Art Nouveau is a style in painting and architecture and its distinctive features. Art Nouveau style in the interior: features and examples of implementation

Art Nouveau, aka Art Nouveau, is definitely my favorite style. Moreover, the design of my site, by all indications, is made in the style of Art Nouveau, as it turned out. This and blue color, and floral ornaments, and saturation of the composition, and an abundance of smooth lines. Art Nouveau is a very interesting style in terms of application in painting, architecture, interior decor. It is thanks to this practical feature of extending to related areas of art that Art Nouveau has found a rebirth today. At the very least, it is very convenient to decorate the living environment in the same style, from the fence at the entrance to the cover of the book.

(from French moderne - modern) - an artistic direction in art. The representatives of modernity were united by the anti-eclectic movement - the desire to oppose their work to the eclecticism of the previous period. Its distinctive features are the rejection of straight lines and angles in favor of more natural, natural lines, interest in new technologies (for example, in architecture), elements of applied art.

AT different countries the Art Nouveau style was called differently: in the USA - tiffany (named after L.K. Tiffany), in France - Art Nouveau (fr. art nouveau, new art), in Germany - Jugendstil (German Jugendstil, young style), in Austria - Secession style (Secessionsstil), in England - modern style (modern style, modern style), in Italy - Liberty style, in Spain - modernismo, in the Netherlands - Nieuwe Kunst, in Switzerland - spruce style (style sapin).

The Modern period is relatively short, has quite clear chronological boundaries: from the end of the 1880s to 1914, the beginning of the First World War, which ended natural development art in most European countries. During the modern period, there was a rapid rethinking of old artistic forms and techniques, rapprochement and merging various kinds and art genres. Art Nouveau artists boldly broke the usual norms and boundaries. The main content of the modern period was the desire to discover new methods, styles, forms, synthesis of various sources.

Art Nouveau artists used various forms in their work: Greek archaic, Cretan-Mycenaean art, ancient classics, exotic art of China and Japan, Gothic and Renaissance, Etruscan art and French Rococo. Ornament has become one of the main expressive and style-forming means in modern art. The desire for integrity, plasticity of external and internal, decorative and structural elements compositions, dynamics and fluidity of forms are the distinctive features of the Art Nouveau style.

Representatives of the Art Nouveau strove for a rational stylistic unity, so that furniture, glassware, cutlery, and clothing would match the paintings and tapestries decorating the walls. Jewelry and in general everything that is in the space they have designed. In Art Nouveau there is a decorative and two-dimensional image, the running of winding flexible lines, planar patterns. And it didn't matter whether such decor was intended for a book cover or for the facade of a building.

At the origins of French Art Nouveau stood Paul Gauguin and the artists of his circle. Also the most famous master of Art Nouveau in France was Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec. Important role the development of Art Nouveau in France was played by the architect Hector Guimard, the jeweler René, and the glass and furniture artist Emile Galle. A significant place in the art of Art Nouveau belongs to the famous Belgian architects Henri van de Velde and Victor Horta. In Spain, the architect Antonio Gaudí was distinguished by the most individual and original version of Art Nouveau.

In Great Britain, features characteristic of the new style appeared in the design of books from the early 1880s. One of the most famous Art Nouveau graphic artists was Aubrey Beardsley, whose eccentric drawings illustrated literary works. One of the leading representatives of Art Nouveau in Great Britain was C. R. McIntosh, a Scottish architect and designer who performed a variety of artwork- from architectural projects to sketches of wallpaper and silverware. Macintosh's work had a huge impact on the development of European architecture and art.

In the United States, the architect Louis Sullivan used Art Nouveau ornamentation to decorate the façades of buildings he designed. The leading exponent of Art Nouveau was Louis Comfort Tiffany, a painter and glass artist. He invented a unique iridescent glass he called favrile and used in his famous flower-shaped vases and lamps.

Also, the following artists can be called representatives of modernity - Ferdinand Hodler, Jan Torop,

The interior can be decorated in different classical styles. It depends on taste, financial side and desire. There are several directions in styles, but the Art Nouveau style is undoubtedly the most popular and versatile.

He is practical in every way. Each element can emphasize this style, and this is regardless of the cost of furniture, building materials used for design. This style can emphasize the smallest detail.

For example, an inexpensive decorative candlestick will play a role much more important than huge statues or priceless paintings. All these subtle details are the essence Modern style in the interior.

Thanks to modern materials for finishing works it is possible to achieve grandiose expansions of flights of fantasies and creative thoughts. Only one thing is important - to clearly adhere to the main principles of Art Nouveau, which are characterized by smooth lines and natural motifs.

Description and features of modern style in the interior

The appearance of this style falls on the XIX century. For the first time they learned about it in Europe. It was a time of complete confusion in design styles. The style evolved thanks to new technologies and their development. At the beginning of the 20th century, the whole world already knew about this direction.

Some time passed and due to some problems in the manufacture of interior items in this style, he began to gradually go out of fashion. His decline was the events of the First World War.

It is interesting that initially, when this style appeared, it was considered a deviation from the norm, characterizing bad taste and bad taste. Only bright people who really wanted to stand out from the gray crowd could afford Art Nouveau interior design.

In different countries, Art Nouveau is called differently, but its most popular second name is among the French, they call it Art Nouveau. What is the point modern modern style in the interior?

It completely lacks angular lines. Natural and smooth curves in everything, both in furniture and decor - that's what this style offers.

Modern style in the interior in the photo can be identified by graceful arches instead of the usual rectangular doorways and rounded window tops. Stairs to the upper floor are smoothly curved, have a complex design and at the same time seem light and elegant.

Art Nouveau has several levels. They will fit perfectly into the design if the walls are high. Art Nouveau can be recognized by the asymmetry, which is welcomed in everything.

Rounded and smooth curves modern style Art Nouveau does not completely replace right angles. It allows the presence of angular lines, but in their most minimal manifestation.

Concerning colors applied to Art Nouveau style in the interior of the apartment, it is quite varied. But preference is still given to red, gray, green and brown tones.

One of the most commonly used shades is the color of tea roses, smoke and not too saturated red. You can also find ash-pink tones in Modern. Often, designers manage to perfectly combine two bright colors.

For example, in a finished beige wall a lilac chair looks original or bright red pillows are great for a sofa with gray upholstery.

Primary colors used in Art Nouveau style

Modern interior design good in that it fits perfectly with the whole modern technology. The same advantage is in one more direction - Hi-Tech.

The difference between them is that in Hi-Tech, attention is focused on modern acoustic systems or home theaters, while in Modern, designers try to achieve a harmonious fit of the equipment into the interior, without any emphasis on it.

Art Nouveau is characterized by a motif that includes the plant world. Plant stems, flowers on the wallpaper, beetles, butterflies, birds on the upholstery or a chair in the shape of a flower - all this is Art Nouveau.

An important role in the design of the room in the Art Nouveau style is played by decor. This used to be characterized by stucco on ceilings, which has now replaced itself with drywall, plastic and polymer structures.

Stained-glass windows are used for interior doors. Textile, china, bronze figurines, tiles - all these are ideal decorations for the Art Nouveau style.

Furniture in the Art Nouveau style has some differences from other styles. It is rounded in shape and with unusually curved legs. Everything in it is monochrome.

There are bold combinations black furniture with white glass, sofas and armchairs of the most ordinary sizes with simultaneous splendor and volume of forms. Upholstery and curtains should be the perfect combination.

You can recognize the Art Nouveau style by the free space of the interior. The goal of the designer creating this style is to arrange the furniture with maximum convenience and provide more free space.

But the main focus is on beauty. Everything in the interior should be comfortable and joyful to look at. Boring, banal and modern style are two completely different concepts that never intersect.

Modern style kitchens

Smoothness, curvature of shapes and asymmetric lines are the main features of modern kitchens. Usual corner kitchen can be transformed by rounding the corner not only inward, but also outward.

Most such option is suitable for small rooms. As for the texture, the surface should be smooth and glossy. This can be achieved with enamel, varnish, film or acrylic.

Modern kitchen interior made using many materials. But the most common of them are plastic and wood. It is customary for many designers to create a contrast between natural wood and artificial forms and materials.

The presence of a glossy metal such as stainless steel is one of the characteristic features Modern. Moreover, metal can be used anywhere - on a chandelier or chair legs.

In order to create flat surfaces used glass and plastic. Linoleum covering is acceptable for the floor, ceramic tile or laminate. Perfectly fit into such an interior and self-leveling floors.

It is worth noting that if the original goal of this style was the use of expensive materials for finishing work and the general interior, then at present this is not as relevant as it used to be. Everything should be convenient, comfortable and functional - the emphasis of Art Nouveau is on this.

In the color scheme there is a predominance of soft tones. In most cases, white, gray, pastel and cream. But it should not be boring in such a kitchen.

All these calm colors are smoothly diluted with red, green and blue hues. Moreover, it is desirable that they be natural. Usually, wallpapers or curtains in the Art Nouveau kitchen are distinguished by such cheerful and lively colors.

Ideally, of course, the kitchen is white. But excessive "sterility" is still most often diluted with other tones, usually, in addition to white, there are several more.

Regarding lighting, we can say that the preferences that were originally somewhat different from the present. If earlier the light was subdued, creating coziness and comfort in the Art Nouveau style, now good lighting is preferable.

One chandelier on the ceiling will not be enough. With the help of spot lighting, you can achieve soft and even lighting of the entire kitchen. There should not be any ornateness in chandeliers and other sources of lighting. They must be strict and geometrically correct.

Furniture for the kitchen is also selected in a strict and simple form, with a complete absence of flashy details. Not bad and harmoniously fit into the interior of plastic chairs. The color of the furniture may be dominated by white or bright colors.

Covered kitchen sets plastic or MDF with a glossy surface predominates. Handles in kitchen furniture for the Art Nouveau style are often absent altogether. Everything is opened by pressing the door.

For kitchen apron suitable plastic or glass of the same color as the countertop. In the decor of the kitchen, the main restraint and style.

Art Nouveau living rooms

Living room interior in Art Nouveau style includes thin lines, complex graphics, vegetation ornaments and themes that characterize man with nature. The main thing is that there should be no clutter in the living rooms. Openwork iron forging, glass, semiprecious stones and fine wood carvings.

The Art Nouveau living room is dominated by white and brown tones. Flashy colors should not be. A successful and familiar addition to the interior with this style is a fireplace, from which the room becomes not only cozy, but also warm.

Wood is perfect for wall decoration. Wooden panels – perfect solution this issue. In addition, the walls can be painted in pastel colors with a predominance of golden, beige or white.

You can paste over the walls with wallpaper with a fabric texture. Looks great in the living room painting or stucco. More difficult, but ideally emphasize the beauty of the style of the wall, covered with fabrics with patterns of vegetation.

You can complement the interior with paintings or photographs about nature. The floor can be parquet, covered with laminate, carpet or carpet. The ceiling in most cases remains white. It can be decorated with plaster, marble, natural stone, crystal, glass, ceramics or natural wood.

Living room furniture is light and functional. The main place is occupied by a sofa, which is designed for relaxation and comfort. By the chairs unusual shapes and bright shades - red, crimson, yellow or orange.

A huge window in the living room will help create maximum lighting in the daytime, and also emphasize the spaciousness in it. In the evening, a large chandelier, a few sconces on the walls and a floor lamp on the floor will do just fine. Decor can be created with indoor plants, carpet under the grass, shelves with decorative dishes and light curtains with flowers on them.

Modern style bedroom

The bedroom in the Art Nouveau style is dominated by originality, sophistication and modernity. Interesting design ideas, originally invented, complemented by relevant and beautiful in the present, help to create an unrealistically beautiful and at the same time original, unique climate in the bedroom.

Style does not negate any idea. It is important that it be presented in an original way and combined with the whole design. At the same time, the forms should be simple and rigorous, the room should be used rationally, the coatings should be smooth and without splendor.

In a bedroom of this style, the use of new technologies and unusual combinations with the usual simple and practical home comfort is welcome. In the bedroom in the Art Nouveau style, a combination of any tones, building materials, interior design elements is allowed. At the same time, only comfortable and comfortable furniture is acceptable.

Thanks to the Art Nouveau style, you can equip the bedroom as you wish. At the same time, the budget is not important at all, which is a big advantage of this style. Modern style suits people with non-standard thinking and lovers of experiments.

Of the colors, the most common variant is considered to be a black and white bedroom with the presence of one pronounced color spot. Perfectly fit into such an interior ceiling, consisting of several levels. It will help visually expand the space.

Excess decor in such bedrooms is not welcome. You can achieve good lighting thanks to the large window. Or, if there is no such thing, do it with artificial light.

The big advantage of this style in the bedroom is the combination of previously seemingly incompatible materials. This is the whole aesthetic essence of such interiors. Mixed ceramics with wood, decorative mosaics with bronze will perfectly help with this.

Of the furniture in the bedroom, it is enough to have a bed, chest of drawers, nightstand with mirror and wardrobe. You can complement the interior with a beautiful lamp in the shape of an animal, plant, painting.

There should be nothing superfluous in the room. It should be a cozy place where you want to constantly return after a hard day's work for new positive energy.

Modern style bathroom

Such a bathroom in our time is perhaps the most common occurrence. It does not depend on how wealthy people are. This style is acceptable for both rich people and those with an average income.

According to the advice of designers, this style is suitable for small spaces. With the help of some tricks, you can visually increase the volume and achieve spaciousness and freedom in space. Softness, neutrality and calmness in the lines are the main accent of Modern in the bathroom. Of the colors, the combination of white and black is optimal.

In the decoration, natural materials are more acceptable. Light wood gives the bathroom nobility and sophistication. In most cases, such bathrooms are dominated by light, calm, gentle tones, consisting of beige, gold, olive, lilac, white, gray, brown.

Light drawings are acceptable on the walls, the floor and ceiling are mostly light, plain. Everything should be natural in shades, more close to natural palettes. You can use light and dark shade Brown. It is important not to overload the room with unnecessary details.

As for the furniture in the bathroom in the Art Nouveau style, then, first of all, it should not have sharp corners. Her lines should be smooth. Cabinets should also have rounded corners.

Furniture should be kept to a minimum, only what is needed. The mirror should not be with sharp corners, an oval or other unusual shape is best.

Attention is focused on the large window in the bathroom and light plumbing. If it is impossible to achieve good natural lighting, then you need to take care of the presence of lamps that will illuminate the room dimly and softly. Lamps can be suspended and built-in.

All pipes must be well hidden. A rug made of fluffy material in the form of grass is the best option. You can decorate the walls with plaster moldings and equip the ceiling, which consists of two tiers, with good lighting. Great help in this use led lamp. From its warm, yellow light in the bathroom will become romantic and cozy.

You can decorate the walls using a variety of building materials. Tiles, plastic and wall panels, which are not afraid of moisture, are perfect for this.

On the walls, you can apply an ornament of flowers or other vegetation. For ceiling and floor, it's better to stick solid colors. Or vice versa, having patterns on the ceiling or on the floor, it is desirable to make the walls plain.

As for the floor, it can be self-leveling or tiled. Ceilings are suspended or made of ceiling panels. With such a false ceiling, glass wallpapers are perfectly combined. As a pair, they look not only expensive, but also insanely elegant.

It happens that the floor and ceiling are made of boards. Without a glass shower stall, the personification of lightness, in this case it will be difficult to do without. An acrylic bathroom will perfectly complement this whole picture.

Use of additional accessories is acceptable. The ceiling can be decorated with stucco. A floor vase for flowers will perfectly fit into the overall interior.

Clothes hooks, bathroom curtains and curtains or curtains on the window are difficult to do without. A panel of some light plant will make interior light, gentle and fantastic.

Characteristic features of the Art Nouveau style

The main distinguishing features of the ornament in the Art Nouveau style

Art Nouveau ornament in the interior

Modern in architecture - new style, which originated in Europe at the end of the 19th century (1890s) and continued its development until the First World War. It manifested itself especially brightly during the construction of mansions and industrial buildings.

History of development

Perhaps the most famous representative of the Art Nouveau style in architecture is the Spaniard Antonio Gaudi. His sand castles are famous all over the world. Most of his unearthly buildings he erected in Barcelona.

In every country architectural style acquired its distinctive features. For example, Russian Art Nouveau in architecture stood out. He followed already generally accepted models, enriched the style with traditional folk motifs.

Art Nouveau in architecture was born during social industrialization. This meant that there was a need for buildings of stations, industrial enterprises, chambers of commerce, stock exchanges, banks. The construction of private mansions in this situation faded into the background, but despite this, many buildings have survived to this day.

Art Nouveau was the last classical style in architecture.

Peculiarities

The main features of Art Nouveau in architecture are decorative and rational designs. Architects began to use many new materials - glass, reinforced concrete, ceramics for building cladding.

It was almost impossible to determine the practical purpose of the buildings by eye, because aesthetic principles, beauty and decor were put at the forefront.

The main task of the architects was to create a unity of the external and internal decoration of the building. Therefore, everything was thought out to the smallest detail. Stairs, terraces, moldings, cornices were decorated with bizarre flowers, leaves and represented lines of undulating shapes.

The main features of the Art Nouveau style in architecture are:

1. Refusal of straight and angular lines in favor of more natural, referring to nature.
2. Use of new technologies.
3. Increasing the role of arts and crafts.
4. Combination of artistic and utilitarian functions.
5. The use of oriental motifs.
6. Individualization of figurative style.

The architecture of the Art Nouveau era was rapidly rethinking the old and discovering new artistic forms and techniques. Its representatives broke the existing framework and went beyond the boundaries of reason, creating their creations.

The era lasted several decades, but during this time a lot of truly great structures were created. Each of them had their own traits and characteristics. This is largely due to the fact that the Art Nouveau style had several directions:

• neo-romanticism;
• neoclassicism;
• rationalism;
• irrationalism;
• brick style.

In Russia, their own special features of modernity were formed.

Petersburg modern

Art Nouveau in the architecture of Russia, or rather, its northern regions, has been developing since the beginning of the 20th century. This happened under the influence of Swedish and Finnish arts, mainly in St. Petersburg. In modern history, this style is known as northern modern.

In the broad sense of the concept, this is an appeal to national origins, a rethinking of the medieval architecture of the Baltic. The emergence of the style is associated with the name of S. P. Diaghilev, who in 1898 organized a number of art exhibitions of Finnish and Swedish masters. Russian creators were inspired by the works of their colleagues, "national romantics" - A. Zorn, K. Larson, A. Gallen-Kallela.

In addition, the architect from Finland, the famous Eliel Saarinen often visited St. Petersburg and was a member of the Academy of Arts of this city. It is under his influence that the architects of the Russian Empire fall.

Already in 1904, the house of I. V. Besser was built in St. Petersburg. The project was created by the Finnish architect A. Shulman.

From 1901 to 1907, the architect of Swedish origin, Fyodor Lidval, erected buildings according to his drawings. Of course, he created, also inspired by the work of foreign architects. They were: G. Klasson, F. Boberg.

The next master who contributed to the formation of the northern modern was Robert Meltzer. Art Nouveau in the architecture of St. Petersburg at an early stage did not have features of eclecticism. This appeared later. Therefore, Meltzer's mansions on Kamenny Island (for example, Vollenweider) are lined with granite blocks, decorated with simple ornamental molding, and most of them have rectangular towers.

Art Nouveau in the architecture of St. Petersburg of the late stage attracted more and more young masters. Among them was Nikolai Vasiliev. He created more than ten projects for the streets of the city, for example, the Kazan Church, the Cathedral and Cathedral Mosques, a thread manufactory workshop. These buildings are dominated by oriental motifs.

After 1914, the Art Nouveau style in the Russian architecture of the north was criticized. In particular, its decorative elements. Therefore, architects preferred to use rational methods.

The main signs of style in the Northern capital were:

1. The combination of artificial and natural materials in the decoration.
2. Granite cladding (either unhewn or smooth with sculptures).
3. The colors were chosen with particular care, which is why most of the facades resemble northern cliffs and medieval castles.
4. There is practically no small ornament.

Moscow modern

Russian Art Nouveau in architecture had pronounced national features. The philosophy of this style began to take shape in the Abramtsevo circle, which was a community of people who were creatively gifted. Its central figure was S. Mamontov, a philanthropist and industrialist.

Even before a holistic architectural image was created, Art Nouveau features appeared in the building of the church by Polenov and Vasnetsov.

Another center for the revival of national greatness was the Telashkino estate near Smolensk, where carpentry, pottery, and embroidery workshops were organized.

In contrast to the Petersburg architecture of this period, private buildings of mansions prevailed in Moscow, which underwent a transformation in accordance with the style. One of the venerable architects of that time was Fedor Shekhtel. It was according to his project that the first modern mansion in Moscow was built. It was the house of Z. G. Morozova, built in 1893. M. Vrubel painted several panels for this mansion.

Art Nouveau in the architecture of Moscow is represented quite widely. A classic example is the mansion of S. P. Ryabushinsky, a collector. Shekhtel decorated the light-yellow facades with lilac mosaics depicting irises, and installed wrought-iron lattices with floral motifs on the windows of various shapes.

The interior decoration was also handled by the architect. Everything there is subject to the law of the sea wave: the mosaic on the floor, and the stucco on the ceiling, and the curves of the stairs.

Abramtsevo craftsmen often worked on the facade and interior, creating thematic paintings and beautiful facing ceramic tiles.

Art Nouveau in Russian architecture had a number of features, including:

• asymmetric facade composition;
• the difference in textures in the cladding of buildings;
• bay window as a leading architectural accent;
• ornamental elements in the decor (combinations of circles, straight and wavy lines).

Each region of the country gravitated towards its own direction. In Moscow it was neo-Russian style.

Art Nouveau in Belgium and France

In these countries, the style was called "Art Nouveau". Beginning in the 1880s, changes were brewing in art that were shocking in their novelty. This was first seen in the Tassel House by the architect Victor Orte in 1892.

The Solvay Hotel, built from 1894 to 1900, is considered his most exquisite work. The rooms in it are separated by removable glass walls, but the main role is assigned to the stairs, as in all other projects of the architect.

The French leading architect of the style was Hector Guimard, educated at the École des Arts Décoratifs and the École des Beaux-Arts. During a trip to Brussels, he was inspired by Horta's work. Returning to his homeland, he immediately radically changed the design of a building already under construction, known as Castel Beranger. The result is a fantastic flight of stairs with a metal frame made of iron, tiles and glass elements. In the decoration of the facade were used: brick, sandstone, crushed stone and glazed ceramic tiles.

His projects include subway pavilions, Cuallho House and many other villas and mansions.

Art Nouveau Austria, Germany and Italy

Art Nouveau in these countries sounded like Jugendstil. One of the first representatives was the Viennese architect I. M. Olbrich. Several houses with sophisticated ornaments and statues belong to his firm hand: the Wedding Tower, in its way referring to the Middle Ages, the House of the Vienna Secession.

Germany was the center of textile development, interior decorations for home, wooden furniture. To a lesser extent, 19th-century architecture flourished there. Art Nouveau opposed the official tastes of the Academy of Arts.

The leading Viennese architect was Otto Wagner, from whom Olbrich studied. Starting in 1894, he lectured at the Vienna Academy, in which he called for the abandonment of historically consistent styles. Wagner expressed his thoughts on this matter in several of his books.

The principles of the new architecture were expressed in his buildings: the Vienna metro stations, the Majolica House, the post office and the savings bank. The church of St. Leopold was built according to a project that is distinguished by a more fantastic style. Wagner uses gilded copper not only for domes, but also for decoration. There are dominated by figures of angels, wreaths, statues of saints. The building is faced with bleached marble, decorated with colored glass and mosaics.

Many architects from these countries were inspired by the work of their English colleagues. For example, Josef Hoffman. He built the Stoclet Palace after his trip to England, but despite the abundance of details inherent in the architecture of this country, the influence of Wagner is more noticeable there.

Of the most revered architects in Germany, Hermann Obrist, August Endel can be distinguished.

The Italian masters experienced a huge influence of Wagner. Giuseppe Sommaruga worked in a monumental style, this is especially pronounced in the Palazzo Castiglioni.

For some time, Raimondo d'Aronco was focused on the architecture of Turkey. Among his works are many round buildings with complex ornaments and ancient symbols in the decoration. His projects resemble some kind of fluid forms, which gives them a fantastic look.

Spain

Features of Art Nouveau in the architecture of Spain is that it was based on the revival of the culture of Catalonia. The masters were interested in aspects of the local artistic craft and vivid historical moments, which they sought to perpetuate in their works.

In a conversation about Spanish Art Nouveau, the name of Antonio Gaudi, who was the leading architect of this country, pops up.

Gaudi began to work in neo gothic style, but even then he was different from other architects. Elements of Art Nouveau are visible in his early projects (for example, Casa Vicens). They are already expressed in the form of gratings, railings, forged gates.

Antonio's father was a blacksmith and taught his talented son a lot. Very often, already being a seasoned architect, Gaudí spent many hours in the forge, making his own metal constructions for your creations.

He preferred Constructive decisions. For example, almost all gates were made in the form of parabolic arches. In Pala Güell, Gaudí used glass and mosaic cladding to ventilation pipes and chimneys.

Basically, all the buildings built by the master are located in Barcelona. Ordinary residential buildings with unthinkable facades are especially popular with tourists. They have a wavy shape, lined with glossy tiles. light blue tint. The roof is also extraordinary: the tiles have an uneven structure, which makes them look like dragon scales. The building has several wrought iron balconies, shaped like algae flowing through the water.

The most mysterious and beloved building of all connoisseurs of architecture is the Sagrada Familia. The history of its construction is quite confusing. Gaudi was a deeply religious person, and the construction of this church once again confirmed this. He strove to express all the details naturally and even studied zoology and biology. But, despite the knowledge gained, his creation was distinguished by completely phantasmagoric forms.

The outer walls of the ledges and niches were decorated in the Gothic style. The eastern facade, which was dedicated to the Nativity of Christ, was designed by Gaudí for quite some time. There appeared pediments resembling stalactites, towers of extraordinary height, decorated with fragments of colored tiles.

The western facade was built according to the sketches of the master almost thirty years after his death.

The central part of the building has not yet been completed. Work is also being carried out according to the sketches of the great architect, who was buried in the crypt of his wonderful building.

England and Scotland

Art Nouveau in the architecture of the 20th century was not as common in England as in others. European countries. More precisely, there are very few examples of the development of this style. Although the British and Scots have made a huge contribution to the formation of interior design and their details.

The Scotsman Charlie Mackintosh, whose main activity was the creation of furniture and interiors, gained wide popularity.

In Glasgow, where the master was born, prevailed classic style in architecture, embodied by D. D. Barnet, J. McLaren. Of course, Mackintosh was an ardent opponent of this style, but he was inspired by Scottish fortresses and manors, made in the so-called baronial style.

In 1896, the architect began to work on the design of the School of Art. It was built like a fortress. On one side, the façade is clad in granite and has huge windows. On the other, located on a slope, the windows are small, like in dungeons, and the walls are decorated with small unhewn stones.

A few years later, it was decided to build a library. McIntosh designed this building as well. In it, all the principles of the master were much more clearly expressed. For example, he used tall bay windows, and interior decoration echoed the traditions of wooden architecture.

Two houses built by Mackintosh outside of Glasgow made it to the pages of an architecture magazine. It was then that they learned about him in Germany and Austria. Charles has repeatedly participated in international exhibitions of decorative arts, popularizing his ideas.

Macintosh became the inventor of a new decorative style. Its essence is that the geometric elements are interconnected by flying lines, the ideas of symbolism are intertwined with the classical concepts of architecture. Art critics even suggested introducing the concept of "macintoshism", which defines a new trend in art.

USA

The Chicago School played a leading role in modern architecture in North America. It was an association of serious artists and architects. They strove for the verticality of the lines of their buildings and their high-rise buildings. American style had practically nothing to do with Europe.

Architecture from Art Nouveau to Constructivism found its reflection in the first American skyscrapers. And although it is generally accepted that constructivism is a purely Soviet phenomenon, one should not forget that the famous Eiffel Tower was built exactly according to the principles of this style.

The leading architect of American Art Nouveau was Louis Sullivan. He specialized in high-rise buildings, where metal carcass lined with bricks.

Sullivan's work has great importance even for the modern look of Chicago, since it began its work after a huge fire that destroyed half of the buildings. His hand belongs to: Russian Orthodox Church, National Farmers Bank, Bradley Mansion, etc.

Sullivan became the first developer of the high-rise building concept.

Other prominent architects of that period include Dankmar Adler, D. Burnham, W. Lee Baron Jenney.

Features of American modernity were:

1. The use of steel frames in construction.
2. Selection of vertical elements, while horizontal ones were reduced to a minimum.
3. The use of decorative friezes and protruding cornices.
4. The use of rectangular windows (in the special literature there is even the term "Chicago windows").
5. Floral and geometric forms, cast-iron ornaments, pressed terracotta were used in the decoration.

Art Nouveau in architecture, whose photo will say everything without words, was definitely the most unusual phenomenon in the art of the late XIX - early XX century. In America, this style received a second name - "tiffany", by the name of one of its main ideologists. Louis Tiffany was an artist and designer. Among his merits are the invention of the technique of joining glass with copper foil, the development of new types of glass, the creation of amazing interior items in the Art Nouveau style. Its stained-glass windows adorn the best buildings in the country. For example, at Yale University there is a memorial stained glass window "Education", which belongs to the master's hand.

Conclusion

Despite its short reign in the world of art and architecture, Art Nouveau has given the world many beautiful creations. And also influenced the further development of art both in Europe and in America. Thanks to this style, many original finds appeared in the decoration of the ornament and the shaping of buildings. Individual solutions architects made Art Nouveau an elitist art.

In general, modern is a style, it has certain features (read D.V. Sarabyanov "Modern style")
"Modern" (from the French moderne, the latest, modern) in reference literature is defined as "a stylistic direction in European and American art of the late 19th and early 20th centuries".

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As V. Serebrovsky notes, the appearance of this style is explained by various reasons: both by the “volitional effort” of several artists, and objective reasons- the fatigue of the outgoing 19th century, and the general decadence of European culture (“The Decline of Europe”), and the loss of the “grand style” associated with this. However, the representatives of this trend themselves and the critics who adjoined them called their style Art Nouveau in France, Jugend Calm - in Germany, i.e. - young art.
Stylistic features of the Art Nouveau style.
associated with utopian ideas about the fate of mankind and the possibility of aesthetic means to correct this fate, even shape it.
the unique and the mass did not coincide, but the mass gravitated toward the unique and individual, as a result of which the individual immediately became the property of the universal.
in its social functioning as a whole, it does not reveal any definite class interests.
wavy lines and patterns organic plants (aquatic plants, magnolia, lily), as well as a swan, stork, flame, flowing hair, etc., without shadows like book graphics: wallpapers and fabrics, plastic materials
the forms of previous styles (Gothic) are reduced to primary "untouched" lines.
furniture (armchairs, chairs, sofa) are adjusted to the shape of a person
the subordination of the outer appearance to the inner.
strengthening of the grotesque beginning.
avoids geometrically clear forms, straight lines and angles, strictly vertical surfaces. The elusive curvature helps to breathe "life" into the volumes, surfaces and details of structures, depriving them of dryness, defining a peculiar drawing of the silhouette.
Art Nouveau buildings are devoid of static and stiffness, their composition and form are mobile.
prefers clear, concise forms, large spots, clear lines.
the line is a living, pulsating, developing force that animates the inanimate and transmits the energy of the decorated surface. Art Nouveau (modern) lines often resemble dancing, wavy arabesques imbued with organic energy and life force plants.
Basic principles of modern style.
1. Stylization - the principle of shaping in modernity.
The stylistic integrity of modernity is achieved with the help of "internal" structural unity - the organic integrity and inseparability of the useful and the beautiful when they are not merged, in other words, the dialectical action of the mechanism that transforms the useful into the beautiful, transforming the form, practically useful, at the same time into artistically expressive.
The lack of visual uniformity in modernity is compensated by a uniform interpretation of heterogeneous forms: heterogeneous in their meaning, heterogeneous in the sense of their prototype. The uniformity of the interpretation of heterogeneous forms is a technique that can be defined as stylization (in contrast to the stylization of eclecticism).
The drawing of an ornamental pattern or architectural form is always easily visible. Love for elliptical, trapezoidal shapes, for rounded, gently curving or tense, "stretched" lines reveals a new understanding of constructiveness and stability as something dynamic and flexible, resisting the pressure of opposing forces.
2. The texture of the material is modern.
From the organic unity of the useful and the beautiful in modernity, an artistic interpretation of not only constructive-utilitarian forms, but also finishing materials. their texture and color turn into one of the most important, independent means of architectural expressiveness. The use of color is decorative, but decorativeness acts here as a phenomenon of the second order: the original meaning of color is purely practical - to reveal, accentuate the architectural form - the style-forming basis of the composition. The duality of the system, underlined by color, appears very clearly. The building seems to be stratified; clothes put on the skeleton of the building (colonnade, porticos, pediments, window frames, plinths and cornices) demonstrate their harmonizing purpose. Art Nouveau reveals an interest in the texture of the material, rediscovering the expressive possibilities of traditional materials, widely and boldly introducing new ones. It uses the contrasts of texture comparisons of differently processed surfaces of the same material ( different types textured plaster, various processing of natural stone) and comparison of the texture of different materials (natural stone, glazed brick and plaster, natural stone and plaster, natural stone and facing or glazed brick). The range of textural comparisons includes glass, majolica, tiles, stained-glass windows. Art Nouveau, handling the material freely, even freely, always retains the natural surface of the material. Its texture is beaten, expressiveness is revealed.
3. Volume and space-planning structure of modern buildings.
The ratio of "external" and "internal" volumes in the architecture of modern and modern times is opposite to each other; in modernity, the external volume is a derivative of the internal structure. Dialogicality as a type of organization of the architectural system of the twentieth century, originating from modernity, is found in accordance with the "external", artistic, volume, "internal", utilitarian; the organic integrity of the nature of system-forming connections makes itself felt in the dialectical unity of both elements. The principle of constructing buildings "from inside-out" corresponds to the openness of compositions and the variety of shapes of volumes, and finally, great attention is paid to the interior, since it is the interior, the structure of the "internal" volume that forms the core that determines the external appearance of the building. The spatial concept of the interior of any era is based on the same relationship "man-object" as the composition of the facade. In the planning of buildings of the new time, axial constructions dominate, similar to the axial compositions of facades and ensembles. On the axis, as it were, separate rooms are strung. The nature of the techniques varies depending on the style, without changing, however, the essence of the matter: a given geometric scheme initially determines the layout. This is how centric-axial plans of Renaissance villas and palazzos appear, enfilades of baroque palaces, mutually perpendicular (short longitudinal and narrow transverse) enfilades of classicism palaces, corridor axes and enfilades of front halls in the Empire style, corridor axis and enfilades of residential and business rooms parallel to it in mansions and tenement houses of eclecticism. This principle of volumetric-spatial construction is most easily seen in the example of mansions, which, as a rule, stood freely on the territory of the site, not included in the continuous facade of street buildings. A residential building, more precisely a mansion or a country house, a dacha is the main theme and the most complete embodiment of the ideas of early modernity. Elevation, aspiration to the superstellar heights, on the one hand, a high level household comfort, functionality, on the other hand, are qualities merged together in modernity. Moreover, utility, functional advantages are put at the service of creating a poetic mood. Spirituality, poetry are an indispensable part of the concept of comfort, spiritual comfort, identified both with a sense of peace and contentment and comfort and coziness, and with satisfaction with the environment in which you recognize yourself attached to the highest spiritual values ​​​​and beauty. In Art Nouveau there is a miracle of transformation - the poeticization of the ordinary. The planning of mansions is rationalized as much as possible, acquires compactness, not only everything unnecessary, but also superfluous is expelled from it. So, the compositional, spatial, often even geometric center of the mansion is a hall with a front staircase. They gravitate towards it, all the main premises go into it. The fluidity, mobility of spaces beloved by Art Nouveau, is formed due to the variety of spatial connections between individual rooms open to the hall, the constant variability of paintings, visible as you move along the now open staircase. But in the continuous change of pictures there is a fixed axis, a dominant, relative to which this variability is fixed - all the same staircase, hall. The centrality of construction, the complex unity of a static reference point and dynamism, variability of the surrounding spaces in the mansions is felt literally physically. Art Nouveau is credited with creating a free plan. Awareness of the specifics frame structures made the installation of dividing walls optional.

Art Nouveau, the main content of which was the desire of artists to oppose their work to Historicism and eclecticism of the second half of the 19th century - hence the name. Therefore, the term "modern" should be distinguished from the general word "modern" OR " modern Art", as well as the term "modernism". The chronological framework of Art Nouveau is very narrow, only some thirty years: approximately 1886-1914.
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And moredern does not belong to modernism at all, modernism - (fr. Modernisme, from moderne - modern, latest) - is a summary term, denoting a multitude of dissimilar, heterogeneous and contradictory artistic trends in world art of the 20th century. Etymologically, this term comes from the word modern - new. It has the same root as the word "fashion", and is often used in the meaning of "new art", "contemporary art".
Modernism is not in general and not any "new art", but a new art that has a certain concrete historical content. This is art that arose in the last quarter of the 19th century, art that opposed itself to "traditional" critical realism and expressed the crisis in the development of European artistic culture. The art of the 20th century is the art of crisis in the original, dictionary sense of the word, expressing the highest tension of the turning point. In his life, patterns of both the dying of the old and the development of the new are manifested. This old and new are not located in an elementary sequence, but act in mutual intersection, covering global space and vast historical time. The art of the 20th century forms itself in dialogue or in confrontation with the mass culture that emerged in the middle of the 19th century.

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And even the artists that you list are just known in modernism, and not in modernity. Art Nouveau artists can be considered:
Gerda Wegener - Denmark;
Stanislav Wyspiansky - Poland;
Maurice Denis, Edmond-Francois Aman-Jean - France;
Gustav Klimt - Austria;
Georges Lemmen, Fernand Knopf - Belgium;
Alfons Mucha - Czech Republic;
Nabi, Lucien Levy-Dhurmer - France;
Giovanni Segantini - Italy;
Jan Torop - Holland;
Georges de Feur (Josef van Slaters) - the Netherlands;
Ferdinand Hodler - Switzerland;
M. A. Vrubel;
A. N. Benois;
V. M. Vasnetsov;
R. K. Kalmakov;
S. V. Malyutin;
M. V. Nesterov;
V. D. Polenov;
L. S. Bakst, K. A. Somov, World of Art - Russia.
But not Claude Monet, Cezanne, Paul Gauguin, Picasso, Matisse or Pollock - she just became famous in modernism. Cezanne - post-impressionism and Monet - the founder of impressionism.