfly larvae is amazing - it has no antennae. In larvae of different insects with complete metamorphosis, the antennae are of different lengths, but rarely they are reduced to such an extent that they become completely indistinguishable, as is the case with caddisfly larvae. The eyes of the larvae look like dark spots and consist of several simple ocelli (no more than 6 on each side of the head). The mouth apparatus of the larvae, in contrast to the adult caddis flies, is well developed, it is gnawing. The larvae feed on both plant food, scraping off soft tissues with serrated jaws, and animal food. The sheath serves the caddisfly larva not only as a permanent armor protecting the abdomen, but also as a refuge: in case of danger, the larva is all drawn into the “house”, the inlet to which closes with its dense and durable smooth head capsule. The posterior end of the body of the caddisfly larva is held in the case by a pair of powerful hook-shaped processes directed forward. Therefore, the larva can quickly hide in a case. Holding the house with hooks, the larva drags it along without losing it and only completing it as it grows.

What larvae of caddisflies are easy to meet in our reservoirs?

In fast streams with cool water and a rocky bottom under the stones, it is easy to find tubular houses. stenophile(Stenophylax stellatus), constructed from large grains of sand neatly attached to each other (Fig. 311, 1). The larva easily raises its house, the front edge of which hangs like a hood over the head of the larva, making it invisible to the fish swimming from above. If the cover of the larva is damaged, it immediately tries to fix it, picking up grains of sand of the required size with its front legs. She adjusts them to the damaged edge of the case, discards those that are less tight, trying and selecting the most suitable ones. The larva glues the grains of sand with saliva that solidifies into a silky thread, repeatedly covers them with threads, connecting the grains of sand with each other, as a result of which the case turns out to be very durable. After repairing the walls of the house, the larva carefully lines its inner surface with several layers of silk cobwebs. If the larva is carefully removed from the case and placed in a vessel, on the bottom of which beads are thrown instead of sand, it will make a house for itself from small bright beads. The larvae of stenophila feed on both plant and animal food.

In lakes into which streams flow, larvae live on the bottom in more open places. apathy(Apatania). Their houses are shaped like a horn (Fig. 311, 4). Larger grains of sand are embedded on the sides of the apatania house.

In shallow sandy places, the larvae make their houses built from grains of sand. molanny(Molanna angustata). The molanna has a house, when viewed from above, wide and flat. The central tubular part, in which the larva sits, is made of larger grains of sand, but wings of smaller grains of sand and the same hood are attached to it on the sides. On the whole, the cap looks like a rather large shield, its length is more than 2 cm (Fig. 311, 5). The mollanna larva moves with its cap in jerks.

Larvae are kept in dense thickets of plants freeganey(Phryganea), making their tubular houses from gnawed quadrangular, like short planks, pieces of plants (Fig. 311, 5). Often such houses even retain their green color - pieces of aquatic plants in the water remain viable for a long time. Freegans have a spacious and long house, the larva can run freely in it. The rear end of such a house-tube is open, and if the larva is pushed out of the case, it will quickly run over its surface and deftly dart into it from the rear end. Freeganea is a large insect, the length of an adult larva is about 4 cm. Although the larvae of freegans, making caps, bite off pieces of plants and, if necessary, especially in summer and autumn, sit mainly on a plant-based diet, they are not vegetarians. Freegan larvae are more likely to eat mosquito larvae and other small invertebrates.

Larvae are common at the bottom of overgrown ponds limnophiles(Limnophilus). The houses of some species of limnophiles are quite similar to each other. The larva builds a house from various solid small objects lying on the bottom. There may be small swollen sunken sticks, and small shells of mollusks, and needles, and other plant remains, but pebbles and grains of sand are not used by limnophiles. If the limnophila larva is driven out of the house and the house is removed, it, releasing sticky spinning threads and twirling restlessly, first makes a temporary house out of anything, and then, feeling that the abdomen is somehow protected, begins to make a permanent house, carefully choosing strong particles and fitting them well together.

Common in North America snail caddis flies(family Helicopsychidae), making spirally twisted cases for themselves, so similar to snail shells (Fig. 311, b) that even zoologists, before confidently saying what they met - a shell or a caddis house, should look very carefully.

Although the larvae of caddisflies are very well adapted to life in water, nevertheless, among the forms that build caps, there are those that left the aquatic environment and switched to life on land. Such land caddisfly(Enoicyla pusilla), living in the beech forests of Western Europe (Fig. 312). Interestingly, the females of this caddisfly are wingless. The larvae of the land caddisfly live in the litter and among the moss that covers tree trunks. This larva avoids water and, when the layer of fallen leaves becomes very wet after heavy rains, moves to tree trunks. The larva makes a house from small pieces of fallen leaves.

Although life in caps is characteristic of most caddisfly larvae, representatives of some families lead a different lifestyle, despite the fact that they have well-developed spinning glands. In shallow and slow rivers, in thickets of pondweeds and other aquatic plants, there are delicate, barely noticeable transparent tubules attached to aquatic plants (Fig. 313).

They oscillate with streams of measuredly flowing water. Usually there are many such tubes in one place - a whole cluster. Make their larvae neuroclip(Neureclipsis bimaculata) from family polycentropids(Polycentropidae). If you transfer these tubular formations to stagnant water, for example, place them in a bucket of water, they will collapse and become inconspicuous - the flow of water inflated and maintained the shape of these thin underwater nets. If you look at such a tube through a binocular, you can see that it really is a network - a network remarkably woven, with small cells of the same type. These tubular nets are weaved by narrow, long larvae that live without a sheath and do not have gills. Larvae (Fig. 314) build themselves not houses in flowing water, but nets - trapping nets, into which small crustaceans, mayfly larvae and other animals carried by the current, fall prey to the neuroclips. In the water, the predatory larva of this caddisfly catches prey in the same way as web spiders do on land!

In large flat rivers - in the waters of the Volga, Don, Dniester - many caddis flies develop hydropsychide(family Hydropsychidae). Hydropsychid larvae make a net with rectangular cells, while they themselves sit side by side in a light case made of thin threads (Fig. 315).

As soon as a small crustacean or an insect gets into the net, predatory larvae (their size reaches about 2 cm) jump out of the shelter and grab the prey with their strong jaws!

In the form of bags (Fig. 316), trapping nets of the larvae are made plectrocnemia(Plectrocnemia). Interestingly, such specialized catchers of aquatic prey as hydropsychids and plectronemias can also go on land. At a distance of tens of meters from streams, these larvae were found in the forest floor, where they lived, of course, without making any trapping nets.

However, some caddisfly larvae (family Rhyacophilidae) do not make complex structures even in water. Beautiful greenish-blue larvae crawling along the rocky bottom of clear cold streams riacophilus(Rhyacophila nubila), (Fig. 311, 7), reaching a length of 2.5 cm, only release a thread that keeps the larva from being carried away by water. These predators cling to the bottom and to the thread they secrete with their feet and attachment hooks at the posterior end of the abdomen and wait for prey. The fact that larvae of riacophiles have strong jaws directed straight ahead helps the larvae to grasp prey quickly, like in predatory larvae of ground beetles.

The development of caddisflies usually lasts 1 year, but in large northern species it lasts 2-3 years.

Familiarization with even a few representatives of caddisfly larvae shows how diverse their habits and characteristics are. And adult caddis flies do not feed, only multiply, and all lead a similar lifestyle. Therefore, it is clear that it is relatively easy to recognize caddisfly larvae (not only the way of life is different for different species, but also the structure of individual parts of the body is not the same), and only entomologists who specifically study them can recognize species of adult caddisflies.

Acquaintance with caddisflies also shows that not only the study of the structure of different parts of the body of animals makes it possible to distinguish and recognize them well, but also behavior (which is expressed, for example, in the construction of covers of one form or another) can be used by taxonomists as a reliable feature. This was first noticed by the founder of comparative zoopsychology, the Russian zoologist V. A. Wagner.

There are many peculiar things in the life and development of caddis flies. In most insects with complete metamorphosis, the pupa is almost immobile, and if the larva and the adult insect live in different environments, the larva, before pupation, makes it easier for the adult insect to get into favorable conditions for it, for example: such larvae adapted to life in water as the larvae of swimming beetles, before pupation, they emerge from the water and burrow into the ground. Otherwise, caddisflies behave. With them, the pupa begins its life in a case built while still in the larval stage, then it lives freely in the water column for some time, and the last stage of the pupa's life, before turning into an adult insect, takes place in the air.

The pupa of caddisflies is free (Fig. 317). In general, this is the same stage adapted to life in water as the larva. The life of the pupa can be easily traced by the example of the stenophile, from which the acquaintance with caddisfly larvae began. Before pupation, the larva chooses a quieter part of the reservoir and, attaching the cap to the stone, braids its ends so that each has a hole for free access of water. When the larva pupates, the pupa inside the cap makes all the time oscillatory movements, resting against the wall of the cap with an outgrowth on the base of the abdomen. To clean the holes, the pupa has strong bristles on the upper lip and cleansing processes at the posterior end of the body. By the time of maturation, the pupa breaks through with its powerful toothed jaws (not similar to the larval, and even more so to the practically absent jaws of adult caddisflies) the front end of the cap and, leaving it, begins to swim quickly on its back, like smooth bugs, making rowing movements long, equipped with swimming hairs on middle legs. Having reached a stone, shore or plant, the chrysalis clings to it and crawls out of the water. It's hard to call a caddis pupa a "resting stage" as insect pupae are often called!

In the air, the pupa begins to gradually move its abdomen, its spiracles open, the body swells and the last molt occurs - an adult winged caddis flies emerges through a longitudinal slit on the dorsal side of the chest and head. Those caddisflies, whose larvae do not live in caps, construct caps for themselves before pupation. The way of life of pupae is quite the same.

About 3000 species of caddis flies are known; they are distributed mainly in non-hot areas. About 600 species have been recorded in the USSR.

According to the system of a major connoisseur of these insects A.V. Martynov, caddisflies are divided into 2 suborders. Suborder whole-palp(lntegrilpia.) so named because in adult insects the last segment of the jaw palps is simple, not divided into rings, this suborder includes caddisflies, mainly making houses for themselves. Suborder Annelids(Annulipalpia) is named after its ringed jaw palps and includes, in particular, non-house-making hydropsychids and riacophylls.

In total, within the order, different entomologists distinguish from 13 others 16 families.

Caddisflies are undoubtedly a useful group of insects; commercial fish of our rivers feed on their larvae. In mountain streams, trout feed on stenophile larvae, eating them, despite strong sandy houses.

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"Squad of Caddisflies (Trichoptera)" in books

Order Insectivores

Order Insectivores This order includes hedgehogs, moles, shrews. These are small animals with a small brain, the hemispheres of which do not have furrows and convolutions. The teeth are poorly differentiated. Most insectivores have an elongated muzzle with a small proboscis.

Order Chiroptera