Where in Russia grow peanuts on an industrial scale. Peanuts - properties and uses

The peanut growing cycle is only 5 months. Peanuts are planted in November and harvested in late April-May. In June, completely dried peanuts are ready for transportation and subsequent use.

Its flowers are self-pollinating and bloom for only one day. After that, an ovary is formed on them, which grows into the ground to a depth of about 10 cm, where the ovary turns into pods. Inside each pod there are 2-4 peas covered with a pinkish shell.

Peanuts are harvested like potatoes by digging them out of the ground. In the same place, on the spot, the pods are cleaned from the ground, and then dried for about a month, after which mechanically separated from escapes.

Peanut is widely used in food, chemical, pharmacological industries:

1. Extracted from peanuts vegetable oil, which is used for the production of chocolate, margarine, canned fish, bakery and confectionery products.
2. Low quality peanut butter is used in soap making. And the pomace is processed into animal feed.
3. In the United States, peanut butter is produced from peanuts, which 3/4 of the country's population eat for breakfast.
4. In the pharmaceutical industry, peanut oil is used for the production of injections, inhalations and emulsions.
5. Glue, plastic, ardil vegetable wool are produced from the protein substances contained in the peanut.
6. From the shell of the pods are made particle boards, insulating and packaging materials, ground mulch.

Features of the chemical composition

Peanuts have valuable nutritional qualities: they are nutritious, tasty and rich in bioactive substances:

• proteins and amino acids - 26 g;
• fats - 45 g;
• carbohydrates - 17 g;
• phytosterols - 220 mg;
• fiber - 8 g;
• pectin - 4 g;
• purine bases - 42 mg;
• vitamins: B1, B3, B6, B9, E, PP, biotin, choline;
• minerals: potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, cobalt, iron, manganese, copper, zirconium

Calorie content in 100 g of nuts - 552 kcal.

A distinctive feature of the peanut is the high content of essential and non-essential amino acids, each of which is about 10% of the daily requirement per 100 g of the product. It also stands out for its high content of omega-6 and omega-9 fatty acids.

Attention! 20 nuts - this is the daily norm of a peanut for an adult, and 65 g of peanuts contains a complete daily allowance linoleic acid.

Peanuts belong to the category of women's products, as they contain a large number of phytosterols - active substances plant origin protecting the heart and blood vessels, preventing the development of Alzheimer's disease.

Useful properties of peanuts

1. Unsaturated fatty acids present in the peanut, especially linoleic, contribute to the normalization of cholesterol. Due to this, the use of peanuts prevents the development of atherosclerosis, cancer and slows down the aging process in the body.

2. Being a source of coarse plant fibers, peanut promotes natural bowel cleansing.

3. It also stimulates the flow of bile, relieving gallstones.

4. The use of peanuts has a positive effect on the circulatory system, improving clotting and preventing hemorrhages. Therefore, it is especially recommended for use in hemophilia.

5. Peanuts have a positive effect on the genitourinary and nervous system.

6. Incoming chemical composition product valuable amino acid - tryptophan, stimulates the production of the hormone of joy - serotonin, so I recommend using it for depression, neurosis, exhaustion.

7. The inclusion of peanuts in the diet improves hearing, memory and concentration.

8. Regular use of peanuts improves hormonal levels, helping with male and female infertility.

9. It affects the production of testosterone in men, increases sperm activity and libido.

10. Peanuts contain a unique antioxidant - resveratrol, which stimulates cell regeneration and has an anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effect, which increases skin elasticity.

Attention! It has been scientifically proven that heat treatment of peanuts increases by 25% the amount of polyphenols contained in it - substances that affect fat metabolism, blood circulation and body cleansing.

Harmful properties of peanuts

Peanut is contraindicated:

• with varicose veins;
• with gout;
• with arthritis;
• with arthritis.

With caution, it should be used for peptic ulcer of the stomach or duodenum.

Excessive consumption of peanuts and peanut butter is one of the causes of obesity. In addition, the peanut is a strong allergen that causes itching and redness of the skin, heartburn, vomiting, and swelling of the larynx.

Attention! Peanuts are able to accumulate a toxic trace element - strontium.
In addition, violation of the conditions for growing, transporting and storing peanuts provokes the formation and accumulation of toxic substances - aflatoxins, which provoke serious poisoning.

Peanuts, thanks to their healing properties and unique composition is a mandatory component healthy eating. Not without reason, it is used as the basis of some diets aimed at losing weight. The excellent taste and nutritional qualities of this product have made it a favorite delicacy of many.

The benefits and harms of peanuts - video

Peanuts are a plant from the legume family. It is an herbaceous annual plant with small flowers yellowish color.

AT wild nature no one has yet met peanuts, but on the island of Madagascar there is a plant similar to it, which the locals call earthen peas. This close relative of the peanut has a grassy stem, oval leaves and a very profuse bloom. Its beans are edible, but they are somewhat larger than those of a peanut. They are formed underground, for which the peduncles, having bent low, grow into it. In some West African regions, such ground peas are not only known, but also successfully cultivated.

Peanuts are thermophilic, therefore it is possible to grow them in the field only in the climatic conditions of the southern regions of our country. Enthusiasts living in middle lane, will have to use greenhouses.

Growing peanuts

The process of growing peanuts begins with the preparation of its seeds. Depending on the temperature, at the end of April (beginning of May), unroasted beans should be laid out on a wet cloth and germinated, maintaining humid environment within about 10 days. Seeds in which sprouts have hatched should be placed in small pots with earth, which will allow, 14 days after germination, seedlings to be obtained, ready for planting in carefully loosened beds.

Those who want to plant peanuts in a greenhouse should consider that he and tomatoes feel good close to each other. The reason is simple: tomato bushes with lower leaves removed do not interfere with the development of undersized peanuts, and he, in turn, releases nitrogen, which his neighbors in the garden really need.

Toward the end of June, when the stems stretched up to 15-20 cm, flowers begin to appear one after another at the peanut, and this continues for at least one and a half months. Each of the flowers opens only for a day, and 200 flowers can sequentially appear on one bush.

In fertilized flowers, an ovary is formed, which tends to come into contact with the soil in order to gradually penetrate into it and create all the conditions for the successful development of beans. If the garden bed is poorly maintained, and the ovary failed to penetrate to a sufficient depth, it remains barren and dies.

It is necessary to process the beds according to the following schedule: the end of July - hilling to a height of 30 mm using a loose mixture of compost and earth with; August - hilling to a height of 15 to 20 mm.

At proper care for peanuts, the first half of September will be marked by a pleasant event - the harvest. As soon as the leaves of the plant turn yellow, the bushes should be completely removed from the beds, shake off the lumps of earth and spread out in a sunny place to dry.

Popular peanut culture is familiar to everyone.

It is used in the manufacture of chocolate bars and peanut butter.

And just salted peanuts are a very tasty treat. In this regard, every enthusiastic gardener dreams of replenishing the collection of cultivated crops with peanuts.

And this is real even for central Russia, where conditions are far from tropical. However, this is not as simple as it seems at first glance.

But having studied the characteristics of the plant and its agricultural technology, everyone can succeed.

Origin

The peanut is native to South America.

After the discovery of the mainland by Europeans, peanuts, thanks to their palatability, firmly entered the diet, first of the Spaniards, then the Portuguese and the British, and began to spread throughout the world.

Spreading

Peanuts in large quantities grown in the Kuban, in the Stavropol Territory, and in Belarus.

You can see peanuts in the Moscow region, though not on an agricultural scale, but in summer cottages.

You can plant both varietal peanuts and ordinary peanuts bought on the market. The main thing is that the seeds are not fried or salted, and even better, that they are sold directly in the shell.

Appearance

Peanuts belong to the legume family, but in Russia the name “groundnut” has firmly stuck to peanuts, although it has nothing to do with nuts.

This riddle is solved simply: the fact is that in form and presence, albeit soft, but still shell, peanuts look like a nut, but unlike other nuts, it grows underground.

Peanuts can be grown through seedlings, or sown directly into the ground. But due to the long growing season, seedling method preferable.

The minimum temperature at which groundnuts are planted is +12°C. Holes are dug, 10 centimeters deep, and three nuts are placed in each hole.

Plantings are arranged in a checkerboard pattern with a distance between the plant in a row - 20 centimeters, between rows - 50 centimeters. With this planting shoots appear within a month.

Peanut bushes should not be mulched, otherwise the pod will not be able to “break through” into the soil to ripen. You also need to control the growth of weeds, which can deprive you of the crop, and the looseness of the soil.

AT open field will definitely need extra cover film or agrofibre, for a period of lower temperatures.

Temperature

When temperature regime far from ideal, a greenhouse will come to the rescue and create the necessary microclimate.

However, care must be taken to ensure that neighboring plants do not shade the peanuts.

To do this, it is better to immediately place it on the front line of the sun, on the south side. The peanut itself will benefit neighboring crops, as it is a nitrogen-fixing plant.

If there is no greenhouse, then this plant can be grown at home as a pot culture.

reproduction

The most common way to propagate peanuts is by seed, through seedlings.

seedlings

Sowing for seedlings is done at the end of March.

Seedling boxes are kept in warm rooms: on the windowsill of houses or in a heated greenhouse.

When the threat is over return frosts, seedlings are planted on permanent place.

seeds

Harvesting

Peanuts are an annual crop and, having exhausted their strength, the bush stops growing, the leaves turn yellow, and the bush dries out.

The clear presence of these signs indicates that the peanuts have formed underground and are ready for harvest (approximately at the end of September).

The bush is dug up, and hung in a dark, dry room for drying. After ten days, dried pods can be separated from the bush.

top dressing

When the peanut is planted, it needs watering, loosening the soil and fertilizer.

It should be remembered that peanuts react painfully to manure humus, manure "talker" and, moreover, fresh manure of cattle and birds should not be introduced.

Most the best way for dressings - these are phosphorus-potassium fertilizers.

In our country, peanuts somehow did not take root. Perhaps the climatic conditions are not the same, but maybe he did not please the inhabitants of central Russia in terms of taste. Therefore, few people care how peanuts grow and whether it is possible to grow them at home. Well, I didn't find it. exotic plant reflections in our popular culture.

homeland of peanuts

Peanuts came to us from Europe, but it is not the birthplace of this legume. AT European countries the plant was introduced from India, even during its colonization by England.

But even distant and sunny India is not the ancestral home of peanuts, it came to it from even more distant and even more sunny South America.

What contributed to such an amazing journey?

• The love of the plant for a warm climate.
• Ability to produce multiple crops per year.
• Nutritional value of peanuts.
• People's interest in new plant cultures.

Due to the relative geographical proximity, peanuts have gained tremendous popularity in the United States.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, Americans imported thousands of tons of peanuts annually, but quickly realized that it was much more profitable to grow them on their own. Especially when you consider the fact that the United States has lands in suitable latitudes.

Peanuts - from planting to harvest

To date, resistant crops have been bred that can produce crops even in temperate climate. The plant loves heat very much., in our latitudes one can hope to collect only one crop a year. But this should be more than enough.

Myself life cycle peanut of interest to botanists:

1. The plant is herbaceous, annual.
2. Blooms at the end of the first month of summer.
3. In no case should you miss flowering, it lasts only one day.
4. On this very day, pollination, fertilization and the formation of the ovary take place.
5. After pollination, the branch with ovaries descends to the ground.
6. Some of the flowers sink into the ground, the rest remain on the surface.
7. Those who remain “outside” perish and do not bear fruit, only those who sink into the ground bring them.
8. After a few months, if the flowering was active enough, you can expect a rich harvest.

In subtropical climates, the soil is loose enough for the ovary to enter the soil naturally. Domestic peanut lovers will have to make some efforts if the plant is grown in the country.

At home, it is enough to prepare the soil by mixing the necessary components in the correct proportions.

How to plant peanuts in the garden?

To get a full harvest, it is better to plant peanuts in the country or in the garden. How more area , topics more plants can be planted. If this is your first time growing peanuts, you may want to start with a "trial batch" at home.

If you still decide to "play for high stakes":

• Pay enough attention to the selection of seeds, the success of the whole idea depends on their quality.
• Prepare the soil, for this it is enough just to loosen it and add a little humus.
• Form beds, between each should be at least half a meter.
• Prepare the "holes" in which you will plant peanuts. There should be at least a quarter of a meter between them.
• Move on to planting peanuts, three per hole. To have more sunrises, first it can be landed in plastic cups or other utensils. As soon as it sprouts, you can transplant.

Necessary choose the right time for landing. Peanuts will only be accepted if the soil temperature exceeds 15°C.

After planting, you will have to wait only two months before flowering begins. However, it is said too loudly, considering that the flowers will wither by the evening of the first day.

If pollination does not occur for some reason, eating "nuts" from your own garden will not work.

How to grow peanuts at home?

You can also have peanuts in the apartment, but this will require a little more patience and fairly wide tubs:

1. It is better to start planting plants in late April or early May.
2. Peanuts should be put on a cotton pad and moistened warm water, in a day the first sprouts will appear.
3. After the seeds should be transplanted into cups, literally for a week.
4. As soon as the sprouts get a little stronger, you can transplant them into tubs, "to a permanent place of residence."
5. Peanuts will grow best in soil that is one-third sand, one-third ordinary soil, and one-third manure. A universal recipe will not only give the plant all the necessary nutrients, but also provide a fairly loose soil.

Plant lives only one year and during this period it seeks to receive the maximum amount of sunlight. In case of its shortage, the growth rate will slow down, there will be fewer fruits. So it is better to put the tub on the windowsill or next to the windows facing the east side.

In no case should excessive air circulation be allowed near the peanuts, drafts will kill it faster than pests and drought.

The plant tolerates the lack of water stoically, without needing abundant watering. However, upon completion of flowering, peanuts will have to be more abundantly supplied with moisture, because all their efforts will be directed towards the development of fruits.

The health benefits and harms of peanuts

Peanuts can hide in themselves both benefit and harm. It is sometimes difficult to determine what is more:

In fact, the benefits of peanuts are much greater. Yes, there are disadvantages, but we are all not without some disadvantages.

If a include peanuts in your daily diet, albeit in a small amount, this will have a positive effect on health and the first manifestations will be noticeable after a couple of weeks.

How will peanuts grow?

An annual plant has become part of the agricultural complex of many countries:

1. It loves warmth and grows best in the subtropics.
2. Requires minimum temperature soil at 15 degrees.
3. Already two months after planting, it begins to bloom.
4. Flowering lasts only one day.
5. During this day, pollination and the formation of ovaries occur.
6. Descending to the soil, pollinated flowers penetrate into it, and only after that "nuts" can appear.
7. Harvest will have to wait a few more months, but it's worth it.

Peanuts do not have a pronounced negative impact on the ground. As early as next year, it will be possible to plant anything on it. AT industrial scale it won’t work to grow peanuts, perhaps, having huge areas, but it’s worth a try purely for the experiment.

Not knowing how peanuts grow, you can not keep track of the moment of formation and omission of the ovary. And this can save you from the harvest and take a year of time, try next time it will not turn out until April next year.

Video about peanut plantations

In this video, farmer Andrei Azarov will tell and show how peanuts grow in his garden in Russia, in the city of Ryazan. Secrets and tips for growing delicious, large peanuts outdoors:

Hearty nuts are a favorite delicacy of many residents of our country. Where and how do peanuts grow? It will be interesting to know the answer to this question to everyone who likes the taste of the product. It is known that the birthplace of peanuts is South America. The plant has its individual conditions cultivation, but this does not take away from him the right to be grown in the strip of Russia and neighboring countries. There are many places where peanuts grow in Asia, India, China. The latter is one of the largest walnut exporters.

Growing features

This crop is usually attributed to the legume family. The plant is an annual, during the flowering period unusual, beautiful flowers yellow color. For the first time, it was brought to our country from East India. In this territory, it was first landed by the inhabitants of South America.

1. Peanuts, a plant that loves warmth very much, are therefore grown in a subtropical climate. Under such conditions, the same plant can produce crops for several years.
2. Growing requires a temperature in the range of 20 to 27 degrees Celsius.
3. Normal yields can only be obtained under the condition of an average level of air humidity throughout the growth and development of the shoot.

Walnut cultivation is possible only in the southern regions. But there are farmers who know exactly how peanuts grow at home in the middle lane. To do this, use special greenhouses that can maintain the temperature regime at the desired level. There are many features of how a peanut grows.

1. The first step is to germinate the seeds. To do this, fresh seeds are placed on a damp cloth. The optimal period is mid-late spring. As a rule, the first sprouts can be obtained within 10 days. To grow seedlings, they must be transplanted into pre-prepared pots in which peanuts feel great. What the nut grows on for the first time until it takes root is ordinary soil into which it can be transplanted in two weeks.
2. When placed in a greenhouse, its proximity to tomatoes is allowed. The plant does not grow high, so it can occupy the lower layer and at the same time not interfere with the development of another crop. In addition, nitrogen will be released from the tomatoes, which is necessary for the proper growth and development of the shoot.
3. The fruits will form under a layer of soil, so the bed is well loosened before planting.
4. Flowering is observed at the end of June. In this case, the shoot reaches a height of 20 centimeters. The process lasts a month and a half, after which you can notice the presence of small fruits.
5. For the inhabitants of our country, the process of fruit formation will seem unusual. After flowering, the branches fall to the ground and begin to dig in. The fruits will form underground. If this does not happen, then the ovary will not produce a crop.
6. During this period, it is important to regularly carry out hilling. Three procedures are considered optimal. They are held in early July and twice in August.
7. It will be possible to harvest only after the leaves turn yellow. As a rule, this takes place in September. It is necessary to completely dig the bush and dry it in the sun. Only after ten days you will be able to easily separate the fruits.

Features of growing at home

Today, it is possible to grow a crop in an apartment on a windowsill. For this, germinated seeds are planted in a pot of earth. Make sure the soil is sufficiently loose and moist.
For the proper development of the shoot, it will be necessary to additionally spray it with water. Make sure that it does not form spider mite. Peanuts should be grown in a bright place with regular ventilation. However, drafts can adversely affect it. The task of the owner is to completely protect the plant from such an unpleasant effect. Only in this case it will be possible to get a good harvest.