Vegetables and fruits. wild apple tree

North American genetic center. grow here the following types apple trees.

Iowa apple tree [M. ioensis (Wood) Britt.].

Crown apple tree [M. coronaria (L.) Mill.].

Apple tree narrow-leaved [M. angustifolia (Ait.) Michx.]. Brown apple tree.

The North American gene center is an important secondary center of origin for many modern domestic apple cultivars.

ASSORTMENT

More than 10,000 varieties of apple trees are known, which are the product of centuries-old selection. Often, the place and time of origin of a variety are judged by the degree of distribution and prescription of cultivation. Considering these indirect indicators, it is believed that Crimea is the birthplace of such varieties as Sary sinap, Kandil sinap, Chele-bi; anises, octopuses, goodies and malts - the Volga region, and the well-known Antonovka ordinary - the Central Black Earth region of Russia.

The beginning of Russian pomology was laid by A. T. Bolotov, who lived and worked in the Tula province. He described 607 varieties of apple and 53 varieties of pear.

At the end of the XVIII century. in Germany, a classification of apple tree varieties by A. Diel appeared. Later, another German pomologist, E. Lukas, somewhat modified and supplemented it. Later it turned out that the classification of A. Diehl and E. Lukas is unacceptable, since the varieties in it are classified only according to the characteristics of the fruit, and not according to the totality of the characteristics of the whole plant.

The classification of apple cultivars by the American pomologist W.P. Hedrick turned out to be artificial as well.

The taxonomy of cultivated apple trees developed by F.D. Likhonos (1983) is based primarily on the morphological features of a flower, leaf, and fruit, with some consideration of biological characteristics and data on the origin and geographical zones of growth. Groups of varieties according to this system are considered in the rank of 11 subspecies of the domestic apple tree: cherry apple, plum-leaved (Chinese), transitional (from Chinese women to large-fruited), Russian, large-fruited, hybrid, Western European, Italian-Crimean, Caucasian, Central Asian, low. However, in this system, the main criterion for a variety to belong to a particular group was the characteristics of flowers and fruits, and many other production and biological characteristics and properties were not taken into account.

Numerous classifications of varieties proposed earlier are practically not used in the description of varieties, as they are largely artificial.

VK Zaets developed a classification of apple varieties according to ecological and geographical features. Varieties were grouped according to their place of origin, original culture, established

distribution area, generality of the basic requirements for the conditions of distribution. It is assumed that varieties of the same group, as a rule, have the same origin.

Classification according to the ecological and geographical principle of domestic varieties provides for three departments and 18 groups of varieties. Within each ecological-geographical group, varieties are distributed according to the ripening season - summer, autumn and winter.

Section I. Varieties of warm climate (southern horticultural zone). IN this department includes ten groups of varieties: Transcaucasian varieties, North Caucasian, Turkmen, Tajik, Uzbek, Kyrgyz, South Kazakhstan, Crimean, Moldovan and Ukrainian.

Each ecological-geographical group includes both old folk and new breeding varieties created in a given climatic region.

Department of P. Sort temperate climate(middle horticultural zone). IN This department includes four groups of varieties: Belarusian, Baltic, Central Russian and Volga.

Section III. Varieties of cold climate (northeast zone). IN this department also includes four groups of varieties: North Russian, Ural, Siberian and Far Eastern varieties.

Assortments of each climatic zones are constantly changing and replenished with new varieties.

In the recent past, ancient local varieties of apple trees formed the basis of the assortment of this crop in all regions of its cultivation. In the southern zone of fruit growing, varieties of synaps were widely used: Kandil sinap, Sary sinap, Sably sinap, as well as Anis Kuban, Kazachya hat, Rosemary Circassian and a number of others.

In the middle zone of fruit growing, local varieties are widely used - Antonovka ordinary, Anis scarlet, Borovinka, Cinnamon striped, Grushovka Moscow, Malt Bogaevsky, etc.

In the northern zone of fruit growing, only local varieties were cultivated - mainly varieties of ranetok, kitaek, semi-cult-rock - purple Ranetka, Dolgo, Kitaika Saninskaya and others.

In the assortment of apple trees, varieties introduced from other countries occupy a significant place. In the southern zone, they form the basis of the assortment of this crop. The most important of them - Renet Simirenko, Golden Delicious, Idored, Jonathan, Melba, Stark-Rimson, Prima, Florina, Glory to Peremozhtsy and a number of others are grown on large areas.

In the middle zone of fruit growing, such introduced varieties as Melba, Welsey, Lobo, Kvinti, Spartan, Slava Peremozhtsy and a number of others have firmly entered the assortment.

Unlike other zones in the northern zone of fruit growing, introduced varieties are not cultivated in a free-growing form, but are used for creeping crops, especially Central Russian ancient and breeding varieties - Papirovka, Pepin saffron, Northern Sinap, Moskva Grushovka and a number of others.

In recent years, significant changes have taken place in apple tree assortments in all fruit growing zones due to the inclusion of new domestic varieties in them, which have significant advantages over local varieties in terms of fruit quality and over introduced varieties in terms of adaptability to adverse climatic conditions, in particular to low temperatures winter and sickness. Many varieties of apple trees that were widespread in the past have proven unsuitable for intensive horticulture. So, in the Central Black Earth region, due to the low marketability of fruits and low resistance to scab, such varieties as Grushovka Moskva, Anis, Borovinka, Velvet, Zvezdochka, etc. were excluded from the assortment.

In the North Caucasus region, due to vigorous growth and late fruiting, the varieties Sary sinap, Kandil sinap, Grushovka Kubanskaya, Grushovka Revelskaya, Astrakhanskoye red, Stolbovka, Rosemary white, etc. were withdrawn from the assortment.

The greatest contribution to the improvement of the assortment over the past 5-10 years has been made by the Scientific Research Institute of Horticulture of Siberia. M. A. Lisavenko, All-Russian Research Institute of Breeding fruit crops, North Caucasian Zonal Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture, All-Russian Research Institute of Horticulture. I. V. Michurina.

Only in the last 5 years, the State Register has included such varieties of apple trees as Altai purple, Barnaul early, Zhar Ptitsa, Zhebrovskoye, Gift to gardeners, Altai Souvenir, Tatanakovskoye. In central Russia, the State Register includes 9 new varieties of the All-Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding: Zaryanka, Imrus, Kulikovskoe, Low-growing, Olympic, Orlovim, Orlovsky Pioneer, Memory of a Warrior, Early Aloe. Imrus is the first domestic apple variety immune to scab.

Apple varieties bred by the North Caucasian Zonal Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture, created over the past 4 years, are being introduced into production: Alenushkino, Delicious Spur, Pamyat Sergeev, Renet Kuban. The State Register only in 1999 included 3 varieties of selection of the All-Russian Research Institute of Horticulture named after. I. V. Michurin: Aelita, Friendship of Peoples and Winter Striped. Included in the State Register of 3 varieties of selection of the North Caucasian Research Institute of mountain and foothill gardening, Krasnoyarsk experiment

noy station of fruit growing and the Yekaterinburg experimental station of horticulture. Other research and experimental institutions have also contributed to the improvement of the assortment.

The State Register of apple trees, especially in the southern regions, includes a number of introduced varieties: Idared, Wagner, Golden Delicious, Golden Resisten, Grive Red, Jonathan, Jonared, Quinty, Kld Orange Red, King David, Korey, Lobo, Mantet, Prima , Royal Red Delicious, Spartan, Starcrimson, Florina, etc.

However, even after the creation of new and the introduction of the best foreign varieties, the assortment of apple trees does not fully meet the requirements of production. Assortment improvement in different zones is extremely slow. The main disadvantages of the existing assortment of apple trees are the lack of a sufficient number of varieties with a small-sized, easy-to-care crown, with fruits of winter and late winter ripening periods, high commercial and consumer qualities suitable for intensive gardens, as well as varieties that are immune and resistant to diseases.

BREEDING OBJECTIVES

The intensification of horticulture poses difficult tasks for breeders to create highly adaptive, winter-hardy, early-growing, high-yielding, disease- and pest-resistant apple varieties with fruits. High Quality. In addition, new varieties of apple trees should have a restrained growth of the tree in height, a compact, easy-to-care and harvest crown. In connection with the transfer of horticulture to an industrial basis, it is necessary to create table varieties of apple trees suitable for mechanized harvesting of fruits. When breeding apple trees, repeated saturating crosses are carried out and a series of new generations of hybrids is obtained. Especially acute is the need to work with a number of hybrid generations in case of inclusion in breeding programs wild species, for example, when creating apple varieties immune to scab. Donors of immunity to scab are hybrids of the fourth to sixth generations from M.floribunda Sieb. 821 and other clones. Of great interest in targeted breeding are donors that combine several economically valuable traits: for example, crown compactness and immunity to scab, high winter hardiness and good marketability of fruits.

To obtain apple varieties with pre-planned parameters, it is necessary to combine in one variety those traits and properties that have been achieved as a result of selection for individual traits (Table 8).

Continuation

New breeding varieties should have the greatest possible ecological adaptability, although in different zones countries, the requirements for varieties are not the same: in the northern zones, winter-hardy and fairly large-fruited varieties are needed; in central Russia - resistant to scab, since it is this fungal disease that causes great damage here; in the south - resistant to powdery mildew and drought.

Of interest is the selection of apple trees for a high content of nutrients and biologically active substances in fruits. In all zones, it is necessary to create varieties of apple trees with a compact tree habit (including the spur type), suitable for intensive gardening, as well as large-fruited apple varieties that would bear fruit on a vigorous rootstock no later than

in the fifth or seventh year after planting. Much attention is paid to the high and regular yield of new varieties. New varieties should have a potential yield of 30-35 t/ha in the middle zone and 35-40 t/ha in the southern zone, the fruits should have high commercial qualities: fruit weight 120-160 g, their diameter 65-75 mm.

For ranetok and semi-cultivators, an important requirement is suitability for mechanized removal of fruits. This requirement also applies to large-fruited apple varieties for raw materials.

GENETIC FEATURES

More than 30 main apple genes are known to be responsible for various traits. About 15 of them are of the greatest importance for practical apple breeding, including genes So(compact crown habit), Er(resistance to blood aphid), Su(rust resistance), Ma(content of malic acid in fruits), Rs(resistance to late blight), P1 X And P1 2(resistance to powdery mildew), Y? / (anthocyanin color of the skin of the fruit), S ] S 2 5?(incompatibility, multiple alleles), S d(resistance to red gall aphid), V f(resistance to scab), ^ (drooping crown habit). There is information about other genes of the apple tree. Table 9 lists the identified major apple genes, their effects and donors.

Similar information.

Described by the Russian botanist K.F. Ledebur in 1844 from Tarbagatai.

Typus: Tarbagatai, prope Ust. Kamenogorsk (sine anno) leg. Dr. Sieverss, in Herb. Inst. Bot. nom. V. L. Komarovii Ac. sci. in Leningrad Conservatur.

Distributed in Central Asia (Tarbagatai, Dzungarian and Zailiysky Alatau, Ferghana, Chatkal ranges, Karatau, Pamir-Alai). Being a xeromorphic plant, it grows on drier sunny slopes of southern exposure, where it lives mainly near mountain streams (at an altitude of more than 1600 m above sea level). On the northern slopes and in deeper river valleys, it is displaced and replaced by the Kirghiz apple tree. Occurs in the forest zone at an altitude of 1000–1600 m a.s.l. on the edges of maple or pine forests, on soils of medium thickness, together with hawthorn, spirea, wild rose, honeysuckle, raspberries, etc., as well as in areas with poorer soils, on stony slopes and rocks at an altitude of up to 2200 (2500) m above sea level .mind. Propagated by vegetative-root offspring, as well as seeds.

A very original Nedzwiecki apple tree, distributed within the range of M. sieversii, is considered by us as a variety of M. sieversii. When reviewing M. sieversii, represented on the territory of the Kazakh SSR, we use the intraspecific classification of B. A. Bykov. New species described by P.P. Polyakov, M. schischkinii and M. jarmolenkovii from the valley of the river. Turgen (Zailiysky Alatau) and M. linczevskii from the Aksu-Dzhebogly nature reserve are referred by us to the main polytypic species, M. sieversii.

Newly described species M. anisophylla and M. kudrjaschevii by G. P. Sumnevich from the basin of the river. Angren (Uzbekistan) are considered by us as insufficiently substantiated. They are assigned to the main species M. sieversii as varieties. M. persicifolia Summ. (M. pumila var. persicifolia M. Pop.), also described from the basin of the river. Angren, is a cultivated or wild apple tree, quite widely found in cultivation in some regions of Uzbekistan.

f. niedzwetzkyana (Dieck.) Langenf. (Malus niedzwetzkyana Dieck., 1891, Neucheiten-Off. des Nat. Arb. Zöchen, 1891:16).

In culture, in a feral and wild state in the regions of Gulja, Kashgar, Alma-Ata, Karatau, the Ferghana Range, etc.

The presence of original red-pigmented apple trees within the indicated territory is indisputable, however, the presence of only red pigmentation of the vegetative parts, flowers and fruits of the plant does not allow us to consider these apple trees as independent species. Indeed, to varying degrees, red-pigmented forms are also found within other species. The main criterion for denying the species independence of M. niedzwetzkyana should be considered the number of individuals, since in nature there are only individual red-pigmented individuals that are not supra-individual formations. Consequently, these apple trees do not have a specific area characteristic of the true species.

Described by S. N. Kudryashov (1950) from the basin of the river. Kashka-Darya, from the upper reaches of its tributary - the river. Tankhas, in the Shakhrisabz region (Southern Uzbekistan).

Type: Sev. slopes of the Hissar Range, bass. R. Kashka-Daria. Northern course of the river. Tankhas, upstream of Chopukh, 1 VIII 1937, n° 1330, S. N. Kudryashov; stored in the herbarium of the Institute of Botany of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan. SSR (Tashkent).

Distributed in Central Asia (Pamir-Alay), endemic mainly in the gorges and river valleys of the Gissar and Zarafshan ranges, less often on the Karatechin and Darvaz ranges. In a more typical form, it is found along river valleys in the Southwestern (Southern Uzbekistan) and Southern (Western Tajikistan) Gissar, where it grows together with maple and walnut, singly or in groups, forming natural plantations in the form of small groves. In general, it lives both on thick soils of river valleys and on thin soils of slopes and rocky areas. However, it is confined to more humid slopes in the band from 1200 -1800 to 2200 m a.s.l. On drier and steppe slopes and at an altitude of more than 2200 m, it gives way to the Sievers apple tree, with which it often hybridizes, and traits of M. sieversii sometimes predominate in the offspring.

var. Kirghisorum

Described from Southern Kyrgyzstan and Western Tien Shan Al. A. Fedorov and An. A. Fedorov in 1949

Typus: Kirghisia australis in districtu Jalalabad, in loco Toi-taipan dicto. Adripam dextram fluminis Aktasch in silva juglandina, 25 IX 1944, fr., Al. Theodorov, in Herb. Inst. Bot. nom. V. L. Komarovii Ac. sci. URSSR in Leningrad conservatur.

Distributed in Central Asia - Tien Shan (Fergana, Talas and Chatkal ranges), Zailiysky Alatau, Dzhungarsky Alatau.

It occurs in the forest zone on the slopes of predominantly northern and northwestern exposures, tends to terraces and bottoms of river valleys. It is confined to rich, powerful, well-moistened soils, is part of walnut, maple or aspen forests and is relatively shade-tolerant plant mesophilic appearance. Often lives on the edges, often forms natural plantations with a small admixture of other species. Propagated by vegetative-root offspring, layering and rooting of branches, less often by stump growth, which is a characteristic ability of this apple tree. Reproduction by seed is also observed.

Thus, on the territory of Kazakhstan, about 75% of Sievers apple groves are concentrated mainly in the Zailiysky and Dzhungarsky Alatau. In 1992, according to Isin [ ], the area of ​​apple groves was about 11 thousand hectares. Since then, it has drastically shrunk. The main problem is illegal deforestation in the foothills with a rapidly growing population clearing a place for grazing or private development (especially in the vicinity of Alma-Ata, whose population grew 2.4 times in 1959-1989 alone, between 1989 and 2009 by another 21%. Another problem is cross-pollination with domesticated apple species.

Discovery and study

The first description of this type of apple trees was made by the Russian botanist Johann Sievers in 1793, who met an apple forest in the valley of the Urdzhar River.

see also

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Notes

Links

• (English) . The Plant List. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden (2010). Retrieved July 29, 2011. .
• (eng.): information on the site (Retrieved July 29, 2011)

An excerpt characterizing the Sievers Apple Tree

Russian-language synonyms

• Hissar apple tree
• Kyrgyz apple tree
• Kyrgyz apple tree
• Apple tree unequal
• peach-leaved apple tree
• apple tree variegated
• Turkmen apple tree
• Tien Shan apple tree
• Shishkin's apple tree
• Yuzepchuk's apple tree

Scientific name synonyms

Sievers apple tree in Berlin Botanical Garden

Relationship with other species

The following two mountain species are close to the Sievers apple tree: Kirghiz apple tree ( Malus kirghisorum) and Nedzwiecki's apple tree ( Malus niedzwetzkyana).

According to DNA studies, the Sievers apple tree is the ancestor of many modern house apple varieties. Another DNA analysis showed that a significant contribution to the origin of the domestic apple tree, along with the Sievers apple tree, was also made by the wild forest apple tree.

area

In the 21st century, the Sievers apple tree is endangered due to anthropogenic impact. Distributed along the following ridges (Dzhangaliev A.D., 1977 [ clarify]).:

Thus, on the territory of Kazakhstan, about 75% of Sievers apple groves are concentrated mainly in the Zailiysky and Dzhungarsky Alatau. In 1992, according to Isin [ clarify], the area of ​​apple groves was about 11 thousand hectares. Since then, it has drastically shrunk. The main problem is illegal deforestation in the foothills with a rapidly growing population clearing a place for grazing or private development (especially in the vicinity of Alma-Ata, whose population grew 2.4 times in 1959-1989 alone, between 1989 and 2009 by another 21%. Another problem is cross-pollination with domesticated apple species.

Notes

Links

• Malus sieversii(Ledeb.) M.Roem.(English) . The Plant List. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden (2010). Retrieved July 29, 2011. Archived from the original on May 11, 2012.
• Sievers apple tree(English): information on the site. (Retrieved July 29, 2011)

Alma-Ata (kaz. Almaty; until 1921 - Verny) is a city of republican significance and the largest settlement of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the former capital of Kazakhstan (until 1997), the Kazakh SSR (as part of the USSR), the Kazakh ASSR (as part of the RSFSR).

As of January 1, 2019, the population of the city is 1,854,556 people. The city is the core of the Alma-Ata agglomeration with a population of 2460.4 thousand people. as of January 1, 2015.

Aport is one of the large and valuable varieties of apples. It has become widespread in the southern regions of the middle zone (Northern Caucasus, Zailiysky Alatau) with cool, but short winters and hot summers. The skin of the aport is dense, yellow or yellow-green with red-brown painting; the pulp is friable and delicate in taste. Aport is one of the so-called late varieties ripening in September. Like most late varieties, it keeps well in winter. The most famous are apple orchards of aport in the suburbs of Alma-Ata.

Zhongar-Alatau State National Natural Park (Kaz. Zhongar Alatauy memlekettik ulttyk tabigy parki) was established in accordance with the Decree of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 370 dated April 30, 2010. It is located in Aksu, Sarkand and Alakol districts of the Almaty region of Kazakhstan.

Full name in Russian: State Institution "Zhongar-Alatau State National Natural Park" of the Committee for Forestry and Hunting of the Ministry Agriculture Republic of Kazakhstan. The institution is legal entity and has a category of republican significance.

Zhongar-Alatau National Park has branches:

Sarkand, Almaty region, Sarkand district, Sarkand city;

Lepsinsky, Almaty region, Alakol district, with. Lepsinsk;

Alakol, Almaty region, Alakol district, with. Kokzhar.

The Zhongar-Alatau National Park was created to preserve biodiversity (including the gene pool of globally significant wild fruit forests) and natural mountain landscapes of special ecological, genetic, historical and aesthetic value. Special attention is given to the conservation and restoration of unique apple forests (Sievers apple tree, Nedzwiecki apple tree) - a source of genetic resources of world importance.

The opening of a new natural park was the result of many years of work by environmentalists, forestry specialists, the public, government agencies. Assistance in the development of the rationale and technical documentation for the creation of the park was provided by the Project of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan / the Global Environment Facility / the United Nations Development Program "In-situ conservation of mountain agrobiodiversity in Kazakhstan", which also develops and implements a set of measures to maintain the globally significant agrobiodiversity of wild fruit forests in the territory southeastern Kazakhstan.

Ile-Alatau State National Natural Park (kaz. Ile Alatauy memlekettik ulttyk tabigy parki) was established by the Decree of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan on February 22, 1996 on the basis of the Kaskelen, Prigorodny and Turgen forestry within the Karasai, Talgar and Enbekshikazakh districts of the Almaty region, the purpose of its creation is preservation of unique landscapes, flora and fauna, improvement of conditions for tourism and recreation, development and implementation scientific methods conservation natural complexes for recreational use.

The area of ​​the national park is 198,669 hectares, it is located south of the city of Alma-Ata on the northern macroslope of the Trans-Ili Alatau (Tien Shan). The length of its territory from the Chemolgan River in the west to the Turgen River in the east is 120 km, and its width is 30-35 km.

Kazakhstan (Kazakhstan Kazakhstan; Qazaqstan listen), officially the Republic of Kazakhstan (Kazakhstan Respublikasy; Qazaqstan Respýblıkasy), (abbreviation RK) is a state in the center of Eurasia, most of which belongs to Asia, the smaller part to Europe. Population - 18,395,660 people (as of January 1, 2019).

The area of ​​​​the territory is 2,724,902 km², which is only slightly smaller than Argentina. It ranks 9th in the world in terms of territory, 2nd among the CIS countries (after Russia), 42nd in terms of GDP PPP and 64th in terms of population.

The capital is Nur-Sultan. The largest city with a population of over 1.8 million is Alma-Ata.

The state language is Kazakh. Official language, used in the country along with the state - Russian.

It is located between the Caspian Sea, the Lower Volga region, the Urals, Siberia, China and Central Asia. It borders in the north and west with Russia (border length - 7548.1 km), in the east - with China (1782.8 km), in the south - with Kyrgyzstan (1241.6 km), Uzbekistan (2351.4 km) and Turkmenistan (426 km). The total length of land borders is 13,392.6 km. The length of the country from east to west is 2963 km, and from north to south - 1652 km. It is the largest country of the Turkic Council in terms of territory. It is washed by the waters of the inland Caspian and Aral Seas. It has no access to the sea and is the largest country in the world with such a feature.

In administrative-territorial terms, it is divided into 14 regions and 3 cities of republican significance, Nur-Sultan, Alma-Ata and Shymkent. In addition, there is a city with a special status, Baikonur, which until 2050 is leased by Russia and for this period in relations with it is endowed with a status corresponding to a city of federal significance. Russian Federation; total area of land leased by Russia is 111,913 km² (4.1% of the country's territory). Economically and geographically, Kazakhstan is divided into Central, Western, Eastern, Northern and Southern regions.

Johann Sievers (German: Johann Erasmus Sievers; 1762, Hannover, Germany - 1795) - researcher of the nature of Siberia, botanist, corresponding member of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

The list of plants listed in the Red Book of Kazakhstan was approved by the Decree of the Government of the Republic.

The list includes 387 plant species, 13 mushroom species and one lichen species.

Apple tree (lat. Mālus) is a genus of deciduous trees and shrubs of the Rosaceae family with spherical sweet or sweet-sour fruits. It comes from the temperate zones of the Northern Hemisphere.

The genus belongs to the tribe Apple (Maleae) of the subfamily Plum (Spiraeoideae). Includes 62 species (2013). The most common are: domestic or cultivated apple tree (Malus domestica), which includes most of the varieties cultivated in the world (the number of which exceeds 10 thousand), plum-leaved apple tree, Chinese apple tree (Malus prunifolia) and low apple tree (Malus pumila).

Many types of apple trees are grown as ornamental plants in gardens and parks, used in field-protective afforestation. All species are good honey plants. The wood of the apple tree is dense, strong, easy to cut and well polished; suitable for turning and joinery, small crafts.

Domestic apple tree (lat. Malus domestica) is a species of trees from the genus Apple tree of the Pink family. A widespread fruit tree grown for its fruits - apples.

In 2010, a group of scientists from different countries The full genome of the domestic apple tree (Golden Delicious variety) has been deciphered. It contains about 57 thousand genes. Also, according to DNA analysis, it was found that the known 2500 varieties of domestic apple come from the Sievers apple tree. However, another DNA analysis showed that the wild forest apple also made a significant contribution to the origin of the house apple.

Many traditions and legends are associated with the apple tree and apples. For example, there is a belief that an apple was the cause original sin(although Genesis doesn't talk about an apple). Also known is the ancient Greek myth of the apple of discord. There is a legend that it was the apple that fell on Newton's head that was the reason for the discovery of the law of universal gravitation ...

Forest apple tree, or wild apple tree (lat. Málus sylvéstris) - a type of apple tree. For a long time it was believed that it was she who was the ancestor of the domestic apple tree. However, according to DNA analysis, it has been established that the known 2500 varieties of domestic apple come from the Sievers apple tree. However, another DNA analysis showed that the wild forest apple also made a significant contribution to the origin of the house apple.

Sievers apple tree ,(Malus sieversii)

There are 27 species of wild apple trees in the world. But almost all of them are of no interest either for direct consumption or for selection. I thought: instead of writing thick volumes, it is better to develop new varieties from wild apple trees. As the excavations proved, our apple tree existed in the middle of the Cretaceous period. The Biological Dictionary of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR dates the time of origin of the Sievers apple tree - a wild apple tree - 165 million years ago. The Kazakhs, who lived in the local foothills, sowed not only grain, but also bred fruit trees from the best forms of the Kazakh wild apple tree.

The Great Silk Road passed through these places in ancient times. From here, along with caravans, the apple tree began to spread to the east and west. For the first time, the St. Petersburg botanist Johann Sievers drew attention to the local apple tree. Having learned that somewhere in “distant Kyrgyzstan” (the lands of Kazakhstan, as you know, they called it that at that time) there is an unknown variety of these fruits, he visited the Tarbagatai mountains. Near the Kazakh village of Urdzhar in 1796, Sievers first described these apples. Described them in the following way: "Here I met a variety of apples similar to our Ryazan egg-shaped apples" ...

Academician Aimak Dzhangaliev

Sievers apple tree,(Malus sieversii)

Adam's apple Sievers