Types of furniture hinges. Door hinges and bolts

Each of us who has at least once dealt with the installation of doors, their repair or restoration, probably knows what door hinges are. It is safe to say that this is a fairly important element of the door, without which it will sag, warp and cease to perform its main function.

Let's take a closer look at the main types of door canopies, when these or those are used, and what their design features are.

General information

Door hinges- the elementary mechanism by which fastening is carried out door leaf to the frame. Currently, canopies are classified according to installation location, material, and design. Usually knowledge of design differences door hinges not required. Often, awnings come complete with a door. But if you ordered to make a door leaf and, in fact, a frame, then there is a high probability that you will have to choose the awnings yourself. This is where the theoretical experience gained from this article comes in handy. It is necessary to understand that all doors are equipped with two hinges. Although this only applies to those cases where the load on the canopy will not exceed 25 kilograms. Heavier doors require the installation of more massive canopies, usually 2-3 pieces.

External hinges

Overhead canopies, also known as external ones, are rightfully considered the most ancient and popular. They appeared immediately after people mastered such a process as metal forging. Of course, there was no need to talk about any patterns or other subtleties, but such loops coped with their main purpose “excellently.” The first options were large enough, so they held massive doors without any problems. Currently this is the most cheap look awnings, which for the most part is popular in rural areas. However, forged hinges are coming back into trend. This is due not only to the large selection of sizes, but also to the difference in patterns. Modern blacksmiths have done their best, so the variety of forms of such canopies is countless. Their key advantage is ease of installation. It is not necessary to pre-prepare the door frame. It is enough to screw the hinges to the leaf, and you can install the door in the designed position.

Internal hinges

Mortise hinges are, by and large, the same canopies, but with minor design features. That is why they are commonly called card loops. Typically, consumers are offered a huge number of different models, but all the differences lie in the shape of the decorative plug.

Some hinges of this type include bearings in their design. When properly lubricated, the door opens and closes very easily. But you need to understand that the bearing has its own resource and does not tolerate strong blows and prolonged vibration. The cheapest options for door hinges do not have a special zinc (anti-corrosion) coating, so they fail quite quickly. Their key advantage compared to other types of loops is that they are universal. Therefore, you can forget about searching for right or left loops.

Universal door hinge

It would seem that universal loops stand out against the background of any other type. Nevertheless, in some ways they are good, but in some respects they lag behind. Their main advantage is that they are double-sided. Therefore, they can be installed on doors opening both to the right and to the left. However, they are used quite rarely. This is due to the fact that for the most part they are not removable, and installing them on the door block is quite difficult. They need to be adjusted as precisely as possible, and only then can you count on the door looking good.

Often, a universal door hinge is used for mezzanines, cupboards, and swing doors. But even here they are not always used. Strength The advantage of such hinges is that they are made of galvanized steel, so during operation they practically do not wear out and are not subject to corrosive processes.

Overhead detachable hinges

This type of loops is practically no different from the type described above. However, this is the preferred option in many cases. This is due to the collapsible design. This solution reduces labor intensity installation work.

This is one of the best budget options. Such hinges, like the previous ones, are very reliable and of high quality. True, to dismantle them you will need to unscrew screws or nails, which is significant disadvantage. Currently, there are a huge number of standard sizes of detachable hinges. Therefore, if you are planning to install the door leaf yourself, use just such canopies. It is much easier to work with them than with one-piece ones; they are not inferior in reliability and durability.

Briefly about screw-in hinges

Hinges consisting of two parts and having small threaded pins on each are called screw-in. The leaf part of the canopy is screwed into the door leaf, and the frame part is screwed into the door frame. They are often used on doors with overhang, but sometimes they are also used without overhang.

Models of screw-in hinges differ in the number of screw-in pins. For lightweight doors, two- and 3-pin options are used. For heavy doors, 4-pin hinges are used with the ability to adjust in 3 planes, which allows you to achieve maximum accuracy during installation. Repairing door hinges of this type is usually limited to replacing the pins. In cases of visible deformation or mechanical damage, it is easier to replace the loop with a new one.

To ensure silent operation, plastic inserts and metal balls are used, mounted in the body of the hinged part of the canopy. In general, the installation of this type of loops has several undeniable advantages. Firstly, it is reliability, and secondly, the possibility of using decorative caps.

Hidden door hinges

Often the turning part of the canopy or hinge is visible to the naked eye when the door is closed. So, for those who do not want at least some part of the structure to be visible, there are hidden hinges. They have very complex design and therefore are not cheap. The hinges are equipped with three rotary axes, so they are universal. When the doors are closed, such canopies are visible, which is their key advantage. As for the disadvantages, hidden door hinges are very expensive. Usually you will have to pay about $50 for one piece. On a heavy door it is necessary to install about 3 such awnings.

So we figured out what hidden door hinges are. The price for them, as you can see, is very high. It is for this reason that it makes sense not to replace such canopies, but to repair them. For the most part, the repair consists of replacing one of the axles, as well as adding fresh lubricant. In some cases, when several axes are deformed, it makes sense to give the hinges to specialists.

About overhead loops

Relatively recently, overhead loops have appeared on sale. The principle of their design and operation is not much different from classic mortise canopies. But there are several key features that set these loops apart from other types. Firstly, they do not need to be embedded into the leaf and door frame. This is due design features. When the hinges are closed, the door hinges have a gap between the door leaf and the frame of no more than 3 mm. In this case, the canvas fastening card is included in the box fastening card.

The main disadvantage of such awnings is that they are undesirable for heavy doors. This is due to possible deformations and misalignment. But door hinges have a design that allows installation as quickly and simply as possible. This perfect solution for interior doors that are light in weight. They are usually not repaired, since the price allows for immediate replacement. If you are installing overhead hinges on heavy doors, then do not install less than 3 hinges. The distance between each should be the same, but not less than 30 centimeters.

Conclusion

So we talked about the types of hinges and their repair. No mention was made of popular canopies such as butterflies. It is worth noting that butterfly door hinges are card canopies, the sides of which, when unfolded, resemble the wings of a butterfly, hence the name. By and large, these are the most ordinary overhead loops, which for some reason were divided into two groups. The principle of their operation is exactly the same. The same simple installation and no need for insertion due to overlaying cards on top of each other. In general, butterfly door hinges, like classic overhead hinges, are an excellent solution for interior doors.

In principle, this is all that can be said on this topic. There are a huge number of loops sold on the market. Which one is best for you, decide for yourself, but remember key features each type. We also figured out how to replace door hinges.

Door hinges are perhaps the most important element of fittings. If the structure can function without problems without a handle and a locking device, then without awnings (it doesn’t matter whether they are hinges for doors and a quarter, or hidden mechanisms) the door system cannot exist.

In general, the world of door hinges is rich and diverse. But only by choosing the right mechanism can you be sure of the high-quality operation of the structure.

Door hinges must meet the following requirements:

• Ensure smooth movement of the web (no matter in Finnish door systems ah whether such fittings are installed or not). And besides, such canopies should under no circumstances creak.
• Be strong (they must hold the sash, regardless of its weight, while preventing the door from sagging and distorting in the opening).
• Harmonize with the design of the Finnish door leaf or other door system where they are installed.

A correctly selected door hinge that meets these requirements will ensure trouble-free operation of the door system. It is worth paying attention to the fact that canopies differ greatly in their operating principle and installation method.

Distinguish the following types loops:

• direct card;
• corner card;
• screw-in;
• hidden;
• Italian, etc.

The scope of each type is determined by its characteristics.

Card straight elements

Such loops look like two cylinders. One of these cylinders has a rod. To increase the service life of door hinges, a bearing or washer is installed between the rubbing elements.

Straight card canopies are attached to the structure using rectangular plates, the so-called “wings”. One plate is fixed on the box, and the second on the canvas.

As for the type of fastening, card straight awnings come in two types:

1. invoices;
2. mortise

When installing mortise canopies, the hinges are recessed in the sash and on the frame (a router or chisel is used for this). The depth of such an insert should be 2-3 mm.

Installing overhead canopies on folding or swinging Finnish structures is somewhat easier than installing mortise elements. Even a beginner can do this operation with his own hands. House master. Overhead hinges are screwed to the surface of the frame and sash with special self-tapping screws.

In addition, there are universal door hinges, right and left. Before choosing left or right awnings, you should check which way the door will open. A win-win option would be to purchase universal fittings.

Card corner awnings

If the fittings will be installed on a door system with a rebate, experts recommend choosing corner canopies. The fact is that on the end side of a wooden sash of this design there is a special recess - a place for installing a hinge.

Corner card awnings are practically no different in operating principle from elements with rectangular plates. They provide the sash with an opening angle of 90 degrees.

Screw-in fittings

Screw-in fittings, like corner hinges, is intended for installation on Finnish structures with a false quarter. However, instead of slats, there are two small pins that are screwed into the sash and the frame.

Screw-in canopies (also called pin canopies) have a significant advantage: if necessary, they can be adjusted using a hex key in three directions (horizontal, height and clamping area). Such fasteners close special decorative overlays or caps (they can be of different shades).

Which pin loops will be selected depends on the dimensions of the canvas and its weight. For lightweight folding and swing doors ideal option There will be screw-in canopies with two or three pins or end hinges. But for heavy structures it is better to use screw-in hinges with four pins: they are reliable and will therefore withstand their weight.

It is worth paying attention to the fact that installing screw-in awnings is not as easy as it seems at first glance. This requires precision and accuracy. Therefore, if a home craftsman has not installed screw-in mechanisms before, it is better not to take on this task, but to entrust the installation of fittings to professional installers.

Hidden elements

These hinges are designed for swing doors, although they are sometimes installed on folding systems. They are unique in that when the doors are closed, the awnings are not visible. In other words, these are internal structural elements.

In general, secret loops have a complex structure. They are equipped with three rotation axes. The first axis is considered the main one, the other two are fixed elements. Thanks to this amazing structure, when the sash is opened or closed, the secret canopy either unfolds or folds.

Features of installation of hidden elements:

1. Using a chisel or milling cutter, make a small recess from the end of the sash and in the box beam.
2. Select for fastening elements.
3. Remove the mounting screws and disassemble the hinges.
4. Install the hinge parts into the recesses provided for them in folding or hinged Finnish structures and fix them with self-tapping screws.
5. Connect the individual parts of the hinges and secure them with fastening screws.
6. They put decorative overlays on folding or swinging Finnish structures.

Properly installed hidden canopies and decorative overlays can become a real decoration of the structure. Often the decor is placed on swinging systems.

Italian awnings

This fittings were developed and patented by Barausse, a leader in door production. The peculiarity of such mechanisms is that they are not attached to the side of the sash, but to the bottom or top of the leaf.

Moreover, Italian canopies can be installed even during the operation of the structure. And due to the fact that the holes are practically invisible, they can be reinstalled if desired. And besides, you can choose any side for opening the sash.

Furniture fittings

The following types of fittings are installed on the doors of furniture:

1. Invoices.
   This type of loop is considered the most common. Overhead canopies are installed on a furniture set (bedroom, kitchen, etc.).
2. Semi-overhead.
   They are used in cases where one side stand two doors open at the same time.
3. Internal.
   Externally, such a canopy resembles a semi-overhead one. These mechanisms are installed in cases where the facade is placed inside a furniture case, and the looped part of the fabric is in contact with the adjacent upright of the case.
4. Angular.
   Most often, such fittings are installed on corner pieces of furniture. However, if the opening angle of the sash should be 180 degrees, such canopies will not be suitable.
5. Pianos.
   This type of loop is considered obsolete. Piano design elements nowadays can only be found in antique pieces of furniture. In addition, a lid is attached to the piano hinges to cover the piano keys (hence the name “piano” canopies).
6. Heel.
   They can be installed on the lower or top corner doors. However, heel overhangs are used extremely rarely, because they are not suitable for heavy facades.
7. Inverse.
   This fitting allows the door to open 180 degrees. As you know, at an angle of 180 degrees, the cabinet door and the side stand form a straight line.
8. Self-closing.
   If self-closing awnings are installed on the cabinet, they will “gently” return the door to the closed position.

Naturally, the choice of fittings depends on the characteristics of the pieces of furniture. If the door must open 180 degrees, the best option elements will become inverse. Also, the choice of such canopies is determined by the material from which the cabinet is made.

Canopies for iron structures

The main requirement that hinges must meet for steel doors, - endurance. Such fittings must be durable and strong, because they will have to hold a massive iron sash. And this is not 8-10 kilograms (like interior door systems), it is 80 kg, and sometimes 100 kg.

Moreover, such canopies must provide safety. They must be equipped with a special anti-removal mechanism. In this case, there is a small protrusion on one wing of the fittings, and a hole for it on the second. When the entrance steel structure closes, the protrusion fits firmly into the hole, thanks to which the attacker has no chance of removing the iron sash from the awnings.

Single-sided or double-sided?

One-sided overhead awnings, installed, for example, on Finnish structures, are designed so that the canvas moves only in one single direction. Such overhead structural elements can be left-handed or right-handed. The advantage of this type of hinge is that, if necessary, the sash can be quickly and easily removed from the hinges.

Double-sided fittings, installed on folding or hinged Finnish structures, have three cards connected to each other by large rods. Each such rod has a spring, which ensures a tight fit of the canopies to the sash. However, such mechanisms are rarely installed in apartments and country houses.

Accessories material

Regardless of whether canopies will be used for folding or swing door systems or whether they will be installed on pieces of furniture, they all differ in the material of manufacture.

Overhead (on bearings), piano, inverse (provide an opening angle of 180 degrees), self-closing and other canopies are made from the following alloys:

• copper;
• aluminum;
• gland;
• brass;
• zinc, etc.

For heavy folding Finnish structures, as well as in cases where the doors swing, it is recommended to install canopies made of steel and zinc alloys and covered with brass on top.

As you can see, the world of door hinges is diverse, which means their choice is huge!

Door overhangs become an important issue if old ones have to be replaced or if the door is new. The second name for canopies is hinges. Metal door canopies ensure smooth door movement and long service life. How many canopies need to be installed for reliable and durable operation of the door? How to choose the right type of hinges when purchasing door canopies so that they fit the door perfectly?

Number of canopies and their types

The number of canopies directly depends on the weight of the door:

• A door does not need more than two hinges if its weight is up to 40 kg.
• If the door weighs up to 60 kg, then there must be a fastening of three hinges.
• If the door weighs more than 60 kg, four hinges are required.

There are several types:

• Overheads or awnings door butterfly. The hinges do not cut in, but are easily installed by simply screwing them to the door leaf. Provide minimal clearance. This is an all-metal canopy made of steel or brass with a steel rod. The design includes two to four bearings, and the electroplated coating makes the canopy scratch-resistant and gives a beautiful shine.

• Mortise hinges. Another common name is “card loops”. This type of door canopy requires a “sampling” before installation, that is, making a small recess in the door frame and, accordingly, on the door according to the size of the fastening. A loop is screwed into these recesses using self-tapping screws. This fastening is familiar, time-tested and considered the most reliable, and four bearings ensure smooth door movement. Such awnings are installed on heavy doors.

• Screw-in awnings are strengthened by drilling holes in the door frame and door for the hinge rods. The canopy itself consists of detachable cylinder parts, one of which is attached to the door, and the other to the door frame.

An interesting solution in the design of doors is the use of ordinary hinges with unusual design. And then the source of pride for the owners may become not the door itself, but the door canopies. Photo like this door hardware always attracts attention.

Product price

Door canopies are easy to buy. Nowadays, many companies offer door canopies, the price of which depends on the size, type of covering and manufacturer.

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Despite the fact that door hinges are partly visible fittings, their selection should be given no less attention than locks and handles. The durability and ease of use of the door depend on the structural reliability of the hinges, but their decorative component is no less important. One can hardly argue with the fact that an elegant canvas with rough hinged plates will look elegant only until someone opens the sash. The same effect can occur if the dimensions of the hinges in relation to the dimensions of the door turn out to be visually incommensurate.

To universalize hardware products, when manufacturing products, manufacturers adhere to standardized linear parameters of component parts in accordance with GOST 5088-2005, although in necessary cases Design documentation can be developed that defines other dimensions for door hinges and the shape of the hinge card. Most often, this happens when releasing an exclusive model range products or when ordering an individual batch of goods. But this requires approval from the responsible organizations.

Short review

• canvas weight;
• door installation locations;
• material for making the block.

According to the standards, the division of door hinges according to the mass of the leaf is carried out in the following gradation:

• lightweight – installed with sheets weighing up to 60 kg;
• medium - more than 61 kg, but less than 120 kg;
• massive - starting from 121 kg and ending with 250 kg;
• special – more than 251 kg.

Standard door dimensions require the placement of two hinge mechanisms in height, but if the weight or height of the door leaves is large, it is allowed to install three, four or even five hinges on one leaf of the door block. Sometimes designers use this technique as an element of interior design, although such fantasies cause some difficulties in implementation.

According to the method of installing door hinges on the door leaf and frame, products are divided into several groups:

• mortise;
• invoices;
• hidden;
• corner;
• double;
• screw-in;
• combined.

In addition, they are one-sided (left or right) and universal. Loop cards, for the most part, have rectangular shape, but the outlines of exclusive models may differ in complex ornate lines.

The main materials used in the manufacture of hardware are ordinary and stainless steel, aluminum alloys and brass. The surface of elements and parts made of metals that are not resistant to corrosion is protected with various decorative coatings “like” gold, silver, bronze, and copper.

Dimensions and tolerances

The most common are card loops of the overhead or mortise type. They are not as aesthetically pleasing compared to more modern types hardware products, but continue to be in demand, and therefore their production is unlikely to stop in the near future. Today manufacturers offer a wide range of products, including models made in antique style.

Structurally, hinges consist of two elements called plates or cards, by which the dimensions of the product are determined. Concepts such as height, width and thickness of door hinges are associated with the corresponding indicators of the hinge map. The orientation towards the length of the axial rod is incorrect, since quite often decorative caps are installed on it on both sides. They only visually enlarge the element without in any way affecting the functionality of the card loop. The dimensions of the screw mechanism are determined by the height of its assembled cylinder.

• height – 110, 130, 150mm;
• width – 27, 30, 35mm;
• thickness – 2.5; 2.8; 3.0mm.

Products with a height of 110 mm on each of the cards have four holes for screws, while the other two copies (130 and 150 mm) have five through holes in the plates. The increased number of holes makes it possible to install a more reliable fastening of the hinge assembly.

It should be noted that the markings of door hinges indicate only one size - their height in millimeters.

The hinge mechanism allows the door to open and close by rotating around its pivot. One of the hardware cards has a cylinder (tube) that fits into the rod (axis) of the other card. Majority permissible deviations in size is associated precisely with this feature of door hinges. In particular, this applies to:

• gaps in places of movable connections between the rod (axle, axle shaft) and the tube - within 0.1...0.5 mm;
• gaps between the cylinder and the card surface - less than 1 mm with a plate thickness of more than 2.2 mm;
• ovality of rods – no more than 0.1 mm;
• ovality of tubes – no more than 0.3 mm;
• perpendicularity of the cylinder cuts in the supporting part of the loop and the supporting surface itself relative to the axis of rotation - no more than 0.25 mm;
• backlash in the hinges in the longitudinal and transverse directions - no more than 0.3 mm.

Hinges have been installed on doors since time immemorial, but in ancient times they were larger in size, and many of them were not particularly elegant. Parts were forged from iron strips, and symmetry was not a priority in the manufacture of products. But handwork contributed to the variety and ornate shapes of the loops, which were unusual for us. Many of them were real works of art, which forging masters are trying to revive when creating unique retro design projects. The dimensions of the parts, in this case, are selected individually.

Markings for door hinges

The optimal dimensions of the hinge indents from the upper and lower ends of the door leaf are 250 mm. If the door block is provided with additional awnings, then, as a rule, they are moved away from adjacent cards by at least 250mm.

The third hinge on the door can be installed at the same distance from the outer hinges, but for better load distribution it would be more correct to place it closer to the top hinge.

Some requirements

The hinges are important element door block, so they must be strong and reliable in order to withstand numerous cycles of opening and closing the leaves. One of the fundamental points affecting the service life of doors is the ability to repair, adjust or replace hardware. In this case, the interchangeability of door hinges plays an important role due to the versatility of their sizes.

As for the requirements for the products in question, they fall into several categories:

• constructive;
• strength;
• operational;
• decorative.

Door hinges must be of high quality, and their design must not allow spontaneous separation of elements after installing the doors in the design position. They must ensure reliable fastening of the leaf to the door frame and ensure smooth movement of the leaf - without jolts, jamming or squeaks. The products should be installed in such a way that their dismantling outside was completely excluded.

Hinge mechanisms are most susceptible to operational loads involving cyclic exposure. Manufacturers are trying to increase their reliability, while simultaneously increasing the number of failure-free opening-closing cycles. Periodic lubrication of door hinges helps to get rid of many problems and ease the movement of the door. But it is worth noting that not all modern models need it.

To make the doors look aesthetically pleasing, the fittings installed on all blocks within common area, must be in harmony with each other.

Designers do not recommend installing on door blocks whatever was at hand. The apparent invisibility of the loops is deceptive and can, at the most inopportune moment, reveal the “bad taste” of the owner, making him blush in front of respected guests. Stainless steel hinges, for example, will stand out from the overall picture against the background of copper-plated handles, and loop cards that are too large in size will be an unsuccessful solution for combining them with a miniature and elegant handle. Protective and decorative coatings add external attractiveness to hardware products. All elements of fittings must match each other in style, color and size.