How to distinguish monocots from dicots. The difference between dicots and monocots

The class of monocotyledonous flowering plants unites about 80 families and more than 60,000 species. It is predominantly herbaceous plants (wheat, rye, lily, lily of the valley, tulip, orchid, sedge, timothy, oats, corn, feather grass). Woody, shrubby, creepers and epiphytes from monocots are found only in the tropics. (bamboo, palm, aloe, pandanus, monstera, dracaena, orchid).

Among them there are plants reaching a length of 60-70 m (for example, corypha palm, royal palm), and climbing palm calamus rattan grows up to 150-180 m in length. However, there are very small plants, for example different kinds duckweed 3-6 mm in size.

Many monocots are aquatic. (weeds, cattail), semi-aquatic (chastukha, calla, calamus, cyperus-papyrus), some live in the crowns of trees as epiphytes (orchids, bromeliads, chlorophytums).

In the class of monocots, the set is beautiful flowering plants, widely represented in indoor or garden floriculture (gladiolus, daffodils, hyacinths, irises, tulips), a number of species are grown as ornamentals due to beautiful leaves, stems (Cordilina, Tradescantia, Monstera, Philodendron, Dieffenbachia, Scindapsus, Asparagus, Agave, Aloe).

Many representatives of monocots became part of cultivated plants.

These include cereals and onion, garlic, pineapple, sugarcane, palm trees -date, coconut, sugar, betel, seychelles and others. Since ancient times, all of them have served people for food and many other purposes.

lily family

Liliaceae are the oldest cultivated plants. On the one hand, many wild lilies are so good that they are still grown in gardens in their original form, thousands of varieties of lilies and tulips have been bred. On the other hand, onions and garlic have been cultivated by humans for 6 thousand years and are no longer found in the wild.

This is a family of monocot plants. Therefore, first of all, we will remember in what ways monocots differ from dicots. Then we will find out why beautiful lilies, pungent garlic and agave (aloe) growing in every home belong to the same family. And we will find out which representatives of the lily are beautiful, which are useful, and which are poisonous.

General signs lily families. This large family contains about 250 genera and almost 4 thousand species distributed on all continents, especially on the dry and sunny plains of the Mediterranean and Central Asia. Many species are known only in cultivation. Liliaceae are herbaceous plants.

These are perennial bulbous or rhizomatous herbaceous plants. Adventitious roots extend from the bulbs, forming a fibrous root system. Lily leaves are simple, with arcuate or parallel venation.

The flowers are regular, with a simple perianth of 6 leaflets, which are arranged in two circles. More often, the perianth is separate-leaved, but it can also be joint-leaved (in lily of the valley). There are also 6 stamens and also in two circles of 3. But there is one pistil, but the ovary is three-celled. All flower parts are multiples of three.

Large and bright flowers lily - solitary. Small flowers in lilies are collected in an inflorescence brush (lily of the valley, tiger lily, kupena, aloe) or umbellate (garlic, onion). The fruit is a box (tulip, lily, onion) or berry (asparagus, raven eye, lily of the valley). The seeds contain a small embryo and a highly developed endosperm.

Wild representatives of lilies. Many lilies bloom in early spring. Their bulbs have accumulated a significant supply nutrients, so in the spring they quickly start growing, bloom, bear fruit. Summer, autumn and winter they exist in the form of bulbs.

In our country, goose onions and blueberries are the most famous. The flowers of the goose onion are yellow, and those of the blueberry are blue, light blue, less often purple. goose bow found in forests, fallow fields. Scilla - on the edges, in oak forests, thickets of shrubs, common in the forest-steppe zone. These plants, having multiplied, form whole lawns of pale yellow or blue flowers.

The species name of the blueberry is Siberian, but it is erroneous. There is a blueberry from the Black Sea region, it grows in broad-leaved forests and has nothing to do with the coniferous forests of Siberia. But in Siberia you can see another wonderful flower - dog tooth, or kandyk.

lilies grow mostly in the mountains, on forest and open slopes. The white lily comes from southern Europe. It is a honey plant and medicinal plant. In forests middle lane a red lily, a curly lily (saranka) grows. Unfortunately, these beautiful plants belong to endangered and protected plants, as well as hazel grouse.

tulips grow in deserts and semi-deserts, in the steppes (they easily tolerate summer drought). In our country - in the steppes and deciduous forests. Some species are listed in the Red Book.

Economic importance families. First of all - this onion . All onions have a characteristic "onion" smell. Moreover, it is not the flowers that smell, but all the vegetative parts of the plant. The inflorescence of many onions is a simple umbrella, it can be very beautiful and is used in decorative purposes. Onions are valuable because they contain a lot of vitamins (C and B) and phytoncides, which belong to the group of antibiotics!

Garden onion (bulb) grown for the sake of a juicy bulb. It comes from Iran. It has been known in culture since ancient Egypt. Bow-batun - perennial onion from China. Its bulbs are small but very tasty thick cylindrical leaves that can be cut several times during the summer. Leaves are also used in the most tender of onions - chives. They are thinner than those of the onion-batun, but they appear in early spring.

Garlic originally from Central Asia. Its bulb consists of individual baby bulbs. Flowers rarely form. Instead, small bulbs develop in the inflorescence. From wild lilies used for food wild garlic (bear onion).

Asparagus officinalis - wild plant, but also cultivated. Young underground shoots are a valuable vegetable. Adult shoots are ornamental, grown in gardens. how houseplants grow a different kind of asparagus - asparagus.

AT indoor gardening also use aloe, dracaena.

If there were no lilies, our gardens would look completely different, because this is tulips, and lilies, and hyacinths.

The homeland of tulips is the Mediterranean (their name comes from the Persian "turban"), although Holland has become the country where tulips are especially intensively cultivated.

If the flowers of thousands of varieties of man-made tulips are beautiful, but do not have a special smell, then hyacinths and most lilies smell very strongly. Hyacinth in Greek means "rainy flower". In its homeland, Asia Minor, it blooms during the rainy season, and in our country - in the spring.

Lilies are the closest relatives of tulips. Lily in art is a symbol of purity. Hundreds of varieties have been developed that adorn gardens from late June until autumn. Many varieties of lilies are grown in greenhouses all year round especially for cutting - for bouquets.

Medicinal and poisonous plants families. Among the cultural and decorative lilies there are many medicinal ones. First of all, these are onions and garlic, which contain substances that kill bacteria. The well-known "agave", aloe tree, used for wound healing and gastrointestinal diseases.

No less famous May lily of the valley - perennial with rhizome and adventitious roots. The lily of the valley has only two leaves, the fragrant inflorescence is a brush. Unlike most lilies, its perianth tepals grow together to form small bells. The fruit is a berry. Beware, they are poisonous! But in medicine, lily of the valley preparations are widely used in the treatment of heart disease. Lily of the valley is also used in perfumery. In cosmetology, lily bulbs are used.

Many medicinal plants are poisonous at the same time. For example, bought, hellebore.

Colchicum, growing in the mountains of the Caucasus, often grown in gardens, because it forms beautiful flowers autumn, until November. The whole plant is poisonous, even the water in which its branches stood. In medicine, it is used to treat rheumatism of the joints. A unique substance (colchicine) is extracted from it, which is indispensable for chromosomal studies.

Among poisonous lilies and raven eye- a forest plant with a whorl of 4 leaves and one large black berry.

Dicotyledonous

Dicotyledonous (Magnoliopsida) - a class of flowering plants. These are trees, shrubs and herbs. The vascular system usually consists of a single ring of vascular bundles with the cambium providing secondary growth. The cortex and pith are well differentiated. The leaves have a clearly defined petiole and leaf blade, the upper and lower halves of the leaf are different. The venation of the plate is most often reticulate.

Dicotyledons form in most cases five-membered or four-membered flowers, pollinated most often by insects. Perianth double (calyx and corolla differ). The embryo consists of two cotyledons.

According to one of the most common classifications, modern representatives of the dicotyledonous class are divided into 7 subclasses, more than 60 orders, up to 360 families and about 170 thousand species.

Magnoliids are the most ancient and primitive group of flowering plants; some of them lack blood vessels. Mostly arboreal forms. Leaves and stems often contain secretory cells. Flowers are usually bisexual. 8 orders: magnolia, star anise, laurel, pepper, kirkazon, rafflesia, nymphaeum, lotus.

Ranunculids are herbaceous plants close to magnoliids, from which they differ in the presence of vessels, the absence of secretory cells and the structure of pollen. 3 orders: buttercup, poppy, sarraceniaceae.

Hamamelidids are woody, rarely herbaceous plants. Flowers reduced, usually unisexual; perianth is poorly developed. 8 orders: trochodendra, purplish, hamamelid, nettle, casuarina, beech, myric, walnut.

Dilleniidae are trees, shrubs or herbs. Flowers, as a rule, with a double perianth. 14 orders: dillenium, peony, tea, violet, begonia, caper, tamarisk, willow, heather, ebony, primrose, mallow, euphorbia, wolfberry.

Rosides are also trees, shrubs or herbs. Flowers are bisexual, with double perianth or petalless. More than 20 orders: stone-milk, rosaceous, non-pental, subostem, legume, connar, proteus, myrtle, tail, rue, sapind, geranium, source, dogwood, aralia, euonymus, buckthorn, olive, sandal, sucker, etc.

The last of the subclasses - asterids - is distinguished by bisexual flowers with fused petals. Trees, shrubs or herbs. 7 orders: pileus, gorevchakovy, cyanotic, norichnikovy, labiate, bellflower, compound flowers.

The importance of flowering plants in human life cannot be overestimated. Among the dicots there are fruit (apple, pear, orange, lemon) and berry (cranberry, strawberry, peach, raspberry, cherry, plum, watermelon) crops, vegetables (cabbage, tomato, pepper, pumpkin, cucumber, peas, soybeans, beans) , root vegetables (potatoes, radishes, carrots), seasonings (dill, parsley, celery, almonds, mustard, horseradish, paprika). Alfalfa, clover and other plants are valuable pet food. Natural rubber is obtained from hevea. Rose, aster, chamomile, lilac, cactus and many others are used as ornamental plants. Importance have deciduous and evergreen forests covering about 25% of the land.

Plantain, dandelion, sow thistle, burdock - field weeds. Henbane, dope, tobacco, hemlock are poisonous.

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Lesson objectives:

• educational: introduce students to hallmarks and a variety of plants of the Rosaceae, Moth, Cruciferous, Nightshade and Compositae families; show them biological features; expand and deepen students' knowledge of the diversity of flowering plants
• Educational: to continue work on the formation of the ability to recognize flowering plants, to give a morphological and systematic description; developing the ability to analyze, compare and draw conclusions
• nurturing: the development of the worldview.

Methods and methodological techniques: conversation - repetition, story with elements of conversation, work with a textbook and workbook, work with a presentation.

Means of education: tables of plant families of the dicotyledonous class; houseplants, herbariums of rosaceae, papilionaceous, cruciferous, solanaceous and composite plants; dummies of fruits and plants of these families, ready presentation.

Used Books:

1) I.N. Ponomareva, V.S. Kuchmenko, L.V. Simonova"Biology: plants, bacteria, fungi, lichens".
2) L.S. Rodman. Botany. – M.: Kolos, 2001.
3) DI. Traitak, N.D. Traytak. Biology. Plants, bacteria, fungi, lichens. Moscow: Mnemosyne, 2008.
4) V.V. Beekeeper. Biology. Plants, bacteria, fungi, lichens. M.: bustard, 2008.
5) N.I. Sonin. Biology. Living organism. M.: Bustard. 2008.

Lesson plan:

1. Organizational moment

2. Knowledge control

3. Learning new material

1) Class dicotyledonous plants as the most numerous among flowering plants. Rosaceae family.
2) Representatives of the moth family are the ancestors of the most ancient cultivated plants.
3) Cruciferous family: characteristics, representatives, distribution and significance.
4) The variety of plants of the family Solanaceae and Compositae: their characteristics and economic importance.

4. Consolidation of knowledge

5. Information about homework

DURING THE CLASSES

- Today in the lesson, guys, we will continue to study the class of dicotyledonous plants and consider such issues as classification, namely, which subclasses and families are included in this class.

The dicotyledonous class unites over 150 thousand plant species, which is 3/4 of the total diversity of flowering plants. The dicot class includes 8 subclasses, 429 families, about 100 thousand genera and at least 190 thousand species. The school task is simplified, and we will consider only those families from subclasses that include plants of our flora that have an important practical value[slide 1,3,4].

Rosaceae family. It unites 3-3.5 thousand species of trees, shrubs and herbs. This family includes most of the fruit and berry plants of our flora. [slide 4-8]. The leaves are alternate, simple or compound, with stipules, sometimes falling off early. Flowers solitary or collected in inflorescences. The calyx consists of five free or fused sepals at the base. The corolla is always separate, consists of five, less often of four petals. Stamens numerous, arranged in circles of five to ten. The fruits are simple or combined. Seeds without endosperm or with little residual endosperm, contain fatty oil, protein. The peculiarity of the flower is the presence of hypanthium in the form of a saucer, bowl or glass. It is formed from an overgrown receptacle and flower tube - fused bases of sepals, petals, stamens. When ripe, the hypanthium acquires a bright color, becomes juicy, fleshy, which contributes to the distribution of fruits and seeds by animals. The diversity of the structure of flowers and fruits led to the division of rosaceae into seven families, of which the main ones are: spirea, wild rose, apple, plum [slide 10-14].

Family moth or legume [slide 15]. One of the largest families, includes 18 thousand species of trees, shrubs, shrubs and herbs - perennial and annual, distributed throughout the globe [slide 16-25]. The main feature of the fruit family is the bean. The leaf arrangement is alternate, the leaves are compound, with stipules. Inflorescences - brush, ear and head. The flowers are usually bisexual, with a double perianth. The structure of the flower reflects adaptation to cross-pollination by insects. The calyx is symbiotic, regular or bilabiate. Corolla - rear large petal - sail, side - oars covering two petals, fused with tops into a boat. In some genera, like clover, for example, all the petals at the base grow together into a tube. Stamens ten, arranged in two circles. They are either free, like in Sophora or Thermopsis, or fused, like in lupine, gorse. Stalnik, goat's rue, or nine stamens fuse into a tube, and one remains free, as in most genera. The nectary is located at the base of the pistil. The oars, under the weight of an insect attracted by a brightly colored sail, descend, dragging the boat articulated with them. Pistil from one carpel, ovary superior [slide 26-32].

Cruciferous family [slide 33-34]. Large family, unites 3 thousand species, 380 genera. Mostly annuals and perennial herbs, rarely shrubs and shrubs. The leaves are alternate, simple, often pinnately and lyre-pinnately dissected, without stipules. Leaves and stem are often pubescent. The content of sulfur-containing glycosides is characteristic. The peculiar bitter taste of many cabbages is determined by the content of these substances. The flowers are regular, bisexual, uniformly arranged, always collected in simple or complex racemes. Perianth double. The calyx consists of four free sepals, the corolla - of four white, yellow or purple free petals, alternating with sepals. There are six stamens, of which two are short and four are long. Pistil with upper ovary. The fruit is a pod. Sometimes a shortened pod, opening with two flaps, separated from the false partition from the bottom up. Rarely decaying fruits (segmented radish pod) or one-seeded (nutlet in woad, sverbigi). Seeds are usually without endosperm [slide 35-37]. Many members of the family are widely cultivated as vegetable, oilseed and industrial crops [slide 38-39].

Solanaceae family. It unites 2.5 thousand species of predominantly herbaceous plants [slide 40-45]. The family has an almost cosmopolitan distribution. The greatest diversity is found in tropical South Africa. The leaves are alternate, without stipules, simple, with a whole or dissected plate. The presence of alkaloids, including highly toxic ones, is characteristic. The flowers are collected in curls or solitary, outwardly correct. But often slightly zygomorphic. Perianth double. The calyx is leafy. The corolla is sympetalous with a wheel-shaped, funnel-shaped or star-shaped limb. The stamens, alternating with corolla teeth, adhere to its tube. The pistil usually has two carpels. The fruit is a berry or capsule. Seeds with endosperm [slide 46-49]. Among the nightshades there are many economically valuable plants cultivated throughout the globe. Some species like petunias, fragrant tobacco, are used as decorative [slide 43-45].

Compositae family [slide 50]. A huge family with 20-25 thousand species. Distributed throughout the globe, but mainly in the temperate zone, they are distinguished by high ecological plasticity. The predominant life forms are herbs and shrubs. Shrubs, succulents, creepers and low trees are found as an exception. The leaf arrangement is alternate, rarely opposite or whorled. The leaves are simple, without stipules. characteristic feature families - simple inflorescences in the form of baskets, resembling a flower. Baskets can be collected in complex inflorescences - a shield or panicle. Each basket has a single or multi-row wrapper on the outside, resembling a cup. The wrapper is formed by modified apical leaves. The axis of the inflorescence is flattened and expanded so that it forms a flat concave or convex, smooth or pitted basket bed. The bed can be naked or with films, bristles or hairs, which are modified bracts [slide 51-52]. The number of flowers in the basket varies from hundreds and even thousands to several. The perianth is double, but there is no typical calyx. The calyx tube, together with the base of the corolla tube, is completely attached to the ovary, and its free lobes are usually strongly modified. The corolla is corolla with five petals, four main types: tubular, reed, pseudo-reed and funnel-shaped. Stamens five, alternating with petals, adherent by filaments to the corolla tube. The anthers are soldered into a tube, inside which they open with a longitudinal slit. The pestle passes through the anther tube. Pistil of two carpels. Ovary inferior, unilocular, with one ovule.

A variety of structure and color of baskets, in which many flowers are compactly collected, ensures the attraction of pollinating insects. The fruit is a seed. Seeds with direct oily germ, practically without endosperm. The fruits are often equipped with a tufted tuft [slide 53-54]. This family includes a number of economically valuable plants: food and fodder, medicinal, technical, dyeing and decorative. Some species are malicious, difficult to eradicate weeds [slide 55-63].

Main conclusion: The families of flowering plants are distinguished by a combination of many features, the most important of which are the structural features of the flower and fruit.

In order to test and analyze the acquired knowledge, I developed and compiled a test that was offered to students. The tasks of this test had the following list of questions [slide 64-70].

1. Nodule bacteria found in plants of the family:

1) moth;
2) rosaceous;
3) Compositae;
4) nightshade.

2. The fruit of a dandelion is called -

1) grain;
2) achene;
3) nut;
4) drupe.

3. A flower consists of a calyx formed by four sepals, a corolla , formed by four free petals, six stamens, of which two are short and four are long, and one pistil. Plants with such a flower structure belong to the family:

1) pink (rosaceae);
2) nightshade;
3) papilionaceans (legumes);

4. Flower formula H (5) L (5) T (5) P 1 have flowering plants families:

1) pink (rosaceous);
2) nightshade;
3) papilionaceans (legumes);
4) cabbage (cruciferous).

5. What are root tubers formed by, and in which of the presented families do they occur:

1) the main root; a) pink (rosaceous);
2) lateral roots; b) nightshade;
3) adventitious roots; c) moth (legume);
4) underground stem. d) cabbage (cruciferous).

6. Signs of vegetative organs: stems are often herbaceous vines, leaves are pinnately compound with large stipules, ternary; leaves can be modified into tendrils. What family does the plant belong to?

1) pink (rosaceous);
2) moth (legume);
3) bluegrass (grass);

7. Match the plant and the fruit that forms it.

1) Peas a) Prefabricated nut
2) Henbane b) Bob
3) Cabbage c) Box
4) Rosehip d) Pod
5) Sunflower e) Semyanka

8. Name the family whose plants are characterized only by the inflorescence brush:

1) pink (rosaceous);
2) moth (legume);
3) Compositae;
4) cabbage (cruciferous).

9. In which of the named families of plants of the dicotyledonous class are fodder and food plants, as well as medicinal, ornamental and weed plants found.

1) pink (rosaceous);
2) moth (legume);
3) Compositae;
4) cabbage (cruciferous).

10. Name the plant, as well as the family it represents according to the following characteristic: pubescent perennial with yellow flowers and a multi-celled red or yellow berry, widely cultivated as a valuable vegetable plant. Fruits contain sugars, organic acids, a large amount of potassium, vitamins P, C and group B.

1) potatoes;
2) tomato;
3) tobacco;
4) henbane.

11. Name the depicted inflorescences, determine the family for which they are characteristic, and also select the appropriate names from the list for the designated parts: inflorescence axis, bract, peduncle, the youngest and oldest flower.

12. Examine the flower and label its main parts. And also write the formula of this flower and the name of the family, the plants of which are characterized by the structure of such a flower.

Figure 3

Homework: study §, complete tasks in the workbook.

The department of flowering plants is divided into two classes: monocots and dicots. Differences:

1. Monocots have one cotyledon (germ layer) in the seed, while dicots have two.
2. In monocots root system fibrous, and in dicots - rod.
3. In monocots, leaf venation is parallel and arcuate, while in dicots it is reticulate (pinnate).
4. Monocots do not have a cambium, so they cannot grow in thickness and are all herbs. Dicots have cambium, so they can be herbs, shrubs, and trees.
5. The number of flower elements (stamens, petals) in monocots is a multiple of three (3,6,9 ...), and in dicots - five (5, 10, 15 ...)

monocots

1. Family Cereals (rye, wheat, wheatgrass) - straw stalk, intercalary growth, compound spike inflorescence, caryopsis fruit.
2. Lily family (onion, tulip, lily of the valley) - have rhizomes and bulbs.

Dicotyledonous

1. Cruciferous family (radish, cabbage, colza) - 4 petals, pod fruit.
2. Family Legumes, they are Moth (peas, clover, beans) - bean fruit, nodule bacteria.
3. Solanaceae family (potato, tomato, pepper) - fused sepals and petals, poisonous.
4. Family Compositae (sunflower, chamomile, dandelion) - small flowers collected in inflorescence basket, fruit achene.
5. Family Rosaceae (apple, strawberry, mountain ash).

Thus, the division of flowering plants into classes occurs on the basis of the structure of the root system, the number of cotyledons, leaf venation, etc. The division into families occurs on the basis of the structure of flowers and fruits.

1. Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. For plants that have the venation of leaves shown in the figure, the following features are also characteristic:
1) two cotyledons in a seed
2) the number of flower parts is a multiple of three
3) diffuse structure of the conducting system
4) there is no cambium ring
5) tap root system
6) flower with double perianth

Answer

2. Select three features that are characteristic of the organism depicted in the figure.
1) vegetative propagation
2) parallel venation
3) double fertilization
4) four-membered flower
5) stem - straw
6) the fruit is a polynutlet

Answer

1. Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. What features are characteristic of plants of the family, the representative of which is shown in the figure?
1) the fruit is an achene
2) straw stalk
3) intercalary growth
4) compound leaves
5) net venation of leaves
6) complex spike inflorescence

Answer

2. Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. What are the characteristics of this organism?
1) parallel venation of leaves
2) straw stalk
3) the presence of cambium in the stem
4) fruit - achene
5) fibrous root system
6) vegetative propagation

Answer

Choose the one most correct option. Compositae fruit
1) grain
2) achene
3) drupe
4) nut

Answer

Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. What characteristics are characteristic of plants of the class Dicotyledonous?
1) net venation of leaves
2) the root system is fibrous
3) the root system is rod
4) arc venation of leaves
5) two cotyledons in a seed
6) parallel venation of leaves

Answer

1. Establish a correspondence between plant classes (1-Dicotyledonous, 2-Monocotyledonous) and their characteristics. Write the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) fibrous root system
B) Tap root system
C) Leaves have arcuate or parallel venation
D) The number of flower parts is a multiple of 3
D) Leaves have pinnate or palmate venation.

Answer

2. Establish a correspondence between the trait of angiosperms and the class for which it is characteristic: 1) dicots, 2) monocots
A) the presence of one cotyledon in the seed
B) fibrous root system
C) the presence of two cotyledons in the seed
D) net venation of leaves
D) tap root system
E) parallel or arcuate venation of leaves

Answer

3. Establish a correspondence between the trait and the class of flowering plants for which this trait is characteristic: 1) Monocots, 2) Dicots. Write the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) tap root system
B) one cotyledon
B) arcuate venation
D) parallel venation
D) a three-membered flower
E) five-membered flower

Answer

4. Establish a correspondence between the signs and classes of angiosperms for which they are characteristic: 1) Monocots, 2) Dicots. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) the root system of the rod type
B) leaves with parallel venation
C) the number of flower parts is a multiple of 3
D) the growth of the stem in thickness due to the cambium
D) intercalary growth is characteristic
E) in most species, a double perianth

Answer

5. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of angiosperms and the classes for which they are characteristic: 1) Monocots, 2) Dicots. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) leaf venation is reticulate
B) leaf venation is parallel
C) thickening of the stem due to the cambium
D) fibrous root system
D) a three-membered flower
E) simple and compound leaves

Answer

Establish a correspondence between class features and plants: 1) shepherd's bag, 2) wheat. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) flowers are wind pollinated
B) has a fibrous root system
C) leaves have developed sheaths
D) vascular bundles have cambium
E) the number of flower parts is a multiple of four
E) a seed has two cotyledons

Answer

Establish a correspondence between plants and families to which they belong: 1) Cereals, 2) Rosaceae. Write the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) bamboo
B) pear
B) rye
D) strawberry
D) peach
E) oats

Answer

Choose one, the most correct option. The fruit of the pod is characteristic of members of the family
1) rosaceous
2) legumes
3) nightshade
4) cruciferous

Answer

Choose one, the most correct option. The bean fruit is found in plants of the family
1) Compositae
2) nightshade
3) cereals
4) moth

Answer

Choose one, the most correct option. Why shepherd's purse, wild radish, mustard belong to the cruciferous (cabbage) family
1) Have a tap root system
2) They have net venation of leaves
3) Their flowers are of a four-membered type, form an inflorescence brush
4) Their flowers are five-membered type, form an inflorescence basket

Answer

Choose one, the most correct option. main feature, according to which angiosperms are divided into classes, is the structure
1) flower
2) fetus
3) seed
4) stem

Answer

Choose one, the most correct option. In plants of the cruciferous family: cabbage, radish and turnip fruit
1) achene
2) box
3) pod
4) nut

Answer

Choose one, the most correct option. The main feature by which flowering plants belong to one class is
1) the structure of the fetus
2) method of reproduction
3) the structure of the seed
4) living together

Answer

Choose one, the most correct option. A characteristic feature of a plant of the Compositae (aster) family is an inflorescence
1) head
2) complex umbrella
3) a simple umbrella
4) basket

Answer

Establish a correspondence between the trait of plants and the family for which this trait is characteristic: 1) Cabbage, 2) Moth. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) the fruit is a pod or pod
B) inflorescence brush
B) inflorescence brush or head
D) flower formula ChB4L4T2 + 4P1
E) flower formula Ch(5)L1+2+(2)T(9)+1P1
E) bean fruit

Answer

Look at the picture and identify (A) the type of fetus depicted, (B) the family that the depicted fruit is characteristic of, and (C) its representatives. For each lettered cell, select the appropriate term from the list provided. Write down the chosen numbers, in the order corresponding to the letters.
1) pod
2) beans, acacia, peanuts
3) bob
4) cereals
5) cabbage, peas, henbane
6) moth
7) cruciferous

Answer

Establish a correspondence between the families of flowering plants and their characteristics: 1) Compositae, 2) Cereals. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) a family of the class Monocots
B) small flowers are collected in large inflorescences - baskets
B) the fruit is a seed
D) have a special cylindrical stem with well-developed nodes
D) a flower consists of two lemmas
E) family class Dicotyledonous

Answer

Look at the picture of the plant and indicate (A) class, (B) type of root system and (C) fruit. For each lettered cell, select the appropriate term from the list provided. Write down the chosen numbers, in the order corresponding to the letters.
1) monocots
2) grain
3) rod
4) dicot
5) achene
6) fibrous
7) cob
8) cereals

Answer

Choose one, the most correct option. What role do leguminous plants play in nature?
1) serve as food for humans
2) enrich the soil with nitrogen salts
3) are a complete feed for livestock
4) nodule bacteria live on their roots

Answer

Find three errors in the given text. Specify the numbers of proposals in which they are made.(1) Division Angiosperms are divided into classes Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous. (2) Dicotyledonous plants are characterized by the presence of two cotyledons in the seed. (3) Monocotyledonous plants have a cambium ring in the stem. (4) Fibrous root systems are generally characteristic of dicotyledonous plants. (5) Plants of the families Cereals and Lilies belong to the class Monocots. (6) Plants of the families Rosaceae and Legumes are classified in the class Dicotyledonous. (7) In dicotyledonous plants, as a rule, the number of flower parts is a multiple of three.

Answer

© D.V. Pozdnyakov, 2009-2019

Gerbera is a perennial plant of the Compositae family, dicotyledonous class.

All angiosperms are divided into two large classes: dicots and monocots. The name of the classes reflects the most important difference between these groups: dicots have two cotyledons in the seed, which serve as a storehouse of nutrients for the plant embryo, and monocots have only one cotyledon. In addition, these plants are internal structure shoots, leaves, roots and flowers. The classes of dicots and monocots are subdivided into families, genera, and species.

plant division

For the first time, the division of plants into monocots and dicots was proposed in the 18th century. English scientist D. Ray, he systematized plants according to their characteristics. For a long time it was believed that monocots are more primitive than dicots.

Hyacinth orientalis has it all typical signs monocot plants

However, now scientists have agreed that it is the monocots that are the younger and more perfect group, the evolution of which has gone along the path of simplifying the structure of the vegetative organs. Apparently, they originated from dicots, but this happened at the earliest stages of evolution, and then the two groups developed in parallel. It may very well be that the ancestors of monocots were herbaceous aquatic plants, similar to modern representatives of the nymphaeal family.

Main differences

Monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants differ not only in the structure of the seed. They also have other significant differences. In dicots, the leaves are extremely variable in shape and usually have reticulate venation, while the leaves of monocots are narrow, with a solid, uncut edge, the veins in the leaf are parallel or arcuate.

In the stems of dicots, bundles of conductive tissue are located annular. In addition, there is an educational tissue (cambium), due to which the stem increases in girth with age.

Strawberries have a characteristic dicotyledonous shape of leaves, flowers and roots.

In the stems of monocotyledonous vascular bundles are arranged randomly, the cambium is almost completely absent, the stem branches little and does not grow in thickness. Therefore, most monocotyledons are herbaceous plants, the only exceptions are palm trees, but even in them the thickening of the trunk occurs in a completely different way than in dicotyledons.

Dicotyledons are characterized by the presence of a powerful central root growing from the root of the embryo. For monocots, a fibrous root system is more characteristic, consisting of a large number adventitious roots without a main root. The flower of dicots usually has 5 petals and sepals, and the flower of monocots - 3 (or their number is a multiple of three).

The use of dicots

The dicot class is the most numerous plant group, numbering over 200 thousand species from 350 families. Representatives of dicots in all life forms are found on all continents of the Earth and make up the bulk of the vegetation cover of our planet. Among the dicots used by man are - fruit crops, most species medicinal plants, spicy and aromatic plants, almost all trees, food and fodder crops, etc.

Delphinium - dicotyledonous plant, often bred in gardens and flower beds

The use of monocots

Monocotyledonous plants also live all over the globe. In the steppe belt of the Earth, monocotyledonous perennial grasses make up the bulk of the plant mass. Despite the fact that they are not as diverse as dicotyledons (only about 60 thousand species from 80 genera belong to them), monocots play an important role in people's lives. After all, these include cereals (wheat, rye, oats), which give food to humans and animals; palm trees (coconut, date, etc.), providing people with oil, edible fruits, material for the manufacture of ropes and paper; ornamental plants (tulips, lilies, hyacinths, orchids); many medicinal herbs.