Convert Gcal to kWh. Gcal is equal to kW

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1 kilowatt [kW] = 0.239005736137667 kilocalorie (th) per second [kcal(T)/s]

Initial value

Converted value

watt exawatt petawatt terawatt gigawatt megawatt kilowatt hectowatt decawatt deciwatt centiwatt milliwatt microwatt nanowatt picowatt femtowatt attowatt horsepower horsepower metric horsepower boiler horsepower electric horsepower pumping horsepower horsepower (German) int. thermal unit (IT) per hour Brit. thermal unit (IT) per minute Brit. thermal unit (IT) per second Brit. thermal unit (thermochemical) per hour Brit. thermal unit (thermochemical) per minute Brit. thermal unit (thermochemical) per second MBTU (international) per hour Thousand BTU per hour MMBTU (international) per hour Million BTU per hour ton of refrigeration kilocalorie (IT) per hour kilocalorie (IT) per minute kilocalorie (IT) per second kilocalorie (thm) per hour kilocalorie (thm) per minute kilocalorie (thm) per second calorie (thm) per hour calorie (thm) per minute calorie (thm) per second calorie (thm) per hour calorie (thm) per minute calorie (thm) per second ft lbf per hour ft lbf/minute ft lbf/second lb-ft per hour lb-ft per minute lb-ft per second erg per second kilovolt-ampere volt-ampere newton-meter per second joule per second exajoule per second petajoule per second terajoule per second gigajoule per second megajoule per second kilojoule per second hectojoule per second decajoule per second decijoule per second centijoule per second millijoule per second microjoule nanojoule per second picojoule per second femtojoule per second attojoule per second joule per hour joule per minute kilojoule per hour kilojoule per minute Planck power

More about power

General information

In physics, power is the ratio of work to the time during which it is performed. mechanical work is a quantitative characteristic of the action of force F on the body, as a result of which it moves a distance s. Power can also be defined as the rate at which energy is transferred. In other words, power is an indicator of the machine's performance. By measuring the power, you can understand how much and how fast the work is done.

Power units

Power is measured in joules per second, or watts. Along with watts, horsepower is also used. Before the invention of the steam engine, the power of engines was not measured, and, accordingly, there were no generally accepted units of power. When the steam engine began to be used in mines, engineer and inventor James Watt began to improve it. In order to prove that his improvements made the steam engine more productive, he compared its power with the performance of horses, since horses were used by people for a long time. years, and many could easily imagine how much work a horse can do in a certain amount of time. In addition, not all mines used steam engines. On those where they were used, Watt compared the power of the old and new models of the steam engine with the power of one horse, that is, with one horsepower. Watt determined this value experimentally, observing the work of draft horses at the mill. According to his measurements, one horsepower is 746 watts. Now it is believed that this figure is exaggerated, and the horse cannot work in this mode for a long time, but they did not change the unit. Power can be used as a measure of productivity, as increasing power increases the amount of work done per unit of time. Many people realized that it was convenient to have a standardized unit of power, so horsepower became very popular. It began to be used in measuring the power of other devices, especially vehicles. Even though watts have been around for almost as long as horsepower, horsepower is more commonly used in the automotive industry, and it's clearer to many buyers when a car's engine power is listed in those units.

Power of household electrical appliances

Household electrical appliances usually have a power rating. Some lamps limit the power of the bulbs that can be used in them, for example, no more than 60 watts. This is because higher wattage bulbs generate a lot of heat and the bulb holder can be damaged. And the lamp itself high temperature in the lamp will not last long. This is mainly a problem with incandescent lamps. LED, fluorescent and other lamps generally operate at lower wattage at the same brightness and if used in luminaires designed for incandescent lamps there are no wattage problems.

The greater the power of the electrical appliance, the higher the energy consumption and the cost of using the appliance. Therefore, manufacturers are constantly improving electrical appliances and lamps. The luminous flux of lamps, measured in lumens, depends on the power, but also on the type of lamps. The greater the luminous flux of the lamp, the brighter its light looks. For people, it is high brightness that is important, and not the power consumed by the llama, therefore, in recent times alternatives to incandescent lamps are becoming increasingly popular. Below are examples of types of lamps, their power and the luminous flux they create.

• 450 lumens:
• Incandescent lamp: 40 watts
• compact Fluorescent Lamp: 9-13 watts
• LED lamp: 4-9 watts
• 800 lumens:



• Incandescent lamp: 60 watts
• Compact fluorescent lamp: 13-15 watts
• LED lamp: 10-15 watts
• 1600 lumens:
• Incandescent lamp: 100 watts
• Compact fluorescent lamp: 23-30 watts
• LED lamp: 16-20 watts

From these examples, it is obvious that with the same luminous flux created, LED lamps consume the least electricity and are more economical than incandescent lamps. At the time of this writing (2013) the price LED lamps many times higher than the price of incandescent lamps. Despite this, some countries have banned or are about to ban the sale of incandescent lamps due to their high power.

The power of household electrical appliances may differ depending on the manufacturer, and is not always the same when the appliance is in operation. Below are the approximate capacities of some household appliances.



• Household air conditioners for cooling a residential building, split system: 20–40 kilowatts
• Monoblock window air conditioners: 1–2 kilowatts
• Ovens: 2.1–3.6 kilowatts
• Washing machines and dryers: 2–3.5 kilowatts
• Dishwashers: 1.8–2.3 kilowatts
• Electric kettles: 1–2 kilowatts
• Microwave ovens: 0.65–1.2 kilowatts
• Refrigerators: 0.25–1 kilowatt
• Toasters: 0.7–0.9 kilowatts

Power in sports

It is possible to evaluate work using power not only for machines, but also for people and animals. For example, the power with which a basketball player throws a ball is calculated by measuring the force she applies to the ball, the distance the ball has traveled, and the time that force has been applied. There are sites that allow you to calculate work and power during exercise. The user selects the type of exercise, enters the height, weight, duration of the exercise, after which the program calculates the power. For example, according to one of these calculators, the power of a person with a height of 170 centimeters and a weight of 70 kilograms, who did 50 push-ups in 10 minutes, is 39.5 watts. Athletes sometimes use devices to measure the amount of power a muscle is working during exercise. This information helps determine how effective their chosen exercise program is.

Dynamometers

To measure power, special devices are used - dynamometers. They can also measure torque and force. Dynamometers are used in various industries, from engineering to medicine. For example, they can be used to determine the power of a car engine. To measure the power of cars, several main types of dynamometers are used. In order to determine the engine power using dynamometers alone, it is necessary to remove the engine from the car and attach it to the dynamometer. In other dynamometers, the force for measurement is transmitted directly from the wheel of the car. In this case, the car's engine through the transmission drives the wheels, which, in turn, rotate the rollers of the dynamometer, which measures the power of the engine under various road conditions.

Dynamometers are also used in sports and medicine. The most common type of dynamometer for this purpose is isokinetic. Usually this is a sports simulator with sensors connected to a computer. These sensors measure the strength and power of the whole body or individual muscle groups. The dynamometer can be programmed to give signals and warnings if the power exceeds a certain value. This is especially important for people with injuries during the rehabilitation period, when it is necessary not to overload the body.

According to some provisions of the theory of sports, the greatest sports development occurs under a certain load, individual for each athlete. If the load is not heavy enough, the athlete gets used to it and does not develop his abilities. If, on the contrary, it is too heavy, then the results deteriorate due to overload of the body. Physical activity during some exercises, such as cycling or swimming, depends on many factors. environment such as road conditions or wind. Such a load is difficult to measure, but you can find out with what power the body counteracts this load, and then change the exercise scheme, depending on the desired load.

Do you find it difficult to translate units of measurement from one language to another? Colleagues are ready to help you. Post a question to TCTerms and within a few minutes you will receive an answer.

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Often, one of the problems faced by consumers both in private buildings and in apartment buildings is that the consumption of thermal energy obtained in the process of heating a home is very large. In order to save yourself from the need to overpay for excess heat and to save money, you should determine exactly how the calculation of the amount of heat for heating should take place. The usual calculations will help to solve this, with the help of which it will become clear what volume the heat entering the radiators should have. This is what will be discussed next.

General principles for performing Gcal calculations

The calculation of kW for heating involves the performance of special calculations, the procedure for which is regulated by special regulations. The responsibility for them lies with the communal organizations that are able to help in the performance of this work and give an answer on how to calculate Gcal for heating and decipher Gcal.

Of course, such a problem will be completely eliminated if there is a hot water meter in the living room, since it is in this device that there are already pre-set readings that display the received heat. By multiplying these results by the established tariff, it is fashionable to obtain the final parameter of the consumed heat.

Order of calculations when calculating the consumed heat

In the absence of such a device as a hot water meter, the formula for calculating heat for heating should be as follows: Q \u003d V * (T1 - T2) / 1000. The variables in this case display values ​​such as:

• Q in this case is the total amount of heat energy;
• V is an indicator of hot water consumption, which is measured either in tons or in cubic meters;
• T1- temperature parameter hot water (measured in the usual degrees Celsius). In this case, it would be more appropriate to take into account the temperature that is typical for a certain working pressure. This indicator has a special name - enthalpy. But in the absence of the required sensor, one can take as a basis the temperature that will be as close as possible to the enthalpy. As a rule, her average varies from 60 to 65°C;
• T2 in this formula is a temperature indicator cold water, which is also measured in degrees Celsius. Due to the fact that getting to the pipeline with cold water very problematic, such values ​​are determined by constant values, which differ depending on weather conditions outside the home. For example, in winter time year, that is, in the midst of heating season, this value is 5°C, and in summer, when the heating circuit is turned off - 15°C;
• 1000 is a common factor that can be used to get the result in gigacalories, which is more accurate, and not in regular calories. See also: "How to calculate heat for heating - methods, formulas".

The calculation of Gcal for heating in a closed system, which is more convenient for operation, should take place in a slightly different way. The formula for calculating space heating with closed system is as follows: Q = ((V1 * (T1 - T)) - (V2 * (T2 - T))) / 1000.

In this case:

• Q is the same amount of thermal energy;
• V1 is the parameter of the coolant flow in the supply pipe (both ordinary water and steam can act as a heat source);
• V2 is the volume of water flow in the outlet pipeline;
• T1 - temperature value in the heat carrier supply pipe;
• T2 - outlet temperature indicator;
• T is the temperature parameter of cold water.

We can say that the calculation of heat energy for heating in this case depends on two values: the first of them displays the heat entering the system, measured in calories, and the second is the thermal parameter when the coolant is removed through the return pipeline.

Other ways to calculate the amount of heat

It is possible to calculate the amount of heat entering the heating system in other ways.

The calculation formula for heating in this case may differ slightly from the above and have two options:

1. Q = ((V1 * (T1 - T2)) + (V1 - V2) * (T2 - T)) / 1000.
2. Q = ((V2 * (T1 - T2)) + (V1 - V2) * (T1 - T)) / 1000.

All values ​​of the variables in these formulas are the same as before.

Based on this, it is safe to say that the calculation of kilowatts of heating can be done with your own on your own. However, do not forget about consulting with special organizations responsible for supplying heat to dwellings, since their principles and calculation system can be completely different and consist of a completely different set of measures.

Having decided to design a system of the so-called “warm floor” in a private house, you need to be prepared for the fact that the procedure for calculating the volume of heat will be much more difficult, since in this case it is necessary to take into account not only the features of the heating circuit, but also provide for the parameters electrical network from which the floor will be heated. At the same time, the organizations responsible for controlling such installation work, will be completely different.

Many hosts often face the problem of transferring the right amount kilocalories to kilowatts, which is due to the use by many auxiliary aids of measuring units in the international system called "Ci". Here you need to remember that the coefficient that converts kilocalories to kilowatts will be 850, that is, speaking more plain language, 1 kW is 850 kcal. This calculation procedure is much simpler, since it will not be difficult to calculate the required amount of gigacalories - the prefix "giga" means "million", therefore, 1 gigacalorie - 1 million calories.

In order to avoid errors in calculations, it is important to remember that absolutely all modern ones have some error, and often within acceptable limits. The calculation of such an error can also be done independently using the following formula: R = (V1 - V2) / (V1 + V2) * 100, where R is the error, V1 and V2 are the parameters of water flow in the system already mentioned above, and 100 - coefficient responsible for converting the obtained value into a percentage.

In accordance with operating standards, the maximum allowable error can be 2%, but this figure is usually in modern appliances does not exceed 1%.

Total of all calculations

A correctly performed calculation of the consumption of thermal energy is a guarantee of the economical expenditure of financial resources spent on heating. As an example of an average value, it can be noted that when heating a residential building with an area of ​​​​200 m², in accordance with the above calculation formulas, the amount of heat will be approximately 3 Gcal per month. Thus, taking into account the fact that the standard heating season lasts six months, then for six months the volume of consumption will be 18 Gcal.

Of course, all measures for calculating heat are much more convenient and easier to perform in private buildings than in apartment buildings with a centralized heating system, where simple equipment can't get by. See also: "How is heating calculated in an apartment building - rules and calculation formulas".

Thus, we can say that all calculations to determine the heat energy consumption in a particular room can well be performed on their own (read also: ""). It is only important that the data be calculated as accurately as possible, that is, according to specially designed for this mathematical formulas, and all procedures were coordinated with special bodies that control the conduct of such events. Help with calculations can also be provided professional craftsmen who are regularly engaged in such work and have various video materials available that describe in detail the entire calculation process, as well as photos of samples heating systems and wiring diagrams.

COUNTING THERMAL ENERGY!

When you start to understand the issue of calculating thermal energy, it seems so complicated, you assume that only an academician can understand these calculations, and then with a specialization in housing and communal services (probably, this does not happen). But when you get used to the terms and get used to the essence of this issue, everything clears up and becomes less scary.

There is an opinion that in the post-Soviet space we, as always, differ from the rest of the planet and instead of considering thermal energy in joules (J), we consider it in long-standing non-systemic units of measurement of calories, or rather in units of heat energy derived from calories - gigacalories (Gcal). It's essentially the same thing, only with an extra nine zeros (109 calories).

Due to the fact that in various fields activity is taken as the reference water temperature different temperature, there are several different definitions of calories in joules (J).
1 calm = 4.1868 J (1 J ≈ 0.2388459 kcal) International calorie, 1956.
1 cal = 4.184 J (1 J = 0.23901 cal) Thermochemical calorie.
1 cal15 = 4.18580 J (1 J = 0.23890 cal15) Calorie at 15°C.

The unit Joule (J) is a unit of energy in the CI system.
It is defined as the work of a force of one Newton at a distance of 1 meter, it follows that 1 J = 1 N * m = 1 kg * m ** 2 / sec ** 2. In turn, this is connected with the definition of the unit of mass in kilograms (kg), length in meters (m) and time in seconds (sec) in the CI system.
One J = 0.239 calories, one GJ = 0.239 Gcal, and one gigacalorie = 4.186 GJ.

Today, as is known to a greater extent, the beautiful half of humanity, it is customary to measure in calories energy value(calorie content) of food - Kcal. The whole world has long forgotten about the use of Gcal for evaluation in thermal power engineering, heating systems, utilities, and we persistently continue to count in this way.

But be that as it may, another derived unit of measurement Gcal / hour (gigacalorie per hour) appears from here. It then characterizes the amount of thermal energy used or produced by one or another equipment or coolant in one hour. Gcal / hour as a value is equivalent to thermal power, but we do not need this yet.

For a better understanding of the issue, let's take a look at some more units of measurement and do simple arithmetic calculations.

Once again, so, to consolidate understanding. One Calorie is equal to 1 calorie, one Kilocalorie is equal to 1000 calories, one Megacalorie is equal to 1,000,000 calories, one Gigacalorie is equal to 1,000,000,000 (1×109 calories)

One calorie releases the amount of heat that is needed to heat one gram of water by one degree Celsius at a pressure of one atmosphere (pressure will also be omitted for now, although this is the constant value of all formulas and its standard atmospheric pressure value is 101.325 kPa).

Now we can assume that Gigacalorie for one square meter total area premises, is the amount of heat energy consumption for space heating. And as confirmation of what has been said, this unit of measurement was provided for in the "Rules for the provision utilities for use in calculations.

In other words, one gigacalorie (Gcal) heats one thousand cubic meters of water per degree Celsius, or about 16.7 cubic meters of water per 60 degrees Celsius (1000/60=16.666667).

This information can be useful when evaluating the performance of hot water meters (HWP).

Heat meters keep their records in the unit of measurement Gcal or, rarely, in megajoules. It is known that power generating companies use Gcal in their calculations.

Each fuel during combustion has its own heat transfer rates for a certain amount of this fuel, the so-called calorific values ​​of solid and liquid fuels are measured in Kcal / kg. If you are interested, look on the net, but as an example, I’ll say that the calculations use conventional fuel, the calorific value of which is equal to 7 Gcal per 1 ton of fuel, and for natural gas- 8.4 Gcal per 1 thousand cubic meters of gas.

If you have learned all these meanings, we can try to check the energy company or our neighbors heat terrorists without leaving the apartment!

How to check everyone without leaving the apartment?

According to the source of this information, if you can make all these calculations correctly, then based on your numbers, you will be able to check the energy company and file a claim with your operating organization or condominiums, demanding recalculation.

Let's try to do this using the data received on the forum at the site address: gro-za.pp.ua/forum/index.php?topic=4436.0

So, a few more numbers for "assimilation":

Kilowatt hour. It is used mainly in the calculations for electricity (in electricity meters). Derived from the unit of power, which is called the Watt (W) and is equal to the energy of 1 J used for 1 second.

For example, a 60 W electric light bulb consumes 60 Wg = 0.060 kWh of energy for 1 hour. Or in joules and kilocalories: 1 kWh = 3600 kJ = 860.4 kilocalories = 0.8604 megacalories; 1 gigacalorie = 1162.25 KWh = 1.16225 MWh (megawatt hours); 1 MWh = 0.8604 Gcal. The unit of power Watt is used in assessing the heat transfer of heating devices (heat radiators).

So how can this information be used to the benefit of the district heating consumer?

To do this, we need to assimilate some more data. Suggested below reference Information on heat transfer of two types of radiators.
If your type of radiator is not among these two, you are out of luck, which means that if you are "lucky" you will find detailed information about your type of radiator on the net or in some manuals.

SO, THE FIRST TYPE OF RADIATOR. Rated heat output aluminum radiator type Calidor of the Italian company Fondital (according to EN 442-2) is Q=194 W at Dt=(Trad-Tpov)=60 degrees Celsius, where Trad is the average water temperature in the radiator, Tpov is the air temperature in the room. Trad is equal to the difference in water temperature at the inlet and outlet of the radiator. With a single-pipe coolant supply, this difference is practically equal to the inlet temperature. For other values, Dt is the heat transfer value, which is taken with the correction factor K = ((Dt / 60)) ^ n, de ^ - exponentiation operation, n = 1.35.

Example: radiator temperature 45 degrees, air temperature 20 degrees. Then K \u003d ((45-20) / 60) ^ 1.35 \u003d 0.3067, and Q \u003d 194 x 0.3067 \u003d 59.5 W - three times less than the nominal value!

SECOND TYPE OF RADIATOR. The most common heating radiator is cast iron MS-140M4 500-0.9. The reference books indicate the power of thermal radiation for cast iron section MS-140 in the amount of 160-180 W at a coolant temperature of 90°C. But, this heat transfer is achievable only under ideal (laboratory) conditions, which in real life out of reach. Because the radiation power depends significantly on temperature, so the real heat transfer of the cast iron section at 60°C will be no more than 80 W, and at 45°C - about 40 W. The flow of heated water from the house system to cast iron battery happens randomly. In order for the average temperature of the entire radiator to be 60°C, it is necessary to ensure the supply of water with a temperature of at least 75°C, then water with a temperature of about 45°C will go into the “return”. Calculate how powerful a heat exchanger should be in order to heat a ton of water to a temperature level of 75 ° C. It must be taken into account that ten degrees is spent in thick metal pipes that lead to the house. So elevator unit(heat exchanger) should give 85...90°C and work on the edge of the possible. Provide temperature cast iron radiator 90°C water (not steam) heating systems are impossible and unsafe - you can get burned at 70°C.
In addition, it should be noted that the curtains on the radiator lead to a decrease in heat transfer by 10–18%, the area of ​​the cast-iron radiator, the coating oil paint gives a decrease in heat transfer by 13%, and coating with zinc white increases heat transfer by 2.5%.

Having data on the actual temperature of the heat carrier at the inlets of apartment heating radiators, data on the heat transfer (in Watts) of one section of the heat radiator at a nominal temperature, you calculate the actual heat transfer at the actual temperature of the heat carrier. Multiply the obtained data by the number of seconds of time during which the results of measurements / calculations took place. Get the amount of heat energy in Joules. Convert to gigacalories.

After that, you make a conclusion who owes whom and how much. If you are indebted, file a claim with the balance holder of the house with a request for recalculation.

EXAMPLE:
Let one section of the CH radiator actually deliver 30 watts. Let the area of ​​the apartment be 84 sq.m. According to the above recommendation, you should have 1 section per 1 sq.m, that is, everything you need is 84 sections, or 6 radiators, 14 sections each. The power of one radiator is 30x14 = 420 W = 0.42 kW. During the day, one radiator will give 0.42x24 = 10.08 kWh of heat energy, and 6 radiators - respectively 10.08x6 = 60.48 kWh. For a month we will get 60.48x30 \u003d 1814.4 kWh. We translate into gigacalories: (1814.4 / 1000) = 1.8144 Mvtg. x 0.8604 = 1.56 Gcal. The heated season lasts 6 months, of which more or less full heating is needed for 5 months, because in the first half of April the weather is already warm. And the second half of October is also frost-free. Thus, with the marked parameters, you will get 1.56 x 5 \u003d 7.8 Gcal. instead of the standard 0.147 Gcal/sq.m x 84 sq.m = 12.348 Gcal. That is, you received only 100% x 7.8 / 12.348 = 63% of the standard volume of heat energy, and 37% are extra accrued funds for central heating.

I hope everyone understands everything, and if it is not clear, then it's not my fault!

Be that as it may, I think that we are already ready for the main section of our conversation.

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1 kilowatt [kW] = 0.239005736137667 kilocalorie (th) per second [kcal(T)/s]

Initial value

Converted value

watt exawatt petawatt terawatt gigawatt megawatt kilowatt hectowatt decawatt deciwatt centiwatt milliwatt microwatt nanowatt picowatt femtowatt attowatt horsepower horsepower metric horsepower boiler horsepower electric horsepower pumping horsepower horsepower (German) int. thermal unit (IT) per hour Brit. thermal unit (IT) per minute Brit. thermal unit (IT) per second Brit. thermal unit (thermochemical) per hour Brit. thermal unit (thermochemical) per minute Brit. thermal unit (thermochemical) per second MBTU (international) per hour Thousand BTU per hour MMBTU (international) per hour Million BTU per hour ton of refrigeration kilocalorie (IT) per hour kilocalorie (IT) per minute kilocalorie (IT) per second kilocalorie (thm) per hour kilocalorie (thm) per minute kilocalorie (thm) per second calorie (thm) per hour calorie (thm) per minute calorie (thm) per second calorie (thm) per hour calorie (thm) per minute calorie (thm) per second ft lbf per hour ft lbf/minute ft lbf/second lb-ft per hour lb-ft per minute lb-ft per second erg per second kilovolt-ampere volt-ampere newton-meter per second joule per second exajoule per second petajoule per second terajoule per second gigajoule per second megajoule per second kilojoule per second hectojoule per second decajoule per second decijoule per second centijoule per second millijoule per second microjoule nanojoule per second picojoule per second femtojoule per second attojoule per second joule per hour joule per minute kilojoule per hour kilojoule per minute Planck power

The principle of operation of the Geiger counter

More about power

General information

In physics, power is the ratio of work to the time during which it is performed. Mechanical work is a quantitative characteristic of the action of a force F on the body, as a result of which it moves a distance s. Power can also be defined as the rate at which energy is transferred. In other words, power is an indicator of the machine's performance. By measuring the power, you can understand how much and how fast the work is done.

Power units

Power is measured in joules per second, or watts. Along with watts, horsepower is also used. Before the invention of the steam engine, the power of engines was not measured, and, accordingly, there were no generally accepted units of power. When the steam engine began to be used in mines, engineer and inventor James Watt began to improve it. In order to prove that his improvements made the steam engine more productive, he compared its power to the working capacity of horses, since horses have been used by people for many years, and many could easily imagine how much work a horse can do in a certain amount of time. In addition, not all mines used steam engines. On those where they were used, Watt compared the power of the old and new models of the steam engine with the power of one horse, that is, with one horsepower. Watt determined this value experimentally, observing the work of draft horses at the mill. According to his measurements, one horsepower is 746 watts. Now it is believed that this figure is exaggerated, and the horse cannot work in this mode for a long time, but they did not change the unit. Power can be used as a measure of productivity, as increasing power increases the amount of work done per unit of time. Many people realized that it was convenient to have a standardized unit of power, so horsepower became very popular. It began to be used in measuring the power of other devices, especially vehicles. Even though watts have been around for almost as long as horsepower, horsepower is more commonly used in the automotive industry, and it's clearer to many buyers when a car's engine power is listed in those units.

Power of household electrical appliances

Household electrical appliances usually have a power rating. Some lamps limit the power of the bulbs that can be used in them, for example, no more than 60 watts. This is because higher wattage bulbs generate a lot of heat and the bulb holder can be damaged. And the lamp itself at a high temperature in the lamp will not last long. This is mainly a problem with incandescent lamps. LED, fluorescent and other lamps generally operate at lower wattage at the same brightness and if used in luminaires designed for incandescent lamps there are no wattage problems.

The greater the power of the electrical appliance, the higher the energy consumption and the cost of using the appliance. Therefore, manufacturers are constantly improving electrical appliances and lamps. The luminous flux of lamps, measured in lumens, depends on the power, but also on the type of lamps. The greater the luminous flux of the lamp, the brighter its light looks. For people, it is high brightness that is important, and not the power consumed by the llama, so recently alternatives to incandescent lamps have become increasingly popular. Below are examples of types of lamps, their power and the luminous flux they create.

• 450 lumens:
• Incandescent lamp: 40 watts
• Compact fluorescent lamp: 9-13 watts
• LED lamp: 4-9 watts
• 800 lumens:



• Incandescent lamp: 60 watts
• Compact fluorescent lamp: 13-15 watts
• LED lamp: 10-15 watts
• 1600 lumens:
• Incandescent lamp: 100 watts
• Compact fluorescent lamp: 23-30 watts
• LED lamp: 16-20 watts

From these examples, it is obvious that with the same luminous flux created, LED lamps consume the least electricity and are more economical than incandescent lamps. At the time of this writing (2013), the price of LED lamps is many times higher than the price of incandescent lamps. Despite this, some countries have banned or are about to ban the sale of incandescent lamps due to their high power.

The power of household electrical appliances may differ depending on the manufacturer, and is not always the same when the appliance is in operation. Below are the approximate capacities of some household appliances.



• Household air conditioners for cooling a residential building, split system: 20–40 kilowatts
• Monoblock window air conditioners: 1–2 kilowatts
• Ovens: 2.1–3.6 kilowatts
• Washing machines and dryers: 2–3.5 kilowatts
• Dishwashers: 1.8–2.3 kilowatts
• Electric kettles: 1–2 kilowatts
• Microwave ovens: 0.65–1.2 kilowatts
• Refrigerators: 0.25–1 kilowatt
• Toasters: 0.7–0.9 kilowatts

Power in sports

It is possible to evaluate work using power not only for machines, but also for people and animals. For example, the power with which a basketball player throws a ball is calculated by measuring the force she applies to the ball, the distance the ball has traveled, and the time that force has been applied. There are websites that allow you to calculate work and power during exercise. The user selects the type of exercise, enters the height, weight, duration of the exercise, after which the program calculates the power. For example, according to one of these calculators, the power of a person with a height of 170 centimeters and a weight of 70 kilograms, who did 50 push-ups in 10 minutes, is 39.5 watts. Athletes sometimes use devices to measure the amount of power a muscle is working during exercise. This information helps determine how effective their chosen exercise program is.

Dynamometers

To measure power, special devices are used - dynamometers. They can also measure torque and force. Dynamometers are used in various industries, from engineering to medicine. For example, they can be used to determine the power of a car engine. To measure the power of cars, several main types of dynamometers are used. In order to determine the engine power using dynamometers alone, it is necessary to remove the engine from the car and attach it to the dynamometer. In other dynamometers, the force for measurement is transmitted directly from the wheel of the car. In this case, the car's engine through the transmission drives the wheels, which, in turn, rotate the rollers of the dynamometer, which measures the power of the engine under various road conditions.

Dynamometers are also used in sports and medicine. The most common type of dynamometer for this purpose is isokinetic. Usually this is a sports simulator with sensors connected to a computer. These sensors measure the strength and power of the whole body or individual muscle groups. The dynamometer can be programmed to give signals and warnings if the power exceeds a certain value. This is especially important for people with injuries during the rehabilitation period, when it is necessary not to overload the body.

According to some provisions of the theory of sports, the greatest sports development occurs under a certain load, individual for each athlete. If the load is not heavy enough, the athlete gets used to it and does not develop his abilities. If, on the contrary, it is too heavy, then the results deteriorate due to overload of the body. Physical activity during some activities, such as cycling or swimming, depends on many environmental factors, such as road conditions or wind. Such a load is difficult to measure, but you can find out with what power the body counteracts this load, and then change the exercise scheme, depending on the desired load.

Do you find it difficult to translate units of measurement from one language to another? Colleagues are ready to help you. Post a question to TCTerms and within a few minutes you will receive an answer.

Everyone, at least indirectly, is familiar with such a concept as “calorie”. What is it and why is it needed? What exactly does it mean? Such questions arise, especially if you need to increase it to kilocalories, megacalories or gigacalories, or convert it to other values, such as Gcal to kW.

What is a calorie

The calorie is not included in the international system of measurements of metric values, but this concept is widely used to refer to the amount of energy released. It indicates how much energy must be spent on heating 1 g of water so that this volume increases the temperature by 1 ° C under standard conditions.

There are 3 generally accepted designations, each of which is used depending on the area:

• The international value of a calorie, which is equal to 4.1868 J (Joule), and is denoted as "cal" in Russian Federation and cal, in the world;
• In thermochemistry - a relative value approximately equal to 4.1840 J with the Russian designation cal th and the world one - cal th;
• A 15-degree calorie indicator equal to approximately 4.1855 J, which is known in Russia as “cal 15”, and in the world - cal 15.

Initially, the calorie was used to find the amount of heat released during the generation of energy from the fuel. Subsequently, this value began to be used to calculate the amount of energy expended by an athlete when performing any physical activity, since the same physical laws apply to these actions.

Since fuel is needed to release heat, then, by analogy with heat power engineering in a simple life, the body also needs “refueling” to generate energy - food that people take regularly.

Man receives a certain amount of calories, depending on which product you consumed.

The more calories in the form of food a person received, the more energy he gets for sports. However, people do not always consume the amount of calories that is necessary to maintain the body's vital processes in the norm and perform physical activity. As a result, some lose weight (with a calorie deficit), while others gain weight.

Calorie is the amount of energy received by a person as a result of the absorption of a particular product.

Based on this theory, many principles of diets and rules are built. healthy eating. Optimal quantity energy and macronutrients that a person needs per day can be calculated in accordance with the formulas of well-known nutritionists (Harris-Benedict, Mifflin-San Geor), using standard parameters:

• Age;
• Growth;
• An example of daily activity;
• Lifestyle.

These data can be used by changing them for yourself - for painless weight loss, it is enough to create a deficit of 15-20% of the daily calorie content, and for a healthy weight gain - a similar surplus.

What is a gigacalorie and how many calories does it contain

The concept of Gigacalorie is most often found in documents in the field of thermal power engineering. This value can be found in receipts, notices, payments for heating and hot water.

It means the same thing as a calorie, but in a larger volume, as evidenced by the prefix "Giga". Gcal determines that the original value was multiplied by 10 9 . In simple terms, there are 1 billion calories in 1 Gigacalorie.

Like the calorie, the gigacalorie does not belong to the metric system of physical quantities.

The table below shows a comparison of values ​​as an example:

The need to use Gcal is due to the fact that when heating the volume of water needed for heating and household needs The population of even 1 residential building is allocated a colossal amount of energy. Writing numbers denoting it in documents in calorie format is too long and inconvenient.

Such a value as a gigacalorie can be found in payment documents for heating

One can imagine how much energy is spent during the heating season in industrial scale: when heating 1 quarter, district, city, country.

Gcal and Gcal/h: what is the difference

If it is necessary to calculate the payment by the consumer for the services of the state thermal power industry (heating at home, hot water) such value as Gcal/h is used. It denotes a reference to time - how many Gigacalories are consumed during heating for a given period of time. Sometimes it is also replaced by Gcal / m 3 (how much energy is needed to transfer heat cubic meter water).

Q=V*(T1 – T2)/1000, where

• V is the volume of fluid consumption in cubic meters/tons;
• T1 is the temperature of the incoming hot liquid, which is measured in degrees Celsius;
• T2 is the temperature of the incoming cold liquid by analogy with the previous indicator;
• 1000 is an auxiliary coefficient that simplifies calculations by eliminating numbers in the tenth digit (automatically converts kcal to Gcal).

This formula is often used to build the principle of operation of heat meters in private apartments, houses or enterprises. This measure is necessary with a sharp increase in the cost of this utility service, especially when the calculations are generalized based on the area / volume of the room that is heated.

If the system is installed in the room closed type(hot liquid is poured into it once without additional water supply), the formula is modified:

Q= ((V1* (T1 – T2)) – (V2* (T2 – T)))/ 1000, where

• Q is the amount of thermal energy;
• V1 - volume of consumable thermal matter(water/gas) in the pipeline through which it enters the system;
• V2 is the volume of thermal substance in the pipeline through which it returns back;
• T1 - temperature in degrees Celsius in the pipeline at the inlet;
• T2 - temperature in degrees Aim in the pipeline at the outlet;
• T is the temperature of cold water;
• 1000 is an auxiliary coefficient.

This formula is based on the difference between the values ​​at the inlet and outlet of the coolant in the room.

Depending on the use of a particular energy source, as well as the type of thermal substance (water, gas), alternative calculation formulas are also used:

1. Q= ((V1* (T1 - T2)) + (V1 - V2)*(T2 - T))/1000
2. Q= ((V2* (T1 - T2)) + (V1 - V2)*(T1 - T))/1000

In addition, the formula changes if the system includes electrical devices(e.g. underfloor heating).

How Gcal for hot water and heating is calculated

Heating is calculated using formulas similar to the formulas for finding Gcal/h.

An approximate formula for calculating payment for warm water in residential premises:

P i gv \u003d V i gv * T x gv + (V v kr * V i gv / ∑ V i gv * T v kr)

Used quantities:

• P i gv - the desired value;
• V i gw - the volume of hot water consumption for a certain time period;
• T x gv - the established tariff fee for hot water supply;
• V v gv - the amount of energy expended by the company that is engaged in its heating and supply to residential / non-residential premises;
• ∑ V i gv - the sum of the consumption of warm water in all rooms of the house in which the calculation is made;
• T v gv - tariff payment for thermal energy.

This formula does not take into account the atmospheric pressure indicator, since it does not significantly affect the final desired value.

The formula is approximate and is not suitable for self-calculation without prior consultation. Before using it, you must contact the local utilities for clarification and adjustment - perhaps they use other parameters and formulas for the calculation.

Calculation of the amount of heating payment is very important, as often impressive amounts are not justified.

The result of the calculations depends not only on the relative temperature values ​​- it is directly affected by the tariffs set by the government for the consumption of hot water and space heating.

The computational process is greatly simplified if you install a heating meter on an apartment, entrance or residential building.

It should be borne in mind that even the most accurate counters can allow errors in the calculations. It can also be determined by the formula:

E = 100 *((V1 - V2)/(V1 + V2))

The following indicators are used in the presented formula:

• E - error;
• V1 is the volume of consumed hot water supply upon admission;
• V2 - consumed hot water at the outlet;
• 100 is an auxiliary coefficient that converts the result into a percentage.

In accordance with the requirements, the average error of the calculating device is about 1%, and the maximum allowable is 2%.

Video: an example of calculating the heating fee

How to convert Gcal to kWh and Gcal/h to kW

On the various devices the spheres of thermal power engineering indicate various metric values. Yes, on heating boilers and heaters often indicate kilowatts and kilowatts per hour. Gcal is more common on counting devices (counters). The difference in size interferes correct calculation the desired value according to the formula.

To facilitate the calculation process, it is necessary to learn how to translate one value into another and vice versa. Since the values ​​have constant value, then it is not difficult - 1 Gcal / h is equal to 1162.7907 kW.

If the value is presented in megawatts, it can be converted back to Gcal / h by multiplying by a constant value of 0.85984.

Below are auxiliary tables that allow you to quickly convert values ​​from one to another:

The use of these tables will greatly simplify the process of calculating the cost of thermal energy. In addition, to simplify the steps, you can use one of the online converters offered on the Internet that convert physical quantities one into the other.

Self-calculation of consumed energy in Gigacalories will allow the owner of residential / non-residential premises to control the cost of utilities, as well as the operation of utilities. With the help of simple calculations, it becomes possible to compare the results with similar ones in the received payment receipts and contact the relevant authorities in case of a difference in indicators.