What should I do if bitten by a tick? How to get a tick out at home? The value of diagnosis in the treatment of disease. relapsing tick fever
Ticks are saprophages or predators. The most dangerous carriers of diseases among them are. They cling to their prey with their paws and move around the body in search of suitable site skin. Usually it is delicate skin, close to which blood vessels pass.
On a note!
The bloodsucker quietly bites through the skin, injecting a special substance that has an analgesic effect. Then he sticks to the wound and drinks blood for several hours or even days. His body can increase several times, swelling from drunk blood. The tick is dangerous because, along with saliva, bacteria enter the wound, which immediately infect the entire body through the blood.
When crushing a tick or the likelihood of contracting a dangerous infection increases. This is due to the fact that the gastric juice of the arthropod enters the wound.
On a note!
If the tick was damaged or crushed during removal, it should still be placed in a container and stored in a refrigerator until transfer to the laboratory. The dead tick will also take material for the presence of infections in its body.
First aid for a tick bite
If a person was bitten far from a large settlement and contact medical institution there is no way, you need to know what to do after a tick bite. You need to pull it out immediately after detection.
On a note!
After you managed to pull out the tick from a person, it is necessary to cauterize the tick bite with alcohol, lotion. Wetting the site of a tick bite is undesirable for the first couple of days. It is also recommended to refrain from being in direct sunlight.
People prone to allergic reactions are advised to take antihistamine tablets with a tick bite: Suprastin, Tavegil, Cetrin, Loratadin, Claritin. You can smear the bite site with Fenistil gel. This ointment after a tick bite relieves swelling and irritation on the skin.
If an allergic reaction has already begun in the victim, and he has difficulty breathing and swelling, measures should be taken in case of a tick bite:
- to provide rest to the victim, putting him in horizontal position;
- unbutton shirt, belt;
- provide access to the victim of fresh air;
- give drinking water;
- call a doctor or take the patient to a medical facility.
Diseases carried by a small bloodsucker do not manifest themselves immediately. Within 2-3 days the person feels well. Sometimes the incubation period can last up to 2 weeks. Then the victim has a sharp increase in temperature and weakness throughout the body.
Medical care for a tick bite should be provided by specialists, but if it is not possible to deliver the victim immediately to the hospital, it is recommended to take one of the antiviral medicines for a tick bite:
- Cycloferon is a modern immunomodulatory and antiviral drug, the active ingredient of which is Meglumine acridone acetate. Once in the body, it activates bone marrow stem cells, lymphocytes, promotes the production of interferon in the spleen, lungs, liver, and has an analgesic effect. Taking Cycloferon is contraindicated in children under 4 years of age, pregnant and lactating women. The drug is produced in ampoules of 2 ml and in tablets. The cost of a package of 5 ampoules is 340 rubles, 10 tablets will cost 190 rubles.
- Arbidol stimulates cellular and humoral immunity to viruses various kinds. The drug inhibits the fusion of the virus envelope with the membrane of a healthy cell. The active substance Umifenovir shortens the duration of the disease. Arbidol is available in the form of capsules and tablets with different dosages. A pack of 10 capsules costs about 270 rubles.
- Remantadine is a cheap antiviral and chemotherapeutic drug that actively fights various viruses. The active substance Rimantadine blocks the penetration of the virus through the cell membrane at an early stage. Effective in prevention tick-borne encephalitis provided that it is received by the victim no later than 2 days from the moment of the bite. Release form Remantadine in the form of tablets of 20 pieces per pack, average price which is about 100 rubles.
- - a solution for intramuscular or intravenous administration, containing a wide range of antibodies against pathogens of viruses and bacteria. After a tick bite in children, as an immunoglobulin, a diluted drip is administered. For adults, the drug is prescribed undiluted. Produced in the form of ampoules and a bottle with a solution. 10 ampoules cost about 1000 rubles.
Reviews
Marina, Tula
I remember from childhood how my uncle caught a tick on himself. He did not have time to stick, and no one attached importance to this case. After 2 days, my uncle developed a fever and was taken to the hospital. It turned out to be tick-borne encephalitis. It was lucky that immunoglobulin was administered at the first stage of a tick bite. After 3 months, my uncle recovered and nothing threatened his health.
Konstantin, Petrozavodsk
A couple of years ago I was on vacation in the village with relatives. We went to the forest for mushrooms and berries. After another hike, I found a tick in me. We decided to take it out on our own. He has already managed to stick and crawl under the skin. When they hooked it with tweezers, the tick burst when pulled out. His head remained inside the wound. I had to rush to the nearest hospital. They pulled out the remaining parts from under the skin and prescribed treatment with Remantadine. Within 2 weeks I drank the course. There were no consequences.
Vladimir, Krasnoyarsk
Dangerous diseases
The arachnid bloodsucker is a carrier of a number of dangerous diseases. Each of them is accompanied by certain symptoms of the consequences of a bloodsucker attack: chills, heat body, weakness, general malaise, desire to take a horizontal position, reaction to bright daylight (photophobia).
- . The carrier is the ixodid tick. Its main sources of nutrition are large and small animals, humans, birds. A tick can infect a person directly during a bite, or through dairy products from infected domestic animals - cows and goats. With tick-borne encephalitis, the victim develops a severe fever, headache, nausea, diarrhea, redness of the skin of the face, general weakness, apathy, drowsiness, convulsions.
- (Lyme disease). The first sign of the presence of a virus in the body of a bitten person is the appearance, after 1-3 weeks, of a large red spot at the site of the bite. Then the stain disappears. The incubation period of the disease can last several years. When borreliosis appears temperature, weakness in the body. Functioning deteriorates internal systems body: heart, visual organs, blood vessels, joints. Late diagnosis of the disease sometimes leads to disability of the victim.
- . In addition to humans, ixodid carriers of the disease can bite deer, horses, and dogs. The incubation period of ehrlichiosis is 2-3 weeks. The disease itself can proceed almost imperceptibly for the victim, or vice versa very hard. There is a strong fever, nausea, increased sweating, anemia. Untimely treatment of a tick bite can be fatal.
- Coxiellosis. Carriers are also more often ixodid ticks and infected animals. The consequences of a tick bite occur after 5-30 days: sweating, high fever, dry strong cough, lack of appetite, migraine, redness of the face. Sometimes the disease is accompanied by pneumonia.
- . The first sign of infection with this disease is the appearance of a bubble in place. More severe symptoms occur after a few days: fever, joint pain, nausea. Gradually, a rash appears on the body, the whites of the eyes and skin turn yellow. Attacks continue for 3-5 days, then the victim's condition returns to normal. A few days later, the next wave of symptoms sets in. There can be several such waves, each subsequent one is easier.
Treatment of diseases
As an emergency prevention of tick-borne encephalitis, a vaccination is given after a tick bite in the form of an injection of immunoglobulin. Next, you should undergo a course of treatment with corticosteroid drugs, blood substitutes. After the cessation of all symptoms of the disease, the patient is transferred to antimicrobial agents and antibiotics.
When bitten by a tick, which is a carrier of borreliosis, the victim is hospitalized and prescribed. More often used for borreliosis means after a tick bite. It belongs to tetracyclines, which block the reproduction of microbes in the body. While in the hospital, the patient undergoes a course of vitamin therapy.
With the help of modern medicines with a tick bite in short time manages to relieve the symptoms of the disease. During meningitis, vitamins B and C are injected into the body of the victim. After the fever stops, inpatient treatment continues for another 2 weeks. The recovery period can be several weeks.
The most dangerous diseases, tick-borne encephalitis and borreliosis, with timely treatment, can be cured without serious consequences for humans. But in the case of a delay in rendering medical care or in the presence of very weak immunity, serious consequences for the health and quality of life of the affected person may develop. in the worst case, it is a disability or even death of a person.
Prevention of tick bites
After each trip to the forest or park, carefully examine yourself, stripped naked. Wash clothes immediately hot water using powder. It is advisable to dry it in a special dryer or iron it on the maximum setting.
On a note!
Vaccination takes place in 3 stages: after the first vaccination, 3 months pass, then the second is given, and exactly one year later the third. Thereafter, only one vaccination should be given every three years. The vaccine stimulates the growth of antibodies in the human body and increases immunity to the virus. There is a variety emergency vaccination. It is shown to people who in the near future should be in the area endemic for tick-borne encephalitis. Another option to protect yourself while in the territory of tick activity is to take throughout the entire stay.
When bitten by a tick, people behave according to the stability of their psyche. One will remove it and immediately forget about the bite, while the other may have a tantrum. However, that one that is another version of the reaction to an uninvited guest is fundamentally not true. So what to do if bitten by a tick, what treatment to use?
If you look at the bite with medical point vision, then of course there is a certain risk of contracting various infections and that is why a doctor's consultation and appropriate prevention are necessary. But still, you should not get hung up on the bite, because a huge number of people are exposed to it during the season.
To extract ticks, there are special devices that have advantages over tweezers and a clamp. When extracting a bloodsucker with the help of such a device, his body will not be squeezed, as a result of which the contents of the proboscis will not be squeezed into the wound, which will significantly reduce the risk of infection.
If at hand there is neither tweezers with a clip, nor special device, then the tick can be removed with a strong thread. To do this, it should be tied closer to the proboscis and begin to pull up. Please note that sudden movements are also unacceptable.
If, when removing the tick, the head still remains under the skin, then this suction site should be wiped with cotton wool or a bandage abundantly moistened with alcohol, and then the head should be removed with a sterile (calcined over fire) needle as if it were an ordinary splinter. You can also treat the damaged area with oil, which will clog the respiratory holes of the tick, as a result of which it will die, remaining under the skin. In this case, after extraction, the skin must be treated with iodine or alcohol. A bandage is usually not required.
Upon returning to the settlement, you must immediately and on the first day contact a medical institution for emergency prevention of tick-borne encephalitis. The next measure to determine the presence of the disease is the delivery of a blood test. You should not apply for a blood test the day after the bite, since the examination will give results no earlier than 10 days later.
In addition, there are certain deadlines for their implementation:
* For tick-borne encephalitis and borreliosis using the method - not earlier than after 10 days,
* for the presence of antibodies (IgM) to the tick-borne encephalitis virus after two weeks,
* for the presence of antibodies (IgM) to borelliae ( tick-borne borreliosis) after three weeks.
So, first aid was provided, tests were passed. What remains is prevention.
In the absence of contraindications, adults, in most cases, are prescribed Jodantipyrin, which is issued free of charge. Due to the fact that this drug is approved for use only from the age of 14, seroprophylaxis using immunoglobulin is indicated for children. Adults can also use immunoglobulin, but unlike children, they will have to pay for it. However, it is not recommended to use this drug just like that, without consulting a doctor, in some cases it can be dangerous.
It should be noted that jodantipyrin and immunoglobulin are drugs intended for the prevention of infection with tick-borne encephalitis and they do not protect against borreliosis. To prevent borreliosis, a course of antibiotics is usually prescribed.
For the prevention of tick-borne encephalitis, rimantadine is also used, which is prescribed in cases where no more than 2 days have passed after the bite. As a rule, the dosage is 100 mg x 2 times a day (with a break of 12 hours) x 3 days.
With redness and swelling at the site of the bite, antiallergic drugs such as suprastin, tavegil, claritin are prescribed.
Holding preventive measures has its own deadlines.
* Prevention with iodantipyrin - during the first 4 days after the bite,
* Prevention with immunoglobulin - during the first 3 days after the bite.
If more than 4 days have passed since the tick has bitten, then the prevention of diseases with these drugs is not carried out.
So, dear friends, if you go to nature, then do not forget to protect yourself from a tick bite in advance - dress in long sleeves and be careful! What to do, what treatment consists of the possible consequences of a bite, you now know.
(Lyme disease), ehrlichiosis, anaplasmosis and a number of other diseases transmitted by ticks.
Every year up to 400 thousand Russians apply to medical institutions about tick bites, a quarter of the victims are children under 14 years old. It is not known how many tick bites citizens of our country receive during foreign trips.
The maximum number of suctions is registered in the Siberian, Volga and Ural federal districts, the minimum - in the South and North Caucasus.
The attack of ticks is characterized by seasonality. The first cases of bites - early spring at average daily temperature soils above 0.3 0 C, the latter - deep autumn. The maximum number of tick bites falls on the period from mid-spring to the first half of summer.
Not all ticks are carriers of infections. Free from pathogens on average in the regions of Russia are up to 80-90% of ticks.
Attention! The attack of sterile ticks (not carriers of infections) is also dangerous for humans! Mass suction is accompanied by sensitization (allergic reactions) of the body.
Ticks are potential carriers of one, and sometimes several types of microbes and viruses at once. Accordingly, the carriage of one pathogen is a mono-carrier, and two or more pathogens is a mixed carrier. In regions with high density tick populations are carriers of:
mono-infections - in 10-20% of cases;
mixed infections - in 7-15% of cases.
The tick is attached to the human body with the help of a hypostome. This unpaired outgrowth performs the functions of a sensory organ, attachment and bloodsucking. The most likely place for a tick to stick to a person from the bottom up:
groin area;
abdomen and lower back;
chest, armpits, neck;
ear area.
During a bite, under the action of tick saliva and microtrauma, inflammation and a local allergic reaction develop on the skin. The suction site is painless, manifested by reddening of a rounded shape.
The site of a tick bite in Lyme disease (borreliosis) looks characteristic - in the form of a specific patchy erythema, which increases to 10-20 cm in diameter (sometimes up to 60 cm). The shape of the spot is round, oval, sometimes irregular. After some time, an elevated outer border of intense red color forms along the contour. The center of erythema becomes cyanotic or White color. The next day, the spot looks like a donut, a crust and a scar are formed. After two weeks, the scar disappears without a trace.
Signs and symptoms of a tick bite in humans
A tick bite is not accompanied by pain in humans. A sucked tick is able to go unnoticed for a long time.
Signs of a tick bite appear after two to three hours:
aches in the joints;
photophobia.
weakness, drowsiness;
The intensity of bite signs depends on:
the number of sucked mites;
individual characteristics of the human body to which the tick has stuck.
Severe bite signs should be expected in the elderly, children, those with a history of chronic diseases suffering from allergies and immunodeficiency states.
The first symptoms of a tick bite:
hyperthermia up to 37-38 0 C. against the background of a decrease in and;
tachycardia (more than 60 beats per minute);
difficult, hoarse breathing;
nervous reactions in the form of hallucinations, etc.
Temperature after a tick bite
An increase in temperature in the first hours after a bite is a sign of the development of allergic reactions to the saliva of a sterile or infected tick.
After a tick bite, body temperature must be recorded daily for ten days! Fever, diagnosed 2-10 days after the bite, is one of the signs of the onset of infectious pathogenesis.
Features of fever in major infections transmitted by ticks:
Tick-borne encephalitis. Relapsing fever is characteristic. An increase in temperature 2-4 days after a tick bite. The temperature lasts for about two days and returns to normal. Perhaps a repeated increase in temperature on the 8-10th day and other types;
Lyme disease (borreliosis). Hyperthermia is characteristic in the middle of pathogenesis, as one of the secondary symptoms of the disease, combined with chills, muscle and joint pain;
Human monocytic ehrlichiosis. Moderate-type fever begins on the eighth to fourteenth day after the bite and lasts about twenty days;
Human granulocytic anaplasmosis. Hyperthermia is possible two weeks after the bite.
Fever is common in almost all tick-borne infections, such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
Consequences of a tick bite
Possible consequences tick-borne infections, in the form of defeats:
nervous system- encephalitis, encephalomyelitis, various options, hyperkinesis, headaches, paresis, paralysis;
cardiovascular system - blood pressure jumps;
Bad outcome:
Persistent organic syndrome with a significant decrease in the quality of life in the form of a defect in motor functions without progression of symptoms;
A persistent decrease in the quality of life with the progression of symptoms (continuous progression, abortive - recurrent).
Contribute to the progression of symptoms: alcohol, overwork, pregnancy. Long-term persistent changes in the form of epilepsy, hyperkinesis - a reason for determining III, II, I disability groups.
Disability is determined by a special medical commission:
Disability Group III : moderate paresis of the limbs, rare epileptic seizures, loss of labor skills, a significant decrease in professional qualifications;
Disability II group: pronounced paresis, hemiparesis in combination with epileptic seizures, a pronounced change in the psyche, severe asthenia, loss of labor activity and the ability to self-service;
Disability group I: heavy movement disorders, frequent Kozhevnikov epilepsy (a type of epilepsy), widespread hyperkinesis in combination with epilepsy, dementia (acquired dementia), persistent loss of the ability to self-service and self-control of behavior, inability to move without assistance.
Diseases transmitted by ticks include viral, microbial (including rickettsial) and protozoan infections. Such diseases are diagnosed on almost all continents of the globe.
Human viral infections transmitted by ticks:
Tick-borne encephalitis (territory of Russia, Austria, Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Sweden, Switzerland, Poland, Slovakia, Baltic countries, Kazakhstan, China, Japan, Korea, others);
Tick-borne hemorrhagic fevers (Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (South of Russia, China, Serbia, Bulgaria, countries Central Asia, Congo, Kenya), Omsk hemorrhagic fever (Omsk, Novosibirsk, Tyumen, Kurgan, Orenburg regions);
Rare tick-borne fevers (Lipovnik fever ( European countries), Kemerovo fever (Kemerovo region).
Human microbial infections transmitted by ticks:
Borreliosis (everywhere in Russia, Eastern Europe);
Erlichioz (Russia, Eastern and Western Europe, USA, Japan, China);
Anaplasmosis (Russia, Europe, North America, China).
Microbial (rickettsial) human infections transmitted by ticks:
Marseille fever (southern Europe, South Africa, Asia, in areas with a humid hot climate, Crimea, Dagestan, the Caucasian coast of the Black Sea);
Astrakhan spotted fever (Astrakhan, Volgograd regions, Republic of Kalmykia, western Kazakhstan);
Tick-borne typhus of North Asia (Siberia, Khabarovsk, Primorsky Krai, Northern and Eastern Kazakhstan, Armenia, Turkmenistan, Mongolian People's Republic);
Tick-borne typhus of northern Australia (Queensland);
Smallpox rickettsiosis (occurs in Central Africa, Southern Europe, USA);
Tsutsugamushi fever (Primorsky Krai, Kuriles, Kamchatka, Sakhalin, India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Indonesia, Pakistan, Japan, Korea, China);
Q fever (Regions of the Volga region, Western Siberia, Central Black Earth, India, USA, France, Canada, Tunisia, Mali, Morocco, Western Ukraine, Spain, other countries);
Tick-borne paroxysmal rickettsiosis (previously in Western Ukraine, there is currently no data on the distribution).
Human protozoan infection transmitted by ticks:
Human babesiosis (Scandinavia, France, Germany, Yugoslavia, Poland, Russia, US East Coast).
The first step is to remove the stuck tick. A live tick must be stored/transported at ambient temperature, a dead (crushed) tick must be kept in a thermal container with ice.
Research on tick infestation is carried out in the laboratories of Rospotrebnadzor (they are accredited and certified for these tests). In some regions, research is carried out by other laboratories, their addresses and phone numbers can be found on the Internet.
Antibiotics for a tick bite
Antibiotics are not always used to suppress pathogens transmitted by ticks.
In the treatment of tick-borne encephalitis (pathogen virus), antibiotics are not used.
Principles of treatment of a patient with tick-borne encephalitis:
Bed rest in a hospital for the entire period of fever and seven days after its end;
In the first three days - human immunoglobulin against tick-borne encephalitis;
Shown are prednisolone, ribonuclease, blood substitutes - reopoliglyukin, polyglucin, gemodez;
With meningitis - increased doses of B vitamins, ascorbic acid;
With respiratory failure - intensive ventilation of the lungs (IVL);
In the recovery period - anabolic steroids, nootropic drugs, tranquilizers.
Depending on the form of tick-borne encephalitis, an antibiotic may be prescribed as an auxiliary drug to suppress the microflora that caused complications in the lungs, intestines, kidneys and other organs. The type of antibiotic is selected by the doctor, based on the sensitivity of microorganisms to it.
In the treatment of borreliosis (Lyme disease), antibiotics are required! They are used to suppress pathogens. Lyme borreliosis is caused by a microorganism from the group of spirochetes.
Principles of treatment of patients with borreliosis:
Hospitalization is mandatory for neurological disorders;
At the stage of erythema (redness), tetracycline and drugs of its group are prescribed. Bacteriostatics (this group includes lincomycin, chloramphenicol, macrolides) prevent the development of later stages of the disease;
Neurological syndrome is helped to stop intravenous injections of bactericidal antibiotics of the cephalosporin and penicillin series. The group of bactericidal antibiotics also includes aminoglycosides and polymyxins;
Restoration of water balance - blood substitutes, physiological solutions, prednisone, vitamins, drugs that normalize cerebral circulation, anabolic hormones.
As a means of etiotropic therapy in the treatment of tick-borne infections:
viral nature (see the list above), antibiotics are not used to suppress the virus, instead they use the method of specific immunotherapy;
bacterial nature (list see above) antibiotics are used;
protozoan nature (list see above) use medicines that inhibit the growth and reproduction of protozoan microorganisms.
First aid for a tick bite
The victim must be helped to remove the tick, place it in a sealed container and sign the label accompanying the biomaterial sample.
The suction of a tick provokes an allergic response of the body, sometimes in the form of Quincke's edema.
Signs of Quincke's edema develop within a few minutes or hours in the form of:
Eyelids, lips and other parts of the face;
muscle pain;
difficult breathing.
This is a very dangerous manifestation of an allergic reaction, you should immediately call an ambulance and try to help the victim before the doctors arrive.
At home, you can do the following:
give one of antihistamines(claritin, suprastin, erius, telfast, zyrtec and others);
provide access to fresh air;
introduce prednisolone (dexamethasone) at a dose of 60 mg intramuscularly.
Diagnostic and therapeutic measures for possible infections are carried out in medical institutions.
Where to go for a tick bite?
Need to be done following algorithm actions:
remove the stuck tick;
take it to an accredited laboratory for the detection of infectious agents by PCR (see below for the address);
donate blood (if necessary) to detect antibodies to ELISA in human serum (details below).
undergo a course of treatment according to the results of laboratory tests and clinical indications.
1. Remove the stuck tick
The suction of the tick occurs after fixing it on the human body. This process takes from several minutes to several hours. Absorption of blood lasts from two hours to several days. Suction is imperceptible to humans, and a tick that has already drunk blood has round shape and gray color.
A sucked tick must be removed urgently, but very carefully! It is necessary to protect his abdomen from damage and leakage of hemolymph and human blood. Hands and the wound at the site of the bite should be treated with an alcohol-containing solution (vodka, cologne, alcohol solution of iodine or brilliant green).
Removing a tick with improvised means:
Throw a thread in the form of a loop around the proboscis (close to the skin), tighten and slowly pull it out with swinging movements. Instead of threads, you can use nails, two matches and other suitable items.
Put the tick inside plastic bag, tie the neck.
Sign the label for the package (indicate the date, time, place of detection, full name of the person from whom the tick was removed, contacts for obtaining information about tick infestation).
Removing a tick with a special tool:
Use medical (manicure) tweezers or devices (Tick Twister, Tick Nipper, Pro tick remedy, Trix, Tricked off, others);
Place the tick in an airtight container (medicine bottle, for example);
Sign the label on the container (see above).
Attention! You cannot remove the tick on your own - contact the nearest emergency room, emergency department of a medical institution, surgical clinic, polyclinic. The list of institutions that work around the clock and provide emergency assistance in case of a tick bite can be found on the website of the territorial department of Rospotrebnadzor for the corresponding region.
2. Take the tick to an accredited laboratory
Analyzes are carried out free of charge, but it is imperative to clarify this information. PCR study based on ready-made diagnostic kits AmpliSens TBEV (encephalitis, borreliosis, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis), distributor InterLabService LLC. We need to know when the results will be ready. Usually the same day or next morning.
3. Donate blood to detect antibodies
Within 10 days after the bite of a tick, on the recommendation of a doctor, it is sometimes necessary to donate blood to detect antibodies in humans to infections transmitted by ticks. For diagnostics, the test system "VektoVKE-IgG-strip" of CJSC "Vector-Best" is used. Analysis time: 2 hours 30 minutes.
When donating blood, be sure to indicate the date of vaccination against tick-borne encephalitis (if any). The presence of vaccine antibodies gives false positive results. The information provided will reduce the time to determine the diagnosis and increase its accuracy.
According to the results of research on the tick by PCR and / or blood serum for ELISA, based on the doctor's recommendations, specific immunotherapy is carried out.
The introduction of human immunoglobulin against tick-borne encephalitis is paid!
Gamma globulin is administered free of charge to certain categories of citizens and on the basis of a VHI policy under the tick-borne encephalitis treatment program (be sure to contact the medical institution specified in the contract within 4 days after the bite).
The time during which specific treatment is possible, the period, the frequency of administration of globulin should be found out from the attending physician. The address of the point of medical care for encephalitis is indicated:
in the VHI policy;
on the stand in the laboratory.
The likelihood of a tick attack on a person depends on:
epidemiological well-being of the territory of residence;
profession associated with frequent stay in the forest, field;
the likelihood of visiting places that are unfavorable in terms of tick-borne infections.
Prevention of the consequences associated with a tick bite is based on:
vaccination, but this is a preventive measure; when a person is infected, it cannot be used;
specific immunotherapy is a therapeutic measure (administration of immunoglobulin only in case of infection or suspected infection after a bite);
health insurance to pay for possible treatment;
the use of special clothing and devices to prevent ticks from getting on the body;
the use of repellents, the destruction of ticks;
limiting the number of ticks in biotopes, places where people are likely to be.
Vaccination significantly reduces the risk of disease, it is shown to all people living in disadvantaged regions, and to persons professionally associated with the forest (drillers, geologists, surveyors, foresters). If desired, the vaccination can be given to anyone who is interested in it, in the absence of contraindications.
Primary vaccination is possible from the first year of a child's life, and then at any age. Adults can be vaccinated with domestic and imported drugs, children are better with imported ones. Six variants of vaccines from four manufacturers from Russia, Germany and Switzerland are available in Russia.
Tick-borne encephalitis vaccines produced in Russia:
The concentrated inactivated vaccine is indicated for use from three years and older;
Encevir (EnceVir), Russia, shown from the age of eighteen and older.
Vaccines against tick-borne encephalitis produced in Switzerland:
FSME-Immun Junior (FSME-Immun Junior), shown from one year to sixteen years;
FSM-Immun Inject (FSME-Immun Inject), indications are similar.
Vaccines against tick-borne encephalitis produced in Germany:
Encepur Children, shown from twelve months to eleven years;
Encepur adult (Encepur adult), shown from twelve years and older.
Two vaccination schemes: prophylactic and emergency:
Preventive vaccination provides protection against ticks during the first year, and after revaccination - for three years. Re-vaccinations are carried out every three years.
Emergency vaccination provides a short protective effect. Indication - urgent trips to regions unfavorable for encephalitis.
Vaccination is carried out after a preliminary survey of the patient for allergic reactions, clinical examination, thermometry. Persons with health problems are not allowed to be vaccinated. There are contraindications and restrictions.
In Russia, "Human Immunoglobulin Against Tick-Borne Encephalitis" is produced, produced by the Federal State Unitary Enterprise NPO "Microgen". The drug contains ready-made antibodies to viral encephalitis. It is administered intramuscularly for the purpose of treatment, usually after infection or at the risk of infection. Doses and frequency of administration can be obtained from your doctor.
Recommendations for insurance of costs associated with the treatment of tick-borne encephalitis
It is advisable to recommend insurance as an addition to vaccination or as the only measure in case of impossibility of vaccination. Insurance against tick-borne encephalitis is carried out as part of VHI - voluntary medical insurance. The payments are intended to compensate for the costly treatment of tick-borne encephalitis and other similar infections. When choosing an insurance program and an insurance company, you need to pay attention to:
availability of permits for the execution of VHI by the insured;
the cost of VHI services and the reputation of the insured;
availability of documents for the right to provide medical and preventive care or an agreement with a person authorized to provide such assistance on behalf of the insured;
24/7 free telephone line emergency advice.
Going to the forest or out of town, choose the right clothes in light colors:
anti-encephalitis suit;
a jacket (shirt) with long sleeves and cuffs and trousers tucked into socks;
a hood that fits snugly to the head and protects the neck.
Every hour you need to inspect clothes from the bottom up for ticks. It is recommended to inspect the body every two hours, primarily the armpits, neck, groin, chest and head. It is worth avoiding or minimizing being in tall grass at the edge of the forest, along the paths.
Available for sale various fixtures to prevent ticks from getting on the body in the form of insecticide-impregnated mosquito nets, special shoes, clothes and so on.
Recommendations for the use of means for repelling and exterminating ticks
For these purposes, you can use repellents and acaricides.
Repellents repel ticks and insects - these products are suitable for application to exposed parts of the body and clothing. The active substance is DEET (diethyltoluamide).
Preparative forms of repellents:
Ultraton (Ultraton) USA - lotion, aerosol;
Biban (Czech Republic) - aerosol;
DEFI-Taiga - solution, pencil, lotion, emulsion, aerosol, balm, cream, gel;
Off extreme - aerosol;
Gall-RET - aerosol;
Raptor - aerosol;
DETA-prof - aerosol;
Breeze-antiklesch - aerosol.
Acaricides (destroy ticks) - have only a contact effect. They should only be used for fabric processing. outerwear and anti-tick treatment of territories and premises! Modern acaricides are made on the basis of permethrin and alphacypermethrin:
Raftamid-taiga - an aerosol that can be used to treat an anti-encephalitis suit, dry it and wear it over underwear with long sleeves and pants. Acaricidal action lasts up to 10-15 days;
Picnic Antiklesch - aerosol, apply the same way;
Tetrix (concentrate) - a liquid suitable for processing cabins, produced in 0.25 l bottles and 1 l and 5 l canisters;
Recommendations for the destruction of ticks in biotopes and places where people are likely to be
To prevent the spread of ticks, you should regularly:
mow the grass on the site (ticks guard the victim in the grass, usually at a height of 0.6 m, the maximum height is 1.5 meters; in a hungry state, ticks live from two to four years, according to some sources up to seven years; development from egg to adult individuals - imago takes two to three years or more);
clean shrubs, remove fallen leaves (mites lose their own moisture in the sun, and restore balance in wet shelters);
destroy small rodents - tick hosts (circulation of the pathogen in the wild fauna - a natural focus of infection);
treat places of probable concentration of ticks (ticks middle lane move within 5-10 meters, southern ones - up to 100 meters, orienting themselves with the help of receptors, concentrate along paths, forest edges - in places of probable contact with the victim).
Anti-mite treatments based on knowledge of mite biology are effective when performed annually. In many regions there are organizations that carry out desacarization, deratization, pest control, implement equipment for mowing grass, chemicals for anti-mite treatments.
Prevent a bee sting with folk remedies almost impossible. The probability of a bee attack is much lower if, when meeting with single insects or a whole swarm of them, you do not make sudden fussy movements. Everything should happen calmly. It's just that you don't need to provoke them, no matter what they do.
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Bed bugs- These are blood-sucking insects that inflict characteristic painful bites on people. For nutrition, the bug has a special piercing-sucking apparatus, which was formed from its two jaws and looks like a pointed tube. The bug does not bite, but rather pierces the human skin and tries to get to the blood vessel with its proboscis. Sometimes insect bites pass completely without a trace, leaving no consequences behind. But it also happens that they can cause severe complications or even lethal outcome. Therefore, it is very important to take into account the possible subtleties and mechanisms of their appearance. This will help to identify threatening situations in time and take appropriate measures to eliminate them. |
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Ticks are most active in spring and autumn. In the southern and central parts of Russia, these insects are practically harmless; they are very rarely carriers of diseases. But in the northern regions and on Far East ticks are very dangerous in terms of encephalitis and borreliosis. In any case, if you are bitten by a tick, you must take certain measures.
First of all, remove the tick that has already stuck into the body. Keep in mind that the tick must be pulled out along with the head. If this is not done and the head remains under the skin, inflammation will first begin in this place, and then an abscess will form. There are several ways to extract a tick, but the most reliable is with tweezers. The tick must be captured with sponges and rotated counterclockwise. This should be done very slowly and carefully, simultaneously with turning and swinging the tick to the sides. You can use regular tweezers, but it is better to purchase a special one. In it, the sponges are located not in a horizontal, but in a vertical plane. It is with this device that the tick can be securely fixed and gently pulled out. Tweezers for extracting ticks are sold in Medtekhnika stores and pet stores. Wipe any tweezers with an alcohol-based liquid before use. If there are no tweezers at hand, then you can try to pull the tick out with a harsh thread. You need to make a loop out of it, put it on the insect and swinging it to the sides, pull it out of the body. The thread loop method requires serious skill, and if you do not know how to do this, then the head may remain under the skin. Then you can try to get it with a needle, as you do when you take a splinter out of your finger. The needle must be cleaned with alcohol, cologne or any hand sanitizer before use. If you are not sure that the tick has completely come out from under the skin, then go to the hospital to see a surgeon - a specialist will pull out his head.
So that a trip to nature does not turn into a nuisance in the form of a stuck tick, do not neglect safety measures. Wear thick clothes with long sleeves and trousers in the forest, and open areas treat bodies with special repellents - repellents.
First of all, you need to know that the tick does not bite right away, but crawls over the body for several hours, so you need to regularly inspect your body and pet hair.
Tick bite: how long does it take for a person to get symptoms?
Arachnid predators are activated at temperatures above +20 degrees and enough high humidity. They can crawl all over the body for a long time until they find skin folds: groin, armpits, neck. Then they cut into the skin. Males quickly disappear after drinking a little blood, but the female can dig in for 2 weeks, while significantly increasing in volume.
The incubation period can be more than 1 month. The first signs will be noticeable in a week. But redness appears immediately after the tick, having saturated with blood, disappears.
The time of appearance of the first symptoms, to a greater extent, depends on the state of health of the person and his immunity. If you are allergic to the saliva of an arachnid predator, after a few hours, the temperature rises, red spots appear, and after a couple of days - weakness, migraine, shortness of breath, drowsiness, in some cases local pain.
In children and the elderly in poor health, symptoms may appear within a couple of days.
Symptoms and treatment for a tick bite
As noted above, the symptoms depend on the state of the human immune system. High blood pressure and temperature may be caused various diseases. But if redness appears on the skin, itching, the heartbeat increases, then this is evidence of a tick bite.
If a person has health problems, then the symptoms are more pronounced:
- Nausea.
- Breathlessness.
- Excited state.
- Headaches.
- hallucinations.
If the fever persists for several days, then this is a sign of infection.
- Encephalitis. In this case, the temperature rises approximately 3 days after the bite of a dangerous insect. The fever may pass quickly, but will recur over time.
- Monocytic ehrlichiosis. The temperature jumps after 10 days, and may not drop for 20 days.
- Lyme Borreliosis. There is a slight deterioration in health, but this cannot be ignored.
- Granulocytic anaplasmosis. The temperature increases almost immediately after infection, and does not decrease within 2 weeks.
If these signs appear, you should immediately consult a qualified doctor.
Then you need to immediately send the insect for analysis, and the infected must be tested for the presence of antibodies. If one of the possible diseases is confirmed, you need to consult a doctor who will prescribe the appropriate treatment.
I will not write here what drugs to take, since everything depends on the specific case. Therefore, medicines should be prescribed only by a professional medical worker.
How to determine the encephalitis tick or not?
The encephalitis virus is transmitted dangerous insects through the blood of animals, after which it is inherited. According to statistics, about 15% of ticks in Russia are infected.
You can determine the infection if you have certain symptoms. The bite on the surface of the skin is practically not noticeable, as the virus begins to multiply inside the body. After the infection spreads throughout the body, the temperature begins to rise.
But if encephalitis affects the brain, then the work of the nervous system is disrupted. Within 1-2 weeks after the bite, no symptoms are observed. If a person has a strong immune system, then the disease may not progress and the body itself can cope with this disease.
After about 10 days, the temperature rises to 40 degrees, and is accompanied by a feverish state.
The tick was pulled out and it was dead. Why?
Using a sharp and heated knife, you need to cut off the tip of the syringe (where the needle is fixed) so that the cut is perfectly even. Otherwise, it will be difficult to achieve optimal pressure. As a result, you should get a cylinder, as shown in the image below. 
Put the piston in its original position, firmly attach the syringe to the damaged surface so that the tick is completely in the container. There must be no air inside to create a vacuum. 
In the next step, gently lift the piston. As a result, the insect will be painlessly removed. 
You can avoid the unpleasant consequences of a tick bite with the help of special means. If the weather allows, then you need to cover the skin as much as possible with clothes and wear a hat.