What items are needed for an architect. Required professional skills and knowledge

AT Russian system education is developed comprehensive program future architects. Therefore, already upon admission to most universities in the country, it is necessary to prepare for subjects from several fields of science.

In 2014, in order to enter the specialty Architecture , you need hand over the following exams: mathematics, which is a profile, Russian language, and history. There will also be an additional - creative exam, which can be: painting, composition, drawing, drafting, or the history of world artistic culture.



Once upon a time, in my youth, I myself wanted to study as an architect, there was a huge interest in architecture, but life decreed otherwise, of course, I do not regret it. BUT apply for an architect, for example, in St. Petersburg at the University of Architecture and Civil Engineering need:

mathematics,

Russian language,

and give 2 any additional tasks, as a rule, this creative tasks, the applicant does not know which ones, they can offer and even draw something.

Take exams when entering a university for the specialty architect applicants need in mathematics and the Russian language. But crucial It has creative task. Usually it consists of a composition and a drawing of the head (sometimes head molding).

In order to enter one of the higher educational institutions in the architectural department, it is necessary to pass a series of entrance examinations in subjects, one of which changes periodically. But basically, these subjects include, first of all, the Russian language and mathematics; and no less important profiling subjects - drawing, drawing and composition. Sometimes mathematics changes to history or geography (in different years).

To pass the entrance exams for the Faculty of Architecture to an applicant in without fail pass the Russian language (essay) and mathematics, as well as profile subjects. This is a drawing architectural detail and volumetric composition

Now compulsory subjects when entering the university for the specialty architect are mathematics and Russian, can add history or geography. Plus a creative exam - drawing, drafting or a comprehensive exam.

If you take an exam for the specialty Design of the architectural environmentquot ;, then in addition to Russian and mathematics, you will have to pass an analytical drawing or a planar coloristic composition as an additional creative test.

According to the List published on the Federal Portal entrance examinations universities in 2014, it is likely that some institution may also choose social studies as an entrance exam.

The general list of exams usually looks like this:

Mathematics

Russian language

Additional exam

Given such a range of opinions in the answers, I would advise you to address this question directly to the educational institution that you have chosen. You can go to the primary commission, or you can go to the site. And there will be no doubt.

AT Russian Federation there are enough universities that train architects. The list of entrance exams includes compulsory subjects (EG results) and additional tests that are taken directly at the university.

Applicants entering an architectural university will need to pass for admission:

• USE results for Russian language,
• USE results for mathematics,
• additional creative test - picture(2 tasks),
• additional professional test drawing.

And here is what you need to take to the St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering:

• Drawing of an architectural detail.
• Volumetric composition of geometric bodies.
• Mathematics (USE results).
• Russian language (according to the results of the exam).

• Upon admission to a higher educational institution in the direction of Architecture on the basis of 11 classes, the full-time study period will be 5 years. The list of exams and the required GPA for admission can be seen below:

  

  Russian language

  mathematics

  1. Architectural detail drawing
  2. Volumetric composition of geometric bodies

• Now, admission to universities takes place on the basis of the Unified State Examination, so you need to take the Unified State Examination in Russian, the Unified State Examination in mathematics, and the Unified State Examination in Informatics. I don’t know why architects need computer science, probably to use modern technologies when solving architectural problems.

Building is one of the most needed, respected and interesting activities on earth. An architect is a person who largely determines how the building will look, whether it will be reliable, safe and convenient for people.

The competition among applicants to universities that train such specialists is always great, and one wants to know what subjects to take for an architect. big number future applicants.

Engineer and artist

This profession is one of the most difficult. The results of the work of the architect have big influence on the conditions of human life, on the appearance of small settlements and huge megacities. The example of the great architects of the past shows that it is impossible to achieve success in this profession without harmonious combination artistic taste, great culture and a large amount of theoretical knowledge and practical skills in the construction business.

What subjects you need to take for an architect is largely determined by the location of this specialty at the junction of the humanities and the exact sciences. To a good preparation in mathematics and geometry, in other natural sciences added the need to possess visual skills. A real architect thinks only with a pencil in his hand. He cannot do without the ability to make his ideas visible and understandable to others, so applicants for “pure” architecture will have to complete a creative task at the entrance exams to the university. The content of this test is approximately the same for leading educational institutions of this profile.

House, interior, city, landscape

Creation comfortable environment for the life of people - the main goal of a person whose profession is an architect. What subjects you need to take in order to start training in this specialty, determine regulations Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation. State standards designate the main specialists of this profile, who are assigned the corresponding codes in the documents:

• 07.03.01 - Architecture. Profiles: architectural design, urban design, restoration design.
• 03/07/02 - Reconstruction and restoration of the architectural heritage.
• 07.03.03 - Architectural environment design.
• 07.03.04 - Urban planning.
• 03/35/10 - Landscape architecture.

University graduates who have been trained in these areas are commonly called architects and designers.

There are two levels of qualification - bachelor and master. They have their own training programs for different dates learning. Some specializations (restoration and urban planning) usually have only a two-year magistracy, and you can start their in-depth study only after becoming a bachelor. Having successfully studied for 4 years, having learned what subjects to take for an architect with and passing a creative competition, you can achieve after mastering training course the highest level professional training.

On the example of the capital's university

In total, there are more than 20 Russian institutes and construction academies that train architects. The rating of such educational institutions changes annually and is largely determined by the results of admission of applicants and graduation of graduate students.

They differ in the level of teaching, conditions for providing educational process have their own history and traditions. But there is also something in common - what subjects you need to take for an architect, designer, what creative tests applicants pass.

Typical conditions can be shown on the example of one of the most famous universities in Russia - Moscow Architectural Institute. Metropolitan Institute of Architecture, now called State Academy, has a quarter-century tradition of training architects of the highest professional level. Studying here is prestigious not only because of the location of the university in the center of Moscow. Among its graduates are many prominent personalities who have clearly shown themselves, and not only in the field of architecture.

The program of entrance examinations at the Moscow Architectural Institute

The combination of creativity and engineering in future profession determines for applicants who have submitted an application to the admission committee of the Moscow Architectural Institute, which subjects are needed for admission to the architect. The main direction of training - "Architecture" - is provided for in the Russian language and mathematics, which are carried out according to the results of the Unified State Examination, and additional tests of a creative and professional orientation - drawing and drafting. Applicants to the Architectural Environment Design must pass the same exams, but the creative test program (figure) is different.

All exams have a 100-point scoring system. The minimum in the Russian language is 36 points, in mathematics - 27, in additional tests - 20 points. If the number of points scored by applicants is equal, the advantage in the competition for enrollment is with those who have shown themselves better in creative disciplines, and best result in drawing - a more weighty argument.

Creative test - drawing

For a "clean" architecture, the drawing exam consists of two tasks. On the first day, applicants draw a "head" - a plaster cast from the head of an ancient sculpture. Antinous, Caesar, Aphrodite, Socrates - these names are familiar to those who have studied at least once and know in advance what subjects are needed to enter the architect.

The type of model, the angle is a matter of chance: applicants work ten people in a room, at a strictly defined easel. On sheets of thick paper measuring 30x40 cm, it takes 6 hours to show the ability to correctly compose a drawing, build and express the volume of the model without distortion, and convey the ratio of light and shadow.

At the second exam in drawing for the specialty "Architecture", models of geometric bodies are offered - a cube, a prism, a cone, a ball, etc. Of the given objects, two of which are mandatory, you need to complete an imaginary three-dimensional composition in 4 hours. All lines of construction of bodies are saved - visible and hidden, their intersection areas and perspective cuts. There should be several sketch options for the composition on the sheet. Hatching is only an auxiliary means for giving expressiveness to a drawing.

In the "Design of the architectural environment" direction, the first part of the creative exam is drawing a still life, a composition of several geometric and natural objects. A graphite or charcoal pencil is used, 6 hours are allotted for work. Second 4 hour test - planar color composition performed on the basis of the statement of a certain color proposed by the examiners. Technique - opaque paints on water based(gouache or tempera) on paper.

Drawing skill test

Spatial imagination should be possessed by anyone who is attracted to the profession of "architect". What subjects you need to take - you can find out and prepare in advance, but if there are no practical skills in performing orthogonal projections according to the proposed axonometry, there is little chance of enrolling.

Modern drawings are made in special computer programs, and the ability to draw lines using a T-square or a compass seems to be archaic. But in addition to these professional skills, at the drawing exam in 4 hours you need to show the ability to represent from an axonometric image how the plan and side views object, with a section in one of the views. Theoretical knowledge on the competent design of the drawing, the execution of inscriptions, etc. are also evaluated. The speed of work is important - pencil lines must be circled with ink. It is no coincidence that for many who passed the entrance exams and knew for a long time what subjects to take to become an architect, drawing turned out to be the most difficult stage.

Different universities, similar requirements

The requirements for future students who want to engage in "clean" architecture are high: budget places in Moscow Architectural Institute in 2015 - 328. Despite this, the number of applications submitted to the admissions committees of specialized universities is impressive. Many are also interested in areas of creativity related to architecture. There are features in the rules for admission to such specialties. For example, what subjects do you need to take for a landscape architect? It is logical that biology or geography is added to the Russian language and mathematics at the discretion of the academic council of the university.

There is an opinion that real architects become 50 years old. Too much knowledge and skills must be acquired in order to reach the top in this the most important profession. With today's pace of life, there is no time to waste. If you ask in advance what subjects are needed to enroll as an architect, and start preparing 2-3 years before graduation high school, you can get a tangible boost at the very beginning of the path to success.

The modern educational system offers future applicants the most various professions. Today, every person can become anyone and choose a specialty according to their taste and financial capabilities. One of the brightest and most promising professions in our time is the architect. Therefore, if you are a talented artist and have a good knowledge base of an engineer, you can safely enter one of the Ukrainian universities and get a diploma of a highly qualified specialist in the field of creating a variety of original architectural objects.

But, before you enter, you need to know what subjects you need to pass to become an architect?

Let's start with the fact that this profession requires specialists to have certain knowledge about building codes design, innovative technologies, modern building materials. An architect must also have a huge creative potential, study various regulatory literature and create truly unique original structures that will fully meet the needs and wishes of the customer.

Nowadays, the demand for specialists in this field is quite large. Thanks to them, many new buildings and high-rise residential buildings have appeared in Ukraine in recent years.

For example, let's take the new buildings of Irpen, which are offered by the Comfort Life company. Here, everyone can buy a one-room apartment Irpin at the most favorable conditions. You will have unique opportunity move into your own home, which you have been dreaming of for so long. And the managers of this organization will help speed up this process.

As it turned out, becoming a student of a prestigious Ukrainian architectural university is not so easy. The fact is that the competition in those institutions that train future architects is very large, and each applicant must know what subjects they need to take to become an architect. Here everything will depend on the specific specialty. Today the most popular is General design"and" Architecture. The first specialty includes an in-depth study of aesthetic and cultural aspects, and the second is closer to the construction itself. If you decide to become a landscape and interior architect, prepare to pass an exam in:

• Ukrainian literature;
• Ukrainian language;
• history of Ukraine.

Also, this includes a creative exam in drafting, drawing and composition.

To obtain the profession of a general architect (restorer, reenactor), you need to pass:

• mathematics;
• Ukrainian literature;
• Ukrainian language;
• creative exam (drawing, drafting, composition).

After graduating from the university, you will be able to get the profession of an assistant architect. This position is not highly paid, but what do you want right after graduation. But if you turn out to be a highly qualified specialist and give a good account of yourself, you can become a project manager in the future. Everything depends on you.

Ukrainian architectural universities

There are not many universities in Ukraine that train excellent architects. As a rule, the entrance exams to these universities include the results of UPE and additional competitions that are conducted directly by the higher educational institution. You already know what subjects you need to pass to become an architect, now we offer a list of existing architectural universities in Ukraine for 2016.

Building has always been prestigious and respected in society. Every person understands in his life the importance of reproducing new projects, building real estate and developing modern cities. Not a single building and structure can do without the experienced design and development of a professional. Thus, this makes architecture one of the oldest professions.

Various buildings, temples, cathedrals, bridges and town halls are considered part of the culture. Today we can observe different kinds of this art in various parts of the world, observing how the consciousness and imagination of people have progressed in certain periods of time. Each creator tried to bring something individual and distinctive from others into his work. The great beauty of the buildings still disturbs the minds of young people, so this profession is still considered one of the popular choices of applicants.

Previously, it was not required to pass exams to become an architect. There were no training courses and there were no special institutes, as now, which could teach those who wished this interesting business. Architectural activity was usually passed on by families or close people, experience was given along the way, so few of the then architects really knew what he was doing. Now everyone who wants and has the ability to bring something to the culture can try himself in this work.

Architecture in the modern world

We can see how every year more and more requirements are attributed to each profession. Technical progress forces people to adapt to change. Now it is not enough to have some experience in architecture to be a master. Today, every self-respecting architect must graduate from a special higher educational institution, where in 4-5 years he will learn all the most basic things.

But the main tasks for workers and amateurs in this business have remained the same as they were several hundred years ago. An architect must be able to design and create a layout of a safe and rational building, which, in addition to general functionality, must be beautiful and unique. . Many people believe that this profession is ideal for people who like to express themselves in creative areas of life and develop in a technical direction. Architecture combines the skills and abilities of two opposite areas of life, which makes it both complex and interesting at the same time.

Projects are approved only if the structure is really effective, beautiful and as comfortable as possible for a person. Though design decoration very important in architecture, it must give way to practicality.

What types of architects exist

Any modern profession has different directions and types. This is characterized by that over time, too many tasks pile up on a specialist and he can really not be a master in all of them. Thus, it is possible to imagine several types of architects:

Where do they study as an architect and what subjects must be taken

It is impossible to say exactly what subjects and institute should be chosen by a person who wants to engage in architecture. Institutions are different and not all are suitable for a certain type. architects. Now many people choose the faculties of design and architecture, although a person can enter other specialties to engage in this business. The subjects and details of the creative competition depend only on the desired faculty and direction. Now you can hear a lot of advice that it is not necessary to enter a higher educational institution in order to get the full amount of knowledge about this activity.

Of course, this is true. But do not forget that it is the institute that allows a person to join the professional society of his beloved business. The question of whether to enter an applicant or wait is always difficult, but it is still recommended not to start studying in higher education. educational institution even if only to get a degree.

Design gives general idea about art and the ability to present a good picture to a person, and architecture allows you to delve into the construction process.

For admission to the architect of interiors and landscapes, you must pass the following entrance exams to the institute:

1. Language (profiling in the country).
2. Literature.
3. Story.
4. Creative competition.

In addition, it is possible to enter this type of architect after the ninth grade, and after the eleventh grade, which provides more extensive opportunities for admission.

For admission to another type of architect(for example, a restorer), other entrance exams to the institute will be required:

1. Mathematics.
2. Language.
3. Computer science or history.
4. Creative competition.

Some faculties have special programs for training young professionals. A young student can try himself as a professional in different companies, presenting his projects. In addition, he can learn from more experienced craftsmen. Unfortunately, to enter the institute for an architect, you can take exams only after the eleventh grade.

Education in the architectural specialty at the institute gives huge advantages for those who want to develop in this direction. In fact, it is not necessary to enroll and pass exams in order to be a master of your craft and in modern world. However, most companies and firms require specialists to have a document confirming their level of education, in particular, professional. This makes studying at the institute practically necessary.

About six months ago I wrote an article for a small magazine on the topic of architectural education. I sent it and forgot it, so I don’t know its future fate, in fact, it’s not particularly interesting. After a while, I admit that this is far from best material for the entrant, but maybe someone will need it. And professionals - so for the sake of idle interest. I ask you in advance not to reproach for mistakes and blunders.

- who suits the profession;

The profession of an architect covers so much large field activities that almost anyone can find themselves in it. The question of motivation for mastering this profession is important here. In a nutshell, I will describe the motivations with which it is worth going into architecture, and with which not. No. 1 - creative ambitions, without them there is nothing to do in architecture. There must be a desire to constantly create something new, and the best. The desire to be famous (or popular) is very important. If you look at the foreign "stars" of architecture: Norman Foster, Santiago Calatrava, Frank Gerry - they are all public people. It is important not only the desire to create, but also to tell the whole world about it. Another motivation is the desire to be a diversified person. The profession of an architect is at the intersection of an engineer and an artist. The desire to “know everything” will greatly help the future specialist.

Now for something that can get in the way. First, finding the "easy way". In architecture, 5% is talent and the rest is work. It is indeed a very difficult job. Before my eyes, people fainted from overwork, earned chronic diseases while studying. There were even deaths. We must be ready for this and not be afraid. Secondly, the desire to earn a lot of money, and if possible immediately. A good architect matures slowly, like wine. In the beginning, it is very cheap, but after years of work it becomes expensive. This also needs to be realized. There will be big earnings, but the path to them is long enough. Thirdly, excessive susceptibility will greatly interfere in the profession. The amount of criticism always exceeds the amount of praise. Especially at the beginning of the journey. You have to be able to take everything in stride. Every good architect has heard many times about where his hands grow from, what straw he has in his head, and that he will never become an architect. You can not take such statements to heart.

Based on the foregoing, I think it will not be difficult to create a portrait of a person who suits this profession and try it on yourself.

- short review universities;

The choice of a university for obtaining an architectural education is, of course, important, but not critical. The specifics of studying to become an architect is such that, according to the general opinion, one can get an excellent architectural education at a university. The main thing is teachers of creative specialties who will meet on the way of the student. The programs of universities and architectural faculties are approximately similar. The only big plus prestigious universities, like the Moscow Institute of Architecture, for example, a greater chance of meeting an excellent teacher.

Preparation for creative competition best not to force. Each university has its own very strict requirements for drawing and drafting. The best way- preparatory courses or private lessons with teachers of the university where admission is planned. A competent teacher will prepare a person “from scratch” before passing the exam in a year or a half. Oddly enough, but it is good if the applicant has not studied drawing anywhere before. It is easier for the teacher to immediately put correct technique than to correct the “mistakes of the school”. It is not worth preparing strongly in advance for a creative exam. Better in a year, but with great intensity, so that the future student “gets in shape” for the exam and is not very tired from many years of preparation.

In my opinion, the biggest mistake is trying to enter one university for several years. Years of preparation for admission even to the best architectural university will not give any knowledge in architecture. We must always remember that the goal is to become an architect, and not to enter the Moscow Architectural Institute or Moscow State University of Civil Engineering. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to move forward: enter another university; to the same university, but for evening or extramural; do not discard the option of obtaining an average special education. Preparing for admission is a “trampling around”, and studying at a vocational school is a path to a profession that can be more thorny than expected.

- How is the study going?

When I studied at the Moscow Institute of Architecture, there was a saying: “It is much more difficult to fly out of an institute than to enter.” There is some truth in this. Of course, one can talk a lot about the fact that studying is hard, there are conflicts with teachers, but getting an architectural education is extremely interesting, regardless of whether the student is a "physicist or a lyricist." It's all in the same junction of engineer and artist. All subjects can be "roughly" divided into 3 types: creative, engineering and general education. Traditionally, students go to creative subjects - a project, a drawing; from time to time appear on engineering - constructions, strength of materials, architectural physics; very rarely they remember about general education subjects - philosophy, sociology. This is a bad tradition. There are no random items in the program. All the knowledge that the institute gives will be useful in the profession, but in one case it is obvious - the project, construction, materials science; but not in the other.

Let me give you a small example. I attended philosophy classes 2-3 times per semester. I explained this to myself by the fact that the knowledge of Kant and Hegel would not be useful to me in architectural practice. I received my triplet on the standings and was satisfied. Years later, in graduate school, I took the course "philosophy of science." Only there I saw how deep the philosophical roots in architecture and work in modern architecture without knowledge of philosophy is simply impossible. I had to spend time reading textbooks and tearing my hair out of annoyance that I did not attend classes at the institute.

But, of course, the most important subject is architectural design. Essentially, all other subjects in the program serve to advance the student in that subject. Many of my colleagues remember the institute project as “ Golden time". All because the imagination of the architect is not limited by anything. There are no requirements of the economy, boring customers, uncompromising subcontractors. This is best opportunity show your creativity. It is no coincidence that when applying for a job, they often ask for institute work. When working on a club, a museum, a fire station, you need to understand that it is most likely the only project for you on this topic. It is better to spare no effort and time for the project. It is then that the potential for growth in the profession is laid. The main architects and "stars" of architecture start with interesting creative projects.

- professional career logic;

Now the vast majority of students start working already in the 2nd or 3rd year. I think it's good, but only in moderation. Part-time work helps in the development of architectural programs, gives the first idea of ​​​​architectural practice and psychologically prepares for future work. But do not forget that number 1 is still studying. It is better to take work during this period not very seriously - just as an opportunity to practice. You can only study, but judging by practice, if such students begin to career, then very late.

I already wrote that the field of activity of an architect is very large. It is important to tune yourself to that place in architecture where a person will feel most harmonious. Choose your niche. It is not necessary to strive to become a successful and popular architect. Chase large objects. A good layout designer can earn much more than a chief architect. Can be practiced research activities, teaching, small architectural forms - anything, if it is "yours". Be successful in this field and earn enough. Now there are no low-paid specialties in architecture, and good specialist receives a high salary. But at the same time, it's very difficult to "make a fortune" doing only architecture.

An architect's career can develop in absolutely any direction, but for successful development it is necessary permanent job above oneself. First of all - self-education; active participation in public architectural life: attending lectures, seminars, exhibitions.

- everyday work, interaction with engineers;

The specificity of the profession of an architect is such that in order to creative ideas it is always necessary to attract additional specialists - engineers, designers. The nature of the work can best be seen in an example. Let's take the most common architectural order - an individual residential building (in plain language- cottage). The architect receives the order and begins work with sketches. Makes layouts, facades and coordinates them with the customer. Then comes the architectural project - drawings of plans, facades, drawings into the relief, general specifications. This seems to be the end of the work of an architect, but a house cannot be built according to an architectural design. Construction drawings needed engineering systems. This is just the work of engineers. A competent architect knows the basics of engineering specialties and foresees in advance in architectural project the possibility of implementing certain systems. It is best to work on the project in conjunction with designers and engineers, or at least consult at the architectural design stage. Even after all related projects have been completed, the work of an architect can continue. We are talking about architectural supervision of construction. At large facilities, relevant documentation is maintained, at small facilities, a person arrives with drawings and a tape measure, and with smart look walking around the construction site. Often, the final choices finishing materials, drawings of windows and fences are already accepted during construction, when the architecture is not on paper, but can be “touched”. In any case, visiting a construction site is very helpful in understanding the entire architecture process. When designing and building large facilities, everything becomes more complicated, but the essence remains the same.

The work process can take place in completely different ways: you can sit at work from 9 to 6; you can work in a free schedule; drive around facilities, coordinating organizations, subcontractors; work at home as a private architect - as you like. In architectural activity, in my opinion, the most important thing is the result, good architecture, but how it turned out is not so important. You can draw “on your knee” in 5 minutes, or you can sit at the monitor for months.

- the situation in the profession today, trends.

Today Russian architecture is experiencing deepest crisis. This is recognized by professionals and ordinary people who are not indifferent to what is happening in the country. By crisis, I mean the following: the architecture of most large objects under construction is simply ugly (it is enough to compare what is being built all over the world and what we have), architectural heritage objects are treacherously destroyed, the change of generations is very difficult (especially among university professors).

The professional environment is also in crisis. Design institutes, as shown Last year, unprofitable. Good positions in large organizations go to relatives or acquaintances, and it is very difficult even for a great architect to break through the orderly ranks of “one's own” people. It is also difficult in private workshops. There is a lot of competition and not always fair. It is possible to work as a private architect, but the market for private architects is so flooded with non-professionals that it is very difficult to get out of this swamp even a little. Now in architectural activity, if you do not have relatives or high patrons, you have to achieve everything with “sweat and blood”.

Fortunately, any crisis ends sooner or later. In my opinion, a new generation of young architects is capable of “lifting” Russian architecture. There are all the prerequisites for this: information on modern foreign architecture is available, associations of young architects are emerging, there is an opportunity for training and internships abroad. I believe that our Kenzo Tange and Richard Rogers will grow up from the generation that is just about to enter the architectural institute.