Slang in Russian fiction. Control work the role of jargon in language development

Slang vocabulary is words and phrases characteristic of social dialects, i.e. groups of persons united by a common professional or anti-social activity. Such social dialects are often called jargons, and the special lexical units inherent in them are called jargonisms. Jargons have a common grammatical and phonetic basis, and differ only in a certain set of specific words and expressions. For example: money And towers- money, lemon- one million rubles, tanks And bucks- U.S. dollars, vomit- pay someone money (and a lot), mound- Chief, sink- to experience special pleasure from something, to love someone, something very much.

As classical Russian literature testifies, in the 19th century. jargons were inherent in some layers of the nobility ("a mixture of Russian and Nizhny Novgorod"), merchants, which was reflected in the plays of A. Ostrovsky, seminarians ("Essays on the Bursa" by N. Pomyalovsky), and individual groups of artisans.

In modern Russian reality, one can talk about professional and social jargons.

So, jargon is used: computer scientists ( breaking into- overcoming the protection of computer data, computer programs, hack, cracker; hang- do not respond to requests from outside, do not give out the results of the computer; load- use the operating system when you turn on the computer), musicians ( metal- hard Rock, metal worker- performer of rock music in the style of heavy metal, metalworkers- lovers of this music, metal), athletes ( rocking chair- a simulator for bodybuilding, a gym with such simulators, jock- about a man of athletic build with highly developed, "pumped up" muscles), businessmen ( lump- consignment store lumpy), military personnel ( grandfather- old-timer in relation to young soldiers, recruits; demobilization- demobilization), drug addicts ( dope, dope- drug; gerych- heroin; sit on a needle). Regardless of social status, young people resort to jargon: bike- a motorcycle (usually expensive, foreign-made), video recorder- VCR, etc.

In stylistic terms, jargon refers to reduced vocabulary, is used as colloquial or colloquial words and expressions in everyday oral speech, and not only by those who belong to a particular social group, but also by other native speakers, although, strictly speaking, this contradicts the linguistic norm. But the expressiveness and emotional appraisal inherent in jargon "provokes" their use in a relaxed, friendly atmosphere in order to express any feelings, to emphasize one's "keeping up" with speech fashion.

In addition, jargon is tied not only to a certain professional and social environment, but also to time - they are fleeting. For example:

During the Great Patriotic War, a fur sleeveless jacket was called differently in different military units: "rhapsody", "samurai" and God knows how else - in a decent society and you can’t pronounce ( O. Kozhukhova); Sailors like to express themselves in their own way. Their trousers are "shkars", they do not serve on the ship, but " raking half the earth"; to stay in the Navy for life in their language means: "trumpet to a wooden jacket" (M. Gordienko).

Jargon associated with a particular social environment can be used in the language of fiction in order to illustrate the features of life, behavior, speech of certain groups of people, their mentality. In V. Lipatov, for example, we read:

• - There she is, honey! - says Nikita Fyodorovich, examining the check of vodka, which he kept in case. - You can't imagine better things for warming up!
• - Daria, a glass!

She brings a glass. Nikita Fyodorovich pours it to the brim, cuts off a hefty loaf of bread from a loaf of bread, salts it in a heap - half a salt shaker is used for this - then smears mustard on half a finger of thickness and already pours evil black pepper on top of all this, also in a thick layer ...

He cuts a huge onion into two parts and covers with them a crust of bread with a mixture of salt, pepper, mustard, which now looks so appetizing that many of those watching the old man swallow their saliva. What Nikita Fedorovich does is called in the Narym regions "grenade". Is there some more "bomb"- this is the same thing: bread, salt, onion, mustard, pepper, but not a check, but half a liter of vodka. Narym men after "grenades" intoxication is almost not felt, and after "bombs", it happens, they run for the second bottle: "Either it got through, or not, I don’t understand something!"

This example of the use of jargon in a certain social environment, in this case by lumberjacks, shows their difference from professionalism. The latter are associated with labor, or rather professional, activities of people, and jargon - with everyday life, everyday life.

Argotisms are a special kind of jargon - words and expressions used by representatives of the underworld, declassed elements, which include vagrants, homeless people, in the old days tramps, homeless children, beggars, etc. Collectively, such lexical units are called slang.

Usually, three issues related to slang are considered: its origin and composition, functioning and the possibility of influencing the national Russian language.

The emergence of elements of slang refers to the early feudal era (XI-XII centuries) and is associated primarily with the appearance on the territory of Ancient Russia, as it were, centers of crime, to which the Don, the Volga region, and large cities belonged. As the centralized Russian state was created, common criminal vocabulary was also formed. The slang was finally formed in the 18th century.

Those distant times were characterized by such argotisms as costar- scammer, footrest- spy plantain- highway robber let the fish feed- drown pull reserved silver- make counterfeit money.

Argo was regularly replenished with largely rethought lexical units from the literary language, vernacular, territorial and social dialects, and from other languages. Yes, literary watermelon got the meaning of "head", violin- a saw used for sawing the lattice, shooter- a highly skilled beggar.

The vernacular filled up the slang with the following words and expressions: Christmas trees- a bottle of vodka, Zenki- eyes, cock- kill wooden sheepskin coat- coffin, etc. From territorial dialects got into slang blind man's blind man- dead person, gruel- prison stew (dial. "botvinya, jelly"), caistra- a place to store money (dial. "bag"), etc. Social dialects are represented in the slang primarily by Offen words and expressions. In tsarist Russia, peddlers who sold haberdashery goods, books, popular prints were called offens. Their conditional language was called Offensky, for example: cheat meant "to cut" kimat- "sleep", triple- "eat, eat" wiping- "literacy". The Ofeni also used the so-called gibberish (conditional) language, in which shur means "thief" shovka- "thief" nimble- "sharp", etc.

Some of the argotisms originate from foreign words: motya- share of stolen goods moitie- half) shopkeeper A thief who specializes in shoplifting shop- shop), flasher- killer (noun) Fleisch- meat). Some borrowings went through a complex path of transformations into slang. So, Polish argotism marwicher zlodziej- a highly skilled pickpocket - in Russian slang of the beginning of the 20th century. sounded like mara viher in the same sense, in the 1960s. began to be pronounced maravi-polecat, and in the 1970s-1980s. - ant.

Phonetic transformation is one of the common means of creating argotisms from commonly used words: policeman called cop, top five - rooster, chervonets - worm, equestrian policeman - mentaur. Illiteracy, and even illiteracy of declassed elements further contribute to the phonetic distortion of well-known words when they are mastered in slang. For this reason bracelets called brushlets meaning "handcuffs" gramophone - margophone etc.

When forming argotisms in a morphological way, affixes are used, which in the Russian language have expressive-evaluative properties: swallower- a drug addict using pills containing a narcotic substance, dubak- caretaker, janitor sniffer- police officer corkscrewed- robber. In argotisms there are suffixes that are generally unthinkable in popular words: -ban (guzhban- passenger cab) -man (kichman- jail), -olyan (mordolians-photographer), -is (figaris- detective, scout) -ifan (korifan- comrade). Curious are the many abbreviations that appeared in the slang ( fat- the wife of a traitor to the motherland), abbreviations-tattoos, in deciphered form, which are slogans, oaths, appeals, etc. ( WOLF- the colonist loves the will very much, SIR freedom is heaven IRA- go, cut the asset), as well as abbreviations that are deciphered when reading both in direct order and in reverse: CAT - "the native inhabitant of the prison" and "now he is a colonist."

Four functions of argotism can be distinguished: conspiratorial, nominative, worldview and identification. The secret function is due to natural circumstances; the incomprehensibility of their origin and meaning, in contrast to the conspiratorial function of gibberish and conventional languages ​​in general, which were specially created for secret purposes. Indeed, the speech play of declassified elements often changes the external appearance of words so much that it is difficult and even impossible to restore its original appearance. This slang serves to separate the society, to isolate the declassed elements, which distinguishes it from artificial languages, such as Esperanto, which contribute to the unification of both peoples and law-abiding citizens. In addition, the secrecy of slang is used to commit illegal actions, and conditional languages ​​are used to protect their speakers from hostile actions from outside.

The original function of slang was nominative, since its creators once faced the need to name certain realities that took place in their life, but were absent in the environment. As they became aware of themselves as a special group in society, not like others, the declassed elements began to use slang in their worldview function, i.e. to express and even name their views on the world and the relationship of people between themselves and the authorities, to assert their traditions and rules of conduct in society. Argo expresses a negative attitude towards human values ​​and personality; to the guardians of order ( cop, turntable- overseer godfather- head of the operational unit), to the peasants ( Dill), to conscientiously working prisoners ( fool).

Finally, the desire to identify like-minded people among the people around them, the desire not to allow strangers into their ranks gave rise to the identification function of slang. The speech of representatives of the underworld is distinguished, in particular, by the special pronunciation of sounds (for example, soft [ well]), stress, intonation, not to mention vocabulary. There are many lexical units in the slang that have no equivalents in the common language, by which the initiate can identify the "brother-in-law". So, how do the uninitiated know that goose foot- this is a thief's device in the form of a large can opener for opening safes, accident- deliberate loss of cards to lure the victim, journeyman- one who forges signatures with transfer paper and impressions, cage- pickpocketing when boarding passengers in public transport, etc.

The functioning of argotisms in the national Russian language can be discussed in three ways:

■ replenishment of the layer of reduced vocabulary: colloquial ( central- central prison gruel- prison stew sit from bell to bell), but most of all colloquial ( bang- kill mumbler-cheap red wine cheat- deceive rubbing- to steal). The main reason for the use of such vocabulary by native speakers is its inherent expressiveness and evaluativeness. In addition, a very significant part of the population went through corrective labor institutions - prisons, colonies, camps. Only at the present time the penitentiary system covers (according to official data) a million Russian citizens- therefore, the same number of them voluntarily or involuntarily learn the slang of the underworld. What even then to talk about the recent past;

■ discussion of the problems of the criminal world, the penitentiary system in the media. If a journalist talks about these problems, he, naturally, uses in his essays and articles argotism, which he managed to get acquainted with while working on the topic;

■ use in artwork. The speech characteristics of representatives of the underworld rarely do without interspersing relevant words and expressions into their statements:

He was embarrassed to appear weak. Got himself a knife blat let on boots.- What blasphemy? the geologist asked. - This is when the tops for force are wrapped up and trousers with a release are on them ( E. Evtushenko); - If only I didn't get drunk, you bastard! I'll rip out the koil and wrap it in guts. After all, he knows everything, but you still can’t rely on it! - gritting his teeth, he thought to himself Law ( V. Barkovsky).

Even more often, argotisms are used when describing situations related to criminality to give them credibility:

It is enough to whisper to fellow criminals or just send "baby"- and the guys will get not only in "zone"(most likely there!), but at least in New Orleans; the first statement to the cops from a shopkeeper driven to despair - and that's it... Farewell, freedom! How many homies have already burned down like this" (V. Barkovsky).

Argotisms, like jargon, are an undesirable component in speech communication. It is impossible to prohibit their use by law, but it is possible and should set the task of limiting it in speech. It's time to stop cultivating such vocabulary in the press and literature. Verbal exoticism in journalism and fiction eventually turns into rubbish in the everyday speech of representatives of all generations, but primarily young people as the most receptive to extravagant words and expressions. There is also no need for native speakers themselves to resort unnecessarily to slang vocabulary, knowing that it reduces the culture of speech and is unacceptable among self-respecting people.

In the last decade, a number of dictionaries have been published that reflect slang vocabulary:

Explanatory dictionary of criminal jargons / ed. Yu. P. Dubyagin and A. G. Bronnikov. M., 1991.

Bykov V. Russian Fenya. Smolensk, 1994.

Elistratov V.S. Dictionary of Moscow Argo. M., 1994.

Nikitina T. G. So say the youth: Dictionary of youth slang. SPb., 1998.

Mokienko V. M., Nikitina T. G. Big Dictionary Russian jargon. SPb., 2000.

 Dialectisms. Words, word forms, syntactic phrases, phonetic, accentological variants characteristic of any territorial dialects, included in literary speech and perceived as deviations from the literary norm. Words that are not used in the Lithuanian language, but are characteristic only for the inhabitants of certain regions. Application in lit is very limited. Used in the speech of characters.

Jargon"- social dialect; differs from the common language in specific vocabulary and phraseology, in the expressiveness of turns and in the special use of word-formation means, but does not have its own phonetic and grammatical system. Part of the slang vocabulary belongs not to one, but to many (including those that have already disappeared) social groups.

Passing from one jargon to another, the words of their "general fund" can change their form and meaning: "dark" in slang - "hide prey", then - "cunning (during interrogation)", in modern youth jargon - "speak unclear, evade from the answer."

main function jargon consists in expressing belonging to a relatively autonomous social group through the use of specific words, forms and turns. Sometimes the term jargon is used to refer to distorted, incorrect speech. It develops in an environment of more or less closed groups: schoolchildren, students, military personnel, various
professional groups. These jargons should not be confused with professional languages, which are characterized by a highly developed and fairly accurate terminology of a particular craft, branch of technology, as well as from the "thieves' jargon", the language of the declassed, criminal elements of society. Jargons are lexically and stylistically heterogeneous, characterized by instability and rapid change of the most common vocabulary.

Jargon permeates fiction for the speech characteristics of the characters. In addition to the jargons that arise on the basis of the national language, there are those that appear as a result of communication of a multilingual population in border areas or in places of accumulation of a multinational population, for example, in seaports.

The vocabulary of jargon is built on the basis of the literary language through rethinking, metaphorization, reformulation, sound truncation, etc., as well as active assimilation of foreign words and morphemes.
For example: cool - "fashionable", "business", hut - "apartment", bucks - "dollars", car - "car", "computer", jerk - "go", basketball - "basketball", dude - "guy from the gypsy language.

Professionalisms- words and expressions characteristic of the speech of representatives of a particular profession or field of activity, penetrating into general literary use (mainly in oral speech) and usually acting as colloquial, emotionally colored equivalents of terms.

24. Archaisms, historicisms, neologisms, their role in lit. work.

 Archaism ("ancient") - a lexeme or grammatical form, which in the process of language development was replaced by others, but continues to be used as stylistically marked, for example, in poetic speech to create a high style.

Obsolete, obsolete or not so widely used in live colloquial speech words and expressions. Although the scope of application of archaisms in poetic speech is not wide, nevertheless, under certain circumstances, they also fulfill the role assigned to them by writers in depicting life. They are used mainly in works depicting the distant past, and in this case contribute to the creation of an appropriate historical flavor. Genuine hoods carefully resort to archaisms: their abuse can clog the language of the work, make it difficult to understand what is depicted. Typically, writers limit their number and choose those of the archaisms that are most understandable to the modern reader. Sometimes archaisms are used in order to give special solemnity and exclusivity to poetic speech. In some cases, they serve as a means of irony
characteristics of individual actors.

Varieties of archaisms: Lexical archaisms- words that are outdated in all their meanings: lying (possible), barber (hairdresser), zelo (very).

Lexical and derivational archaisms- words in which separate word-forming elements are outdated: how much (because), handicrafts (craft).

Lexico-phonetic archaisms- words in which their phonetic design has become outdated, which has undergone some changes in the process of the historical development of the language: Sveisky (Swedish), English (English).

Lexico-semantic archaisms- words that have lost their individual meanings: a guest is a merchant, shame is a spectacle, vulgar is popular.

historicism- a word that has gone out of live use, since it denotes an object or phenomenon that has disappeared from modern reality (for example, “people's commissariat”, “smerd”, “tiun”, “yaryga”).

Neologisms(from the Greek neo - "new", logos - "word") - these are words that are completely new lexical units for a given historical period. Such words have not yet entered the active vocabulary, so they may be unfamiliar to a certain part of the population, for example: referendum, mobile phone, image maker, marker, breaker, diving.

The reason for the appearance of neologisms is social and scientific and technological progress: the emergence of new socio-economic realities, discoveries in the field of science and technology, achievements in the field of culture.

The main sign of neologism is the absolute novelty of the word for most native speakers. The word is in a state of neologism for a very short time. As soon as
the word begins to be actively used, it loses the sign of novelty, that is, it gradually enters the lexical system of the language as a common one.

From general language neologisms, one should distinguish the so-called author's, or individual stylistic, neologisms, which are the result of the individual word creation of writers and poets and do not go beyond their personal vocabulary.

The writer, not finding an exact name in the language for this or that phenomenon depicted by him, himself creates the necessary, in his opinion, new word. In this case, neologism appears in a number of special
figurative and expressive means of poetic speech (and even then only until it becomes commonly used and loses its special novelty)

The number of neologisms in the poetic language is very small, because in rare cases it is impossible to find the words the writer needs in the folk language. The formation of new words or a new modification of old ones, not justified by real needs, is only harmful: it clogs the language with unnecessary words that are not retained in the language.
and are thus not fixed in the literary. Great artists resort to
the creation of neologisms only in case of a real need for them.

In artistic and journalistic speech, slang words can perform two functions. First of all, they serve as a means of stylizing the speech of the social environment that the author is talking about. In Vasily Aksenov's story "Our Golden Piece of Iron", describing one of the heroes, who remains faithful to the tastes and aesthetic preferences of his past, the author characterizes him as follows; "Pavel Slon was a representative of the aging generation of scientific supermen who, twenty or fifteen years ago, became the heroes of the public under the slogan "something of lyrics in the corral, something of physics in high esteem." These mysterious celestials, pioneers of new sports, have long been no one interested ... but the Elephant still kept in character: with rude words he camouflaged tenderness for his girlfriend, keeping in his soul the shrine of youth - "Ham's iceberg", four-fifths hidden under water, exhausted himself with scuba gear, listened to outdated bebops for hours, bared his teeth at manners of the late Zbyszek Cybulski". Here the reader is immersed in the atmosphere of the mid-50s - early 60s. In those days, jazz, which was then banned, became an aesthetic ideal for many young people and had no less powerful influence than modern rock music on the formation of both the style of clothing, and the manner of behavior, and the manner of speech of a significant part of the youth ("dude", as they were called ). And in the quoted passage we find words popular with young people of that time: to keep in character - musical and stage professionalism, which has passed into the youth lexicon; bebops - from bebop - the official name of the style of jazz, here - in the plural form - works written in this style (similar to modern hits from hit). Finally, the adjective Hamovsky used here recalls the abbreviated Ham, which was fashionable in those years, a slang synonym for the name of the American writer Ernest Hemingway, who was then an idol for many young people.

The jargon of the modern army is reflected in S. Kaledin's story "Stroybat", where jargon is used both in the author's narrative, organized from the point of view of the characters, and in the speech of the characters themselves: "Suddenly Kostya heard the clatter of horseshoes near his head, not the clatter of the battalion .. "Hurting behind a bush, Gubars were carried out onto the parade ground, pulling machine guns off their shoulders as they ran. Short bursts rang out. For the first time in his life, Kostya heard real shots. The fight stopped. "Lip-ah! .." Everyone rushed in all directions." The highlighted words: construction battalion from construction battalion - construction battalion, gubars - those who serve in the guardhouse, lip - guardhouse - are army jargon. In the same story we find the words salabon, grandfather, demobilization ("Kostya fell into anguish: it would be okay if there was a salabon, in the first year ... but grandfather, a demobilization is on the nose, and what will his comrades in arms say?"), disbat ( disciplinary battalion), pesh ("- Bring pesh, boots, socks and swimming trunks from the supply room. In my suitcase ... Repeat. What is pesh?" - Babai thought, but repeated correctly: - Half wool "), etc.

Specific slang words help the reader to more clearly feel different compared to civilian life, with different laws, according to which the young heroes of the story live in the army.

Slang vocabulary can also be a means of helping to establish contact with the reader - a carrier of the same jargon. In this case, the property of slang words mentioned above is realized - to serve as a means of linguistic isolation, a kind of signal that distinguishes "one's own" from "alien". In this function, slang words are often used in texts addressed to a youth audience: primarily in the materials of newspapers and magazines, in youth radio programs. An illustration of this can be, for example, the magazine "Counter Cult Ura", published for some time by the publishing house Ima-Press and addressed to lovers of modern rock music. Here are excerpts from the "Discrete encyclopedia of rock-samizdat" published in the third issue of the magazine (for 1991), containing information about all the magazines published by various rock groups in our country: "ID". The first Novosibirsk rock-n-roll samizdat, born under the influence of the hangouts of Akademgorodok and the University. "ID" was a photocopied rock newspaper with a hippie orientation, which was published by a two-person editorial board. Literary and musical poetry, rock ... and just a cheerful banter, that is, "painted press"; "BUENOS AIRES" - Tyumen partnership with the same name; taking advantage of the availability of free photocopiers and a sea of ​​state technology, for three months they harassed the city with their own weekly ... "; "BIT-ECHO". There is a fairly high probability that "Bit-Echo" was the first domestic rock and roll magazine Released in Kharkiv in connection with the appearance of rock bands in the city and the first session in the recreation center of railway workers ... ". The highlighted words are jargons, which are widespread primarily among musicians and fans of rock music and from there pass into the jargon of youth (banter, session). Resorting to them, the author of the publication A. Kushnir used that speech mask, that form of speech behavior, which is accepted by both rock musicians themselves and those who are the addressee of the magazine.

It should be noted that in the mentioned journal, despite its narrow specialization, slang vocabulary is used very moderately in editorial materials. But the mass newspaper "Moskovsky Komsomolets" can be called a champion in the use of non-literary vocabulary, including jargon. The "Sound Track" is replete with them, which also publishes materials on contemporary music. So, in one small piece of correspondence, "Letters from fans will still wait for IRON MAIDEN" (headline), we read: "All 150 letters to Iron Maiden, sent by fans to ZD back in March, were carefully preserved", "Joyful the news that the "maidens" did not take long to wait and would arrive in Moscow alive in early June ... once again brought pleasant chores back to the agenda in connection with the upcoming epoch-making metal event"; "...Already in the next "Soundtrack" five lucky people will become known who will receive free tickets to concerts. A truly royal gesture on the part of the organizers, given the very modest financial capabilities of the majority of fans who have been very overextended at the Accent concerts (where everyone highlighted words are jargon) and here: "the efforts of two monsters of show business", "the absolutely deadly thrash of the American supercult team will be presented in Moscow", "there is no doubt that "Iron Maiden" is perhaps the most could happen."

Slang vocabulary is used in "Moskovsky Komsomolets" in materials on a wide variety of topics: "Luzhniki became the site of a showdown between the mafias" (1993. May 25); "It is possible that the showdown could happen again, but in a different place" (ibid.); "Big showdown at the little Savoy" (1993. 27 Apr.); "On what grounds the showdown arose, the investigation will give an answer" (ibid.) - information about the incidents; "Flipping through this" smart and useful game for children "and having precipitated - yellow and curdled - I realized that we cannot live without each other" (1993. April 27) - an ironic review of an unsuccessful book; "Luxury ball gowns with dragging hems and elbow-length gloves ... - a hundred" pieces each (1993. May 27) - material about the preparation of Moscow schools for the graduation ball; "Just smart dresses with the thought of subsequent wearing - 15 - 50" pieces" (ibid.); "According to the results of a survey, tens of thousands of schoolchildren, on average, from the nose of a thousand to five ... The ancestors will compensate for the shortcoming immediately before the celebration" (ibid.), etc.

Often, slang words are used in materials whose content has nothing to do with the life of young people: “After the opening of the second McDonald’s restaurant on Ogarev Street, some journalists apparently immediately ran to the dry cleaners. in a huge cake displayed at the opening. Hanging out in the crowd, they awarded cream marks to the backs and bellies of other guests "(1993. July 2), or:" The "old man" of the Gorky Moscow Art Theater - Mikhail Goryunov, went on strike. For more than a month he did not go to the play "Blue Bird", thus trying to draw attention to what is happening in the "bunker" on Tverskoy Boulevard. But something is obviously wrong there: either the gekachists gather for their party, or the artists have conflicts with the owner of the theater G.V. Doronina" (1993. June 2), etc. It seems that such a frequent use of jargon in the newspaper, which is bought and subscribed not only by young people, cannot be considered justified. Turning to jargon, non-literary vocabulary, journalists forget that even now, in our de-ideologized time, any mass newspaper continues to perform propaganda functions. And she promotes not only ideas, views, political and aesthetic preferences, but also the language through which she communicates with the reader. And the constant use of slang words gives the presentation a cheeky, familiar tone that instills bad taste in young people, lowers the already often low speech culture of young readers and at the same time repels older readers from the newspaper.

Rakhmanova L.I., Suzdaltseva V.N. Modern Russian language. - M, 1997.

Frolova Vladislava Nikolaevna

This research work touches on a rather important topic: jargon, their development and use by people in colloquial and written speech. In this work, the student well revealed her goals: Defined what jargon is; I traced the history of jargon, their changes over time; I found out how the jargons of different groups and strata of society differ from each other; Identified the main group of jargon.

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Section: "Russian Linguistics"

Topic: "Jargon"

Bezenchuk Agricultural Machinery

Scientific adviser: Mikhailova Olga Petrovna.

Teacher of Russian language and literature.

P. Bezenchuk

2016

Consultant review.

This research work touches on a rather important topic: jargon, their development and use by people in colloquial and written speech.

In this work, the student well revealed the goals set for herself:

• Defined what jargon is;
• I traced the history of jargon, their changes over time;
• I found out how the jargons of different groups and strata of society differ from each other;
• Identified the main group of jargon.

The main part examines in detail the history of the emergence of jargon and the formation of jargon vocabulary. Further, the varieties of jargons are described in some detail, their differences from each other, the history of the emergence of each type, and illustrative examples are given with situations of their use. In the section "use of jargon" an observation is made aboutan increase in the activity of obscene vocabulary and phraseology in colloquial speech, in conditions of interpersonal communication in informal communication, as well as in book speech, in the media and in oral public speech of a political nature.

The student successfully implemented the goals and objectives and made well-founded conclusions, fully disclosed this topic.

Introduction.

Language is a practical, real consciousness, which reflects not only the socio-historical experience of mankind, but also the social status of a particular stratum of society. The language has a symbolic nature and systemic organization, being, as a result, a universal means of communication.

The word, speech is an indicator of the general culture of a person, his intellect, his speech culture. Each association of people on a territorial or professional basis, according to their interests, has its own language, which is included in the national language as one of its forms. Along with the literary language, there are territorial dialects, vernacular words, professional and social-group jargon.

This topic is relevant because. currently there is a spread of youth jargon. This phenomenon is based not on social reasons, but on the desire to make speech expressive and vivid. Jargons have expression, so they are sometimes used in fiction as a means of creating an image.

When choosing this topic, the following tasks were set:

• Define what jargon is;
• trace the history of jargon, their changes over time;
• Find out how the jargons of different groups and strata of society differ from each other;
• Try to identify the main group of jargon.

Main part.

In general, jargon - these are jargon formations, therefore, the question arises, what is jargon? In the "Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary" we find that "jargon is a social variety of speech, distinguished by a nationwide specific vocabulary and phraseology." Argo is defined here as a dialect of a certain social group (thieves' language), created for the purpose of linguistic isolation.

The "Dictionary of the Modern Russian Language" contains the following definition: "The speech of any social or professional group, containing a large number of words and expressions peculiar only to this group, including artificial, sometimes conditional.

The "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" by S. Ozhegov and N. Shvedova says that this is "the speech of some social or other group united by common interests, containing many words and expressions that are different from the common language, including artificial, sometimes conditional. Jargon of merchants. Jargon of thieves. It is also said here about slang that these are "conditional expressions and words used by some isolated social or professional group, its conditional language."

Finally, in D. Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, which is more distant from us in time, we read: "1. Jargon is the same as slang. School jargon. 2. The current name of some local dialect that seems to be corrupted by a speaker in a literary language ".

Jargon examples:

1) I wanted to invite guests to the holiday, but the hut does not allow it.

Hibara - home.

2) Euroclass heavy buses ironed the pavements every day.

Ironed - went.

So, jargon is a significant area of ​​the speech corpus of the language, surrounding its normatively established core. It differs from the core in non-normativity, mobility, and the ability to change in short historical periods. It is characterized by high productivity, it is an inexhaustible source of replenishment of the vocabulary of the modern language. In written and oral speech, the following language functions are assigned to it: to be the first to describe new life, political, technological changes; serve the colloquial register for the most effective impact on the interlocutor / reader. With the help of jargon, social and linguistic taboos are most easily violated. He is the opposite of solemnity and pathos. There is nothing pathetic in slang words describing, for example, death or love: glue slippers, squint, croak . In these cases, jargon serves as a defense mechanism that softens the tragedy of life.

History and modernity

The very word "slang", as you know, comes from the French jargon. From French it is translated as "the language of crime"; according to the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, it supposedly came from the Gallo-Romance gargone - chatter. Jargon is a social dialect that differs from the common language in specific vocabulary and expressiveness of turns, but does not have its own phonetic and grammatical system. This is a conditional language, understandable only in a certain environment, it has a lot of artificial, sometimes conditional words and expressions.

The jargon does not have a specific history (as well as authors and schools). If we call Fenya one of the types of jargon, then we can get at least some idea of ​​​​the first jargon. Dahl's dictionary interprets the word "jargon" as a development of the language of peddler-ofenei; this is how the Fenya language appeared - then in Russia there was the era of the Middle Ages. Ofeni came up with new roots, leaving the traditional Russian morphology, and used the new language to communicate "not for other people's ears."

Jargon develops in an environment of more or less closed teams, various professional groups, which will be described below. It is worth noting that the jargon of one collective or group can be used by other collectives or groups, because. the spheres of functioning of different groups may converge.

The vocabulary of the language is constantly changing; jargon is also changeable. In other words, it is characterized by instability and rapid change of the most common vocabulary. The prerequisites for the emergence of slang words also vary; from group to group they change, but basically it is possible to distinguish similar ones. So, one of the key prerequisites for the emergence of jargon can be called the desire to add expression to speech, giving it a certain amount of irony or contempt. Also, a prerequisite for the emergence of jargon can be called the desire to shorten a particular word in order to reduce the time for its pronunciation or to simplify its memorization.

On the one hand, jargon seems to be an "ulcer" on the body of the Russian language, displacing classical, literary speech, making it not so much "democratic" as vulgar. The mass media also contribute to this, "carrying" the jargon of one group to the masses, making it the norm. The masses, out of habit, consider the speakers, and now just the presenters, as standards, and, without noticing it themselves, begin to use new words, often not without errors. So words become shorter, speech becomes more primitive, "difficulties" are a thing of the past; in my opinion, it is logical to assume that if our thoughts become simpler, then we ourselves become dumber.

But on the other hand, jargon is already an integral, organic part of our language, without which it is difficult to imagine our everyday speech. It has become a necessity to some extent. Our communication seems to become "uncomfortable", "confusing" without it. According to experts, jargon is the future of our language.

So, the prerequisites for the emergence, and at the same time the goals of using jargon, can be called, firstly, the convenience of communication between people of one group or several groups. Secondly, jargon is used to hide the true meaning from "foreign" or uninterested persons; however, as mentioned above, it is not closed. So, jargon is needed to isolate one group from others. Thirdly, jargon gives expression to our words, i.e. makes speech brighter, livelier, more emotional. In fiction, jargon is also present, showing the character of a particular hero, his belonging to a social stratum, group.

Social jargon- these are common words and expressions, first noticed in the 18th century in the circle of the nobility, the so-called "salon" language. Lovers and admirers of everything French often used distorted words of this language. For example: "pleasure" was called "plaisir". The original purpose of the jargon was to keep the transmitted information secret, a kind of encoding and recognition of "us" and "them". This function of the "secret language" is preserved in the gangster environment as the speech of asocial elements and is called "thieves' slang".

For example:

The knife is a pen

Prison - "theater"

Call - "dial the numbers."

Other types of jargon- school, student, sports, professional - have practically lost this property. However, in youth speech, it still has the function of identifying "strangers" in the community. Often for teenagers, jargon is a way of self-affirmation, an indication of their belonging to the number of "adults" and a condition for acceptance into a certain company. The use of special slang is limited by the topic of conversation: the subject of the conversation, as a rule, expresses the specific interests of a narrow circle of people. A distinctive feature of the jargon from the dialect is that the main share of its use falls on informal communication.

How is jargon formed?

Words and combinations are based on the dialect differences and morphemes of the language available in the environment of their appearance. Ways of their formation: giving a different meaning, metaphorization, rethinking, reshaping, sound truncation, active assimilation of the vocabulary of foreign languages. Examples of jargon in Russian that arose in the above way:

young man - "dude" (comes from gypsy);

A close friend - "gelfriend" (from English);

Apartment - "hut" (from Ukrainian).

The associative series is also actively used in their appearance.

For example: "dollars" - "brilliant green" (according to the color of American banknotes).

Varieties of jargons

A single, clear division of jargon at the moment does not exist. Only three areas can be accurately classified: professional, youth and criminal slang. However, it is possible to identify patterns and conditionally single out vocabulary from jargon that is inherent in individual groups of society. The following types of jargons are the most common and have an extensive vocabulary:

1. Professional (by type of specialty).
2. Military.
3. Youth (school, student slang).
4. Slang for drug addicts.
5. Criminal (argo).

1. Professional jargon- a kind of jargon used by a group of people united on a professional basis.So, sailors, builders, and many other professional groups have their own professional jargon. Office workers also have their own jargon. This jargon includes not only idioms, but also neologisms - recently appeared or newly formed words and phrases.

Professional jargon is characterized by:

1) expressiveness;

2) use of hypernyms instead of hyponyms

3) stylistic decline

4) the use of new word-formation models

5) professional vocabulary and phraseology, duplicating units of terminology and

special language.

Examples:

• Synchronous - a short completed interview fragment(journalistic jargon)
• Comp - a computer ; clave - keyboard (programming jargon)
• Accordion - mechanical ventilation apparatus (IVL) with a manual drive.(Medical jargon)

1. Military jargon - professional jargon of military personnel of the armed forces. It serves for brevity of designation of objects and phenomena of army, aviation and navy life, the life of border and internal troops, as well as for ease of communication in this specific social group and designation of belonging to it.

Reasons for appearance.

Military jargon, like any other jargon, reflects, first of all, the historical period during which it is used. Since the armed forces are a model of contemporary society, military jargon is a direct reflection of social phenomena. So, according to popular belief, after the conscription of conscripts with a criminal record was allowed in the 1960s, part of the criminal jargon firmly entered the military jargon, and in the 90s drug addict slang began to penetrate into the military environment.

Examples:

• Hose -. Lazy, loafer;
• corrugated hose- a rare loafer;
• Sweatshirts - footcloths.
• Paddle - table spoon.
• Takeoff - the central passage in the barracks.

1. Youth slang (school)- one of the types of group jargons used in the speech of various youth groups.

Characteristic features of Youth slang:

1. active use,
2. openness,
3. easy transition to colloquial speech of various segments of the population,
4. an abundance of borrowings (anglicisms) and jargon created on the basis of English roots(shoes "shoes", prints "parents", meng "man").

Within the youth jargon, such subspecies as jargon of schoolchildren and student slang are traditionally distinguished. In the last decade, due to the strong differentiation within the youth itself, expressed in the formation of numerous groups that differ in lifestyle and interests, there has been a tendency to form various subspecies of slang formations within youth slang.

Slang words used among teenagers:

• "Gavrik" - boring person;
• "chick" - a girl;
• "dude" - guy;
• "klubeshnik" - a club;
• "diskach" - disco;
• "base" - apartment;
• "ancestors" - parents;
• "Crack" - talk;
• "umatovo" - excellent;
• "Otpad" - wonderful;
• "clothes" - clothes;
• "Pret" - I like it very much.

Jargons are peculiar and widespread in the school environment:

• "teacher" - a teacher;
• "historian" - teacher of history;
• "class" - class teacher;
• "controha" - test;
• "home" - homework;
• "Fizra" - physical education;
• "nerd" - excellent student;
• "spur" - cheat sheet;
• "pair" - deuce.

School slang, apparently, has always existed, but very little information has been preserved about the vocabulary of schoolchildren of the distant and even not very distant past. After all, slang is folklore and, therefore, was not specially recorded in writing.

We know nothing about school slang until the 19th century. Just a few words. For example, whistles - so since the time of Peter the Great they called rods for schoolchildren. The school slang of the early 19th century is also practically unknown. What slang did lyceum students from the time of Pushkin speak? And was slang then widespread or was everything limited to nicknames and nicknames of teachers and lyceum students? We will never know.

It seems that slang could not be widely used among children from aristocratic families: they could easily choose the most convenient word from those foreign languages ​​that they spoke fluently. Real slang appeared, probably, only when the children of commoners came to school. And these were most often parochial schools, bursa, seminaries, etc.

In the description of the seminary in Gogol's story "Viy" there are already some slang expressions:get in shape- tutoringtry big peas- to be punished. But especially many such expressions are contained in N. Pomyalovsky's Essays on the Bursa. I will give just a few examples.Send out the gate- to be expelled from school; May - rods; title - certificate; gazed - eyes; lupetka - face. An example of a slang conversation can be considered the following scene from a book:

“Gentlemen, this is vile, finally!

- What's happened?

- Who took the crust?

- With porridge? They answered him mockingly.

- Stebri?

- Bonded?

- Slapped?

- Stolen?

- Lafa, brother.

All these words, translated from Bursatsky into ordinary language, meant: stolen, and lafa - famously.

The October Revolution and the Civil War dramatically increased the share of slang in the language of schoolchildren. This is explained by two circumstances. Firstly, the revolution and the war led to a general decline in morals, which could not but affect the language of society as a whole. And secondly, new students came to the school - children of workers and peasants, homeless children, teenagers who went through all the difficulties of that time. True, Anatoly Rybakov and Veniamin Kaverin, who write about this time, practically avoid using slang. Probably, hanging a pretzel (which means to fight) is the most innocent thing that the heroes of A. Rybakov's Kortik said in real life.

Apparently, it was at this time that school slang was significantly replenished with thieves' vocabulary. Here are her examples from the story of L. Panteleev and G. Belykh "Republic of ShKID": squeeze - steal, roll - complain ("Who rolled?" - the gypsy was sincerely indignant),sculpt humpback- to pretendstand on the lookout- guard, protect shamovka - food, etc.

In the 20th century, school slang was still quite poor: stare - look, zhirtrest - fat student nishtyak - nothing, let whistle - lie.

The school slang of high school students was noticeably enriched and updated in the late 50s, when the so-called dudes appeared. Along with their special fashion (tight trousers, plaid jackets, colorful ties, boots with thick rubber soles), the dudes also brought their own language, partly borrowed from foreign words, partly from the musical environment, partly from nowhere. Dude, dude - a guy, a girl who are their own in a stylish company, ford - a place for evening walks (from Broadway), to heal - go for a walk, crap - nonsense, lies, etc. At the same time, terms from the musical environment came to school slang:music on the ribs- music self-recorded on x-ray films, labat - play jazz, labukh - musician. From the folklore of the time:

Used to listen to Bach fugues

And now I'm boogie.

The 1970s and 1980s became a time of mass study of foreign languages. In the same years, the hippie youth movement came to us. Many foreign (especially English) words have penetrated into the Russian language. Of course, this could not but affect the slang of high school students. Gerla - girl, diminutive - gerlenysh, truzera - trousers, pants, hairat - long-haired young man, hippie, shoe - any shoes, session - party, hippie - act independently general rules, etc. New things appeared, and with them new words. Thus arose, for example, the word pinwheel to refer to the player and the word video recorder - for VCR. Many of these words have passed into the school slang of our time. As before, the sources of replenishment of school slang are foreign languages, thieves' slang, borrowings from the language of musicians and athletes. A new source, perhaps, in the 90s was the computer language and, unfortunately, the vocabulary of drug addicts. However, as before, so now the source of slang is the usual literary language. It's just that the meaning of individual words of normal speech is changed by schoolchildren.

1. junkie slang- developed in the USSR with the spread of drug addiction. The main bearer of slang was the youth, interested in drugs. A significant part of the slang is occupied by terms related to the methods of cheap acquisition or synthesis of narcotic and toxic substances in pharmacies or stores. household chemicals. Some of the words were borrowed from the slang of English-speaking drug addicts. Slang is often found in thematic works of literature, music and cinema.

1. Criminal slang (argo)- a social dialect developed among the declassed elements of society, usually career criminals and/or correctional inmates. It is a system of terms and expressions designed to initially identify members of the criminal community as a separate part of society, opposing itself to a law-abiding society. The use of terms and expressions is also intended to make it difficult for the uninitiated to understand the meaning of the conversation or communication between the declassed elements. Thieves' jargon, as a rule, reflects the internal hierarchy of the criminal world, assigning the most offensive and offensive words, nicknames, etc. to those who are at the lowest level of the hierarchy, and the most respectful words and expressions to those who have the most power and influence. As early as the 19th century (and possibly even earlier), the criminal environment adopted the slang, originally used by itinerant merchants.ofenami (hence the word "Fenya »).

Argo - the language of any socially closed group of people, characterized by the specificity of the vocabulary used, the originality of its use, but not having its own phonetic and grammatical system.

Often, argot refers to the language of the declassed groups of society, the language of thieves, vagabonds and beggars. In fact, slang has become synonymous with the word "fenya".

Examples:

• "malyava" - a letter;
• "pipe" - mobile phone;
• "ksiva" - passport or identity card;
• "urka" - escaped prisoner;
• "fraer" - a person who is at large;
• "crosses" - prison;
• "godfather" - head of the regime unit in the colony;
• "goat" - a prisoner collaborating with the administration of the colony;
• "dawns" - backgammon dice;
• "correspondent" - a girl who met in the colony;
• "lean back" - to be released after imprisonment;
• "filter the market" -think what you say;
• "hostess" - head of the correctional colony;
• "Nema Bazaar" - no questions;
• "no air" - Out of money.

The use of jargon

In recent years, the activity of obscene vocabulary and phraseology has seriously increased in colloquial speech, in conditions of interpersonal communication in informal communication (the speech manner inherent in the so-called non-standard, accompanied by the actualization of the mat, covers an ever wider, so to speak, non-traditional population groups, including women and schoolgirls - adolescents, who until recently were the most conservative in relation to obscene, generally abusive vocabulary and phraseology), as well as in book speech, mainly in the media (in print and in electronic media, in films), in oral public speech of a political nature, in fiction (and near-fiction) literature of the postmodern direction, in particular in the new wave of dramaturgy and, accordingly, in theatrical performances. As Victor Astafiev bitterly concludes about the widest spread of swearing in modern speech, "abomination now surrounds us almost everywhere. You meet with it not only in doorways, but sometimes even at high meetings." Professor V. M. Mokienko, a researcher of modern swear words, states: “Deputies of the Supreme Council, presidents, mayors of cities and heads of administrations do not disdain the “simple Russian word” or, in extreme cases, its euphemisms. Swearing, like jargon, has become a kind of fashion , - as, indeed, populism in its most naked form.

As for the media, obscene and generally rude, abusive vocabulary and phraseology (including roughly colloquial vocabulary in the sphere of social relations) are relatively widespread, primarily in the opposition press, in journalistic comments on radio and TV, in interviews with famous people. As the German researcher Z. Kester-Thoma accurately stated, "the unprintable word has become printed"

The linguocultural processes were characterized very briefly by I. Volgin: "There is a bydlovization of the whole country."

Next, I would like to show examples of the use of jargon on television. For example: "Five sailors disciplinary arrested for barracks lawlessness fled from the garrison guardhouse." "According to the director of the Chkalovsky bus plant, Kasymov, there is customs lawlessness on the roads." "Lawlessness was huge in this matter (on the" secondary housing market ") about three years ago." "Lawlessness of the whole state system." "Some (football) referees are doing just disgrace, lawlessness" and many others. etc. Forecasts of a possible change in the situation are usually pessimistic: "It is important that the situation of criminal lawlessness is not replaced by a situation of legal lawlessness."

Interesting are the common cases of using the word disassembly (often also in the plural form) to refer to conflict situations of a foreign and domestic political nature: “Did the cunning Irakli force Russia to be the eternal hostage of Georgia, obliging it to help in all internal, as it is now fashionable to say, disassembly? ". "Failure to comply with international agreements leads to interstate showdowns." "There are, of course, internal squabbles going on here, but they cannot be considered a rebellion."

"People are afraid that once again, to put it bluntly, they will simply be thrown." "When did you realize that you, in general, were thrown?" "No one will throw you, as they say now." "They threw me, like in the market." "He (the pilot) is forty-five years old, he wants to retire - no, his wife runs into:" Sit at the helm, the pension is small! "The international sheriff of NATO now seems to have seriously put Yugoslavia on the counter" - i.e. filed a claim demanding the return of a non-existent debt. Zadornov catch a real buzz" - i.e. "receive great pleasure", although, perhaps, the characteristics of the emotions aroused by such performances are really comparable to the characteristics of the sensations of a drug addict

We also list some more jargon and argotism that are often found in television texts:

grandmas - money [ЖС]. "American singer spent a fortune on his birthday." "At this difficult time, when grandmas decide everything ...";

spread rot - infringe upon, humiliate, harass: "When the Jews were spread rot or spread rot, it's also like no one is to blame for this"; also to rot: "There is no such thing that someone decided to rot the Communist Party";

get - transfer ., unfold bring to extreme irritation, pestering, annoying:"The existing disorder has already got everyone";

freak out - worry, get annoyed: "Aleksashenko (First Deputy Chairman of the Central Bank) at the end just started to freak out ... And people are idiots who brought money to the bank";

according to the new one - “To flaunt it (the monument to Dzerzhinsky) according to the new one”;

in full growth - openly, wholeheartedly, wholeheartedly: "Hakuna matata - have fun in full growth."

It happens on television, which in given time is, in my opinion, the main source of information for most Russians. To be honest, when I wrote this work on jargon, I found a lot of words that I used to classify as literary. It seems to me that many people, just like me, do not often think about the origin of their vocabulary, unconsciously using jargon. All this leads to a lowering of our cultural level. The axiological confusion of Russians, who are between three value systems (primordial, Soviet, Western) affects the linguistic existence, often gives rise to tension and discomfort. At the same time, the pluralism of values ​​objectively existing in the society under consideration, which is reflected in the language, inspires confidence in the possibility of a tolerant attitude of society towards the cultural and value preferences of citizens. The freedom acquired by the language, the strengthening of the individual beginning of speech, the openness of dialogic interaction, the attitude of communicants to the possibility of a non-violent choice of language units that reflect certain cultural meanings.

Conclusion

We have to admit that various ugly words and expressions that litter our language exist. It is sad that they are especially "taken root" in the youth environment, where new cadres of our intelligentsia are being created. Moreover, these "words" are gradually spreading among wide circles of our working youth.

The main group of jargons are common words with a special, specific meaning: cut off - fail the exam sunbathe - stand idle, linden - fake, bagel - steering wheel, hit the road - go, knock out - achieve, tick - completion note vote - ask for a ride memorize - learn, drive - sell, sing - conspire, noodles - special knitted jumper, dragonfly - helicopter.

The expressions that are synonymous with the words “excellent”, “excellent”, “very good” … “blossomed” especially magnificently ... What is there just not here! AND iron, and legit, awesome, cool, colossal, worldwide, - with variants of mirovetsky and mirovenko, - strong, cool - here they flicker.

List of used sources of literature.

• Beglova E.I. Jargon in the system of representative factors in the development of the Russian language at the end of the 20th century // Language. System. Personality. Yekaterinburg, 1998.
• Beregovskaya E.M. Youth slang: formation and functioning, issues of linguistics. 1996.
• Yu. A. Vakutin, V. G. Valitov Slang words, expressions and tattoos of the underworld. Dictionary. Ed. 2nd, corrected. and additional Omsk, 1997.
• Vasiliev A.D. Word on TV: Essays on the latest word usage in Russian television broadcasting. Krasnoyarsk, 2000.
• VORIVODA I. A collection of slang words and expressions used orally and in writing by a criminal element. Alma-Ata, 1971
• KRYSIN L. The study of the modern Russian language from a social point of view // RYASH, 1991, No. 5.
• LEVI A. Notes of the Gray Wolf. M., Young Guard, 1988
• Likhachev D. Features of the primitive primitivism of thieves' speech. Language and thinking, III - IV, M.-L., 1935.
• MOKIENKO V.M., NIKITINA T.G. Big dictionary of Russian jargon. Norint, St. Petersburg, 2001.
• POLIVANOV E. Revolution and literary languages ​​of the USSR // History of Soviet linguistics. Reader. M., Higher School, 1981.
• Kharlitsky M.S. New phenomena in the vocabulary of modern mass media. Language and society. Part 1. Minsk, 1998
• SCHWEITZER A.D., “Foreign languages ​​at school”, No. 3, 1969.
• Great Soviet Encyclopedia Volume 9, 1972.
• GENERAL LINGUISTICS. Forms of existence, functions, history of language. M., 1970.
• Crime and offenses in the USSR. Statistical collection. M., Legal Literature, 1990.
• Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language of the late XX century. Language changes. SPb., 1998.
• Materials from the site

  This research work contains the concept of "slang", their history, classification, examples of the use of jargon in literature and life are considered in detail. Here we consider the formation of slang vocabulary, its introduction into the speech of different strata of society. We also found out the most commonly used expressions and determined how they affect the speech and upbringing of the younger generation that have not yet been formed.

Ministry of Education and Science

Astrakhan region

Regional State General Education Boarding School

“School of gifted children named after A.P. Guzhvin"

Thesis

slang vocabulary in language

contemporary newspapers

Executor:

student of the 11th historical and philological class Simtsova G.I.

scientific adviser :

teacher of Russian language

OGOSHI "School

gifted children

them. A.P. Guzhvin" Kalashnikova V.K.

Astrakhan 2011

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………....3

Chapter I. The emergence of jargon in the language:

1. causes of jargon……………………………………………………..…………..5

2. ways of jargon formation……………………………………………………..…….....8

Chapter II. Variety of jargons:

1. types of slang vocabulary………………………………………………………..……………...……10

2. the use of the words "argo" and "jargon" in Russian………………………………………..11 Chapter III. Computer Jargon…..……………..……………………………………………………13

Chapter IV. Jargonisms in Russian Literature………….………………………………………….19

Chapter V. Slang vocabulary in the language of modern newspapers…………………………………...24

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………….32Jargon Dictionary………………………………… ………………………………………...……34

List of used literature………………………………………………………………38

Introduction.

For as long as he can remember, a person has always thought about the word, his own speech, his native language, trying to understand why the word changes and what it means. For centuries, masters of the word - writers and philologists - have worked it out, improved it, brought it to subtlety. Today, when words change frequently and rapidly, interest in speech has become universal, and the language that we call literary, having turned into a common speech for all - a national language, suppresses various dialects, dialects, jargons, and vernacular. And this is constantly fed to stay alive and active.

The Russian language is a very flexible, as they say now, self-adjusting learning tool. And in order to see more clearly the prospects for the development of a language, it is always useful to look back, to peer into the contours of what was and how it was. The most important thing is to understand the trends in the development of the new in our modern language, which develops in the conditions of urban culture, in the conditions of the book tradition, in the constant mixture of various sources of speech. One such source is jargon.

Jargon (French Jargon) is a social type of speech, which is characterized by specific vocabulary and phraseology. Jargon belongs to relatively open professional and social groups, united by common interests, habits, occupations, and social status. For example, jargon, pilots, sailors, students, actors, students. In its design, jargon is repelled from the general literary language, being, as it were, a social dialect or a professional group, or a certain age community of people, often facilitating communication in this group, environment and at the same time often isolating representatives of this group, profession, moving them away from the uninitiated. Jargon is not an independent language, but only words and expressions of the national language, which are distinguished by special expressiveness, specific coloring, which are acquired in special ways, which ultimately leads to the departure of such words from the literary norm. Jargon is a “real language in a language”, living according to its own laws, a product of exclusively oral creativity, and as a result of this - lexical, stylistic polysemy of the same words in different sources, their different spelling and orthoepy.

The purpose of this work is to study the nature of the emergence of jargon, their semantic specificity, the features of their use in speech and, in particular, in the language of modern newspapers. The goals are consistent with the tasks set:
- analyze research materials: newspaper publications, works of art - in which there are jargon;

Find units of jargon in them;
- identify the reasons for their use by the author;

Draw conclusions about the rationality of using jargon in speech.

Chapter I . The emergence of jargon in the language.

1. Causes of jargon.

Jargon has been little studied, despite its venerable age, comparable to the age of the main languages. Over the centuries of its existence, jargon has become from the once closed language of the beggars, vagabonds, criminals to the common language.

In works of art, slang words serve to characterize the characters and are used for stylization purposes. (However, their use must be justified both by the general meaning of the work and stylistically.) Penetrating into many spheres of reality, jargon becomes a means of creating a kind of expression and color in cinema and literature, as well as an essential part of everyday life. language communication. Today, jargon can be heard on radio and television: especially often in the lyrics of youth music groups. They give the text an emotional coloring and emphasize the closeness and intelligibility of these songs for young people, although words that have not been translated into Russian are often used.

Jargons overwhelm the speech of people, the media, fiction. This process is often referred to as barbarization. That is, there is a need for new words, as new realities and concepts appear. In addition, barbarization, as a rule, accompanies extremely unstable periods in the life of society. There is an intensive and disordered search for means of expression. For example, “I really love listening to this song” or “I really like this song” in modern times has taken on the form: “I just love this song!” or “I mow from her!” Literary, literate speech was replaced by a short, bright expression in its expressiveness, not entirely clear to the "uninitiated". The instability of the language reflects the instability of society.

So, slang vocabulary is inconsistent - it “roams” from one sphere of public life to another, or from one language to another, and often becomes common, penetrates the language of the media. It is hard to imagine that the words and expressions so familiar to us: “unparalleled”, “stop joking”, “to be at ease” - in the 18th century. were jargon that N.I. Novikov struggled with in his journal The Painter. In our language, for example, such idioms are actively used, which came from various jargons: gambling - “rub glasses”, burlatsky - “pull the strap”, musicians - “play the first violin”, church - “inflate the censer”, production - “get into a mess ”, vorovsky - “by pull” and others. Their "jargon" has long been erased. It is not without reason that jargon is perceived as a reduced level of linguistic culture. At the same time, jargon is word creation, fraught with the energy of creating a new literary norm. Jargon is not reducible to vernacular, it is much more complicated than it. The jargon reflects the mentality of people, their relationship to each other, and to various phenomena of the world, one can see humor, cynicism, irony, and sarcasm in it. It is impossible to recognize as true the judgments found in literature about slang vocabulary as less accurate than literary, as an inferior means of communication between people. Slang vocabulary is an indispensable part of the literary vocabulary, which includes language constructions of all levels.

The gap between "classical" speech and jargon is widening every day, not only in connection with the democratization, but also with the "vulgarization" of public life. A significant role in the emergence of new words is played by the media, especially television, which everyone watches. Jargon crowds out respectable speech and, thanks to mass culture, leaves its mark on the language of the whole nation. With the passage of time (especially in the twentieth century), the pace of life accelerates. social upheaval, economic development, technological progress and discoveries in the field of science - all this leads to the emergence of other concepts and ideas, which contributes to the formation of a new variety of language. Accordingly, the vocabulary of jargon is expanding. With the explosion of mass communication, thousands of new words have been added to reflect political and social change. New words also arise in order to refresh old concepts.

Language innovations are reflected in the media, and they, in turn, are reflected in jargon. It is a challenge to the “correct life”.

Thus, the social varieties of language are a phenomenon that is historically conditioned and quite natural, since various social strata, according to the conditions of their life and production, may have specific interests inherent in them. Therefore, striving for perfection as a means of communication, the language is "split up", coloring people's speech. And jargon appears in speech as a result, a reaction to the changes that have taken place in society. The use of jargon in speech can be due to a number of reasons, namely:

Jargon is used as a means of creating a character's speech characteristics (for example, in work of art) and as a means of creating a kind of expression, color and stylistic coloring in cinema and literature;

The use of jargon gives emotional coloring to the text, speech (often found in the texts of youth musical groups);

The search for means of expression that can most clearly express the attitude of the speaker, writing to himself, other people and phenomena, the need for new words are also one of the reasons for the use of jargon in speech;

The desire to separate from the rest of society (youth jargon).

2. Methods for the formation of jargon.

Jargonisms are formed according to all the rules of Russian spelling. There are several ways of word formation of jargon units:

Tracing paper (full borrowing);

Half-tracing paper (borrowing the basis).

Using standard vocabulary in a special meaning;

Using slang from other professional groups.

I. Tracing paper.

This method of education includes borrowings that are not grammatically mastered by the Russian language. In this case, the word is borrowed entirely with its pronunciation, spelling and meaning. Such borrowings are subject to assimilation. Each sound in the borrowed word is replaced by the corresponding sound in Russian in accordance with phonetic laws. These words seem foreign in pronunciation and spelling, they correspond to all the norms of the English language.

In addition to "addiction", here, of course, the general trend, which is currently widespread, of the use of anglicisms in everyday speech, also played a role. Passion for Anglicisms has become a kind of fashion, it is due to stereotypes and ideals created in society, especially in youth. Such a stereotype of our era is the image of an idealized American society in which the standard of living is much higher, and high rates of technical progress lead the whole world. And by adding English borrowings to their speech, people in a certain way approach this stereotype, join the American culture and lifestyle.

It is in this group that a Russian or simply incorrect reading of an English word takes place. Sometimes a mistake becomes attractive to the point that it seizes the masses: message - message. Very often there is simply a transfer of a word into Russian with the wrong stress: label - label .

Therefore, some slang borrowings are unstable in spelling. For example, you can find several different borrowings of the word keyboard - keyboard - keyboard - keyboard.

It is noteworthy that words that are stylistically neutral in English, passing into the slang vocabulary of the Russian language, acquire an ironic-scornful or simply colloquial coloring.

II. Half-calca.

When a term is transferred from English to Russian, the latter adjusts the accepted word to the norms not only of its phonetics, as in the previous group, but also of spelling with grammar. During grammatical assimilation, the English term comes at the disposal of Russian grammar, obeying its rules. Nouns, for example, acquire case endings: application - application(application program) , applikuhu(V.p.) appliques(R.p.)

The words of this group are formed in the following way. Derivative models of the Russian language are added to the original English basis by certain methods. These include, first of all, diminutive suffixes of nouns –ik, -k(a), -ok and others: disk drive » - diskette , « User's Manual » - manual , « ROM » - Romka , « CD-ROM » - sidiromka etc., there is also a suffix -yuk, characteristic in Russian for vernacular : "CD" - sidyuk, sidishnik, "PC" - pisyuk.

Due to the fact that the source (English) language is analytical, and the borrowing language is synthetic, there is an addition of inflections to verbs: "to connect" - connect(connect with computers) "to click" - click(click on the mouse buttons). In accordance with the fact that one of the reasons for the need for slang is the reduction of long professionalisms, there is a method of univerbization (reduction of a phrase to one word). Here is an example of such a phenomenon: "strategic game" - strategy.

Here, one word is borrowed from the phrase by this method and at the same time it receives the meaning of the entire phrase. A fairly large number of words in this group came from various abbreviations, names of various protocols, firms.

Chapter II . Variety of jargon.

1. Types of jargons.

The variety of ways of word formation of jargon corresponds to and numerous varieties slang vocabulary.

Jargons are class-stratified, industrial, youth, jargons of groups of people according to interests and hobbies. Recently, another group of slang vocabulary has been highlighted - school jargon.

Separate jargon is also found in the speech of elementary school students. Getting into a new environment, children from the very beginning seek to establish contact with other members of the group, so they learn and absorb the rules of intraschool communication. The factor of imitation, the need to "be on the crest of the wave" - ​​to look "advanced" - play an important role in the process of penetration of jargon into the speech of schoolchildren. Jargon in this case becomes one of the ways of socialization of adolescents, as it is a means of self-expression and self-affirmation.

Industrial jargons include professionalisms, that is, words and expressions used in any profession out of necessity, since they adequately convey its features. Professionalisms, widely used in isolation from the profession that generates them, in everyday speech, having lost their original meaning, become jargon.

Youth jargon is divided into industrial and household. The production vocabulary of young people is closely related to the process of their activities, for example: students - with the learning process, soldiers - with military service. The general household dictionary is much broader than the industrial one; it includes words that are not related to the process of study, work or service. Slang words are some rethought words of common vocabulary. Slang vocabulary has a narrow scope of use: it is used mainly among "their own", that is, in communication with people of the same social circle as the speaker.

2. The use of the words "argo" and "jargon" in Russian.

The word "jargon" is one of the common ones, although it does not have sufficient terminological unambiguity: instead of "jargon" you can say "argo" or "slang", and this will mean about the same thing. There is an attempt to establish a terminological order: to call the criminal jargon "argo", and the youth - "slang". However, this attempt has so far been unsuccessful.

Indeed, in modern linguistics it is difficult to find other terms as ambiguous as "slang" and "jargon". Any research in the field of social dialects necessarily begins with an attempt to terminologically identify these words within the framework of a particular study. In everyday speech, we also meet with a completely arbitrary use of these words, usually understood as synonymous with each other. The most popular and modern in the language is the word "jargon". But to replace the non-differentiation of the meanings of these two words, from the second half of the 20th century, another word “slang” that is close in meaning was added.

The problem of terminology associated with the use of these words in modern linguistics ranges from their absolute synonymy to the ambiguity of each of them, and the scope of meanings does not match. Moreover, in addition to the names various forms social dialects (of the same or different), these words are no less often interpreted as the names of the lower level of stylistic marking of Russian vocabulary, that is, they are located both in the zone of social dialectology and in the zone of stylistics. Only in the first case clarification is required, for example: jargon (slang) of pilots, musicians, youth, computer; in the second case, no. It is also important that in a certain sense their functioning both in the stylistic register and in the social sphere can be correlated.

An example of the identical understanding of these words can be found in the dictionary of D.N. Ushakov “Big dictionary Russian language" :

ARGO, non-cl., cf. (fr. argot) (lingu.). A peculiar, conditional language of a separate social group, profession, community, circle, etc., which differs from the general language by the presence of words that are incomprehensible to the uninitiated. Thieves Argo .

JARGON, jargon, m. 1. Same as slang. school jargon. 2. The walking name of some. local dialect, which seems corrupted to the speaker in the literary language (colloquial). He speaks in Kostroma jargon .

An example of another pole in the interpretation of these terms is their modern functioning in linguistics. So, M.A. Grachev under "argo" understands only the thieves' language, which is similar to the literal meaning of this term at the time of its entry into the Russian language, while V.S. Elistratov under "argo" understands all forms of expressive speech creation, including and what can be attributed to non-literary vernacular.

The problem of terminological ambiguity of these words is to a certain extent determined, in particular, by the problem of their traditional ambiguity in everyday speech: the process of indistinguishing the meanings of “slang” and “jargon” in ordinary speech, recorded in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, edited by D.N. Ushakov, continues unchanged in our time.

Chapter III . Computer jargon.

The most common way of word formation, inherent in all jargons that stand next to a certain terminology, is the transformation of a term, usually large in volume or difficult to pronounce. The following transformation methods can be distinguished:

1. abbreviation (for example : computer - computer, hard drive - screw, mac - poppy);

2. univerbation (for example: motherboard - mother, strategic game - strategy, role-playing game– roller, inkjet printer – inkjet printer).

Another way of word formation of jargon is borrowing from another language. Most often this language is English. Therefore, there are many anglicisms in the jargon. Often these are borrowings from English computer jargon.

For example: the word " gamer"- from English jargon " gamer"(professional computer game player); "doomer" - "doomer"(a fan of the game "Doom").

The sources of jargon can also be professional terms of English origin, which already have an equivalent in Russian: hard drive, hard drive, heavy drive - "hard drive"(hard drive, hard drive) upgrade - "to upgrade"(improve) "programmer" - programmer(programmer), "user" - user(user ), "to click" - click or click. The grammatical assimilation of some borrowings by the Russian language is accompanied by their derivational Russification. Zip(archiving program) - zip, zip, zipovsky; user(in translation - user) - user, user. Interestingly, there is also the opposite phenomenon. A jargon synonymous with the term appears, formed from a word that has long been entrenched in the Russian language: window vents is a derogatory name for the Windows operating system.

Borrowings from the English language, however, are by no means the only sources of replenishment of the dictionary of this lexical system. Some words come from the jargon of other professional groups, such as motorists: kettle(beginner user) engine(kernel, "engine" of the program; this word is also semantically equivalent to the English analogue "engine" - engine). Sometimes a computer processor is called motor, and the computer itself machine .

One and the same slang word or expression can acquire different meanings depending on the type of social group that uses it. For example, the word " glitch". In the youth language, this jargon has the meaning of "hallucinations, visions." In computer jargon, this word means "a failure in the operation of a program, a computer."

A very productive method of metaphorization, which is widely used in all jargon systems. With it, words such as:

· pancake - CD (now obsolete),

· rat - computer mouse",

· resuscitator- a specialist or a set of special programs to “call out of a coma” a computer whose software is seriously damaged and it is not able to function normally;

numerous verbal metaphors:

· to brake- extremely slow operation of the program or computer,

· demolish, cut or kill- delete information from the disk.

An interesting number of synonyms are associated with the process of disrupting the normal operation of the computer, when it does not respond to any commands other than the “Reset” button. They say about such a computer that it hung, hung, got up, fell, collapsed. The word "hang" a freeze has occurred, in case of a freeze) can now be excluded from jargon - it is officially used as a term. Is not the only example the presence of synonyms in the vocabulary of jargon.

You can also meet the method of metonymy (turn of speech, replacing one word with another, adjacent in meaning). For example, in the formation of jargon using the example of the word " iron" - in the meaning of "computer, physical components of a computer", " buttons' means 'keyboard'. There are also phraseological units, the motivation of the meaning of which is clear only to the initiate: “ blue screen of death" (Windows error message text on a blue background before freezing), " three finger combination or " send three fingers("Ctrl-alt-delete" - emergency removal of any running program), " stomp on loaves"(work on the keyboard, "button" - buttons).

A special place in computer jargon is occupied by words that do not have a semantic motivation. They are in relation to partial homonymy with some common words:

· Lazarus or laser- laser printer,

· wax– VAX operating system,

· penny- Pentium microprocessor,

· kwak- Quake game.

Many computer jargon words are formed according to the word-formation models adopted in the Russian language. For example, in an affixal way. Very common is the suffix -to-. This is how they were formed:

· flying, shooter, rpg.

Subsequently, these words were supplanted by the terms: simulator, quest, 3D action. In words "I'm sitting to" (CD or CD-ROM drive) or "pisyuk"(from PC - personal computer) there is a suffix -yuk-, characteristic of common speech.

Sometimes certain programs or parts of a computer are given proper names. For example, ICQ - ICQ, or asya ; keyboard - keyboard, or clave .

With the increase in the number of computers and general computerization in many national languages, the formation of computer sublanguages ​​- special jargons that serve as a means of communication for computer scientists.

The Russian version of the computer sublanguage was created on the basis of English, but it is interesting to discover those facts that testify to its national identity. The Russian computer sublanguage is still under the strong influence of English, but it has features in which the laws of Russian grammar and word formation, the Russian picture of the world and the Russian mentality are obligatory.

Replacing a word and another, rhyming with it or simply sounding similar, changing a word with the help of rhyme or sound similarity, and in the Russian version of the computer language, the phenomenon is ubiquitous and widespread. This reflects the language game, which manifests itself mainly at the sound level. The purpose of creating such computer neologisms is the same in both Russian and English jargon, however, Russian speakers of the computer dialect, when creating computer neologisms, additionally solve the problem of mastering an English borrowed word or abbreviation. GoldEd(message editor) - Golded or Naked grandfather ; DOOM(name of computer game) - think(spend time playing the popular computer game "DOOM").

The grammatical language game in Russian slang is quite common. Such grammatical neologisms appear intentionally, and not from ignorance of grammatical rules. Both English and Russian speakers of computer jargon usually perfectly understand what they are doing, distorting the language and manipulating word-formation models. Deliberately ignoring textbooks and rules, they proclaim the principle of "grammatical creativity". This principle involves impressing, amusing and entertaining both oneself and other participants in the communication process. And, as they themselves claim, - not for the purpose of obscuring the meaning, encoding information for the uninitiated, or even more so for illiteracy.

The word-term borrowed from the English language is adjusted to the register of word-formation models available to the Russian native speaker and comprehended based on them. After that, the possibility of a language game, various kinds of manipulation with a new word appears. Computer neologisms "display"(from "display") "mudem"- poorly working modem (from "modem"), "chekist"- test program (from "check it"), "sterver", "server"- server (from “server”) carry a “loop” of an additional meaning taken from a similar-sounding Russian root or suffix.

The addition of Russian suffixes to the borrowed root contributes to the development of neologism, Russifies it, introducing it to the lexical composition of jargon. In this case, the meaning of the word is enriched with a familiar or friendly diminutive, depending on the meaning of the suffix, with a shade of meaning, such as: virus (virus), pisyuk (computer), flopak (disk drive).

Russian computer jargon has a specific feature that is not noted in English. Its lexical composition is actively replenished not only by borrowing English words and computer terms, but also by creating words that sound the same as literary ones. Firstly, these are Russian words adapted for this for reasons of phonetic similarity to the English originals, such as aria(from the English "area") - an area on the BBC, which contains files or messages on a specific topic.

In conclusion, I would like to note that Russian computer jargon is, in a sense, unique material for research. Due to the novelty of this phenomenon and the speed of the processes occurring in it, computer jargon allows us to consider the life of individual words from their very appearance to their disappearance and understand the laws of development and functioning of this subsystem of the Russian language.

Chapter IV . Jargonisms in Russian Literature.

In fiction, jargon is as natural and common as in life. And in certain periods of the development of literature, jargon, in the words of B.V. Tomashevsky, acquires the meaning of a “special artistic principle”. Thus, in the first years of Soviet power in fiction, there were clearly marked tendencies towards the "refreshment" of the literary language with revolutionary elements. This time was characterized by a special focus on the future, a heightened sense of the upcoming "world revolution". The affirmation of the inevitable collapse of the old and the denial of literary continuity was embodied in a rebellious challenge to the bourgeois world and shocking the layman. The struggle with the old world in the field of literature took the form of a struggle with the old language (the language of a passing culture). The placers of V.V. Mayakovsky’s jargonisms, which he uses with special pathos, are indicative:

I'm not used to caressing my ear with a word;

maiden's ear

in curls of hair

from semi-obscene

do not scatter touched ...

V.V. Mayakovsky belonged to the literary movement Futurism, and it was this direction that was characterized by the creation of new, unusual words, rhymes, the arrangement of poems in an unusual order (“ladder” by V.V. Mayakovsky). The revolution, the futurists believed, should affect all aspects of life, including language, awaken the consciousness of people who are used to thinking and acting like ordinary people. Therefore, the poems are dialogical, overflowing with the passion of class-oriented poetry. Jargon and help the poet convey the rebellious spirit of the era:

On the neck

bunch

Guchkovs,

devils,

Rodzyanki…

Mother their legs!

Power

to the rich

snout

turns back –

what

obey

Bay!!

("Good!").

With them, the poet splashes out all his hatred for the old world, for any "rubbish" that, in his opinion, interferes with the construction of a new life:

And got out

behind the back of the RSFSR

muzzle

tradesman...

("About rubbish").

Although the slang vocabulary in the corpus of the language is not the main, peripheral, but it is also a kind of “point of view on the world”. To use it or not to use it - every time the artist of the word decides, based on his ideas about style, from his aesthetic credo. Some writers have a minimum of jargon, even when they refer to realities that are hard to imagine without jargon. For example, in M. Gorky's play "At the Bottom" the language of the inhabitants of the rooming house at times resembles the language of thinkers (which is what Satin's reasoning about a person is worth), even in a card game they do without jargon. Only three half-erased slang words can be found in the story "Chelkash", the hero of which is "an avid drunkard and a clever, brave thief" ( "signboard"- face; "slammed"- stole; "got drunk"- got drunk).

Usually the very presence of jargon in a work of art is evidence of its focus on a reliable depiction of life. Let's take the topic of a card game - the subject of description in many literary works. She gave birth to the richest slang language. N.V. Gogol in " Dead souls" there is an episode describing the scene of a card game at the governor's party. Players use their own jargon, which they have created by "crossing" the names of the cards in their own way: “The postmaster ... hit the table hard with his hand, saying, if there was a lady: “Let's go, old popadya!”, if the king: “Go, Tambov man!" And the chairman would say: “And I'm on his mustache! And I'm on her mustache! Sometimes, when the cards hit the table, expressions came out: “Ah! was not, not from what, so with a tambourine! Or just exclamations: worms! worm-hole! piquant!" or: " pickendras! pichurushchuh! pichur! and even simply: pichuk! » The card game appears to be a lively, "efficient occupation" with disputes between players, jargon and other details. It was one of the most common forms of pastime for officials and landowners. A kind of mystery.

Jargon in the character's speech is a very expressive characterological device. Nozdrev's speech from Gogol's "Dead Souls" is simple, sprinkled with jargon " And I, brother, from the fair. Congratulate: blown into fluff!.. never in my life like this purged… Would you believe that not only thumped four trotters - all lowered". Before us is really a "broken fellow." Having a “passion for cards”, he speaks about them with knowledge of slang subtleties: “ Don't bend me after password on the damned seven duck I could break the whole bank". (“Password” - double the rate, “bend the duck” - increase the rate.) Literally in everything: both in jargon and in actions, his “daringness” is visible.

The place and role of jargon in a work of art can also be judged from the story of A.I. Solzhenitsyn “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”. This is a story about the courageous survival of people in the conditions of the Gulag. Actually, there is not much jargon in the story, in any case, the writer does not abuse it. But all more or less significant moments of camp life are colored with jargon: daily stew - " gruel ", portions of bread - " rations ”, the dwelling of prisoners -“ lining ", the prisoners themselves -" convict and", daily tedious searches - " shmons ". In all these cases, jargon is a linguistic accent that creates a tangible image of the camp and its inhabitants.

A.I. Solzhenitsyn's slang vocabulary is not an end in itself, it naturally combines with the commonly used one. Ivan Denisovich recalls the instructions of the "old camp wolf": Here, guys, the law is the taiga. But people live here too. In the camp, this is who dies: who licks bowls, who hopes for the medical unit, and who kumu goes knocking". ["Kum" - in the camp jargon means "detective officer".] This phrase represents all layers of the language of the story - literary, unpretentiously rude and slang. Their proportionate combination determines the features of the artistic style of the story.

The best memories of prisoners are memories of a past life, but they are not always able to bring relief to suffering. In the atmosphere of camp life, such memories at first may help not to lose their human appearance in inhuman conditions, but in the end they cause pain, inspire despair, because there is no end in sight, there is no hope of returning, and the arbitrariness of the commanders has long taught the "old camp wolves" not to think about the future, but live in the present moment. Therefore, former concepts are also forgotten, new concepts and designations are found for them, not reminiscent of the past. So Shukhov, main character story, I recalled more than once, " how they used to eat in the village: potatoes - whole pans, porridge - cast iron, and even earlier, without collective farms, meat - healthy chunks". How about in the camp? "Dumka was on the same meal." This is where the concepts rations"instead of bread," gruel"- instead of soup, stew.

Slang, camp vocabulary in the narrative helps the reader to plunge into the situation described by the author, draws a realistic picture of life.

Slang vocabulary plays a similar role in V.V. Krestovsky's novel "Petersburg Slums". The author himself called the work "a book about the well-fed and the hungry", emphasizing its social orientation. A novel about an immeasurable abyss that divided the "tops" and "bottoms" of Russian society, the aristocracy and the city "bottom". Of course, in the speech of people belonging to the nobility, there will be no slang word or expression. Only when describing thieves' dens is literary speech replaced by thieves' jargon - a conditional language that cannot be understood by the "uninitiated":

- And how should I know - I asked you! .. Take zenki in rakes, yes and zet out through the links! Maybe and figaris which!

Which meant: “Take your eyes in your hands and look through the glasses! Maybe a detective!” The conversation is completely incomprehensible to an outsider, jargon is used as a cipher, a secret language. The use of jargon in speech for a similar purpose distinguishes people in the criminal sphere. This language is rude, non-melodious, its use allows you to talk in the presence of strangers without fear of being understood:

- Friend Borisych! Yuzich said, giving him his hand. Glue eat!(Favorable thieves' enterprise.)

- Oh, is it cool al pit? - responded friend Borisych ...("Cool" - good, "pit" - unusable.)

...- And how will it go: in slam al retail ? ("Slam" - thieves' share, "retail" - all the proceeds to one.)

- It is known in slam! You, if you start working yourself, we'll smash the double. You see, muhorta what was sitting with me? Yuzich explained to him. dark eye needed.("Double torn apart" - to distribute the proceeds, "mukhorta" - any person, not a thief, "dark eye" - a fake passport.)

…- Not, marushiy necessary…("Marushiy" - female.)

The novel by V.V. Krestovsky “Petersburg Slums” is a book describing the realities of the slum, beggarly existence of people, “a miserable, dark environment where a hungry mother must steal a piece of bread for her hungry child; where the source of existence of a twelve or thirteen-year-old girl is begging and corrupt depravity; where a hungry and ragged poor man, in vain looking for an honest job, is hired to commit a crime by a swindler well-fed and more comfortably furnished in life ... where, finally, people get sick, suffer, suffocate in the lack of clean, fresh air and sometimes decide, if not on a crime, then on suicide… if only to get rid of a hopelessly gloomy existence…”

Chapter V . Slang vocabulary in the language of modern newspapers.

The author in the work always tries to draw the reader's attention to the problem of the work, expresses his attitude towards it (or gives the reader the right to form his own attitude to the problem raised) or has the goal of conveying some information to the reader. We can see the same in journalism.

In journalism in general, and in the newspaper in particular, the author (addressee) acts, on the one hand, as a collective linguistic personality expressing public opinion, on the other hand, as an individual linguistic personality with its own moral and worldview principles.

Throughout the 1990s. a new contingent of native speakers is being formed: traditional components (scientific and technical intelligentsia, cultural figures, student youth) have been supplemented by businessmen, entrepreneurs, as well as people who are familiar with places of detention firsthand. The language of the representatives of these subcultures begins to actively take root in the literary language of the book, creating a new "standard". The public intellectual elite acts as the creator of the media language, including newspaper language. Journalists create texts of different communicative and pragmatic orientation, designed both for the intellectual addressee and for the general reader, who is not always aware of many cultural and linguistic facts. To achieve success in influencing such an addressee, a wide variety of linguistic means are used. These include colloquial expressions and slang vocabulary.

Today, a newspaper text is an example of the interaction of a normalized bookish, literary language, folk-speech element and jargon. Departure from the literary norm in the process of creating a text forms a certain tone (irony, humor, sarcasm), appraisal, expressiveness, and contributes to the creation of realism in describing phenomena. Thus, the public elite, represented by journalists, acts as the creator of the language of the media, in particular the printed language, in the position of addresser - addressee; The media influence the formation of views (and sometimes shape them) of both the social elite and the entire population. The presence in the newspaper text of actively used non-codified means is not a reflection of the "corruption" of the language, but rather is already the norm of the printed text.

Let us demonstrate the above position by examples of the functioning of non-codified, in particular jargon, vocabulary in newspaper texts. The material under consideration was taken from the Russian newspapers "Rossiyskaya Gazeta", "Life", "Komsomolskaya Pravda".

As observations over the past year show, the use of jargon is most often motivated by the author's communicative and pragmatic attitude. For example, the implementation of a speech portrait, which is a monologue in the first person in newspaper headings such as "Person", "Direct speech" or an interview, where, first of all, it is a monologue speech of a prominent politician, statesman, famous actor, and so on, which, according to social ideas, must comply with speech and ethical standards.

In the example I am considering, this is an interview with an actor, in which slang expressions are found both in the questions of the journalist and in the speech of the interviewee:

- There was a period: I for a year thundered in hospital…

- And abroad you are on something sat down ?

- I addicted to fishing… You can’t even imagine what it is Bliss !..

- You extreme by nature ?

- But to get through to the guys at such moments when they on your skin feel what is happening, feel this stadium, these fans, when you Buryat and Buryat …

- Tell me, please, can we already consider that the pension reform failed ?

- ... The Constitution does not say that you can rob me in order to pay a pension to some wino who became disabled while drunk.

- ... He has, besides this odnushki, no more corner!

- ... In one of my novels, a character lights a joint on the kitchen.

I have already scored to these sites [dating sites] ... Fate is impatient for a man boil - boil, I will not turn away.

- Vlad had crazy popularity, but he didn’t speculate on it, he didn’t have an acting show off !

- ... These are some kind of negotiations-agreements where you can’t be drunk... In the 9th grade, I picked up so many twos - well scored for study- and my parents sent me to a school for working youth.

Slang vocabulary can also be found in the speech of government officials:

Having received the summons , searched the whole Internet mentally prepared, so to speak.

The militia or the police is not an apparatus for " roofing", not an apparatus to support someone's interests.

Three times missed, for the fourth time hit.

Sometimes a newspaper imitates the speech of our contemporary, replete with jargon, in order to draw attention to the publication and at the same time demonstrate the "lexicon" that dominates people's communication not only in everyday life, but also in the public sphere:

Them [kangurin], by the way, with pleasure, as a kind of decoration, they are even installed on "penny", and “Gazelles” without them are becoming less and less common.(We are talking about devices installed on the front of the car.)

True, it is not yet entirely clear how the machines with kenguryatniks will survive from the roads - even fines for them are not provided.

Were cleaned and frank "blunders ».

... according to the new rules, this amount of sick leave shines employees with at least 15 years of experience.

Quality lame, often buyers conducted on low price.

And, apparently, filming in India is thoroughly her plowed: The actress is going to adopt an Indian child.

... emphasizes Lord Bell, a PR guru whom Berezovsky met in 1996 and together sculpted Yeltsin's pre-election image.

Although if your husband is constantly developing and growing above himself, and you "hung" at the first level, then divorce is really close.

They lived in a terrible communal apartment, a dim light bulb at the end of a squalid, piss-smelling hallway.

But he couldn't be special and worked hard along with everyone.

Chicken has become more expensive by 20-30 rubles, much "let us down" vegetables: kilogram potatoes, carrots, eggplants, cabbage almost doubled in price, apples - ten rubles.

It turns out that this man managed somehow gain confidence to my elder brother Azamat...

To shoot a video for the song "Droplet", the artist will have to master surfing and learn how to manage bike .

On the very first day, Milyavskaya and Ivanov together rushed to the beach .

Traffic cops asked the hockey player to remove the Mercedes closer to the sidewalk. But, while parking, he maneuvered so awkwardly that he caught Zhiguli and pretty much crushed it.

In order to calm down raging champion, who did not want to part with his driver's license, four police squads arrived.

Behind "Mercedes" his wife came, she took the car, without getting into a fight .

Then he returned to his module, grunted alcohol and told his trouble to another ensign .

It's about what's in canteen there were no tea utensils, so the kettle… was just passed around…

And change into citizen .

Jargon can be used to reinforce a negative assessment of the facts described; when it is included in the text, the sender also demonstrates his assessment.

Basically, drugs are bought not for bucks but for weapons.

Post-Soviet generations of youth grew up ... chernukha or violence… When you drive on the road and break the rule, all Russians know you can pay traffic cop, go further and further violate.

Using simple psychology and marketing, boutique owners vparivayut us their products at inflated prices.

Maybe right away I wouldn't be able to breed clients, but... my shift... got me up to speed quickly.

In fact, clinic management has a thousand and one ways inflate doctors...

See who "divorced" still, mortally tired, just like lying.

Describing the actions of bandit groups, the correspondent uses words that appear in the speech of these people - this is criminal jargon:

…was thwarted thieves' meeting on a boat on Pirogovka, numerous subsequent gangways never reconciled the warring leaders for spheres of influence ...

At bespredelschikov there are surnames, names, nicknames, but they are all called hoes . (By the name of the leader.)

Money, they say, is needed for " common fund”, on the thieves who are sitting in the zones.

Next came the inspectors from the police head office .

She told him how on the Green Grove farm the helpers hoe and Khodych "roof" hemp plantations.

In early March 2006, Galina Ivanovna was arrested, and immediately local media reported sensational news that the rector of the North Kuban Humanitarian and Technological Institute had set up a fictitious educational process in Kushchevsk College with the issuance of "fake" diplomas.

Sherstobitov agreed to cooperate with the investigation, believing that he knock off the term …

As we know, a year after Alexei was imprisoned, Natasha fell in love with ... opera .

Bandit Gusyatinsky and businessman Kvantrishvili "stripped off" from a small-caliber ... rifle.

One of the Pyryev brothers, leaders of the organized criminal group, had a suspicion that Tarantsev was going to put away wanting to embezzle a huge amount of money from common fund groupings.

After this “failure”, the Soldier fired only himself, not trusting the technical "bells and whistles" ..

Slang is often found in article headings or photo captions in order to attract the attention of readers:

Who will be responsible for the fact that the rector of the North Kuban Institute, Galina Kroshka, who rebelled against the dictatorship tsapkov, brought to mental hospital ?

« We have Russian does not threaten corruption and financial audits”.

And who is faster finish it: Am I Overweight or Dieting Me?

With such bells and whistles The vehicle will no longer pass inspection.

Why gazelles kenguryatnik ?

Bengali [Bengal cat ] won hearts as Hollywood stars and the richest people on the planet.

Philip Kirkorov's apartments on the Black Sea coast in Bulgaria, owned by the king of the Russian stage, cunning realtors rented out without the knowledge of the star owner.

Perm traffic cops.

Some jargon has been used so often in the media that it no longer requires interpretation and the need to “close it in quotation marks”, for example, the word “n arrival” in the meaning of “conflict situation, dispute, quarrel”, “ traffic cop"- a traffic policeman," steep” in the meaning of “having special privileges, different from everyone”, “ showdown»- showdown, an attempt to find and choose a solution.

So, the language of modern newspapers is characterized by some leveling of the features of a slang word, which, losing its belonging to the speech of any group of people, but retaining an emotionally expressive coloring, is used by the addressee for certain communicative and pragmatic purposes. Due to the use of jargon in a newspaper text, jargon often gets rid of their inherent diffuseness of semantics, concretizing the meaning in the text or developing new connotations. Some of the slang words pass into the sphere of general use and receive a colloquial stylistic coloring. Today, the corporate features of jargon are partially neutralized, and the circle of words that have become part of the language of the "substatus" and carriers of the normalized vocabulary is determined. They gradually replenish the composition of the literary language. The use of slang vocabulary in a modern newspaper text ultimately leads to a differentiation of the stylistic structure and continues the tradition in the development of the Russian literary language - the convergence of the literary language with the language of a closed group (jargon) in a specific period of the development of society and its enrichment with the necessary linguistic elements during the selective action of the language norm .

Conclusion.

Over the past 20 - 25 years, jargon has expanded its once closed, narrow sphere of use so much that it has become clear to almost everyone. Jargon has penetrated not only into oral, colloquial speech, but also sounded in the speech of political and public figures, leading all kinds of talk shows; widely used in journalism. Modern linguists are seriously concerned about such an offensive of jargon in the literary language: will jargon soon become the literary norm, will it not supplant normalized literary speech? Of course, jargon, being expressive vocabulary, diversifies our speech, makes it effective, understandable for many sectors of society. But it is important to realize something else: now in the speech of most people so much jargon is used, especially of criminalistic origin, that this cannot but worry sociologists, political scientists, and linguists. There is a process of stylistic decline and vulgarization of the Russian language, and this already speaks of a decline in general culture and linguistic culture in particular. Language is the most important component of culture. And today native language, more than ever, needs protection and protection from everything that threatens it with destruction. Alas, most people, using the language, do not even think about it. They only use it. They say how birds sing - naturally and freely, as they have to, without thinking about what words they used - literary or jargon. A nation that will lose its authentic, its historical language, will probably lose its own psychology, break with its great works of art.

We must not allow the loss of the national language, the Russian language, the Russian word. Indeed, in the Russian word - not only one concept, strictly - cold. It contains a verbal image, the movement of emotions, which are transmitted through the word from the ancestors. It is a reflection of moral feelings. And today, in the period of the expansion of jargon, one should already talk about the introduction of an immoral principle into the feelings of a Russian person, about the society getting used to the criminal consciousness. Turning the mind of a person is a difficult task, but a necessary one. And language is a manifestation of human consciousness. In the arrangement of words, in their meanings, in the sense of their combinations, there is information that, in an unknown way, conveys to us knowledge about the world and people, introducing everyone to the spiritual wealth that many generations of ancestors created. And this spiritual wealth is transmitted to generations through the national language, the loss of which will turn out to be a tragedy for any nation, therefore, at the moment, the struggle for the culture of speech, which has always been characteristic of Russian society, has again intensified. It seems that the task of preserving the national language could become a Russian national idea.

Jargon dictionary

ALCOHOL, -a, m. 1. Drunkard. 2. Alcoholic.

BACS, -a, m. Dollar.

BIKE, -a, m. Motorcycle.

BENGAL, -and, f. Bengal cat.

LESS, -a, m. A person who creates lawlessness. Not recognizing laws and generally accepted norms.

DRILL. Talk unpleasant.

GO. Trust.

WORK. Work hard; work tirelessly.

STEAM. Sell.

STEEL. 1. Give. 2. Donate.

GET INTO TRUST. 1. Through deceit, present something to someone (or introduce yourself to someone) in a favorable light for yourself.

2. Penetrate somewhere, enter any environment by various intrigues, unseemly tricks.

GAI OFFICER, -a, m. Traffic police officer,

GLAVK, -a, m. The name of the main departments, departmental divisions of ministries, central institutions.

CITIZEN, -and, f. Non-military uniform, civilian clothes.

THREATEN. Foretell a bad outcome, consequences.

DONATE. Get bored.

ZHIGULENOK, -a, m. A car Volga Automobile Plant.

SCORE. Stop paying attention.

DEPEND. Don't move forward; stay put; not develop.

ROOM. Get somewhere; be somewhere; please somewhere.

KAIF, -a, m. Pleasure, pleasure.

POTATO, -and, f. Potato.

KENGURYATNIK, -a, m. A decorative device mounted on the front of the car.

COMMUNAL, -and, well. Communal apartment.

KOPEYKA, -and, f. See ZHIGULENOK.

BUTT, -a, m. Cigarette, cigarette.

ROOFING, -I, f. Patronage, hiding "dark" deeds.

ROOFING. See ROOFING.

Sculpt. 1. Deceive. 2. Giving false evidence. 3. Participate in the creation of a fake.

LIME, wow, m. 1. Forged, fake.

DLNP, -a, m. Error.

MURLO, -a, cf. Large face.

FUCK, -a, m. Technical improvement of something.

INFLATE. Deceive, fool.

OBSHCHAK, -a, m. Cash reserve of a criminal organization.

ONE, -and, f. One-room apartment.

OPERATOR, -a, m. Operative officer.

TURN UP. Remake; change.
BREAK. Search carefully, participate in the search.

PICKENTIA, -and, f. Playing card of spades.

PIKENDRAS, PICHURUSHCHUKH, PICHURA, PICHUK. See PICKENTIA.

DRIVEN, th, m. Drunk.

UPGRADE. Summing up.

GET SUCKED. Get addicted to something.

SELF-FUCKING, -s, f. Vulgarity.

GO. Began.
PONT, -a, m. Arrogance.

FAIL. To fail.
PURGE. Lose.

GREASE. Miss.

Psychic, -and, f. Psychiatric hospital.

SNOW, -a, cf. Face.

RUN. Rush to run.

DISASSEMBLY, -and, well. Clarification of relations, dispute.

BREED. Deceive; make money dishonestly.

SHINE. Get.

SHUT DOWN. Reduce jail time.

TAKE OFF. Kill with a firearm.

OLD HIT. Playing card "Lady".

CANteen, -and, well. Dining room.

GATHERING, -and, well. Meeting.

SHODNYAK, -a, m. See SURROUNDING.

TAMBOV MAN. Playing card "King".

BUMP. 1. Play something. 2. Lose.

Cunning, wow, m. Smart.

PUT AWAY. Kill.

PUT UP. Calm down.

LIMP. 1. Let down. 2. Not meet the requirements.
GRUNCH. Drink.
TsAPKI. A criminal organization, the name is derived from the name of the leader - Tsapkov.

WORMHOLE, -s, f. Playing suit "worms".

BLACK, -and, f. 1. Lies. 2. "Dark" affairs.

EXTREME, -a, m. Lover of extreme sports.

Bibliography.

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Grachev M.A. - Doctor of Philology, conducts research in the field of linguocriminalistics, culture of speech and lexicography. Author of dictionaries and teaching aids: "Dictionary of youth slang", "Russian language and culture of speech" and others.

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