All about fiber optic cables: options, designs, connectors. Installation of fiber optic connectors

Basic data on fiber optic lines for the design of telecommunications systems

Optical fiber allows you to organize communications without regenerators (signal repeaters) up to 120 km for single-mode cables and up to 5 km for multimode cables.

The signals in optical cables are not electrical impulses, but modes (light fluxes). The walls of the central core are dielectric and have the reflective properties of glass, due to which light fluxes spread inside the cable.

Singlemode and multimode fibers

It is customary to divide optical fibers (cables and patch cords) into two types:

Single Mode, abbreviated as SM;

Multimode (Multi Mode), abbreviated: MM.

Moreover, both types have their own advantages and disadvantages, which means each of them can be used to achieve different goals.

Single-mode optical fibers (SM)

8/125, 9/125, 10/125 are markings for single-mode fiber optic patch cords. The first number in the marking is the diameter of the central core, and the second is the diameter of the sheath. It is worth noting that the diameters of FOCL (fiber-optic transmission line) are measured in microns (micrometers).

A single-mode cable uses a focused, highly directional laser ray with a range of light waves 1,310-1,550 microns (1310-1550 nm).

Due to the fact that the diameter of the central core is quite small, light modes move in it almost parallel to the central axis. Therefore, there is virtually no signal distortion in the fiber, and low attenuation makes it possible to transmit an optical pulse over distances of up to 120 km without regeneration at speeds of up to 100 Gbit/s and higher.

There are single-mode optical fibers:

With unbiased dispersion (standard, SMF);

Dispersion Shifted (DSF);

And with non-zero biased variance (NZDSF).

Multimode optical fibers (MM)

Multimode Step Ratio Fiber

Gradient coefficient multimode fiber

Multimode fibers are labeled as 50/125 or 62.5/125, for example. This suggests that the diameter of the central core can be 50 or 62.5 microns, and the diameter of the cladding is the same as that of the single-mode type - 125 microns.

A multimode cable uses scattered beams from LEDs or a laser with a light wavelength range of 0.85 µm - 1.310 µm (850-1310 nm).

Because the core diameter of a multimode patch cord is larger than that of a single-mode patch cord, the number of paths for light modes to propagate increases. Several light streams move along different trajectories at once, reflecting from mirror surface central vein.

However, multimode fibers with a stepped refractive index have a fairly high inter-mode dispersion (gradual expansion of the optical beam as a result of reflections), which limits the signal transmission distance to 1 km and the transmission speed to 100 - 155 Mbit/s. The operating wavelength is usually 850 nm.

Multimode graded index fibers have lower intermode dispersion due to the smooth change in refractive index in the fiber. This allows you to transmit an optical signal over distances of up to 5 km at speeds of up to 155 Mbit/s. Operating wavelengths are 850 nm and 1310 nm.

Differences between single-mode and multimode optical fibers

In single-mode and multimode optical fiber there is enough important role plays signal attenuation. This is the reason for the short operating distance of multimode fibers (1-5 km). Despite the fact that it would seem that more light flows along a multimode cable, throughput of such cables and patch cords is lower than that of single-mode ones.

A narrowly directed (single-mode) beam in single-mode fibers attenuates several times less than a scattered (multi-mode) beam in multimode fibers, which makes it possible to increase the distance (up to 120 km) and the speed of the transmitted signal.

Optical connectors

The optical connector, or connector (Optical Connector) is an inexpensive and effective method switching fiber optic cables. It ensures a reliable connection and integrity of transmitted packets.

Today on the market there is a large number of various types connectors for fiber optic lines. They all have different parameters and purposes. Docking of two identical or different connectors is done using an optical adapter.

Different types of optical connectors have different shapes and connection technology. Also in the production of such connectors can be used various materials, be it metals or polymers.

Main types of optical connectors (connectors)

SC connectors

SC is the most popular optical connector.

The SC connector housing is made of plastic, in cross section- rectangular. This connector is connected and disconnected linearly, unlike the FC and SC connectors, in which the connection is rotary. Thanks to this, as well as a special “latch,” a fairly rigid fixation in the optical socket is ensured. SC connectors are used mainly in stationary installations. The price is slightly more expensive than FC and SC connectors.

Single-mode SC connectors are marked in blue, gray- multimode connectors, green- single-mode connectors with APC polish class (with beveled end).

LC connectors

The LC optical connector is similar in appearance to the SC connector, but is smaller in size, making it easy to implement cross connections using LC connectors. optical connections high density. Fixation in the optical socket is carried out using a latch.

FC connectors

FC connectors are made of a ceramic core and a metal tip. Fixation in the optical socket occurs due to a threaded connection. FC connectors provide a low level of losses and a minimum of back reflections, and thanks to reliable fixation they are used for organizing communications on moving objects and communication networks railways and other critical applications.

ST connectors

ST connectors are characterized by simplicity and reliability in operation, ease of installation and relatively low price. Outwardly they are similar to FC connectors, but, unlike FC, in which fixation in the socket is carried out using a threaded connection, ST connectors belong to the category of BNC connectors (the connection is made using a bayonet connector). ST connectors are sensitive to vibration and are used within these limitations.

ST connectors are used mainly for connecting optical equipment to trunk lines and local area networks.

DIN connectors

The DIN connector is similar to the FC connector, but is smaller. Ceramic core with a diameter of 2.5 mm, protrudes beyond plastic case, which, in turn, has a lock that prevents the core from rotating around itself. DIN connectors are often used in measurement equipment.

Connectors E-2000

E-2000 is one of the most complex optical connectors. Connection and disconnection is carried out linearly (push-pull), and opening is carried out using a special key insert. Therefore, it is practically impossible to remove such a connector by mistake.

E-2000 connectors have special plugs in their design that automatically close the end of the connector when it is disconnected from the optical socket, thereby preventing dust from getting inside.

E-2000 connectors are distinguished by high reliability and installation density. Square section The connector provides easy implementation of duplex connections.

High Density Connectors

MT-RJ connectors

MT-RJ connectors are manufactured in duplex pairs.

Connectors VF-45 (SJ)

The connector shank is inclined at approximately an angle from the plane of the fiber connection. The VF-45 (SJ) connector is equipped with a self-latching anti-dust curtain.

MU connectors

Analogous to the SC connector, smaller in size. The centralizer is ceramic, 1.25 mm in diameter, the remaining parts are plastic.

Colors of optical connectors (connectors).

FC and ST - nickel plated brass

SC and LC duplex or simplex multimode - beige or gray

SC and LC duplex or simplex single mode - blue

SC/APC simplex - green

Polishing classes for optical connectors

Perhaps the main characteristics of optical connectors are insertion attenuation and back reflection. Optical attenuation has a stronger effect on signal quality than back reflection.

The return attenuation rate depends primarily on the lateral deflection of the cores of the optical fibers being connected.

Polishing optical connectors ensures that optical fibers are tightly connected to each other and reduces the air gap, which in turn reduces signal back reflection.

There are 4 polish classes: PC, SPC, UPC and APC.

Polishing PC, SPC, UPC:

RS (Physically Contact)

The PC class includes hand-polished connectors, as well as connectors manufactured using adhesive technology. Application speed - up to 1 Gbit/s.

SPC (Super Physically Contact)

Mechanical polishing of the ends of optical connectors. Provides a tighter fit and can be used in systems with speeds greater than 1.25 Gbps.

UPC (Ultra Physically Contact)

Automatic polishing. The planes of the connected connectors fit even more tightly than in PC and SPC, therefore such connectors are used in information transmission systems with speeds of 2.5 Gbit/s and higher.

APC (Angled Physically Contact) polishing:

The contact surface of these connectors is beveled 8 - 12 degrees from the perpendicular. This grinding method is used to reduce the energy level of the reflected signal (at least 60 dB). APC connectors are used only in conjunction with other APC connectors and cannot be used in connection with other types of connectors (PC, SPC, UPC). They are distinguished by green markings on the plastic tips.

Types of optical patch cords

Simplex (SX) and duplex (DX) patch cords

Optical patch cords can be simplex (for one connection) and duplex (for two connections).

Patchcord SC-SC simplex (SX)		Patchcord SC-SC duplex (DX)

Transitional patch cords

To switch from one type optical connector on the other are transitional optical patch cords. The need for their use arises quite often when switching equipment for various purposes and production. To do this, adapter patch cords are terminated with different optical connectors: for example, at one end - LC, at the other end - FC.

Transition patch cords are simplex and duplex.

Patchcord colors

The shell of optical patch cords differs depending on the type of optical fiber and has the following color:

• yellow - for single-mode fiber;
• orange - for multimode fiber with a diameter of 50 microns;
• blue, black - for multimode fiber with a diameter of 62.5 microns.

Differences from the generally accepted color coding may be used in the manufacture of duplex patch cords.

Marking of optical patch cords

Typically, the marking of optical patch cords indicates:

• connector type: usually SC, FC, LC, ST, MTRJ;
• fiber type: single mode (SM) or multimode (MM)
• polishing class: PC, SPC, UPC or APC;
• number of fibers: one (simplex, SX) or two (duplex, DX);
• diameter of the light-conducting core and buffer: usually 9/125 for single-mode patchcords and 50/125 or 62.5/125 for multimode patchcords;
• patchcord length.

Despite all the advantages of optical fibers, to install networks they must be connected. It is the complexity of this process for quartz glass fibers that is the main limiting factor for fiber optic technology.

Despite all the technological progress in recent years, non-professionals can only connect cables that do not have special quality requirements. Serious work on the installation of regional highways requires expensive equipment and highly qualified personnel.

But to create inter-house wiring of the “last mile” such difficulties are no longer needed. The work is available to specialists without serious training (or without it at all); a set of technological equipment costs less than $300. In combination with this, the enormous (I’m not afraid of this word) advantages of optical fiber over copper cables during overhead installations make it a very attractive material for home networks.

Let's take a closer look at the types and methods of connecting optical fibers. To begin with, you need to fundamentally separate splices (one-piece connections) and optical connectors.

In relatively small networks (up to several kilometers in diameter), splices are not desirable and should be avoided. The main method of creating them today is electric discharge welding.

Optical fiber welding principle.

Such a connection is reliable, durable, and introduces negligible attenuation into the optical path. But welding requires very expensive equipment (in the region of several tens of thousands of dollars) and a relatively highly qualified operator.

This is due to the need for high-precision alignment of the ends of the fibers before welding, and maintaining stable parameters of the electric arc. In addition, it is necessary to ensure smooth (and perpendicular to the fiber axis) ends (chips) of the welded fibers, which in itself is a rather difficult task.

Accordingly, performing such work “from time to time” on your own is not rational, and it is easier to use the services of specialists.

A similar method is also often used for terminating cables by welding cable fibers with small sections of flexible cables with already installed connectors (pig tail, literally - pig tail). But with the spread of adhesive joints, welding is gradually losing ground when terminating lines.

The second way to create permanent connections is mechanical, or using special connectors (splices). The original purpose of this technology is a fast temporary connection used to restore the line in the event of a break. Over time, some companies began to provide a guarantee for “repair” splices for up to 10 years, and up to several dozen connection-disconnection cycles. Therefore, it is advisable to separate them into a separate method for creating permanent connections.

The principle of operation of the splice is quite simple. The fibers are fixed in a mechanical conductor and brought closer to each other with special screws. For good optical contact, a special gel with optical properties similar to quartz glass is used at the joint.

Despite its apparent simplicity and attractiveness, the method is not widely used. There are two reasons for this. Firstly, it is still noticeably inferior in reliability and durability to welding, and is not suitable for trunk telecommunications channels. Secondly, it is more expensive than installing adhesive connectors and requires more expensive technological equipment. Therefore, it is rarely used when installing local networks.

The only thing in which this technology has no equal is the speed of work completion and the lack of demands on external conditions. But today this is clearly not enough to completely conquer the market.

Let's consider detachable connections. If the range limit of high-speed electrical lines based on twisted pair depends on the connectors, then in fiber-optic systems the additional losses they introduce are quite small. The attenuation in them is about 0.2-0.3 dB (or several percent).

Therefore, it is quite possible to create complex topology networks without the use of active equipment, by switching fibers on conventional connectors. The advantages of this approach are especially noticeable in short but extensive last mile networks. It is very convenient to divert one pair of fibers for each house from the common backbone, connecting the remaining fibers in a junction box “for passage”.

What is the main thing in a detachable connection? Of course, the connector itself. Its main functions are to fix the fiber in the centering system (connector), and protect the fiber from mechanical and climatic influences.

The basic requirements for connectors are as follows:

introducing minimal attenuation and back reflection of the signal;

minimal dimensions and weight with high strength;

long-term operation without deterioration of parameters;

ease of installation on cable (fiber);

Easy to connect and disconnect.

Today, several dozen types of connectors are known, and there is no single one on which the development of the industry as a whole would be strategically oriented. But the main idea of ​​all design options is simple and quite obvious. It is necessary to accurately align the axes of the fibers and press their ends tightly against each other (create contact).

The operating principle of a pin-type fiber optic connector.

The bulk of connectors are produced according to a symmetrical design, when connectors are connected using special element- coupler (connector). It turns out that first the fiber is fixed and centered in the tip of the connector, and then the tips themselves are centered in the connector.

Thus, you can see that the signal is influenced by the following factors:

Internal losses - caused by tolerances on the geometric dimensions of the optical fibers. These are the eccentricity and ellipticity of the core, the difference in diameters (especially when connecting fibers of different types);

External losses, which depend on the quality of the connectors. They arise due to radial and angular displacement of the tips, non-parallelism of the end surfaces of the fibers, and the air gap between them (Fresnel losses);

Reverse reflection. Arises due to the presence of an air gap (Fresnel reflection of the light flux in the opposite direction at the glass-air-glass interface). According to the TIA/EIA-568A standard, the back reflection coefficient is normalized (the ratio of the power of the reflected light flux to the power of the incident light). It should be no worse than -26 dB for single-mode connectors, and no worse than -20 dB for multimode;

Contamination, which in turn can cause both external losses and back reflection.

Despite the absence of a connector type officially recognized by all manufacturers, ST and SC are actually common, very similar in their parameters (attenuation 0.2-0.3 dB).

Optical fiber connectors.

ST. From the English straight tip connector (straight connector) or, unofficially, Stick-and-Twist (insert and twist). It was developed in 1985 by AT&T, now Lucent Technologies. The design is based on a ceramic tip (ferule) with a diameter of 2.5 mm with a convex end surface. The plug is secured to the socket by a spring-loaded bayonet element (similar to BNC connectors used for coaxial cable).

ST connectors- the cheapest and most common type in Russia. It is slightly better adapted to difficult conditions operation thanks to simple and robust metal structure(allows more opportunities for the use of brute physical force).

The main disadvantages include the complexity of marking, the complexity of connection, and the impossibility of creating a duplex plug.

S.C. From the English subscriber connector (subscriber connector), and sometimes the unofficial decoding Stick-and-Click is used (insert and snap). It was developed by the Japanese company NTT, using the same ceramic tip with a diameter of 2.5 mm as in the ST. But the main idea is a lightweight plastic housing that protects the tip well and allows for smooth connection and disconnection in one linear motion.

This design allows for high packing density and easily adapts to convenient dual connectors. Therefore, SC connectors are recommended for creating new systems, and are gradually replacing ST.

Additionally, two more types should be noted, one of which is used in a related industry, and the other is gradually gaining popularity.

F.C. Very similar to ST, but with threaded fixation. Actively used by telephone operators in all countries, but in local networks practically never occurs.

L.C. New "miniature" connector, structurally identical to SC. So far it is quite expensive, and for “cheap” networks its use is pointless. As the main argument “for” the creators give higher density installation This is a fairly serious argument, and in the distant (by telecommunications standards) future it is quite possible that it will become the main type.

Currently, there are many optical connectors, differing in size and shape, methods of attachment and fixation. The choice of the type of optical connector depends on the active equipment used, the tasks of installing the fiber-optic line and the required accuracy.

The classification of optical connectors is generally the same and is based on the following parameters:

• connector standard;
• type of grinding;
• fiber type (singlemode or multimode);
• type of connectors (single or duplex).

As a result of various combinations of all these types, a huge variety of modifications of connectors and adapters are obtained. Not all of them are shown in the picture below.

What do all these letters mean?

Let's take for example a typical optical patch cord marking: SC/UPC-LC/UPC MultiMode Duplex.

• S.C. And L.C.- These are the types of connectors. Here we are dealing with an adapter patchcord, since it has two different types connectors;
• UPC- type of grinding;
• Multimode- type of fiber, in this case multimode fiber, it can also be designated by the abbreviation MM. Single-mode is marked as SingleMode or S.M.;
• Duplex- two connectors in one housing, for a more dense arrangement. The opposite case is Simplex, one connector in one housing.

Types of optical connectors

There are currently three most common types of optical connectors: F.C., S.C. And L.C..

F.C.

Connectors F.C., typically used in single-mode connections. The connector body is made of nickel-plated brass. Threaded fixation allows to provide reliable protection from accidental disconnection.

• spring-loaded connection, due to which “pressing” and tight contact are achieved;
• metal cap provides durable protection;
• the connector is screwed into the socket, which means it cannot jump out, even if accidentally pulled;
• Moving the cable does not affect the connection.

However, it is not suitable for dense placement of connectors - space is required for screwing in/unscrewing.

S.C.

Cheaper and more convenient, but less reliable analogue of FC. Easy to connect (latch), connectors can be placed tightly.

However, the plastic shell can break, and signal attenuation and back reflections are affected even by touching the connector.

This type of connector is most often used, but is not recommended on important routes.

The SC connector type is used for both multimode and single-mode fiber. Tip diameter 2.5 mm, material - ceramics. The connector body is made of plastic. The connector is fixed by a translational movement with a snap.

L.C.

A smaller version of the SC. Due to its small size, it is used for cross connections in offices, server rooms, etc. - indoors, where required high density connector locations.

The diameter of the connector tip is 1.25 mm, the material is ceramic. The connector is secured using a clamping mechanism - a latch, similar to an RJ-45 connector, which prevents unexpected disconnection.

When using duplex patch cords, it is possible to connect the connectors with a clip. Used for multimode and singlemode fibers.

The author of the development of this type of connector - a leading manufacturer of telecommunications equipment, Lucent Technologies (USA) - initially predicted the fate of a market leader for his brainchild. In principle, this is how it is. Especially considering that this type of connector refers to connections with increased installation density.

ST

Currently, the ST connector is not widely used due to shortcomings and increased needs for installation density. The connector is fixed by rotating around an axis, similar to a BNC connector.

Types of polishing (grinding) of fiber optic connectors

Grinding or polishing fiber optic connectors ensures that the fiber optic cores are in perfect contact. There should be no air between their surfaces, as this degrades the signal quality.

On this moment The following types of polishing are used: PC, SPC, UPC And APC.

PC

PC - Physical Contact. The progenitor of all other types of polishing. The connector, processed using the PC method (including manually), has a rounded tip.

In the first variations of polishing it was provided exclusively flat version connector, however, life has shown that the flat version makes room for air gaps between the light guides. Subsequently, the ends of the connectors received a slight rounding. The PC class includes hand-polished connectors made using adhesive technology. The disadvantage of this polishing is that a phenomenon called “infrared layer” occurs - in the infrared range, negative changes occur on the end layer. This phenomenon limits the use of connectors with such polishing in high-speed networks (>1G).

Please note that the figure shows that connecting connectors with a flat end is fraught, as mentioned earlier, with the occurrence of air gap. While the rounded ends are connected more tightly.

This type of polishing can be used in short-range networks that require low data transfer rates.

SPC

SPC - Super Physical Contact. Essentially the same PC, only the polishing itself is of higher quality, because... it is no longer manual, but machine-made. The radius of the core was also narrowed and the tip material became zirconium. Of course, polishing defects were reduced, but the problem of the infrared layer remained.

UPC

UPC-Ultra Physically Contact. This polishing is carried out by complex and expensive control systems, as a result of which the problem of the infrared layer was eliminated and the reflection parameters were significantly reduced. This made it possible for connectors with this polish to be used in high-speed networks.

UPC- an almost flat (but not flat) connector, which is produced using high-precision surface treatment. It provides excellent reflectivity (compared to PC and SPC), therefore it is actively used in high-speed optical networks.

Connectors with this type of connector are most often blue.

APC

APC - Angled Physically Contact. At the moment it is believed that the most in an effective way To reduce the energy of the reflected signal is polishing at an angle of 8-12°. This surface polishing gives the most top scores. Back reflections of the signal leave the optical fiber almost immediately, and due to this, losses are reduced. In this design, the reflected light signal propagates at a greater angle than that introduced into the fiber.

Today there will be a scientific and educational post :)

Fortunately, this time there was no accident, but planned work, so the process took place, one might say, smoothly. greenhouse conditions.

Typically, an optical cable is welded into a special cross-connect, each fiber to its own port, from where it is already connected to equipment or another cross-connect. But this time it was necessary to weld two cables together, bypassing the optical cross-connects. The process is, in general, similar to welding a cable at break, with the exception that the cable does not need to be pulled out of the cross-connect first.

This is what two working optical cross connects look like, which you will need to get rid of and connect the cables directly. For now, the data is running along the yellow patch cords between the crosses.

Optical crossover from the inside. Carefully unravel and pull the cable out of the cassette.

Colored wires are fiber optic cables, only insulated for now. The optical fiber itself is colorless, and the insulation is specially colored to distinguish the fibers.

There can be many fibers in a cable. It can be 4, 12, or 38. As a rule, a pair of fibers is used for data transmission, one fiber in each direction. Such a single pair can transmit from 155 Mbit/s to several tens of Gbit/s, depending on the equipment at the ends of the fiber-optic route.

This cable contains 12 fibers, which are packaged 4 pieces in 3 colored (white, green, red) modules.

Since the fiber splice is a potentially fragile area, this part of the cable is packaged in an optical sleeve. Before welding, the cables are inserted into the coupling through special holes.

Now you can begin the welding process. First, the insulation is removed from the fiber using precision tools, exposing the fiber optic core itself.

Before welding, it is necessary that the end of the fiber is as smooth as possible, i.e. a very precise perpendicular cut is required. There is a special machine for this.

Chick! The angle of the chip should deviate from the plane by no more than 1 degree. Typical values ​​are from 0.1 to 0.3 degrees.

Scraps of clean fiber are immediately tidied up. You’ll find it on the table later, but it can easily get stuck under the skin, break off there and stay there.

And here is the most important device in this process - the welder. Both fibers are placed in special grooves in the middle of the device on both sides (in the picture - blue color), and are fixed with clamps.

After that comes the hardest part. Press the "SET" button and look at the screen. The device itself positions the fibers, aligns them, and briefly electric arc instantly solders the fibers and shows the result. The whole process happens faster than I wrote these three sentences above, and takes about 10 seconds.

A heat-shrinkable tube with a metal rod is placed on the fiber to strengthen the welding site, and the fiber is placed in an oven in the same apparatus, only in its upper part.

Each fiber is then carefully placed into the coupling cassette. Creative process.

And the result.

To seal the cable entry point into the coupling, wear heat shrink tubing, which are treated with a special hairdryer. Tube from high temperature compresses, preventing water and air from entering the coupling.

AND finishing touch. A cap is placed on the coupling and secured with special fasteners. Now you are not afraid of either humidity, heat or frost. Such couplings can float in a swamp for years without damaging the cable inside.

The entire process of welding two 12-fiber cables together takes about an hour and a half.

Well, now you know all the intricacies of this process, you can safely buy a welding machine and entangle whatever you want with fiber optic networks.

Optical connectors(connectors) are used when terminating optical fibers to connect them with passive or active telecommunications equipment.

Today there are a large number of specializedoptical connectors.The most widespreadoptical connectors types SC, FC, ST having standard sizes and miniature L.C. The principle of operation is the same, only the methods of fixation or the type of attachment to the socket are different.

Optical connector ST type has a tip with a diameter of 2.5 mm with a convex end surface. The plug is fixed to the socket using a spring-loaded bayonet element,turning ¼ turn. The guide frames, engaging with the stops of the ST-socket when rotating, press the structure into the socket. The spring element provides the necessary pressure.

SC type optical connectortype is the most popular among connectors with a rectangular cross-section.Fixation is carried out using a latch with a lock according to the “push-pull” principle.The linear movement of plugging and unplugging makes this connector particularly suitable for 19-inch shelf applications, as it allows for increased port density by bringing the receptacles closer together. The latch only opens when pulled by the housing, which increases operational reliability. Optical SC connector can be combined into a module consisting of several Duplex connectors.

FC type optical connectorfixed with a threaded connection. oriented , mainly for use in single-mode long-distance communication lines, specialized systems and cable television networks. The design of the connector provides reliable protection of the ceramic tip from contamination, and the use of a union nut for fixing provides greater tightness of the connection area and reliability of the connection when exposed to vibrations.

Miniature LC type optical connectorsare approximately half the size of regular options SC, FC, ST with a tip diameter of 1.25 mm, instead of the standard 2.5 mm. This allows for high-density patch panel mounting and dense rack-mount layouts. The connector is fixed using a clamping mechanism.

We are also pleased to offer you connectors differing in installation method:

One of the most simple methods for installing connectors on fiber - adhesive. To fix the fiber in the connector core, this method uses epoxy resin.

Quick connector allows for easy and quick termination optical cables. In the store you can find everything you need to install a quick connector.

They are designed for quickly terminating optical cables over unique technology"Splice-On" with welding machine Ilsintech Swift F1.

The main enemies of optical connectors that prevent high-speed data transfer are dirt, dust and other contaminants.