Garden plum diseases: description with photos and methods of treatment. Plum diseases and their control If a white coating appears on the plum bark

» Plums

Plum is a fairly common plant that can be found in every garden. Receive good harvest tasty and healthy fruits can only be healthy tree. However, often gardeners are faced with growing problems such as plum diseases and pests that can lead to the death of the entire garden.

Tree diseases are associated with insufficient care and incorrect posture. Most often, plum is affected by viral and fungal diseases that appear on weakened trees. In order to start treatment on time, it is important to know the main signs of the manifestation of the disease.

Plum bushiness or sprouting

This fungal disease in the common people it was called "witch's broom." On the affected tree, many thin, short shoots are formed, which are collected in bunches. Such shoots will not bear fruit. In the fight against the disease, only the destruction of infected plants will help.

As a preventive measure, not only mineral and organic fertilizers, but also Bordeaux liquid. In addition, in order to secure the site, only healthy seedlings are planted in the garden. They must be purchased only from trusted nurseries.

Gum treatment

The disease is widespread on stone fruits that were previously affected by fungi. Most often, the disease begins to develop if the irrigation regime is disturbed or too much fertilizer is applied to the soil. Resin on a tree can stand out after frost or improper pruning. The signs of gum disease are as follows:

• wounds and cracks are visible on the trunks and shoots;
• in places where the gum flowed, transparent frozen drops appeared.

If you do not pay attention to the signs that have appeared in time, the tree may die. Affected bark is a great place for the development of bacteria that lead to tree cancer.

The affected areas on the trunks must be treated with a 1% solution of copper sulfate or garden pitch. Strongly affected shoots are best cut. In order to further increase the immunity of the plant and avoid re-infection, you need to properly care for the plum.

Plum dwarfism

insidious viral disease, which occurs more often in a latent form. It is difficult to identify the affected tree. Dwarfism can manifest itself only at the last stage, when the fight against the disease is meaningless. Therefore, all actions of the gardener should be directed more towards preventive measures.

Signs of the disease:

• depressed tree growth;
• unnatural shape of the leaves. They become elongated, clumsy and more like willow leaves;
• premature leaf fall. This is because the sheet plate becomes brittle;
• yield reduction;
• lack of peduncles or a small number of them. The flowers are ugly and underdeveloped.

At the last stage of the development of the virus, there are practically no leaves on the branches of the tree, they are bare. Single needle-shaped leaves can be seen only on the tops of the shoots.

Infected trees cannot be treated and must be uprooted.

As preventive measures planted in the garden resistant varieties plums, and also regularly treat plants from pests.

Fungal disease, the causative agent of which is the fungus. Infection occurs in the conditions of a cold long spring, when the humidity of the air is increased. The spores of the fungus penetrate the flowers of the tree, so ugly ovaries are formed.

The fruits of the affected plant are unsuitable for food, they grow deformed. The development of the fungus occurs inside the fetus, in a kind of pocket, so there is no stone in the plums. The flesh becomes grainy and wrinkled. Since the fungus affects only the fruits, the disease manifests itself once per season.

Fighting methods:

1. Destroy the affected shoots in the first half of summer.
2. The collection and disposal of infected fruits is carried out until the spores of the fungus disperse.
3. Preventive spraying of plums with a 3% solution of Bordeaux mixture. The first time the treatment is carried out before bud break, then before flowering and after.

The mycelium overwinters in the branches of a tree, so the fight against the disease must begin in the fall. To do this, they carry out sanitary cleaning and pruning of shoots, preventive spraying with copper oxychloride, blue vitriol.

Clasterosporiasis or perforated spotting

Fungal disease develops in conditions of prolonged warm, but rainy summer when the air humidity exceeds 70%. The fungus overwinters under the bark. Mycelium begins to develop already at a temperature of +4 degrees. It can be found on the shoots or buds of a plant in the form of a dark, weak coating.

Spores are carried to young leaves by wind and most pests. The disease spreads very quickly. During the season, many colonies of the fungus are formed, which adversely affects the condition of the tree.

Signs of damage can be seen on all tissues of the plant, but most often they appear on young leaves.

1. Small rounded spots of various colors that increase in size over short term.
2. In the center of the spot, tissues die off, which leads to the formation of holes in the leaves.
3. The edges of the holes have a reddish border. This is the main sign of clasterosporiasis, which distinguishes it from other types of spotting.
4. When the disease is advanced, the bark of the tree is covered with orange-red spots with a dark border. Subsequently, they are pressed into the trunk, crack and lead to the flow of gum.
5. Gum also flows from affected buds and shoots. leading to their death and reduced yields.
6. The fruits are affected by ulcers, become one-sided, dry out, harden and fall off. They can also leak gum.

To prevent the disease in the fall, they clean the garden, dig up tree trunks, destroy shoots, collect and dispose of affected fruits and fallen leaves. In addition, it is important to treat wounds and cracks in the tree in time, preventing gum bleeding. For processing, a solution of copper sulfate, manganese or garden pitch is used.

In the fight against the fungus, spraying the tree during the growing season will help. Processing starts with early spring, repeat in late autumn. Use drugs Kuproksad, Skor, Horus, Topaz or Vectra. The last treatment is carried out 20 days before harvest.

Moniliosis

The causative agent of the disease is the monilia fungus. Infection of the tree occurs during the flowering period, if there are drops or a decrease in temperature. Cold spring weather only speeds up the process. Spores penetrate the plant tissue through the pistil, gradually affecting the entire tree.

Signs of defeat:

• sharp fall of flowers;
• drying of peduncles and adjacent leaves;
• old shoots and branches crack, gum flows out of the formed wounds;
• the whole tree looks "burnt".

The disease spreads not only to fruits, but also to shoots, plum leaves. The pathogen overwinters in the affected tissues of the tree. Prevention of moniliosis begins in the fall. All affected shoots are cut out and the garden is treated with Hom, Bordeaux liquid or copper oxychloride. To spray one tree, you will need up to 4 liters of solution.

Smallpox on plum

Sharka, plumpox among the common people, - viral disease. It appears on young leaves of a tree in the form of chlorosis, spots or stripes. Over time, the leaves acquire a characteristic marbling, light areas appear on them. If you do not take any measures, then the disease passes to the fruits. They become spotty, the flesh coarsens and loses its taste. In addition, the spots begin to deepen into the fetus. Sick plums ripen ahead of schedule, crumble or dry out right on the tree.

Unfortunately, it is impossible to fight the disease. All affected trees must be burned. Control measures are only preventive in nature, aimed at timely treatment of the garden from pests that can spread the virus.

Rust

In July, rusty spots can be seen on young plum leaves, which gradually increase in size. Affected trees shed their leaves earlier. Leave the plum in this state can not be. The winter hardiness of the plant and the future harvest are sharply reduced.

For prevention purposes, trees are treated with copper chloride before and after flowering. In autumn, after harvesting, spraying is carried out with a 1% solution of Bordeaux mixture.

Rusty plum leaves

Plum coccomycosis

A dangerous fungal disease that affects the leaves of a tree, less often fruits and young shoots. The first signs of the disease are noticeable in early summer.

1. The leaves are covered with small, red- brown spots.
2. On the reverse side of the leaf, a whitish coating can be found. These are fungal spores.
3. Leaves quickly turn yellow and fall off.
4. The fruits do not develop, become watery and fall off.

Most often, the disease develops in warm and humid weather, which reduces the winter hardiness of the tree. The fungus overwinters in fallen leaves, so in the fall it must be collected and burned. Besides, trunk circle trees are sprayed with copper preparations or Bordeaux liquid.

root cancer

IN Lately the disease is common. The reason for its appearance are pathogenic bacteria in the soil, which penetrate into the tissues of the plant through cracks in the roots. Specific growths form on infected plum roots, which leads to the death of the tree. Severe drought and a weakly alkaline environment contribute to the development of the disease.

As a preventive measure, the garden is located in a place where outbreaks of the disease have not previously been observed. Severely affected seedlings are destroyed. The landing site is disinfected with a solution of copper sulfate.

Dangerous fungal growths on the bark of a tree. Penetrating through small cracks in the bark, spores destroy the wood. Hollows form in the affected areas. A few years later, a solid fungal body grows in their place. Sometimes she looks quite harmless.

To prevent infection of the tree, you need to carefully treat wounds and cracks on the plum bark. The fruit bodies of the fungus are destroyed before the spores disperse, usually in early June. The remaining wounds are cleaned of rot, washed with a solution of copper sulfate, and then poured with a mixture of cement and sand (1: 4).

It's an insect bizarre shape, which settles near the fruit buds of the plum in growths - galls. One gall can contain up to 400 insects. At the end of May, overwintered individuals come to the surface of the bark and feed on the cell sap of the plant. In places of bites, reddish growths form again on the bark, where the females lay their eggs. More than one generation of pests grows in one season. It is possible to determine the defeat of a plum by a gall mite by characteristic ugly growths.

You need to fight insects immediately after plum blossoms. Several treatments are carried out with colloidal sulfur preparations. At mass defeat it is recommended to cut and burn the shoots.

Goldentail

This is a white butterfly, the abdomen of which is covered with yellowish hairs. Pest caterpillars hibernate in fallen leaves. The golden tail begins to harm after the plum buds open, actively eating them. Butterflies are nocturnal, laying their eggs on the surface of leaves. The caterpillars that have appeared are very voracious, in a short time they cause great damage to young leaves. They eat holes in them, slowing down the normal growth of the plant.

As an insect control, trees are sprayed with a solution of karbofos. In the fall, the fight against the golden tail does not stop. They collect fallen leaves, loosen the soil under the trees, thereby destroying the nests of the pest.

For the first time, spraying is carried out before plum blossoms.

plum codling moth

This grey-brown butterfly is harmful to plum fruits. Its reddish caterpillars hibernate under tree bark or in top layer soil. In early spring, butterflies lay their eggs in the still green fruits. When the caterpillars appear, they feed on the pulp of the fruit, after which they leave for the winter. Affected plums acquire purple hue and fall, often you can see drops of gum on them.

Preventive spraying with karbofos is carried out against the plum codling moth, trapping belts are put on the trees, and the soil is regularly loosened.

At the beginning of autumn, they additional processing soil and loosening to destroy pest nests. In addition, all wounds and cracks are washed with manganese, covered with a garden thief.

Aphids on the tree

A small, pale green insect that sucks cell sap. You can determine the presence of aphids with the naked eye:

• the tops of the shoots are twisted;
• the tree is stunted;
• pour dry and fall off;
• on the reverse side leaves are noticeable small insects.

At the beginning of the growing season, the plum is treated with preparations against leaf-eating and sucking insects. Spraying is repeated after 10-14 days. The first treatment is carried out "along the green cone".

hawthorn

A white butterfly that is diurnal. Its caterpillars feed on buds, leaves, buds and plum blossoms. The methods of struggle are the same as with the golden tail, plum codling moth.

Why do worms appear in plum fruits

Very often, gardeners complain that almost the entire crop of plums is wormy. Why does this happen, which leads to spoilage of the fruit?

The reason for this is the presence of pests on the trees. Sometimes there may be more than one insect.

Plum sawfly and worm fruits

Plum weevil on leaves

The females of this insect eat the buds and plum flowers, biting into the ovaries. There they lay larvae that eat the fruits from the inside. The harvest is ruined. For wintering, larvae and beetles go into the soil. Trees should be treated in the spring.

How to get rid of fruit worms in a plum

It is necessary to process the trees in the garden as early as possible, without waiting until the pests get down to business and the fruits begin to rot. The first treatment should be in early spring. You need to re-spray the plum before flowering and after it. If the number of pests is very large, then the treatments are repeated at intervals of 10 days. But the latter must be carried out no later than 25 days before harvest.

To prepare a working solution, Phosphamide, Dursban, Metaphos, Bordeaux liquid or iron sulfate are used. At a small amount insect spraying is done with infusions of tobacco, wormwood, dandelion or ash. Infusions are prepared in different ways.

A universal recipe for herbal infusion is prepared at the rate of 200 g of dry parts of the plant per 1 liter of boiling water. Boil the mixture for 15 minutes, then strain and cool. Dilute with water up to 10 liters.

How to deal with plum pests: preventive treatment

Every gardener knows that it is easier to prevent a disease than to cure a garden. Therefore, prevention should always be.

1. Every tree needs proper care, regular watering and top dressing.
2. Sanitary cleaning of the garden is carried out regularly, thickened branches are cut out, fallen leaves are removed and the soil is dug up.
3. In spring and autumn, spraying is carried out not only on the tree, but also on the soil under it.

It is very important that all actions are ongoing. If a neighbor's garden is affected by worms, scab, coccomycosis or curliness, then this means that it's time to get to work and process your own trees. You should not hope for "maybe it will blow over."

Conclusion

To reduce the risk of damage to trees by harmful insects and various diseases, you need to regularly inspect the garden. In addition, to carry out prevention, and at the first sign of illness, take immediate action. This will increase not only the yield of plums, but also the quality of the fruit.

Most gardeners are aware that red spots on plum leaves are an aberration. But often, relying on their knowledge, they make a wrong diagnosis, because of which the tree dies. Correctly chosen treatment tactics are extremely important for the future prevention of other diseases.

What affects the color of plum tree foliage

The usual color of plum leaves is green, but during the development of the tree it can change.

Not always a different color indicates problems, it can be the norm. So, some varieties of plums have a different color from green leaves and are considered decorative.

But always a bad sign can be called the case when spots appeared on the leaves. They may be different color- brown, orange and even black. The spots change in size over time. You need to start fighting the cause of their appearance while they are small. The choice of method depends on many circumstances. Sometimes gardeners are zealous in using a large number of funds at the same time. This practice causes great damage to the plum.

What can cause stains

Spots on plum leaves in most cases are due to crop diseases. By their color, in combination with other symptoms, you can find the source of the problem. Some of them are solved by similar methods.

Lack of nutrients in the soil

All parts of the plum tree are interconnected: a failure in one immediately makes itself felt with unpleasant symptoms in the other. Poor soil or insufficient feeding phosphate fertilizers reflected in the color of the foliage: it turns red or brown and soon dries. After this flowering is not worth waiting, or it will be short-lived. Even if the fruits are tied, they will be very small.

Another important element for the development of plums in the earth is magnesium. Without it, the foliage turns red, withers and curls. If these symptoms are detected, fertilization should be urgently applied to the soil and included in a regular feeding schedule.

Root problems

The root system is the basis of the tree, this also applies to plums. Root care begins immediately after the acquisition of seedlings. If it proceeds with errors, then this is immediately reflected in the state of culture. But the human eye first of all sees not the roots, but the leaves, which change color to red, brown, red. It is worth paying attention not only to the color of the crown, but also to the number of dry and old branches near the tree before the cold season.

Typical root system problems occur for several reasons:

• planting in swampy lowlands near groundwater;
• planting a tree with a diseased root system;
• improper soil preparation for planting;
• a large dose of applied fertilizers.

The leaves will turn green again if the influence of these factors on the plum is eliminated or reduced.

coccomycosis

A dangerous plum disease, the causative agent of which is a fungus, its spores quickly occupy the entire surface of the leaves, which manifests itself in the form of light red spots on the inside of the leaf, gradually increasing in size. Then the foliage rapidly falls off, the disease also captures the fruits, the development of which is suspended.

Plum coccomycosis - dangerous disease requiring immediate treatment

The main ways to combat the causative agent of coccomycosis:

• complete destruction of infected leaves;
• thorough loosening of the soil;
• cultivation of the earth, trunk, foliage with copper sulphate.

Rust

Seeing rusty spots on the leaves at the height of summer, gardeners panic and do not know what to do. The spores are extremely easy to spread, and the plum tree is not immune to rust. First, small dots appear that increase, and in autumn the leaves swell, dry and fall off. Solution: plant varieties that are slightly susceptible to rust, treat the plant with copper sulphate.

Polystigmosis

Gardeners note that brown, orange, brown, yellow, red spots appear in spring, summer, after heavy rains often they swell. Preventive measure - processing the tree before flowering Bordeaux mixture.

Moniliosis

This disease is also called gray mold and monilial burn, because the appearance is the same as with burns - swollen red, brown and brown leaves dry, fall off. The disease can also affect neighboring trees.

Another side effect is gum disease.

The cause of moniliosis is a fungus that is activated during sudden changes in temperature. Bordeaux liquid and the drug "Horus" will save you from the disease.

Plum rust affects not only plum trees, but also apricot, cherry plum, almond, peach and blackthorn. The winter hardiness of diseased trees is noticeably reduced, and in general they look very weakened. And the drying leaves fall prematurely. Heat air together with high humidity greatly contribute to the rapid development of rust. You can most often encounter such a nuisance in the European part of Russia, or rather, in its southern regions.

A few words about the disease

When rust is affected, small and angular brownish spots form between the veins of plum leaves. This usually happens closer to the middle of summer, and closer to its end on the spots you can already observe “pads” of dark shades.

As a rule, pads of summer fungal sporulation consist of urediniospores, which are ellipsoidal or ovoid in shape, strongly thickened at the tops and equipped with finely spiky shells. And after some time, teliospores begin to appear among the urediniospores - pads of winter fungal spores of darker shades. Teliospores are usually also spiny, rounded at the tips, slightly constricted and dark brown in color.

Plum rust is caused by a rust fungus called Tranzschelia prunispinosae. Its wintering takes place in the form of teliospores on infected fallen leaves. And with the onset of spring, germinating teliospores form basidiospores that infect the anemone.

It is impossible not to mention that the development of harmful rust is directly related to the perennial anemone - it is on it that the fungus goes through all the stages of development before it gets on the plum. It hibernates most often in the rhizomes of this plant. On an infected anemone in the spring, you can even see its spores - they have the shape of funny yellow “glasses” and are mostly on the undersides of the leaves.

Among the plum varieties most heavily affected by rust are Renklod Altana, Hungarian Azhanskaya, Hungarian Italian, Victoria and Hungarian ordinary. Renklod reform, Renklod Ullen and Ugorka oposhnyanskaya are characterized by average susceptibility. And Renklod green and Anna Shpett are the least affected by rust.

How to fight

Fallen leaves should be regularly raked and burned, and the soil under fruit trees should be dug up well. Also, anemone must be eliminated from the gardens, since, once infected, it turns into a constant source of infection.

Periodically growing fruit trees should be fertilized with potash and phosphorus fertilizers, as well as all kinds of trace elements. But the amount of nitrogen fertilizing is desirable to reduce.

A good helper in the fight against such an unpleasant ailment as rust will be one percent Bordeaux liquid (100 g per ten liters of water), as well as a number of other fungicides. As a substitute for Bordeaux liquid, a suspension of colloidal sulfur or Zineb is perfect. Copper oxychloride, "Kaptan" and "Hometsin" will also be very useful. As soon as the first signs of a harmful misfortune begin to appear (most often this happens closer to the middle of summer), the first treatment is carried out, and all subsequent sprayings are carried out at an interval of fifteen to twenty days. However, it is important not to forget that the last treatment should be carried out no later than three weeks before the start of the harvest.

Alternatively, multiple sprayings with a one percent Bordeaux mixture can be replaced by the so-called "blue" spraying with its three percent solution. It should be carried out at the stage of swelling of the kidneys, accompanied by one or two additional sprays with a suspension of colloidal sulfur or a solution of the above-mentioned Zineb.

The variety of plum varieties also gives rise to many diseases, most of which gardeners do not know about. But in their minds it was firmly entrenched that the darkening of the color of the crown is a sentence to the tree. This position, which breeds inaction, is erroneous: culture can be saved. There are enough reasons that can cause black plaque on plum leaves: diseases, pests, violation of the rules of care. Each of them requires an individual approach so as not to harm the tree.

Plum diseases that cause blackening of the leaves

There are plum diseases a large number of, signs of many of them are black leaves. This is explained by the processes occurring inside the plant and reflected in the color of the crown.

bushy plum

The nature of the disease is fungal. Another name for the disease is the Witch's broom, which speaks of a special form of growth of diseased shoots.

At first, fungal spores are red, purple, gray, and later they darken and look black. An infected tree does not bear fruit.

The way to combat bushiness is radical - pruning diseased branches. As a preventive measure, it is necessary to spray the plum with Bordeaux liquid before flowering.

plum curl

Considered a fungal disease, it spreads extremely quickly. Leaves and shoots acquire a different color: yellow, red, brown, then blacken. These processes are accompanied by a change in their shape: the leaves decrease, deform, become rigid, and eventually they fall off. Spores can also get on the fruits, even if they do not, then the fruits cannot be eaten.

To prevent curliness, you need to fertilize wisely, conduct regular inspections of the tree to detect pests.

plum pockets

This ailment of a mushroom nature affects the fruits of the plum, but the leaves also change. Flowers are affected first. But soon the fruits, which become similar to bags, also fall ill. They contain controversy. Pockets can be green, yellow, brown and even black. The greater the degree of damage, the darker the color. For food, such fruits become unsuitable.

The development of the disease is facilitated by abundant humidity, a large amount of precipitation. The fungus overwinters on the tree without problems, giving a new generation of spores next season, so the effective way to fight is the destruction of infected branches. In the spring, it is recommended to apply Bordeaux liquid to the tree.

sooty fungus

The main symptom of this disease is a black coating on the foliage and shoots, it is formed due to a decrease in the amount of oxygen supplied to the leaves, chlorophyll is not formed in them. When the leaf is wiped, the plaque easily comes off, which confirms the superficial nature of the fungus.

smallpox

The source of the disease is a virus, the disease is typical for warm regions of Russia. In spring, leaves form separate sections, framed by a dark border. In the future, the leaves dry out, become stiff and crumble. The virus also affects the fruits: the pulp acquires bad taste, over time, the plum falls to the ground.

Smallpox can be transmitted from other trees, from objects in the garden affected by the virus.

The only way to fight smallpox is to get rid of the affected plants. As preventive measures plum inspection and insect treatment are useful.

Clusterosporiasis

Plum is affected by spores of the fungus. They spend the winter under tree bark, and then spread with high speed. Clusterosporiasis appears in brown or black spots on the leaves. But they can also occur on shoots, branches, fruits. The spots gradually grow, after 10 days they dry out, push through the surface, forming holes. This process gave the second name to the disease - perforated spotting.

Side effects of the disease are fetal death and gum disease. Control and prevention measures are as follows:

• getting rid of fallen leaves and fruits;
• loosening of the earth cover;
• destruction of root shoots;
• spraying in several steps with Bordeaux liquid, copper sulfate, special preparations;
• operative treatment of cracks in wood.

Moniliosis

Another name for the disease is a burn. Its signs are dark, almost black color of leaves, shoots, fruits. Associated symptoms are cracked bark, dried flowers, leaf fall.

The source of infection is the Monilia mushroom, its spores quickly move from diseased branches to healthy ones. A sharp drop in air temperature accelerates this process. Fruit becomes sick if the skin is damaged. The fruits quickly dry out, some of them fall to the ground.

Preventive measures:

• complete destruction of all diseased shoots, branches;
• loosening and digging the earth;
• processing twice a season with Bordeaux liquid, copper sulphate.

Leaf blackening pests

attack by many harmful insects entails a change in the color of the leaves from green to dark.

Gardeners wonder why the leaves turned black. You can overcome them in similar ways, the basis of which is the constant inspection of the plum.

Mite

Many fruit trees are affected, including plums. The mites spend the winter in flower buds and lay their eggs in the spring. Their food is the juice of plum leaves. After that, they darken and dry out.

Other parts of the tree are often affected as well. The scope of infection can be extremely large, you have to completely get rid of branches, shoots. Insecticide treatment on the eve of flowering and in mid-summer helps prevent the spread of the tick.

plum aphid

dangerous insect small size with a light green body, which is quite easy to detect by carefully examining the surface of the foliage.

Aphids lay their eggs next to the flower buds. Obvious symptoms of her attack:

• slow tree growth;
• twisting the upper part of the shoots;
• blackening and drying of the leaves.

Treatment with nitrafen on the eve of flowering can protect against aphids, and during it you need to apply karbofos.