Ways to combat grape diseases. Grapevine diseases

Get good harvest grapes, it is possible only if you follow the rules for controlling pests (phylloxera, leaf roller, itching) and common diseases (mildew, oidium, cercospora, anthracnose, rot and bacterial cancer). By choosing the right product and using the appropriate processing technique, the farmer will keep the fruits healthy and unharmed!

Pests

Dangerous quarantine pest of grapes. Only damages grapes. There are two forms of phylloxera - leaf and root. Externally, leaf phylloxera is distinguished by a short proboscis. The adult female is pear-shaped, greenish-brown, up to 1.2 mm long. Root phylloxera has a longer proboscis, oval-shaped, yellow-brown, up to 1 mm long.

The leaf form causes the formation of galls on the leaves. Overwinters in the egg stage on trunks or perennial branches. In the spring, when the buds open, larvae emerge from the eggs. They crawl onto the upper side of young leaves, pierce the leaf tissue with their proboscis and suck the juice. Under the influence of phylloxera saliva, the leaf tissue grows and protrudes downwards in the form of a pocket. On the upper side the gall opens with a slit surrounded by hairs. The larva lives and feeds in the gall. Having reached the age limit, the larva turns into a female. There, in the galle, the female lays up to 500 eggs and dies. The larvae of the new generation spread out from the gall, populating other young leaves and each forming its own gall. Several generations of aphids develop over the summer.

Among the leaf-shaped phylloxera larvae of each generation, individuals with an elongated proboscis appear. Such larvae go into the soil and settle on the roots of grapes.

The root form of phylloxera develops accordingly on the roots. Galls are formed at the feeding site of the larvae - small ones on young roots, large ones on large roots. The gall gradually rots, part of the root system dies, the vine weakens and dies over time. Mostly young larvae overwinter, rarely - eggs of root phylloxera on grape roots. In the spring, when the soil warms up to +13° C, the larvae resume feeding, grow, turn into adult females, and the latter also lay eggs without fertilization and die. Phylloxera develops on the roots in 4-5 generations.

In the second half of summer, larvae with rudiments of wings appear among the individuals of the root form. They develop into winged individuals. Such aphids come to the surface, lay 1-3 eggs and die. These eggs will eventually develop into females and males. After mating with males, females will each lay one egg on the bark. These eggs remain over the winter.

Phylloxera spreads with planting material. Larvae (vagrants) spread throughout the vineyard, emerging from the soil throughout the summer, spreading and penetrating through cracks in the soil onto the roots of neighboring bushes. Winged forms and larvae can spread with the help of wind and water, with tillage tools, and on people's shoes.

Control measures. Planting a vineyard with uninfected planting material is the main event. It was garden gadflies who were amateurs, violating the import ban planting material from areas infected with phylloxera, they brought it to the Rostov region at one time.

Unfamiliar planting material should be disinfected by immersing the stems in hot water: first for 5 minutes at a temperature of +40° C, then for 7 minutes at a temperature of +52° C.

Carry out a systematic inspection of the bushes for phylloxera infection, immediately destroy plantings infected with phylloxera and return the grapes to this place no earlier than after 7 years. The detection of phylloxera and the measures taken should be reported to the plant quarantine inspectorate.

The butterfly's wingspan reaches 12-13 mm. The forewings are brownish, with a pattern of light transverse stripes alternating with greenish-gray and yellowish spots. The adult caterpillar is greenish-yellow, with a reddish head, up to 12 mm long.

The pupae overwinter in a cocoon under exfoliated bark, in the cracks of stakes, and in dry leaves. With the appearance of grape inflorescences, butterflies fly out of the pupae. Females lay eggs on the buds. Caterpillars eat up buds, flowers, and young ovaries, entwining them with cobwebs. Damaged flowers and buds dry out and fall off. - Having finished feeding, the caterpillars pupate in a white cocoon among damaged inflorescences and clusters of berries under curled leaves. Second generation butterflies fly in June. Females lay eggs one at a time on unripe berries. Caterpillars eat the pulp of berries or gnaw holes on their surface. Damaged berries turn brown, shrivel, and some of them fall off. Sometimes the whole bunch dries up. Third generation leaf roller caterpillars eat ripe berries. One caterpillar can damage up to 9 berries. Third generation leaf roller pupae overwinter.

Control measures. Spraying of kusuov with karbofos is used during the period of separation of buds in inflorescences against first generation leaf roller caterpillars. Spraying with sumi-alpha or kinmiks against second-generation caterpillars - 10-14 days after the start of butterfly flight. It is recommended to clean the trunks of dead bark in the fall and burn the waste.

Biennial leaf roller

Damages inflorescences, young ovaries and ripening berries.

The wingspan of the butterfly is 14-18 mm. The forewings are yellowish, with a wide black transverse stripe.

Develops in two generations. The pupae overwinter in a cobwebby cocoon under the loose bark of the trunk and perennial sleeves, in the cracks of supports. Butterflies of the wintered generation fly out during the period of isolation of inflorescences. Females lay eggs on inflorescences one at a time. Caterpillars eat up buds and flowers and entangle them in a dense web. The caterpillars pupate in the spider's nest. Second generation butterflies lay eggs on berries. Caterpillars eat the contents of the berries. One caterpillar damages up to 15 berries. Damaged berries are often affected by gray rot. Fed caterpillars of the second generation leaf roller go to winter.

Control measures. The same as against the grape budworm.

Causes the formation of galls on leaves. The tick is microscopically small, elongated, with two pairs of legs. During the growing season, the tick develops in 5-7 generations. Females overwinter under the bud scales. Ticks emerge from their wintering areas when the first leaves appear. Ticks settle on them and suck the juice. On damaged leaves, flat bulges (galls) form on top. A hairy-felt coating is visible from below the gall. In autumn, ticks leave the galls and go to wintering areas.

Control measures. Spraying the bushes during the period of swelling and bud break with Neoron or Apollo, and during the period of bud formation - with the same preparations or karbofos.

Diseases

Mildew (downy mildew) of grapes

Most dangerous disease grapes: all green parts of the plant are affected. Light yellow-green oily spots appear on the leaves. In humid weather, a white powdery coating of fungal sporulation forms on the underside of the leaf. The spores (conidia) infect other leaves and bushes. Subsequently, the diseased tissue turns brown and dries out. The same coating appears on buds, flowers, young berries, and unripe shoots. When damaged early, the berries shrivel, dry out and fall off. When more developed berries are infected, the diseased tissue becomes brown and the flesh becomes brown and watery. After some time, these berries dry out and remain hanging. The fungus can cause entire brushes to dry out.

The fungus overwinters in the form of spores (oospores) in the affected tissue of fallen leaves. In spring, at a temperature on the soil surface of +10° C and prolonged (more than three days) moisture, the spores germinate, forming macroconidia. Once on the wet surface of the leaf, the macroconidia crack. The zoospores that emerge from them penetrate through the stomata into the leaf tissue and form a mycelium in the intercellular passages. From infection to the appearance of the first signs of the disease, 4-12 days pass.

In humid weather, a powdery coating of conidiospores forms on the affected tissue, which causes secondary infection of plants. Favorable conditions for the development of the disease are moderate temperatures and the presence of droplets of rain, dew or fog. In dry weather, conidiospores do not form and plants are not infected by them.

Control measures. Creating conditions for good ventilation and lighting of plants: you should avoid planting grapes in lowlands, leave wide row spacing when planting, avoid crowding the planting, tie the vines to supports in a timely manner, carry out pruning, pinching, chasing, destroy weeds and plant debris.

Spraying bushes with 1% Bordeaux mixture three to seven times depending on weather conditions. In dry years, three sprays are sufficient: the first - shortly before flowering, the second - shortly after flowering, the third - at the beginning of softening of the berries. In rainy years, favorable for the development of the fungus, the grapes are sprayed for the first time when 4-5 leaves appear on the shoots, the second time before flowering, subsequent times at intervals of 8-10 days.

Bordeaux mixture can be replaced with copper oxychloride, polychome or oxychome.

Oidium (powdery mildew)

The fungus attacks all green parts of the plant. On leaves, shoots and inflorescences, the disease manifests itself in the form of a grayish-powdery cobweb coating. Diseased leaves dry out prematurely. Affected berries dry out or crack, and rot in wet weather.

The mycelium of the fungus overwinters in infected buds or on shoots. In spring, conidiospores form on the mycelium, which are easily carried by the wind and infect the green parts of the bush. The formation of conidiospores and their infection of plants continues throughout the growing season. Warm and humid weather is favorable for the development of the disease, dry and hot weather is unfavorable.

Control measures. Collection and destruction of dry bunches and fallen leaves in the fall. Cutting out and destroying affected shoots. Thinning thickened plantings. Timely implementation of green operations: fragments, pinching and chasing of vines.

Spraying of bushes is carried out when the first signs of a disease with colloidal sulfur appear. This treatment can be combined with spraying against mildew by adding colloidal sulfur to Bordeaux mixture. In addition, you can pollinate plants with ground sulfur before flowering, after flowering, and, if necessary, 1-3 more times at intervals of 12-15 days.

Topaz, azocene, and foundationazole are successfully used together with sulfur against oidium.

Selection is important resistant varieties.

Black rot

It mainly affects berries, less often leaves, young shoots, and petioles. Depressed spots form on the berries, usually before they begin to ripen. brown, gradually increasing in size. The surface of the berries becomes rough with many dark tubercles - the fruiting bodies of the fungus. The affected berries dry out, remaining on the brush. On the leaves there are large brown spots with a dark border.

The fungus overwinters on affected leaves and berries. In spring it forms fruiting bodies with spores. Germination of spores and infection of plants by them is possible only in the presence of droplets of water. High humidity promotes the development of the disease.

Control measures. Cleaning and destroying fallen leaves. Digging the soil in autumn or early spring. Spraying the bushes with 1% Bordeaux mixture, copper oxychloride, polychome when the first signs of the disease appear. If necessary, spraying is repeated 1-2 times.

Cercospora (green mold)

The disease mainly affects leaves, occasionally shoots and berries. Yellowish and then brownish spots appear on the upper side of the leaves; Velvety spots of sporulation form at the bottom of the leaf.

The fungus overwinters on fallen leaves. The maximum development of the disease is observed during the period of ripening and harvesting of berries.

Control measures. Collection and destruction of fallen leaves. Spraying 1% Bordeaux mixture during the period of leaf blossoming and, if necessary, before the berries begin to ripen.

Anthracnose

The fungus attacks leaves, shoots and berries of grapes. Small grayish spots with a dark brown border form on the leaves. The affected tissue dies and falls out. The spots on the berries are brownish, depressed, with a purple border. Affected berries stop growing and fall off. The spots on the shoots are first brown, then darken. The bark and wood in the affected areas are destroyed, the internodes are shortened.

The mycelium of the fungus overwinters on affected shoots and on plant debris. In the spring, conidia form on the affected tissue, infecting the green parts of the plants. Rains in spring period favor the development of the disease. Anthracnose develops more intensively in low relief areas and in dense stands with poor ventilation.

Control measures. Cutting out and burning affected shoots. Thinning bushes to improve ventilation. Digging the soil with the embedding of fallen leaves and other plant residues. Spraying the bushes during the formation of 5-6 leaves on the shoots with 1% Bordeaux mixture, copper oxychloride, polychome or oxychome. In rainy weather, spraying can be repeated after 10-12 days.

Gray rot

The causative agent of the disease is the Sclerotinia fungus. It affects bunches during the ripening period of berries. Diseased berries turn brown, rot, become covered with a thick gray coating, soften, and often crack.

The fungus overwinters in the form of small dense black-gray formations - sclerotia - in fallen diseased berries. In spring, sclerotia germinate with mycelium to form spores. Warm, rainy weather, dense plantings, and poor ventilation favor the development of the fungus.

Control measures. Collecting and removing rotten berries and bunches from the garden in the fall. Timely implementation of green operations on grape bushes (gartering, breaking, pinching, chasing). Spraying the bushes with a 1% solution of green soap at the first signs of disease.

White rot

The causative agent of the disease is the fungus Coniothyrium. It affects bunches and sometimes appears on leaves and shoots. Diseased berries turn brown, sometimes become reddish-brown or bluish-brown, wrinkle and rot (Fig. 11). After some time, they dry out, and numerous dark tubercles (pycnidia) the size of a pinhead appear on their surface. Spores are formed in the pycnidia. On shoots, the disease manifests itself in the form of black spots and stripes covered with pycnidia. At strong development disease shoots dry out. The first signs of the disease appear in July, shortly before the berries begin to ripen.

The fungus overwinters in affected berries, leaves, and shoots in the form of sclerotia (dense plexuses of mycelium), remaining there for several years. In hot and humid weather favorable for the development of the fungus, the disease can destroy up to half the crop. Berries that have mechanical damage to the skin (pricks and gnawing by insects, damage from hail, cracks after rains and sunburn) are more often infected.

Control measures. Collection and destruction of diseased berries and bunches, cutting and destruction of diseased shoots. Timely implementation of green operations on grape bushes.

Spraying the bushes with 3% Bordeaux mixture: the first - when the first signs of the disease appear (approximately mid-July), the next one or two - with an interval of 10-12 days.

Bacterial cancer

The disease is bacterial, characteristic mainly of old vineyards. The disease affects grapes and many fruit, berry and vegetable crops. The disease manifests itself in the formation of growths on the sleeves, root collar and roots. Sick bushes have reduced growth vigor and become weaker. Bacteria penetrate into the plant from the soil through wounds, stimulate the division of plant cells, which form a tumor.

Control measures. Planting vineyards with cuttings from healthy bushes. The bushes should be protected from injury when laying them down for the winter and when lifting the vines in the spring. It is necessary to cut out and burn parts of the bush with growths. The cut areas are washed with 3% copper sulfate and covered with garden pitch.

It is difficult to find a person who would remain indifferent to the sweet aromatic grapes. And how disappointing it is when the grape harvest perishes due to your oversight. The most common cause of crop failure is various diseases. Therefore, people who decide to grow vines need to know the main diseases of grapes and methods of treating them.

All grape diseases are divided into three groups:

• fungal;
• viral;
• bacterial.

Fungal diseases include:

• mildew;
• oidium;
• anthracnose;
• Alternaria blight;
• cercospora;
• escoriosis;
• apoplexy;
• gray mold;
• white rot;
• black rot;
• armillarosis;
• verticellosis;

The group of bacterial diseases consists of:

• bacterial cancer;
• bacteriosis;
• bacterial necrosis;
• bacterial spot:
• Pierce's disease;
• sour rot;

Viral diseases of grapes are:

• leaf marbling;
• vein mosaic;
• necrosis of leaf veins;
• chlorosis;
• short knot.

Only fungal diseases are treatable and therefore relatively safe. Viral and bacterial diseases They are practically incurable and can destroy not only the harvest, but the entire vineyard.

Mildew

One of the most common grape diseases. It is also often called downy mildew. The culprit of its appearance is the fungus plasmapara viticol.

The spores of this fungus easily tolerate both frost and heat. During a season, this harmful fungus can produce up to 15 generations. But for intensive reproduction it requires humid, warm weather. At +12° its development practically stops.

Fat yellow spots appearing on the leaves indicate that grapes are affected by mildew. On the underside of the leaf, colonies of fungi form white coating. As the disease progresses, the spots increase in size and become brown, the leaves dry out and fall off prematurely.

You can fight mildew with both chemicals and folk remedies. From folk remedies The most effective is to plant dill next to the vine - its smell is not to the liking of the fungus.

You can also spray the bushes with aqueous garlic or horsetail decoction. To prepare it, take 75 g of garlic or horsetail in a bucket of water.

Chemical reagents combat mildew by spraying shoots with preparations containing copper: Bordeaux mixture, copper oxide and chlorine. The pathogen is killed by drugs whose working component is mancozeb - Mancozeb, Acrobat MC, Rapid Gold, Acidan, etc.

Ridomil and Ridomil Gold are effective against mildew, in which Metalaxil is the main “impact force”. For effective fight Mildew can also be treated with biological drugs: Planriz, Delan, Alarin-B.

To treat grape bushes, prepare a working solution by diluting the contents of the drug in water according to the instructions attached to it, and spray the plants with this solution. The treatment is repeated three times: the first time the plants are treated early spring, before the buds open, the second - before flowering, the third - at the beginning of berry set.

Oidium (powdery mildew)

The causative agent of the disease is the grape uncinula fungus. It can affect grape bushes throughout the growing season. It affects young vines, leaves, inflorescences and berries.

The leaves on the bushes affected by the fungus are completely covered with a white coating, and it is observed not only on the outside, but also on the back side leaves. At optimal conditions development (moderate humidity and warm weather), the mycelium grows so much that it covers the plant like a second bark. The berries on the affected plants crack, and it seems as if the grains are about to fall out.

Used to fight disease chemicals: Topaz, Thiovit-Jet, Skor, Bayleton. Also today, combination preparations are produced that can protect grape plantings from both oidium and Mildew. These are Quadris, Storby, Cardio.

From traditional methods Sometimes, to combat powdery mildew, a milk solution is used (1 liter of milk is diluted in a bucket of water), a 5% solution of potassium permanganate (5 g of manganese is diluted in a bucket of water), which is used to spray the plants several times during the growing season.

Gray rot

The causative agent of the disease is the botrytis gray fungus. Almost all above-ground parts of the plant are affected by the disease. Outwardly, its manifestations are very similar to ordinary rot, but, unlike it, at high humidity the fungus multiplies rapidly, affecting large areas.

On the affected bushes, the entire berry crop dies. There are no effective drugs to combat gray mold yet; most often, the drugs Zuparen or Fundazol are used to treat affected plants.

From folk ways spraying bushes with iodine solution is used: 1 g of the drug is diluted in a bucket of water and treated with this solution. But both chemicals and iodine solution can only slow down the development of the disease, but do not stop it completely.

As a preventive measure against gray rot, you can consider pinching grape bushes and removing some of the leaves. These measures contribute to better ventilation of the bush, which significantly reduces the risk of disease.

Anthracnose

The causative agent is the fungus Gloeosporium ampelinum. Pinkish-gray spots with a brown edging along the edges appear on the leaves and berries of affected plants. Leaves and berries quickly dry out and fall off, deep cracks appear on the bark, and due to difficulties with nutrition, the bush lags behind in development.

When the first signs of the disease are detected, the vineyard is treated with Ridomil, Arcerid, and Acrobat. You need to carry out 3-4 treatments per season, at intervals of 10-14 days, and it is better to alternate medications.

Alternaria blight

The causative agent is Alternaria fungi. The disease usually rages in the spring, affecting the ground parts of the bush. Silvery-brown spots appear on the leaves and bark, and on the berries they are white. In damp weather, the spots turn olive.

For prevention in the spring, grape bushes are treated with copper sulfate, and if signs of the disease are detected, the plants are treated with Skor, Quadris, Rapid Gold, Kolfogo Super.

White rot

The causative agent is the fungus sclerotinia. In high humidity and high temperature the fungus develops very quickly. Infection of bushes most often occurs in August. It mainly affects berries and young shoots. Outwardly, it looks like white dust settled on the berries and shoots.

Berries affected by white rot become soft, as if scalded. If signs of white rot are detected, the bushes should be immediately treated with Fundazol or Kolfogo super. To finally defeat the disease, it is necessary to carry out at least 3-4 treatments.

Bacterial diseases

Bacterial diseases are a consequence of the development of various pathogenic bacteria on the bush. Almost all of them are practically untreatable, and the only way to get rid of them is to completely remove and dispose of the bush.

Bacterial cancer

The causative agent of the disease is a rod-shaped, gram-negative bacterium.

It works late autumn and in winter, affecting the grapevine. First, the bark on the infected plant becomes blistered and then tears. Some vineyard owners are trying to combat this scourge with the help of tetracycline oxide, but the effectiveness of this remedy is in serious doubt.

The only one for today in an effective way The fight against bacterial cancer is the complete removal of the bush. But even after that, on the affected plot of land Strict quarantine surveillance has been established for 4 years.

Viral diseases

Viral diseases appear under the influence of harmful viruses. Like bacterial ones, they are practically untreatable. Today, 35 grape diseases are known that are associated with infection by the virus. But they have still been studied very little; in most cases there are only descriptions of diseases, and even those are not always complete.

A healthy plant can only be infected with a harmful virus by infected sap. Most often this happens when pruning diseased and healthy bushes with one tool. Natural spreaders of viruses are nematodes and sucking insects.

Sometimes the symptoms of viral diseases are mild or absent altogether - it all depends on the natural immunity of the plant itself or varietal resistance. But there are cases when the development of such diseases occurs quickly and violently.

Short Knot

The leaves of the grapes become asymmetrical and begin to “curl”. Interspersed with normal-length internodes, ugly shortened ones appear; sometimes one internode is placed next to another (double internode). Young shoots of affected bushes become flattened and forked. The berries fall off before they are ripe, and the bushes quickly degenerate.

Yellow mosaic

It is clearly visible in the spring, when the affected bushes change their natural color and turn yellow. appear on the leaves yellow spots or stripes. There are almost no clusters on the vine, and the formed berries grow no larger than a pea. The growth of the bushes stops and the plant dies.

Wood groove virus

Longitudinal depressions in the form of pits or furrows appear on the bark of infected plants. The bark thickens and becomes loose. The growth of bushes stops and the plants quickly die.

Red leaf virus

The leaves on the affected bushes become noticeably smaller than healthy ones and have a yellowish color. Later, as the disease progresses, they quickly turn red and fall off.

Leaf roll virus

Symptoms of infection are similar to red leaf virus. The disease develops in the second half of summer; the leaves on infected plants quickly turn yellow or red, but at the same time a green stripe remains on them along the central vein. The leaves thicken, curl, and the set berries fall off without ripening.

fight with viral infections There is only one way - complete removal of infected bushes. Grapes cannot be grown in a virus-affected area for 5-6 years.

Despite such a huge number of diseases, and even a good dozen pests that plague grapes, it is possible and necessary to grow them.

You just have to treat him like small child- care for, protect, perform preventive “vaccinations” on time, treating bushes to prevent the appearance of diseases. And then in the fall the grapes will thank you with weighty clusters, each berry containing a piece of sunny summer.

Main diseases and pests of grapes and methods of combating them

Grape plants are damaged by numerous pests, viral, bacterial and fungal diseases. They often suffer from unfavorable soil and weather conditions. Annual grape harvest losses are about 30%, and in case of untimely or poor quality protective measures they reach more than 50%.

To preserve the grape harvest from pests it is necessary to apply a system of agrotechnical and chemical measures, making maximum use of natural factors to regulate their volume and harmfulness.

Grape diseases are divided into infectious and non-infectious. Of the infectious diseases, the most harmful are: mildew, oidium, anthracnose, gray and white rot.

Fungal disease. Affects leaves, shoots, inflorescences, berries. Widely distributed in Europe, Asia, America and Australia. Mainly develops in areas with a warm and humid climate (Middle Asia and Transcaucasia), in the humid subtropics Black Sea coast Caucasus, Moldova, Ukraine.

The causative agent is Gloeosporium ampelophagum Sacc. It overwinters on the affected organs of grapes and persists for a long time (up to 5 years) in the form of mycelium, pycnidia and sclerotia. The spore produces up to 30 generations per season. Precipitation in the spring causes early damage to young leaves and shoots of grapes that are just beginning to develop.

Signs of the disease. appear on the leaves brown spots, surrounded by a dark white border, which often merge. In places where there are stains, the tissue dies and falls out. On grape shoots, depressed brownish-brown and then pinkish-gray oval spots with a dark border are formed, often involving entire internodes. Later, the tissue cracks, forming deep ulcers. Shoots often break and dry out. Similar symptoms appear on the ridges and petioles of leaves. Affected inflorescences turn brown and dry out. Brownish or gray depressed angular and round spots with a dark border form on the berries. Strong spread and outbreak of the disease in vineyards is observed in rainy weather. Anthracnose causes great damage to viticulture.

Fighting methods: introduction of anthracnose-resistant grape varieties, timely treatments with contact and systemic fungicides. The timing of the treatments is the same as against mildew.

Preparations: Antracol, Acrobat, Bordeaux mixture, Kuprosat, Ridomil, Thanos, Horus.

Signs of the disease. The first sign is the appearance in summer of a so-called oily spot of round shape of any size on the upper part of young and on adult, but still growing leaves. In humid weather, a white powdery coating forms on the underside of the stain. Gradually, necrosis (cell death) appears on the tissue of the spot, covering an increasingly large part; the affected tissue first turns yellow, then the spot may become reddish-brown, with pronounced processes of dying and drying. Severely affected leaves fall off; green shoots may have no leaves. After the initial appearance on the leaves, the disease can spread to the inflorescences (or clusters), which is very dangerous for the harvest. The generative organs of grapes are usually more susceptible to mildew than the leaves. On inflorescences (or clusters), mildew affects the ridge, on which elongated spots of intense green color appear, as if saturated with water. The spot tissue later dies, this disrupts normal sap flow and causes part of the inflorescence (cluster) to dry out. If the mycelium penetrates the peduncles (peduncles) and flowers (ovaries, young berries), then the inflorescence (cluster with ovaries of berries) becomes covered with a white coating of sporulation of the fungus, and then the buds and flowers dry out and fall off. The optimal temperature for the development of the disease is 20-25? C and high humidity. Up to 16 generations of the pathogen can develop during a season.

Methods of struggle. Growing complexly resistant varieties, mulching the soil under the bush, timely application of potassium-phosphorus fertilizers, removal of shoots and preventive treatments with contact and systemic fungicides.

Approximate timing of treatments: the first is carried out when the young shoots have grown to a length of 15-20 cm, the second treatment is carried out before flowering, the third after flowering when the berry reaches the size of a pea.

Preparations:

Oidium (powdery mildew) - along with downy mildew, the causative agent of real powdery mildew, also called oidium, causes the greatest damage to viticulture. The disease is caused by the fungus Uncinula necator Burril. It was brought from North America.

Signs of the disease. Soon after the grape shoots begin to grow, you can find among them those that are stunted in growth, their leaves look curly, and they are completely or partially covered with grayish-white dust. From June this grayish-white coating is more often visible on the upper and lower sides of the leaves. All inflorescences and clusters of grapes and the tops of shoots may look as if sprinkled with ash or flour. Affected inflorescences die. Infected berries dry out and pea-sized berries burst and are destroyed by molds or dry out in dry weather. Oidium causes great damage, primarily through the destruction of grape bunches. The incubation period, i.e. the time from the settling of conidia to the appearance of fungal plaque, is 7-14 days, depending on the temperature. Conidia germinate at temperatures above 5 °C, but best at 25-35 °C. Mushroom appears mostly in moderately warm and damp weather, but can also spread rapidly during periods of low humidity. Poorly ventilated locations, as well as clusters inside heavily leafed grape bushes, are particularly susceptible to attack.

Methods of struggle. Agrotechnical techniques that promote ventilation of bushes (tying up shoots, pinching, breaking off shoots, weed control). The timing of the treatments is the same as against mildew.

Preparations: Thanos, Strobi, Horus, Tiovit, Topaz.

Signs of the disease. In the vineyards, gray rot in cold and damp spring weather coats the budding eyes and young shoots. In poorly ventilated plantings and in humid weather, a gray coating forms, covering all parts of the grape bunch, which becomes dusty when touched. Often the entire bunch turns into an unattractive, mushy clump. In dry weather, the development of the fungus is limited to the first berries affected by it, which then shrivel. Unilateral fertilization with nitrogen increases the susceptibility of bushes to disease. With the onset of dry weather, the spring infection almost always stops. Affected grape inflorescences or parts thereof die, turn brown and dry out in dry weather, resembling signs of ridge paralysis. In viticulture, gray mold is especially dangerous as a causative agent of rot of berries and ridges. When infecting grapes early, it is important that this fungus primarily affects wounds or weakened parts of the grape bush.

Methods of struggle. In principle, they do not differ from the methods of combating mildew and oidium. Timely treatment of plants with fungicides prevents the development of diseases.

Black spot (Phomopsis, escoriosis, shoot dieback). The causative agent of the disease is a higher fungus from the class Deuteromycetes.

The disease is most harmful in viticulture areas with high air humidity. It affects all green organs and woody parts of bushes.

Signs of the disease. On lignified annual shoots and in perennial wood, the disease causes discoloration of the bark, spots appear, as a rule, on the first 6-7 internodes, and with severe development of the disease, it appears on fruit links, sleeves and trunks. On faded areas of the bark at temperatures above 10°C, the fruiting bodies of the fungus are formed - numerous black dots - pycnidia. If the mycelium grows deeply into the wood, then rotten areas are formed, which first weaken the growth and later cause the death of entire branches. The first signs of the disease on the green organs of the grape bush appear in June, primarily on annual shoots in the form of black-brown, round or oval dots. As the shoots grow, most of the points increase in size, they often merge into elongated longitudinal spots, the vine tissues crack and become light brown. The darker edges of the tear become corky and give the affected areas a scab-like appearance. appearance. Leaves are also often infected, and less commonly, the tendrils and ridges of grape bunches. Even the flower caps are sometimes covered with black spots. Oval and angularly outlined necrosis appears on the affected leaf blades - mostly near a more powerful vein, which is completely black. Leaf necrosis is surrounded by a light border of compacted tissue. Due to the tension of the tissue, the leaf blade ruptures. Severely affected leaves turn yellow prematurely. Sometimes ripe berries are affected and turn dark purple.

In spring, at temperatures above 8°C and the presence of a water film, spores emerge from the pycnidia. In rain or heavy dew, the masses of spores spread and are spread partly by drops of water, and after drying, also by the wind, insects and mites. If the spores land on the green parts of the bush, they germinate at temperatures from 15 to 35°C (optimum - 23°C) and a relative humidity of at least 85%.

Grape plants often become infected with black spot through wounds caused by broken shoots, as well as other mechanical damage.

Methods of struggle. It is quite difficult to fight against the mycelium of the fungus, which penetrates deep into the wood tissue and grows quickly under the protection of the host tissue. The fungal spores are protected from fungicides by a thick layer of cells. Chemical control with the use of currently known active substances against the mycelium of the fungus does not produce results. Therefore, it should be directed against the fruiting bodies of the fungus and, especially, against spreading spores. In case of severe damage, in the fall after the leaves have fallen or after pruning (winter treatment), the grape bushes should be sprayed with copper contact preparations. Drying sleeves must be cut out. When eradicating spraying, you need to ensure that the bushes are thoroughly washed. In spring, fungicides are applied when 2-3 leaves appear. Further spraying against black spot to protect young growth coincides with treatments of plantings against mildew and oidium. Based on the fact that black spotting is chronic disease grapes for short term it cannot be completely eliminated even with repeated thorough winter and spring treatment.

Preparations: Anthracol, Bordeaux mixture, Kuproxat, Ridomil, Strobi, Thanos, Horus, Copper oxychloride.

In addition to the development of diseases, the bushes and grape harvest are under constant threat of damage by many pests. These are phylloxera, mites, leaf rollers.

Phylloxera is the most dangerous pest of grapes. Lives only on grape plants. Phylloxera is native to North America, from where it was brought to Europe.

Grape phylloxera is a greenish-yellow aphid that is barely visible to the naked eye. There are two main forms of phylloxera known: root and leaf, or gall.

Individuals of the root form of phylloxera are first lemon-yellow and then yellowish-brown in color, with a pair of short three-segmented antennae and a long proboscis. This form of the pest lives on the roots, underground trunk of the grape bush and on cuttings of European, American varieties and hybrids - direct producers. European varieties are most sensitive to this form of phylloxera; rootstock varieties and hybrids - direct producers - are less damaged by it.

Damage to the root form of phylloxera occurs as follows. The larva pierces the tissue of the root or trunk with its proboscis. Enzymes are released into the injection site with saliva that help convert proteins, fats and carbohydrates of the cell into the form most accessible to phylloxera. Thus destroyed large number cells that make up tissues.

Leaf phylloxera does not develop on European varieties. It lives only on rootstock vines and on some varieties of hybrids - direct producers. In places where the larvae stick to the leaves, swellings called galls form on the underside of them, in which the larvae develop. When a plant is very heavily infested with a pest, galls appear on the stem, tendrils, and leaf cuttings.

Phylloxera develops differently in different soils. There are soils favorable for its life. These include fertile light structural chernozem, slate and rocky soils. Less favorable for phylloxera are heavy, structureless, floating soils - clayey, solonetzic, loess, silty. But there are soils in which phylloxera cannot develop - these are sands. All European varieties can be grown on them on their own roots, despite the fact that the site may be located in a phylloxera zone.

Methods of struggle. A radical method of combating phylloxera is that when it is detected in a vineyard, all bushes in the outbreak and in the surrounding quarantine zone are completely uprooted.

A chemical way to combat root phylloxera is to fumigate the soil with special preparations (fumigants). Currently this method is not used.

Actelik, Zolon, Confidor and other insecticides are used against the leaf form of phylloxera.

The most effective and most common way to protect against phylloxera is to grow grapes on phylloxera-resistant rootstocks.

Ordinary spider mite - polyphagous pest. Lives on more than 200 species of plants, including grapes. It got its name from the fact that its habitat is always entwined with cobwebs. It settles on the underside of leaves and feeds on the contents of cells. Leaves damaged by spider mites turn yellow, and in colored varieties they turn red - first along the main veins, and then over the entire surface. Subsequently, the leaves turn brown, dry out and fall off.

This damage leads to a decrease in sugar content and an increase in acidity. Growth decreases and shoot ripening worsens.

During the summer, spider mites can produce up to 12 generations.

(phytoptus).

It is very common in the vineyard, but not all varieties are damaged to the same extent. It lives, as a rule, on leaves, much less often on inflorescences. In the habitats of thistle, tubercles form on the upper side of the leaves (in contrast to the leaf form of phylloxera, which forms galls on the underside of the leaf). Each tubercle corresponds to a saucer-shaped depression on the underside of the leaf, densely covered with hairs. At first the hairs are pinkish-white, and then become brownish or reddish. Due to damage, leaf photosynthesis is disrupted. If itching affects the inflorescences, the petals become dense, turn red and fall off. Most often this happens with hybrids - direct producers. Does not cause any special changes on the bunches.

The itch overwinters under the scales of the buds, at the base of the shoots, in cracks in the bark. In the spring it moves to the kidneys and attaches itself to them. After the development of the latter, it settles on the underside of the leaves. It produces several generations during the year.

Methods of struggle. To protect vineyards from mites, acaricides are used: Neoron, Omite, Sunmite, Aktelik, Talstar, and sulfur preparations. Practice shows that the threshold number of mites occurs in the second half of May, that is, during the hatching period of the first generation of cluster budworm caterpillars. In this regard, it is advisable to carry out treatment against ticks and leaf rollers simultaneously, using insectoacaricides.

Leaf rollers. In Ukraine, there are three types of leaf rollers - biennial, bunch and grape.

Biennial leaf roller. The caterpillars of this pest damage inflorescences, young ovaries and grape berries. They can also feed on privet, buckthorn, black currant and euonymus. One caterpillar of the first generation destroys about 30-50 buds, and of the second - up to 20 berries. Various microorganisms develop on damaged flowers, buds, ovaries and bunches, causing rotting first of individual berries and then of entire bunches.

The biennial leaf roller is a small butterfly (wingspan 14-16 mm) of a grayish-yellow color with a black transverse stripe in the form of a triangle on the front wings. The caterpillar is brownish-red in color, up to 1.5 cm long. The pupa is yellow-brown, 0.5-0.7 cm long, with four pairs of hooks at the posterior end.

Bunch leaf roller. The caterpillars of this pest cause great damage to the inflorescences, ovaries and berries of grapes.

Brown butterflies, with beautiful design of bluish and brownish spots and stripes on the front wings, wingspan 12 -14 mm. The body length of the caterpillars is 10-13 mm, their color is green or gray-green. The pupa is 5-6 mm long, from dirty green to dark brown.

Grape leaf roller. Its caterpillars in the spring gnaw out swollen buds, twist and eat young leaves. Very often they damage the inflorescences and ovaries of grapes. Medium sized butterflies. The fore wings are light yellow in color with three light brown stripes, well defined in males. The second pair of wings (back) is gray. The caterpillar is dirty gray or greenish in color, with two pairs of light tubercles with bristles at the ends.

Methods of struggle. After opening the grape bushes, the trunk and sleeves must be cleaned of old bark. The removed bark, and along with it the overwintering pupae of the pest, should be burned. However, the main means of combating leaf roller caterpillars is the chemical method.

The treatment is carried out in the following periods: against the biennial leaf roller, two sprayings 12-15 days after the start of flight of butterflies of the first and second generations, the third - 10-12 days after the second treatment; against the grape budworm for the first time 12-15 days after the start of flight of the first generation butterflies, the second time ten days after the first (usually on the eve of flowering of the grapes), the third time 12-15 days after the start of flight of the second generation butterflies; against the grape leaf roller, the first time during the swelling of the buds, the second time after they bloom.

For protection use: Bi-58, Zolon, Talstar, Fury.

This is important. When spraying a vineyard against diseases, you can add pest control drugs to the working solution, mixing them in one container.

Be sure to use the funds personal protection and observe the timing of entering the area after pesticide treatments.

Who doesn't love eating delicious grapes at the end of summer? It is considered a very useful and easily digestible product. The content of sugar, various mineral salts, and vitamins in grapes is simply off the charts. The huge variety of varieties, including those bred by man, is simply amazing.

Needless to say, healing properties they made it a long time ago unique view plants. Many people consume its fresh fruits and love it for taste qualities and nutritional properties.

Few people know the fact that the vine is mentioned even on the pages of the Bible. In addition, at all times of human existence, grapes have attracted considerable attention with their bright greenery, huge vitality and unpretentiousness.

Therefore, it is not surprising that even in the northern part of Russia, gardeners dream of sitting under a beautiful grapevine and enjoying the fruits of their hard work. However, grapes are often damaged by pests and also attacked by various diseases, for example, viral or bacterial. Unfavorable weather conditions and unsuitable soil often lead to poor plant yields. You can even lose half of your own harvest if measures to protect it are not taken in a timely manner. Complete system chemical and agrotechnical techniques will help preserve and increase the grape harvest.

Grape diseases description methods of treatment

Mildew is perhaps the first and most dangerous enemy plants. The disease is most pronounced during the rainy seasons. It causes enormous damage to grapes during the flowering period, and also affects its clusters. However, sometimes at the end of July the leaves of the plant fall off, which also brings a lot of trouble to gardeners. The presence of high temperatures and hot weather may even stop the subsequent development of this disease, but, as a rule, it is already too late.

Mildew especially disfigures the leaves of the plant, causing them to become deformed. At first, the diameter of the lesion is not very large, but it gradually grows. The leaves of the grapes become covered with a kind of cobwebby coating, and then turn brown and fall off.

However, these processes occur not only with leaves, but also with buds, flowers and fruits.

Important ways to combat mildew:

1. Carrying out the breaking and gartering of grapes.

2. Timely removal of weeds.

3. Destruction of dry leaves, vines and berries that have fallen.

4. Planting resistant grape varieties.

5. Spraying the plant with Bordeaux mixture.

6. Use of stronger and effective means, for example, "Mikala" or "Kurzata".

Oidium - grape disease

Oidium is another fairly common disease that affects grapes. This disease is caused by a fungus, and it comes from America. As a result, the shoots are greatly retarded in development, and the leaves are subject to deformation, on which there are light dust particles. This coating is most often found on leaves in early summer. The shoots and bunches of grapes seemed to be sprinkled with flour or ash. As a rule, the affected parts of the grapes die. Berries that are gradually infected with the disease dry out, others burst or are subject to the destructive effects of mold fungi. However, oidium causes the greatest damage to bunches, destroying them.

The fungus spreads very quickly during periods of damp weather and high humidity. In addition, if the grapes are located in an insufficiently ventilated area, then they are much more susceptible to the influence of oidium.

Effective agricultural techniques in the fight against disease:

1. Garter of grape shoots.

2. Timely destruction of weeds.

3. Stepsoning.

4. Treatment of grapes with potent effective drugs, for example, “Tiovit”, “Thanos” or “Topaz”.

Bacterial canker is a grape disease that should not be underestimated. After all, the open parts of the trunk are especially susceptible to it. As a result, a bubble forms on the grape bark, which, in turn, gradually protrudes to the surface and breaks it. It often reaches considerable sizes, approximately 35 cm in diameter. The bubble bursts mainly in autumn or with the arrival of severe frosts in winter.

Effective measures to combat grape cancer

To protect the grape bush from this disease, it is mainly necessary to carry out important preventive work. Experienced gardeners know that bushes and seedlings should be protected from low temperatures and various mechanical damage. In addition, the grafting site should not come into contact with the soil in any way.

When pruning grapes, it is equally important to ensure that the stems are not bent. As soon as bacterial cancer is noticed, the resulting growths must be carefully cut off. Parts of the grapes affected by the disease must be destroyed immediately. Grape wounds are usually treated with solutions, such as Bordeaux mixture or iron sulfate.

In the fight against this disease they are most often used wood ash and various phosphorus-potassium fertilizers. About application nitrogen fertilizers must be forgotten for several years.

By planting grapes in your garden, everyone has the opportunity to enjoy communication with loved ones and enjoy generous harvests.

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Very often grapes are subjected to negative impact various factors: pests, viral diseases and fungal diseases. Also in most cases he suffers from poor conditions environment and lack of nutrients coming from the soil. To achieve greater safety of the harvest, it is necessary to recognize the signs of a grape plant disease in time and eliminate it in a timely manner.

Mildew: Treatment, Photo, Video

One of the most common and most dangerous diseases, due to its damage not only to leaves, but also to grape berries. The period of greatest spread of the disease occurs in May and June. This disease causes a high degree of danger and harm in high humidity, high temperatures, during rainy weather, as well as in subtropical climates.

The first symptom of infection is the appearance of oily spots of various sizes on the leaves of the plant; with increasing humidity, a white, fine-grained coating appears on their underside. Over the course of several weeks, the spots on the leaves spread, necrosis appears on the affected areas, the spots become brownish-red in color, and subsequently dry out and the leaves fall off. After infection of the leaves, the disease spreads to inflorescences that are more susceptible to it, which is detrimental to the grape harvest. On inflorescences, the fungus infects the apex, on which long green grooves appear filled with moisture. As a result of the disease, the development of the inflorescence is disrupted, which leads to drying out of its part. If the fungus penetrates inside the inflorescence, it is completely covered with a whitish coating, and then completely dries out and falls off.

The main methods of combating grape diseases are soil mulching, potassium-phosphorus fertilization of the plant, removal of shoots and treatment with various fungicides.

Anthracnose of grapes: Treatment, Photo, Video

The disease is widespread in European, Asian and American countries. The fungal pathogen infects the entire plant, from shoots to flowers. The disease develops well in warm temperature and humid air, can also long time overwinter on the affected parts of the grape plant in the form of mycelium and sclerotia. The peak of the disease occurs during prolonged rains.

The first symptoms of the disease appear on plants in the form of brown spots having a whitish border. The surface of the leaves where the spots appear dies and dries out. After infection, brown and subsequently gray spots with a black border form on the shoots after infection; deep ulcers form after cracking of the diseased tissues of the shoot. After damage, grape inflorescences become brown and die, and brown spots with a black surrounding appear on the berries.

The main methods of combating anthracnose are the breeding of plant varieties resistant to the disease and the treatment of plants with various fungicides (Bordeaux mixture, Thanos, Antrakol).

Oidium: Treatment, Photo, Video

One of the most dangerous existing grape diseases, it causes disproportionately great damage to viticulture. The disease develops well in hot and dry weather.

The very first signs of disease development in a plant are stunted growth of shoots and the presence of curly leaves covered with a white, fine-grained coating. From the beginning of summer, the plaque spreads to both sides of the leaves, shoots, inflorescences and berries. After being affected by this disease, the inflorescences die and the grapes dry out. In case of later damage, the berries rot and burst. A specific sign of infection with this disease is an unpleasant fishy smell.

The main methods of combating oidium are breeding plant varieties resistant to the disease, ventilating grape bushes by tying and removing shoots and treating with fungicides (Tanos, Topaz, Tiovit).

Phylloxera: Treatment, Photo, Video

One of the most destructive pests. Aphids are green or yellow in color and are practically invisible to the eye. It is represented by two types: root and leaf aphids.

Individuals of root phylloxera infect the roots and underground trunk. Aphid larvae pierce the root tissue with their nose and secrete enzymes with saliva that destroy the cells of the plant tissue. Individuals of leaf aphids stick to the leaves, forming swellings on them, in which the larvae develop. As a result of severe damage to the plant, swelling spreads to the stems and leaf cuttings.

Aphids spread differently on different types of soil. Favorable soils for the development of aphids are: chernozem, slate and rocky soils. Complex and structureless soils are unsuitable: clay, solonetz, silt, forest, sand.

Main radical method To combat the disease is the complete removal of bushes at the source of infection, as well as growing the plant on aphid-resistant rootstocks. Insecticides (Aktelik, Konfidor) are used against leaf aphids.