The maximum power of electricity and methods for its determination. What is the allocated power of electricity and how to increase it

AT modern conditions there is a constant increase in electricity consumption. The data obtained show that the capacity of only kitchen equipment has doubled. In addition, there appeared a large number of air conditioners, computers and other equipment. Most electrical networks can no longer cope with increasing loads. Therefore, each owner of an apartment or a private house should have an idea of ​​​​what is the estimated and installed capacity. This issue is fully related to industrial enterprises with modern energy-intensive equipment.

What is rated power

Not only in new, but also in old houses, homeowners connect new types household appliances and equipment. An increase in load can cause malfunctions in the operation of the electrical network, so the issue of the power of the supplied cable must be clarified in advance. This information can be found in the act of delimitation of balance responsibility or in the certificate of permitted capacities, which indicates the specific design and installed capacity.

The definition of rated power is also known as simultaneous switching power. This parameter indicates possible connection the established number of consumers available in the apartment. If unnecessary equipment is turned on, automatic protective devices will simply fail. The sum of the capacities of all devices will correspond to the installed capacity. However, in case of simultaneous switching on, significant overloads will occur in the network, which will lead to operation protective devices. It is the means of protection that allow you to set a certain load limit allowed for a particular housing.

In many ways, the value of the calculated power depends on the input. Each landing is equipped through which a cable with the required cross section is entered into the apartment. After that, all other elements of the power supply system are placed inside the room, including a shield with load distribution devices along separate lines.

In most houses old building a single-phase power supply with a voltage of 220 V is connected. It is this connection that prevents excessive load on the line and makes it impossible to connect all modern appliances. This problem is solved using a three-phase 380 volt input. It consists of three lines that redistribute the total load. In the case of intensive energy consumption, there is an even distribution of the load on each phase.

Therefore, before planning the purchase of household appliances and equipment, it is necessary to find out in advance what current is supplied to the apartment. If three phases are connected, then there will be no problems, since one input accounts for from 14 to 20 kW, which allows you to freely connect all the necessary devices. However, in old buildings with single-phase input and aluminum cable, the maximum load power is only 4 kW. In this case, the use of any devices other than lighting is out of the question. Additional capacity will be required, and the relevant authorities should be contacted on this issue.

What is installed capacity

In order to plan in advance the installation of household appliances and equipment in a house or apartment, it is necessary to assess the maximum power that will be consumed from the electrical network. A simple arithmetic addition of the capacities of all available consumers does not give accurate results, due to its inefficiency and uneconomical.

As a rule, this assessment uses certain factors that take into account the utilization rate and the variance in the operation of connected devices. In addition, not only actual, but also expected loads are taken into account. The result is the installed power, measured in kW or kVA.

The value of the installed power will be equal to the sum of the rated powers of each device and device. However, this value will not be the actual power consumption, which is almost always higher than the nominal value. This parameter must be known in order to correctly select the rated power of a device.

AT industrial production there is the concept of total installed power. This indicator is the arithmetic sum of the total capacities of each individual consumer. It is not the same as the maximum rated apparent power because different factors and corrections are used in its calculations.

How to increase the calculated power

If the technical conditions make it possible to allocate additional power, in this case, an appropriate permission to perform electrical work. As a result, an additional cable of the required section, determined by specialists, will be introduced. This will allow you to withstand all the expected loads.

However, in practice, the solution of this problem is associated with great difficulties, primarily related to the coordination in various structures and instances. In addition, there are no additional capacities and there is simply nowhere to take them. Existing networks are already operating at full capacity. Sometimes additional power is located in another area, which will require laying a new cable line to the house. A new main power cable is also being laid inside the house. All changes are documented and recorded in the technical passport of the dwelling.

Particular difficulties arise in old houses with single-phase lines and no grounding. Replacement won't help here. old wiring to a newer throughput will still remain old and will not allow you to turn on additional devices. In this case, a complete replacement of the wiring with a three-phase line will be required with the installation of all necessary protective and switchgear devices.

Maximum power plays an important role in retail electricity markets. However, documents about technological connection may not contain information about its value. There are also cases of loss of such documents. What quantities can be used to determine the maximum power? Is it possible to replace it, for example, with permitted power, one-time load, installed power? Consider the attitude of the courts to this issue.

The value of the maximum capacity for the subject of the retail electricity market

Maximum electricity power:

a) defined for simultaneous use by power receiving devices (power grid facilities) in accordance with the documents on technological connection;

b) due to the composition of the power-receiving equipment (electric grid facilities) and the technological process of the consumer.

This is the maximum amount of power within which the network organization assumes the obligation to provide transmission electrical energy. Units of measurement - megawatts (MW) (paragraph 7, paragraph 2 of Regulation No. 861).

The value of the maximum capacity determines the various obligations of participants in the retail electricity markets. Its value is important, for example, for cases:

a) establishing special operating conditions for consumers.

If the maximum power of power receivers of consumers within the boundaries of the balance sheet is 670 kW or more, they are required to equip their power receivers with appropriate metering devices. The requirements for them are set out in para. 2 p. 139, p. 143 of the Basic Provisions for the Functioning of Retail Electricity Markets, approved. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 04.05.2012 No. 442 (hereinafter - Basic Provisions No. 442):

• the ability to measure hourly volumes of electrical energy consumption;
• accuracy class 0.5S and higher;
• ensuring storage of data on hourly volumes of electrical energy consumption for the last 90 days or more. Or devices must be included in the accounting system.

If the specified requirements of the Basic Provisions No. 442 are not met, then the volume of electricity consumption during the planned peak load hours on working days of the billing period for these consumers is determined by the calculation method (paragraph 3, clause 181 of the Basic Provisions No. 442).

For these consumers, special requirements are established for reactive power metering devices (paragraph 3, clause 139 of the Basic Provisions No. 442).

From July 1, 2013, they cannot choose and apply the first and second price categories (paragraph 9, paragraph 97 of the Basic Provisions No. 442). In case of failure to notify about the choice of price category (except for the first and second), from July 1, 2013, the third price category is applied for them (paragraph 15, clause 97 of the Basic Provisions No. 442).

If the actual volumes of electricity consumption deviate from the contractual volumes, increasing (reducing) coefficients are applied to consumers (buyers) in the territories of non-price zones calculated before July 1, 2013 at single-part prices (tariffs) (paragraphs 4, 6 p. 109 of the Basic Provisions No. 442). These consumers are obliged to plan the consumption of electrical energy by the hours of the day (paragraph 1, clause 110 of the Basic Provisions No. 442).

The bill for electrical energy (power) issued to these consumers includes, in a separate line, the amount of reserved maximum power (clause 80 of the Basic Provisions No. 442, clause 8 (1) of the Rules for Non-Discriminatory Access to Electricity Transmission Services and the Provision of These Services, approved Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 27, 2004 No. 861 (hereinafter - Rules No. 861));

b) establishing the circumstances under which the consumer is exempted from paying compensation for the sales allowance in the event of termination or change with a decrease in the volume of the acquisition of the contract for the purchase of electrical energy (capacity) with a guaranteeing supplier (paragraph 6, clause 85 of the Basic Provisions No. 442);

c) determining the amount of the advance paid to the guaranteeing supplier for electricity in the absence of data on consumption volumes for the previous billing period(clause 82, paragraph 5 clause 83 of the Basic Provisions No. 442);

d) application in retail markets of settlement methods for accounting for electrical energy (capacity) - paragraphs. 166, 178, 179, 181, 195 and Annex 3 to the Guidelines No. 442;

e) assignment of consumers to a certain subgroup of the group "other consumers". The subgroup depends on the value of the maximum power of power receiving devices belonging to the consumer (clause 4 Guidelines on the calculation of marketing allowances of guaranteeing suppliers, approved. order of the FTS of Russia dated October 30, 2012 No. 703-e).

If the documents on technological connection do not contain information on the maximum power value or these documents have been lost, the grid organization may reissue them and indicate the missing information. To do this, the consumer must submit an application. The right to do so is established by paragraph 13(1) of Regulation No. 861, sub. "b" clause 59 of the Rules for Technological Connection. The network organization can approve any application form. Usually the form is posted on the website of the organization. The list of documents to be attached to the application is given in the Rules for Technological Connection. It is closed. The network organization is not entitled to expand it and require the applicant additional information and documents.

Methods for determining the maximum power value for such re-registration are listed in clause 77 of the Rules for Technological Connection.

Calculation methods for determining power can be used in the following cases:

• the absence of the maximum power value in the documents on technological connection;
• failure to report the value of the maximum power to the guaranteeing supplier;
• the absence of the maximum power value in the contract for the purchase of electrical energy with a guaranteeing supplier.

These methods are given, for example, in para. 9 p. 86 of the Basic Provisions No. 442, sub. "a" paragraph 1 of Appendix 3 to the Basic Provisions No. 442.

When drawing up documents on technological connection, the parties, unfortunately, do not always follow the requirements of the legislation in the field of electric power industry. It is no secret that instead of the maximum power, documents may indicate other values, for example: permitted power, one-time power, permitted load, one-time load, installed power, etc. And these quantities can be measured in kVA, not MW.

Is it possible to determine for the period while the documents on technological connection are being reissued maximum power electricity based on such values? Consider jurisprudence.

Maximum and permitted power

The opinions of the courts on the relationship between the concepts of maximum and permitted power diverge.

For reference

Max power- the largest amount of power determined for simultaneous use by power receiving devices (power grid facilities) in accordance with the documents on technological connection and due to the composition of the power receiving equipment (power grid facilities) and the technological process of the consumer, within which the grid organization assumes the obligation to ensure the transmission of electrical energy, measured in megawatts.

Rules for non-discriminatory access to services for the transmission of electrical energy and the provision of these services, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 27, 2004

Position 1

The courts rely on the definitions of the concepts "maximum power" and "permitted power", given respectively in paragraph 2 of Regulation No. 861 and methodological recommendations on the regulation of relations between the energy supply organization and the consumer, approved. First Deputy Minister of Energy of the Russian Federation on January 19, 2002 and Chairman of the FEC of Russia on January 15, 2002. And they think they are different.

In the ruling dated 12.08.2014 No. F05-8168/2014 in case No. A40-124653/13, the Arbitration Court of the Moscow District recognized that the defendant’s determination of the maximum power on the basis of the registers dated November 10, 2012 is based on the substitution of the concepts of “permitted power” and “maximum power".

The Ninth Arbitration Court of Appeal came to similar conclusions in its decisions No. 09AP-15598/2014-GK dated 07.07.2014 in case No. A40-177747/13, and No. 09AP-32028/2014-GK dated 08.09.2014 in case No. A40-124663 /13, dated November 27, 2014 No. 09AP-46988/2014-GK in case No. A40-76922/14, etc.

For reference

Permitted power- the amount of electric power that the power supply organization allowed to the subscriber (consumer) on the basis of specifications join your networks.

• Disclosure of information by organizations providing services in the field of heat supply

Position 2

The Thirteenth Arbitration Court of Appeal, considering case No. A56-69450/2013, reasoned as follows.

Clause 1.5 of the contract states that the units of measurement of electric power can be kW, kVA, kvar.

Based on the definitions of the maximum and permitted capacities given in the regulatory and methodological documents (all the same Rules No. 861 and Methodological recommendations), the court pointed to the equivalence of these concepts. And he confirmed the legitimacy of the additional charge to the volume of electricity consumed of using a power of 70 kVA to calculate electricity consumption (decision of the Thirteenth Arbitration Court of Appeal dated 08/01/2014 in case No. A56-69450 / 2013).

The Fifteenth Arbitration Court of Appeal came to the same opinion in its decisions dated November 05, 2014 in case No. А53-9854/2014, dated June 10, 2015 in case No. А32-47887/2014.

The Ninth Arbitration Court of Appeal, relying on the definition of the concept of "maximum power" in the current legislation (clause 2 of Rules No. 861), ruled that the values ​​​​of the permitted and installed capacities indicated in the Register of power supply sources, power receiving equipment and commercial metering of electricity and power and in the acts of delimitation of balance sheet ownership and operational responsibility, cannot exceed the maximum power.

Thus, if the value of the one-time or permitted power is entered in the documents on technological connection, it should be taken as the maximum power. In the case under consideration, it exceeded 670 kW. The court confirmed the plaintiff's right to apply the third price category(Decision of the Fifteenth Arbitration Court of Appeal dated September 15, 2015 No. 09AP-33390/2015-GK in case No. A40-175496/2014).

The same position was taken by the Ninth Arbitration Court of Appeal in decisions dated June 15, 2015 No. 09AP-15324/2015-GK in case No. A40-175548/14, dated August 20, 2015 No. 09AP-29355/2015-GK in case No. A40-47482/ 2014, dated 02.09.2015 No. 09AP-31443/2015-GK in case No. А40-175572/2014 and others; The Tenth Arbitration Court of Appeal in rulings dated May 14, 2015 in case No. A41-74357/14, dated May 21, 2015 in case No. A41-74359/14, etc.

In Resolution No. 09AAP-22125/2014-GK dated July 23, 2014 in case No. A40-170595/13, the Ninth Arbitration Court of Appeal recognized the plaintiff's actions to determine the maximum power by calculation as lawful in the absence of relevant information from the defendant.

When considering some cases, the courts, among other evidence, took into account the opinion of the grid organization on the acceptance of the one-time (permitted) power values ​​\u200b\u200bspecified in the documents on technological connection as the maximum power (for example, the decision of the Ninth Arbitration Court of Appeal of 09/02/2015 in case No. A40-175572 / 2014).

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Reasons for disagreement

The lack of uniformity in opinion on the relationship between the concepts of “maximum power” and “permitted power” can be explained by the vagueness of the wording of the concept of “permitted power”:

• "permitted power" - the amount of electrical power that the power supply organization allowed the subscriber (consumer) to connect to its networks on the basis of technical specifications.

The term "attach" indicates the possibility of considering the permitted power as connected. Its definition is contained in paragraph 2 of Rules No. 861. Here, the connected power is understood as the total value of the rated power of the transformers and power receiving devices connected to the electrical network (including indirectly) of the consumer of electrical energy, calculated in megavolt-amperes.

The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation pointed out the non-identity of the concepts of maximum power and connected power. The court proceeded from the essence of these concepts. The maximum power is determined by one essential feature - technological process consumer. They are limited by the ability to use all available power receiving and power grid equipment at full capacity at once. Connected power does not take into account the technological process and contains the entire total rated (full) power of power receiving devices and transformers (determination of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of February 13, 2015 in case No. 310-ES14-2973, A14-8279 / 2013).

The term “allowed” in the definition of permitted power indicates a sign that is more inherent in maximum power and expressed in its definition: “the highest amount of power determined for one-time use” (clause 2 of Regulation No. 861).

The network organization is obliged to provide:

• proper functioning of the power grid facilities belonging to it;
• fulfillment of obligations to consumers whose electric power facilities are connected to its networks.

Therefore, for a network organization, the value of the power that the connected objects use in certain moment time. Therefore, it makes sense to limit the issuance of permission to use a certain value to the maximum power.

This ambiguity can be eliminated by sending a request to the grid organization about what should be understood by the amount of permitted power specified in the relevant documents on technological connection - maximum or connected power.

Maximum and one-time power

When a one-time power is indicated in the technological connection documents, the courts decide that the maximum power corresponds to this value.

Example

The Ninth Arbitration Court of Appeal in case No. A40-127374/13 was guided by the following.

In the register, the consumer is assigned a one-time power of 1860 kVA. From the concept of maximum power, established by clause 2 of Regulation No. 861, it follows that this is the power determined for one-time use by power receiving devices. The word "one-time" is defined by the court as a synonym for the word "one-time". Also, according to the court, these concepts have the same physical meaning in relation to the amount of power: this is the amount of power that the network organization has allowed the consumer to use in each unit of time.

The defendant did not send documents confirming a different power value to the energy supply organization, the corresponding changes were not made to the energy supply agreement. The court considered it lawful to apply the one-time (permitted) power as the maximum power (decision of the Ninth Arbitration Court of Appeal dated 02.10.2014 No. 09AP-25025/2014 in case No. A40-127374/13).

In the decision of October 30, 2014 No. 09AP-42877/2014 in case No. A40-76744/2014, the Ninth Arbitration Court of Appeal also indicated that the values ​​of the one-time power and the maximum power correspond.

Maximum power and permitted or one-time load

The concepts of "maximum power" and "permissible load", "one-time load" are accepted by the courts as identical.

Example

The Thirteenth Arbitration Court of Appeal, in its ruling dated 09/03/2014 in case No. A56-72431 / 2013, recognized that the permitted load should be used when classifying a consumer in a certain price category.

In January 1994, the consumer and the Pushkin Electric Networks Enterprise entered into an agreement for the supply of electricity to the facility. At that time, the enterprise was an energy supply organization. The appendix to the contract included the value of the permitted load for the consumer's power receiving device - 850 kVA. This characterizes the device itself, and not a specific point of delivery. This means that when determining the price category, the guaranteeing supplier must be guided by the specified value. The concept of maximum power did not yet exist at that time, Rules No. 861 were adopted only 10 years later. In fact, in this contract, the permitted load is the maximum power.

Considering case No. A40-155596/14, the Arbitration Court of the Moscow District recognized as legitimate the assignment of a consumer to a category where the maximum power of power receiving devices is 670 kW or more. The court proceeded from the value of the installed capacity of 1820 kVA given in the act of delimitation of balance sheet ownership and operational responsibility and the annex to the power supply agreement with a one-time load of 1267 kVA (resolution of the Arbitration Court of the Moscow District dated 13.10.2015 No. F05-13534 / 2015).

The conclusion that the value of the one-time load corresponds to the maximum power of the power receiving devices was also made by the Ninth Arbitration Court of Appeal in the decision of 10.10.2014 No. 09AP-38152/2014 in case No. A40-26115/2014 and the Tenth Arbitration Court of Appeal in the decision of 27.10. 2014 in case No. A41-31139/14.

Maximum and installed power

Apparently, the issue of the ratio of maximum power and installed power was not submitted for judicial consideration.

The concept of "installed capacity" was defined by GOST 19431-84 "Power engineering and electrification. Terms and Definitions":

• the installed power of the electrical installation is the highest active electrical power with which the electrical installation can operate for a long time without overload in accordance with the technical specifications or the equipment passport (clause 50).

Therefore, the installed power is technical specifications electrical installations. Its value does not affect the volume of obligations of the grid organization or the consumer. On the contrary, within the maximum capacity, the grid organization undertakes to ensure the transmission of electrical energy. So, taking into account clause 50 of GOST 19431–84, the installed capacity is not identical to the maximum capacity.

Converting power from megavolt-amperes to megawatts

In volt-amperes, it is customary to measure the total power (S). In watts - active power (P).

Apparent and active power are related by the relation:

where Q is reactive power.

Active power is calculated by the formula:

where cos φ is the power factor, φ is the angle between apparent power and active power in the "power triangle". This is right triangle, where the total power is the hypotenuse, and the active and reactive powers are the legs.

If the listed values ​​are indicated in megavolt-amperes in documents on technological connection, the problem arises of converting them into megawatts. After all, the maximum power is measured precisely in megawatts (paragraph 7, clause 2 of Regulation No. 861).

The courts decide this issue in the following way.

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Position 1

To convert MVA to MW, the power factor (cos φ) is applied, established by clause 20 of the Guidelines for determining the amount of payment for technological connection to electrical networks, approved by order of the FTS of Russia dated September 11, 2012 No. 209-e / 1 (hereinafter - Guidelines No. 209-e / 1):

“if the submitted materials contain quantities measured in kVA, then when calculating for the technological connection, the conversion of 1 kVA to 1 kW is carried out according to the formula: kVA x cos φ = kW, where cos φ = 0.89.”

The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation rejected the argument about the impossibility of using the permitted power in calculating the maximum power of the consumer's power receiving devices. The court pointed out that paragraph 20 of Methodological Instructions No. 209-e / 1 established a reduction factor of 0.89. And if there is no evidence substantiating the actual value of the maximum power, then it is legitimate to use this coefficient and the value of the permitted power for calculations (determination of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of December 24, 2014 No. 305-ES14-6557 in case No. A41-6187 / 2014).

Similar decisions were made by the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation in ruling No. 305-ES14-6556 dated December 24, 2014 in case No. A41-62949/2013; The Arbitration Court of the Moscow District in its decision dated 09/01/2015 No. F05-11368 / 2015 in case No. A40-151505 / 14 and others.

Position 2

There are court decisions stating that power factor (cos φ) can be determined in terms of reactive power factor (tg φ). The limit values ​​of this coefficient are given in the order of the Ministry of Industry and Energy of Russia dated February 22, 2007 No. 49.

Thus, the Tenth Arbitration Court of Appeal concluded that a one-time load of 800 kVA from the act of delimitation of balance sheet ownership and operational responsibility corresponds to the concept of maximum power of power receiving devices. At the same time, the court gave a formula for determining active power:

where Pa - active power, kW;
Rp - full power, kVA;
cos φ - power factor, dimensionless quantity. Its value is determined in the act of delimitation of balance sheet ownership and operational responsibility, or is taken equal to 0.9 (Order of the Ministry of Industry and Energy of Russia dated February 22, 2007 No. 49).

The maximum power of the defendant's power receiving devices was calculated based on the terms of the contract and clause 97 of the Basic Provisions: 800 kVA x 0.9 = 720 kW (decision of the Tenth Arbitration Court of Appeal dated 10/27/2014 in case No. A41-31139 / 14).

The value of cos φ is also given by other regulations. For example, in Appendix 3 "Calculation methods for accounting for electric energy (capacity) in retail electric energy markets" to the Basic Provisions No. 442, it is established that at maximum load and in the absence of data in the contract, the value of the power factor is assumed to be 0.9 (paragraph 15 sub. "a" p. 1).

1. If the documents on technological connection do not contain the value of the maximum power, but the permitted power is indicated, it is possible to justify their compliance. To do this, you must obtain appropriate confirmation from the network organization.

2. If the values ​​of one-time power, permitted load, one-time load are entered into the technological connection documents, they can be used as the maximum power value.

3. The installed power given in the technological connection documents cannot be used instead of the maximum power.

4. The power value indicated in kVA is converted to the maximum power value measured in kW using the power factor (cos φ):

• given in paragraph 20 of the Guidelines No. 209-e / 1;
• calculated by the reactive power factor (tg φ) from the order of the Ministry of Energy of Russia dated June 23, 2015 No. 380;
• established par. 15 sub. "a" paragraph 1 of Appendix 3 to the Basic Provisions No. 442.

For the functioning of modern household appliances, electricity is needed, but the number of electrical appliances connected at the same time is limited by the allocated power. If you have an apartment or plot with gas, often there is no need for a large amount of electrical energy. If there is no gas and you need to increase the limit, you can increase the established rate for your apartment. This can be done by contacting the operating organization. If you do not increase the established rate of electricity, you will not be able to achieve the desired comfort in your home. Next, we will talk about how to find out and increase the allocated power of electricity for an apartment and private house.

What it is

At capital construction times of the USSR, for example, in Khrushchev, i.e. in most of the residential premises operated to this day, even at the design stage, the allocated power was at the rate of 1.5 kW per 1 apartment. Later established norm electricity increased to 3 kW, since it became necessary to increase it due to the increased "voracity" of consumers. Practice shows that plugs of 10-16 Amperes were usually installed in electrical panels and meters, so that the maximum current consumed by the apartment was limited total power electricity of 3 kW for apartments with a gas stove. For apartments where an electric stove is installed, 7 kW is allocated. In new buildings, the allocated power can reach up to 15 kW. Such a spread is due to the fact that during the construction of old houses (60s, 70s) there were simply no such powerful consumers and as many household appliances as now.

Dedicated power is the maximum amount of electricity consumed at one time.

In addition, in order to enter the set limit, sometimes you need to enter not 1 phase, as often happens, but as many as 3 phases. This is necessary to connect modern household appliances, such as powerful electric boilers and electric stoves. This is especially true in commercial premises and industries of any scale, where a lot of electricity is needed (up to 30 kW and above).

Example. For heating country house not equipped gas equipment install solid fuel and electric boilers, the latter are safer and more convenient. For heating a house with an area of ​​100 sq.m. you need a boiler with a capacity of about 7-10 kW, the electric stove consumes another 3-5 kW. In total, it is necessary to increase the established limit of electricity to a minimum of 15 kW and input electricity in three phases.

To find out the allocated power for a private house or apartment, you need to contact the operating organization (in Moscow and the region - this is OJSC Mosenergosbyt). The certificate contains information about the allocated and average power consumption of electricity. It will be needed if you draw up documents for an increase, this will be discussed in more detail below.

Calculation of the required power

To determine how much electricity you need, you need to add up the power of all consumers. For example:

• water heating tank (boiler) - 1-2 kW;
• refrigerator - 1 kW;
• air conditioning - 2.5 kW;
• Computer - 0.4 kW;
• Lighting - 0.1-1 kW;
• And etc.

This is called P set - installed power, i.e. sum of kW of all consumers. In this case, more than 5 kW is already needed, which means that the allocated power of 3 kW is simply not enough. To reduce the current consumption at the same power, it is worth switching to a 3-phase network. This will make it possible to distribute consumers in three phases. Yes, and a powerful load (more than 5 kW) cannot be connected in one phase, this is prohibited by the PUE (and a modern electric stove can also consume 9 kW).

Important! Do not increase maximum power by replacing machines or plugs with larger ones. More than 25 amperes in everyday life should not be used at all, unless the wiring is replaced with a new one (with the appropriate cable section). The circuit breaker protects the electrical wiring, if it does not work in time - the wiring will start to melt, a fire may occur. If you replaced the wiring with a more powerful one (rarely installed in houses and apartments above 2.5 mm 2) - this is not a guarantee reliable operation. In old apartments, a 2.5-4 mm 2 aluminum wire comes from the shield. It can burn out easily.

In this case, you should consider how many devices you turn on at the same time. There is such a thing as "power utilization factor", for residential premises it is 0.8-0.9. The numbers may vary depending on how you use electricity. AT non-residential premises and in production, K of use tends to 1.

Pvyp=Kisp*Pust

How to increase allocated power

Private person

The first step is to collect a package of documents. It is worth starting with the development of an electrical project. The installation power supply project is a set technical documentation, made in accordance with GOSTs and regulatory documents states. It can only be performed by organizations with the required license. And here you will need a floor plan, it can be ordered at design studios, a certificate of the amount of allocated energy, terms of reference, etc. Certain points can be discussed individually or the designer will visit the site to get acquainted with the task.

The next step is with energy supply organizations. Next, the installation is tested and its compliance with the project. If the object does not correspond to the project, you must either bring it into line or order new project according to the actual situation.

After that, an act of admission is drawn up, this is done by employees of the energy supervision. At the end, a complete package of documents with all permissions is provided to the energy supply organization and the connection or increase in allocated power is performed.

In total, in order to increase the allocated power of electricity, it will be required:

1. Getting TU.
2. Development of a power supply project.
3. Coordination of the project with the energy supply organization.
4. Checking the installation.
5. Drawing up an act of admission.
6. Transfer of a package of documents to the ES organization.
7. Conclusion of a new contract.

To draw up an electrical project you need:

1. The act of delimitation of balance sheet ownership (take in the DEZ or Comrade Homeowners).
2. Information about allocated power.
3. A document that confirms the ownership of real estate.
4. The plan of the facility, on which ALL receivers of electricity are indicated.

The cost of the increase is determined in accordance with the resolution of the REC of Moscow No. 121 dated 12/22/2008. year and TEK MO No. 10-R dated 04/09/2009. The applicant pays for connection work in the amount of 550 rubles. Additional costs will be:

• changing the schema of an object;
• drawing up an electrical project;
• power cable installation services;
• a new electricity meter, it will need to be replaced and installed on a model corresponding to the number of phases and current consumption.

Applications for such services, both for individuals and for legal entities served in a single window. You may be denied if not. technical means for increase the established limit. This can happen if the transformer is already overloaded, and there is no free one nearby.

Enterprises and legal entities

If the allocated power in the room is too low, the legal entity can increase it by preferential terms(1 time) up to 15 kW. More than 15 kW there are no benefits, then these services are paid at the rates for legal entities. With an increase in the allocated power, consumption is analyzed at nearby transformer substations (transformer substations) and, if there is a power reserve, one of them is given the go-ahead for an increase, after agreement. The procedure is called "MOESK re-registration of capacity", in the presence of "free resources" can be carried out free of charge.

Whether you live in an apartment, cottage or have country house in a gardening partnership, one way or another you had to deal with the limitation of the power supply of your home .

Why are such restrictions imposed?

There may be several reasons.

1. Limited energy resources of the power supply organization in the area.

2. Insufficient "capacity" of trunk or distribution cable lines or overhead power lines.

3. Insufficient power transformer substation in rural or suburban areas.

Whatever the reason, the result is the same: you are given the maximum, or, in other words, permitted powerwhich you are not allowed to exceed.

Permitted power is established by the local power supply organization for each specific consumer in a document called specifications for power supply and is mandatory. Violations carry very severe sanctions. Power outage is one of them.

How can you ensure compliance with the specifications? After all, often installed capacity (calculated value power of the entire set of electrical appliances, equal to the sum capacity of each unit) of the electrical equipment of the object (cottage, apartment) exceeds permitted power?

6 principles of organizing the power supply of the facility allow finding a compromise solution between the needs and capabilities of the subscriber.

1. Set the PZR corresponding to the permitted power

If a permitted power is limited or the dwelling is oversaturated with electrical receivers - household electrical appliances, electronics, lighting fixtures- and there is a possibility of power consumption exceeding it in magnitude, then instead of the introductory circuit breaker, it is necessary to install PZR(protective relay device), consisting of an electronic unit, a current relay, a magnetic starter and a circuit breaker.

When the load current of the internal network reaches the threshold value corresponding to permitted power, the current relay is activated and switches the internal network to the periodic power supply mode: the network is connected to voltage for 5 seconds, then there is a pause of 180 seconds, during which there is no voltage in the network.

This mode lasts until the subscriber takes measures to reduce the current consumption.

PZR multifunctional. In addition to limiting the load current, it protects the internal network from currents. short circuit, insulation leakage currents, overvoltages.

2. Install sectional circuit breakers that provide current selectivity of protection

In order not to bring the matter to the point of disconnecting the entire object from the power supply due to an overload of some separate section, for example, a section of sockets, while turning on several sufficiently powerful electrical receivers at the same time, they use sectional circuit breakers.

They are installed after PZR and protect the circuits of the section from short circuit currents and from overloads. Each sectional circuit breaker protects one particular section. The current settings of the thermal relays built into them are selected in such a way that when any section is overloaded, the sectional automat protecting it will turn off earlier, without leading to operation. PZR.

Protection sectional circuit breakers effective, but not very convenient.

Firstly, the load in several sections may not reach the maximum value at which the sectional machine would work, but in total it will be large enough to work PZR.

Secondly, in order to restore the protective functions of a triggered machine, you need to manually transfer it from a non-working to a working state - the lever from position "0" (or "off") to position "1" (or "on").

3. Apply priority relay

In the conditions when installed capacity home electrical receivers far outperforms permitted power and the probability of shutdown sectional circuit breakers increases, use priority relay.

This is an electric current relay, to the input terminals of which the supply voltage is connected, and to the output terminals - separate sections of the internal electrical network, which have different priorities. For example, a socket section and an electric floor heating section. The outlet section is given higher priority than the electric floor heating section.

Priority relay a mode is set in which the total load current in the connected sections reaches a certain value, it works and turns off one or more sections with a lower priority.

After some set time the relay loses power and sections with lower priority are automatically connected to the power supply. If the nature of the load has not changed, the relay operates again.

4. Use blocking relays

Latching relay(a current relay is used as a blocking relay) makes it impossible to simultaneously turn on two sections or separate electrical receivers high power depending on the connection point of the relay coil and its break contact.

That section or that receiver (No. 1) is switched on, in the circuit of which the relay coil is installed, and that section or that receiver (No. 2), in the circuit of which its opening contact is located, is turned off.

If a blocking relay has an adjustable setting, then the section or receiver No. 2 is switched off when the current in the section or receiver No. 1 reaches the specified value. Section or receiver No. 2 is connected to the voltage when the current in the section or receiver No. 1 drops to the setting value multiplied by the relay return factor, without time delay.

When using one relay, the effect is similar to that which occurs when using a priority relay: the section or electrical receiver in the circuit of which the relay coil is connected will have a higher priority.

If you install blocking relays in both sections or in the power circuit of two receivers in a cross circuit, then the one (that) that was turned on first will remain working.

5. Apply power controls

There are a number of electrical receivers, the power consumption of which can and should be regulated. These are light sources (chandeliers, sconces, etc.), heating devices (heated floors).

The power circuit of such receivers includes power regulators, containing thyristors.

By adjusting the moment of unlocking the thyristors, they change the magnitude of the current of electrical receivers, and, therefore, the power they consume.

As a rule, such regulation is carried out manually or using a remote control.

When by regulation it is impossible to achieve a condition that the maximum power consumption value did not exceed the value permitted power, use backup power .

Backup power supply - it's usually diesel generator or gas generator(For economic reasons, they are usually used as an emergency source).

Turning on the generator and switching part of the sections or the entire internal network to standby power usually occurs automatically, but manual mode is also possible. At the same time, it is important that, in order to avoid a short circuit, the internal network is first disconnected from the supply network, and only then connected to generator.

Backup power in the event of a power failure in the mains, it is used as an emergency.

It's very important to get it right choose a generator and know where install generator. And the quality of electricity and the reliability of the backup power supply system will depend on how it is done.

Conclusion

As you can see, all contain not prohibiting the use by the consumer of the totality of available electrical receivers, a make it impossible to use a certain part of them at the same time.

6 principles for organizing power supply in conditions of limited permitted power allow at rational use available energy resources to satisfy consumer demand in a longer time interval.

Electricity consumption is constantly increasing. According to the latest data, only the kitchen in a standard apartment began to spend twice as much. But besides this, computers, air conditioners, microwaves… Power grids that have been operating for decades often cannot cope with today's demands. In this situation, it is important to have an idea of ​​what is rated power and what load the network in your apartment can withstand.

How much electricity does your apartment use?

Residents of new old houses today connect all necessary equipment: computer, oven, microwave, air conditioning, stove and extractor. To avoid a power outage, you need to find out in advance how powerful the cable is to the apartment. That is, to what extent it can be loaded.

These data are contained in two documents. First - « The act of delimitation of balance responsibility » . It indicates which trails the tenant owns and what the terms of that ownership are. You can get this paper in the HOA or in another service of operation. Second document - « Information about permitted capacities » . Here, specific figures for the estimated and installed capacity are already indicated.

Estimated power(or one-time switching power) is the power that makes it possible to connect a certain amount of technology in the apartment. If something else is connected in addition, the protective automation will fail. If you add together the power of all electrical equipment in the apartment, you get the installed power. But we cannot connect all at once, as the network will be overloaded, and protective automation will again work. It includes RCDs, differential automata. Thanks to protective automation, we ourselves determine how much we can load the network in the apartment. In older houses, these numbers, of course, will be less.

There is such a concept as input". Let's explain clearly. On the landing there is an electrical panel, an introductory machine, from which the cable goes to the apartment. If the whole system is located inside the apartment itself, then the cable starts desired section. After that, an automatic machine is installed that protects the wiring, then a meter, then an additional machine and a shield that distributes the load along the lines.

In most old houses, the power supply single-phase- classic 220 volt. Just it does not allow to load the line too much and connect everything modern devices that you would like to have at home. For this you need three-phase input, that is 380 V. It consists of three lines that redistribute the total load. As a result, with intensive consumption of three-phase power, the load is distributed equally to each of the phases. Therefore, if you want to electrify your home to the maximum, you must first figure out whether your current is single-phase or three-phase. If this is the last option, then there is no problem. Such input is available in almost all new houses. It is approximately 14-20 kW for input, that is, a sufficiently large number of household appliances is permissible. However, with regard to old buildings, as a rule, there is only an aluminum cable with a load capacity of only 4 kW.

Let's see what is 4 kW at home. According to the standard in a residential apartment on square meter usable area needs lighting 15 to 25 W. Let's say the area of ​​the apartment 100 m2, take the average 20 W: 100X20=2000 W. It's already 2 kW. And it's just light. For example, if you wished to have heated floors in the bathroom and kitchen, then this is a plus 100 W per 1 m2. So what else 20 m such floors - here's more 2kW. As a result we have 4 kW, and, it turns out, nothing more can be connected. But it's simply impossible. Now everyone has a computer that consumes about 500 W, a washing machine that takes about 2 kW! The dryer will take its 2.5 kW, dishwasher 2 kW, oven - 4-6 kW, hob - 6 kW. How about without a kettle? The kettle will "eat" its 2.2 kW, so that, in general, one can type and 15 kW and more. So, first of all, when you are going to install another electrical appliance, find out what input cable you have. If it is single-phase, then count on normal work nothing. We will have to contact the housing and communal services with a request to allocate additional capacity.

What if you want more?

If possible, then you will receive a permit in your hands, and pay for the corresponding work. This means that an additional cable with the required cross section will be connected to your apartment. Professionals themselves will determine the diameter of the section, that is, it will be clear what load the cable will withstand. All these actions will need to be coordinated with city structures. And this, of course, is not so easy. Not only will you have to run through various authorities and spend a certain amount of money to obtain a permit, but it may turn out that the city will simply have nowhere to find additional capacity. Most power grids have existed for a long time, they are already operating at full capacity, and no one has calculated the additional load before. True, the power can be found in the region. In this case, a cable is pulled to your house, and inside there is a new trunk power cable. Through it, additional power enters the apartment. No matter how serious it may sound, the work is quite simple. You may not even need to scrape anything. After all, you can always use existing embedded channels. By the way, you should not contact public utilities bypassing official authorities, hoping to save time and money. In case of occurrence emergency you will have to bear the responsibility. In addition, all changes will still have to be recorded in the documentation when selling an apartment. You can contact the relevant organizations with questions about the work and coordination, but you will have to pay for it.

By the way, there is another important point. In rooms with high humidity(in the bathroom or in the kitchen) you need to install the so-called fifth wire. This is a potential equalization system that eliminates unnecessary potential on all current-carrying metal elements: bath, sink, case washing machine. These wires must also be brought to the metal risers for supplying hot and cold water. This is required condition security. The fifth wire repeats the earth wire, it has a larger cross section.

In older houses, everything is more complicated. If there is a single-phase wire, then there is no grounding in principle. As for the three-phase wires, the current flows through the first wire to the consumption sources, through the second - the current flows back, the third is the ground wire, which needs to be grounded. If there is no grounding in the house, then the third wire will not come in handy. Without grounding, there is a direct threat to human life and health. If there is damage in the case, and a person touches it, then the current will pass through the person.

There is a common misconception that you just need to replace the wiring in the apartment with a newer one - and you can safely connect any devices. Actually the throughput 4kW will remain the same. So there is a risk that if you connect all your amenities at once, the automation will immediately turn off the voltage. More than allowed 4 kW you still won't get it.

By the way, if in the whole house there is no separate protection for each cable extending from individual apartments, then the neighbors begin to depend on each other. There is a main cable at the entrance. A branch is drawn from it, and a circuit breaker is mounted, which controls the amount of electricity for each consumer. An electric meter and an introductory circuit breaker are installed for each apartment. If it does not work, and the network is overloaded, the entire trunk cable will fail, so it is very important that the individual circuit breakers are in order. Although most of them have been working for a very long time, so the risk increases every year.

Note to owners of apartments in old houses

There is a limit on the power of equipment in houses with old wiring. For example, in houses where electric stoves are installed, they can only be about three burners, because the wires will not withstand a heavy load. In houses to which gas is supplied, only gas stoves and cooktops.

Connecting devices in ordinary apartment must be carried out according to the instructions for use, by service specialists. For each device, a water supply tap or a separate outlet of installed power is mounted, an individual power line and a safety switch are made. The diameter of the wires and the data of the safety switches correspond to the power consumption of the equipment (it can be found in the data sheet). If we connect a device of greater power than usual (a stove, for example), then we need to check whether the electric meter can withstand it. If not, then you will have to deal with the utilities to install a new electricity meter. After that, an individual power line is made that is not related to the old network.