s v \u003d 1 005 J / (kg ° С) - specific heat capacity of air

d - air gap width, m

L - facade height with ventilated gap, m

n to - the average number of brackets per m 2 of the wall, m–1

R about. feature , R pr o. region - reduced resistance to heat transfer of parts of the structure from the inner surface to the air gap and from the air gap to the outer surface of the structure, respectively, m 2 ° C / W

R about pr - reduced resistance to heat transfer of the entire structure, m 2 ° C / W

R cond. feature - resistance to heat transfer along the surface of the structure (excluding heat-conducting inclusions), m 2 ° C / W

R conditionally - resistance to heat transfer along the surface of the structure, is determined as the sum of the thermal resistances of the layers of the structure and the heat transfer resistances of the internal (equal to 1/av) and external (equal to 1/an) surfaces

R pr SNiP - reduced heat transfer resistance of the wall structure with insulation, determined in accordance with SNiP II-3-79 *, m 2 ° C / W

R pr therm. feature - thermal resistance of the wall with insulation (from internal air to the surface of the insulation in the air gap), m 2 ° C / W

R eff gap - effective thermal resistance of the air gap, m 2 ° C / W

Q n - calculated heat flux through an inhomogeneous structure, W

Q 0 - heat flow through a homogeneous structure of the same area, W

q - heat flux density through the structure, W / m 2

q 0 - heat flux density through a homogeneous structure, W / m 2

r - thermal uniformity coefficient

S - cross-sectional area of ​​​​the bracket, m 2

t - temperature, °С

The article discusses the design of a thermal insulation system with a closed air gap between the thermal insulation and the wall of the building. It is proposed to use vapor-permeable inserts in thermal insulation in order to prevent moisture condensation in the air layer. A method for calculating the area of ​​inserts depending on the conditions of use of thermal insulation is given.

This paper describes the thermal insulating system having dead air space between the thermal insulation and the outer wall of the building. Water vapor-permeable inserts are proposed for use in the thermal insulation in order to prevent moisture condensation in the air space. The method for calculating the offered area of ​​the inserts has been depending on the conditions of the thermal insulation usage.

INTRODUCTION

The air gap is an element of many building envelopes. In this paper, the properties of enclosing structures with closed and ventilated air gaps are investigated. At the same time, the features of its application in many cases require solving the problems of building heat engineering in specific conditions of use.

Known and widely used in construction is the design of a heat-insulating system with a ventilated air gap. The main advantage of this system over light plaster systems is the ability to perform work on the insulation of buildings all year round. The insulation fastening system is first attached to the enclosing structure. The heater is attached to this system. The outer protection of the insulation is installed from it at some distance, so that an air gap is formed between the insulation and the outer fence. The design of the insulation system allows ventilation of the air gap in order to remove excess moisture, which reduces the amount of moisture in the insulation. The disadvantages of this system include the complexity and necessity, along with the use of insulation materials, to use siding systems that provide the necessary clearance for moving air.

Known ventilation system in which the air gap is adjacent directly to the wall of the building. Thermal insulation is made in the form of three-layer panels: the inner layer is thermal insulation material, the outer layers are aluminum and aluminum foil. This design protects the insulation from the penetration of both atmospheric moisture and moisture from the premises. Therefore, its properties do not deteriorate under any operating conditions, which saves up to 20% of insulation compared to conventional systems. The disadvantage of these systems is the need to ventilate the layer to remove moisture migrating from the premises of the building. This leads to a decrease in the thermal insulation properties of the system. In addition, the heat losses of the lower floors of buildings increase, since the cold air entering the interlayer through the holes at the bottom of the system takes some time to heat up to a steady temperature.

INSULATION SYSTEM WITH CLOSED AIR GAP

A thermal insulation system similar to that with a closed air gap is possible. Attention should be paid to the fact that the movement of air in the interlayer is necessary only to remove moisture. If we solve the problem of removing moisture in a different way, without ventilation, we get a thermal insulation system with a closed air gap without the above disadvantages.

To solve the problem, the thermal insulation system should have the form shown in Fig. 1. Thermal insulation of the building should be performed with vapor-permeable inserts made of thermal insulation material, such as mineral wool. The thermal insulation system must be arranged in such a way that steam is removed from the interlayer, and inside it the humidity is below the dew point in the interlayer.

1 - building wall; 2 - fasteners; 3 - heat-insulating panels; 4 - steam and heat-insulating inserts

Rice. one. Thermal insulation with vapor-permeable inserts

For the saturated vapor pressure in the interlayer, the following expression can be written:

Neglecting the thermal resistance of air in the interlayer, we determine the average temperature inside the interlayer by the formula

(2)

where T in, Tout- air temperature inside the building and outside air, respectively, about С;

R 1 , R 2 - resistance to heat transfer of the wall and thermal insulation, respectively, m 2 × o C / W.

For steam migrating from the room through the wall of the building, you can write the equation:

(3)

where Pin, P– partial vapor pressure in the room and interlayer, Pa;

S 1 - the area of ​​​​the outer wall of the building, m 2;

k pp1 - coefficient of vapor permeability of the wall, equal to:

here R pp1 = m 1 / l 1 ;

m 1 - vapor permeability coefficient of the wall material, mg / (m × h × Pa);

l 1 - wall thickness, m.

For steam migrating from the air gap through vapor-permeable inserts in the thermal insulation of a building, the following equation can be written:

(5)

where P out– partial vapor pressure in the outside air, Pa;

S 2 - the area of ​​vapor-permeable heat-insulating inserts in the thermal insulation of the building, m 2;

k pp2 - coefficient of vapor permeability of inserts, equal to:

here R pp2 \u003d m 2 / l 2 ;

m 2 - coefficient of vapor permeability of the material of the vapor-permeable insert, mg / (m × h × Pa);

l 2 – insert thickness, m.

Equating the right parts of equations (3) and (5) and solving the resulting equation for the vapor balance in the interlayer with respect to P, we obtain the value of vapor pressure in the interlayer in the form:

(7)

where e = S 2 /S 1 .

Having written the condition for the absence of moisture condensation in the air gap in the form of an inequality:

and solving it, we obtain the required value of the ratio of the total area of ​​vapor-permeable inserts to the area of ​​the wall:

Table 1 shows the data obtained for some options for enclosing structures. It was assumed in the calculations that the coefficient of thermal conductivity of the vapor-permeable insert is equal to the coefficient of thermal conductivity of the main thermal insulation in the system.

Table 1. Value of ε for various wall options

The examples given in Table 1 show that it is possible to design thermal insulation with a closed air gap between the thermal insulation and the wall of the building. For some wall structures, as in the first example from Table 1, vapor-permeable inserts can be dispensed with. In other cases, the area of ​​vapor-permeable inserts may be insignificant compared to the area of ​​the insulated wall.

THERMAL INSULATION SYSTEM WITH CONTROLLED THERMAL TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS

The design of thermal insulation systems has undergone significant development over the past fifty years, and today designers have a wide choice of materials and designs at their disposal, from the use of straw to vacuum thermal insulation. It is also possible to use active thermal insulation systems, the features of which allow them to be included in the energy supply system of buildings. In this case, the properties of the thermal insulation system can also change depending on the environmental conditions, ensuring a constant level of heat loss from the building, regardless of the outside temperature.

If you set a fixed level of heat loss Q through the building envelope, the required value of the reduced resistance to heat transfer will be determined by the formula

(10)

Such properties can be possessed by a heat-insulating system with a transparent outer layer or with a ventilated air gap. In the first case, solar energy is used, and in the second, the heat energy of the ground can be additionally used together with the ground heat exchanger.

In a system with transparent thermal insulation at a low position of the sun, its rays pass to the wall almost without loss, heat it, thereby reducing heat loss from the room. In summer, when the sun is high above the horizon, the sun's rays are almost completely reflected from the wall of the building, thereby preventing the building from overheating. In order to reduce the reverse heat flow, the heat-insulating layer is made in the form of a honeycomb structure, which plays the role of a trap for sunlight. The disadvantage of such a system is the impossibility of redistributing energy along the facades of the building and the absence of an accumulative effect. In addition, the efficiency of this system directly depends on the level of solar activity.

According to the authors, an ideal thermal insulation system should, to some extent, resemble a living organism and change its properties over a wide range depending on environmental conditions. When the outside temperature drops, the thermal insulation system should reduce heat loss from the building, and when the outside temperature rises, its thermal resistance may decrease. During the summer, solar energy input into the building should also depend on outdoor conditions.

The thermal insulation system proposed in many respects has the properties formulated above. On fig. 2a shows a diagram of the wall with the proposed thermal insulation system, in fig. 2b - temperature graph in the heat-insulating layer without and with the presence of an air gap.

The heat-insulating layer is made with a ventilated air gap. When air moves in it with a temperature higher than at the corresponding point on the graph, the value of the temperature gradient in the thermal insulation layer from the wall to the interlayer decreases compared to thermal insulation without an interlayer, which reduces heat loss from the building through the wall. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that the decrease in heat loss from the building will be compensated by the heat given off by the air flow in the interlayer. That is, the air temperature at the outlet of the interlayer will be less than at the inlet.

Rice. 2. Scheme of the thermal insulation system (a) and temperature graph (b)

The physical model of the problem of calculating heat losses through a wall with an air gap is shown in fig. 3. The heat balance equation for this model has the following form:

Rice. 3. Calculation scheme of heat loss through the building envelope

When calculating heat flows, the conductive, convective and radiative mechanisms of heat transfer are taken into account:

where Q 1 - heat flow from the room to the inner surface of the building envelope, W / m 2;

Q 2 - heat flow through the main wall, W / m 2;

Q 3 - heat flow through the air gap, W/m2;

Q 4 – heat flux through the thermal insulation layer behind the interlayer, W/m 2 ;

Q 5 - heat flow from the outer surface of the enclosing structure into the atmosphere, W / m 2;

T 1 , T 2, - temperature on the wall surface, o C;

T 3 , T 4 – temperature on the interlayer surface, о С;

Tk, T a- temperature in the room and outside air, respectively, about С;

s is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant;

l 1, l 2 - thermal conductivity of the main wall and thermal insulation, respectively, W / (m × o C);

e 1 , e 2 , e 12 - the emissivity of the inner surface of the wall, the outer surface of the thermal insulation layer and the reduced emissivity of the surfaces of the air gap, respectively;

a in, a n, a 0 - heat transfer coefficient on the inner surface of the wall, on the outer surface of the thermal insulation and on the surfaces limiting the air gap, respectively, W / (m 2 × o C).

Formula (14) is written for the case when the air in the interlayer is stationary. In the case when air with a temperature T u instead of Q 3, two flows are considered: from the blown air to the wall:

and from the blown air to the screen:

Then the system of equations splits into two systems:

The heat transfer coefficient is expressed in terms of the Nusselt number:

where L- characteristic size.

Formulas for calculating the Nusselt number were taken depending on the situation. When calculating the heat transfer coefficient on the inner and outer surfaces of the enclosing structures, the following formulas were used:

where Ra= Pr×Gr – Rayleigh criterion;

Gr= g×b ×D T× L 3 /n 2 is the Grashof number.

When determining the Grashof number, the difference between the wall temperature and the ambient air temperature was chosen as a characteristic temperature difference. For the characteristic dimensions were taken: the height of the wall and the thickness of the layer.

When calculating the heat transfer coefficient a 0 inside a closed air gap, the following formula was used to calculate the Nusselt number:

(22)

If the air inside the interlayer was moving, a simpler formula was used to calculate the Nusselt number from:

(23)

where Re = v×d /n is the Reynolds number;

d is the thickness of the air gap.

The values ​​of the Prandtl number Pr, kinematic viscosity n and the coefficient of thermal conductivity of air l in depending on the temperature were calculated by linear interpolation of tabular values ​​from . Systems of equations (11) or (19) were solved numerically by iterative refinement with respect to temperatures T 1 , T 2 , T 3 , T 4 . For numerical simulation, a thermal insulation system based on thermal insulation similar to expanded polystyrene with a thermal conductivity coefficient of 0.04 W/(m 2 × o C) was chosen. The air temperature at the inlet of the interlayer was assumed to be 8 ° C, the total thickness of the heat-insulating layer was 20 cm, the thickness of the interlayer d- 1 cm.

On fig. 4 shows graphs of specific heat losses through the insulating layer of a conventional heat insulator in the presence of a closed heat-insulating layer and with a ventilated air layer. The closed air gap almost does not improve the properties of thermal insulation. For the considered case, the presence of a heat-insulating layer with a moving air flow more than doubles the heat loss through the wall at an outdoor temperature of minus 20 ° C. The equivalent value of the heat transfer resistance of such heat insulation for this temperature is 10.5 m 2 × ° C / W, which corresponds to the layer expanded polystyrene with a thickness of more than 40.0 cm.

D d= 4 cm with still air; row 3 - air speed 0.5 m/s

Rice. 4. Graphs of dependence of specific heat losses

The effectiveness of the thermal insulation system increases as the outdoor temperature decreases. At an outside air temperature of 4 ° C, the efficiency of both systems is the same. A further increase in temperature makes the use of the system inappropriate, as it leads to an increase in the level of heat loss from the building.

On fig. 5 shows the dependence of the temperature of the outer surface of the wall on the temperature of the outside air. According to fig. 5, the presence of an air gap increases the temperature of the outer surface of the wall at a negative outdoor temperature compared to conventional thermal insulation. This is because the moving air gives off its heat to both the inner and outer layers of thermal insulation. At high outside air temperatures, such a thermal insulation system plays the role of a cooling layer (see Fig. 5).

Row 1 - ordinary thermal insulation, D= 20 cm; row 2 - in the thermal insulation there is an air gap 1 cm wide, d= 4 cm, air speed 0.5 m/s

Rice. five. The dependence of the temperature of the outer surface of the wallfrom the outside air temperature

On fig. 6 shows the dependence of the temperature at the outlet of the interlayer on the temperature of the outside air. The air in the interlayer, cooling down, gives up its energy to the enclosing surfaces.

Rice. 6. Dependence of the temperature at the exit of the interlayerfrom the outside air temperature

On fig. 7 shows the dependence of heat loss on the thickness of the outer layer of thermal insulation at a minimum outdoor temperature. According to fig. 7, the minimum heat loss is observed at d= 4 cm.

Rice. 7. The dependence of heat loss on the thickness of the outer layer of thermal insulation at minimum outside temperature

On fig. 8 shows the dependence of heat loss for an outside temperature of minus 20 ° C on the air velocity in an interlayer with different thicknesses. The rise in air velocity above 0.5 m/s does not significantly affect the properties of thermal insulation.

Row 1 - d= 16 cm; row 2 - d= 18 cm; row 3 - d= 20 cm

Rice. 8. Dependence of heat loss on air speedwith different thickness of the air layer

Attention should be paid to the fact that a ventilated air gap allows you to effectively control the level of heat loss through the wall surface by changing the air velocity in the range from 0 to 0.5 m/s, which is impossible for conventional thermal insulation. On fig. Figure 9 shows the dependence of the air velocity on the outside temperature for a fixed level of heat loss through the wall. This approach to thermal protection of buildings makes it possible to reduce the energy intensity of the ventilation system as the outdoor temperature rises.

Rice. nine. Dependence of the air speed on the outside temperature for a fixed level of heat loss

When creating the thermal insulation system considered in the article, the main issue is the source of energy to increase the temperature of the pumped air. As such a source, it is supposed to take the heat of the soil under the building by using a soil heat exchanger. For more efficient use of soil energy, it is assumed that the ventilation system in the air layer should be closed, without atmospheric air suction. Since the temperature of the air entering the system in winter is lower than the ground temperature, the problem of moisture condensation does not exist here.

The authors see the most effective use of such a system in the combination of the use of two energy sources: solar and ground heat. If we turn to the previously mentioned systems with a transparent heat-insulating layer, it becomes obvious that the authors of these systems strive to implement the idea of ​​a thermal diode in one way or another, that is, to solve the problem of directional transfer of solar energy to the building wall, while taking measures to prevent the movement of heat energy flow in the opposite direction. direction.

A dark-colored metal plate can act as an outer absorbing layer. And the second absorbing layer can be an air gap in the thermal insulation of the building. The air moving in the layer, closing through the ground heat exchanger, in sunny weather heats the ground, accumulating solar energy and redistributing it over the facades of the building. Heat from the outer layer to the inner layer can be transferred using thermal diodes made on heat pipes with phase transitions.

Thus, the proposed thermal insulation system with controlled thermophysical characteristics is based on a structure with a thermal insulation layer having three features:

- a ventilated air layer parallel to the building envelope;

is the energy source for the air inside the interlayer;

– a system for controlling the parameters of the air flow in the interlayer depending on the external weather conditions and the air temperature in the room.

One of the possible design options is the use of a transparent thermal insulation system. In this case, the thermal insulation system must be supplemented with another air gap adjacent to the wall of the building and communicating with all the walls of the building, as shown in Fig. 10.

The thermal insulation system shown in fig. 10 has two air spaces. One of them is located between the thermal insulation and the transparent fence and serves to prevent the building from overheating. For this purpose, there are air valves connecting the interlayer to the outside air at the top and bottom of the thermal insulation panel. In the summer and at times of high solar activity, when there is a danger of overheating of the building, the dampers open, providing ventilation with outside air.

Rice. 10. Transparent thermal insulation system with ventilated air gap

The second air gap is adjacent to the wall of the building and serves to transport solar energy in the building envelope. Such a design will allow the use of solar energy by the entire surface of the building during daylight hours, providing, moreover, an effective accumulation of solar energy, since the entire volume of the walls of the building acts as an accumulator.

It is also possible to use traditional thermal insulation in the system. In this case, a ground heat exchanger can serve as a source of thermal energy, as shown in Fig. eleven.

Rice. eleven. Thermal insulation system with ground heat exchanger

As another option, building ventilation emissions can be proposed for this purpose. In this case, to prevent moisture condensation in the interlayer, it is necessary to pass the removed air through the heat exchanger, and let the outside air heated in the heat exchanger into the interlayer. From the interlayer, air can enter the room for ventilation. The air is heated, passing through the ground heat exchanger, and gives up its energy to the building envelope.

A necessary element of the thermal insulation system should be an automatic control system for its properties. On fig. 12 is a block diagram of the control system. The control is based on the analysis of information from temperature and humidity sensors by changing the operating mode or turning off the fan and opening and closing the air dampers.

Rice. 12. Block diagram of the control system

The block diagram of the operation algorithm of the ventilation system with controlled properties is shown in fig. 13.

At the initial stage of operation of the control system (see Fig. 12), the temperature in the air gap for the still air condition is calculated from the measured values ​​of the outdoor and indoor temperatures in the control unit. This value is compared with the air temperature in the layer of the southern facade during the design of the thermal insulation system, as in Fig. 10, or in a ground heat exchanger - when designing a thermal insulation system, as in fig. 11. If the calculated temperature is greater than or equal to the measured temperature, the fan remains off and the air dampers in the interlayer are closed.

Rice. 13. Block diagram of the ventilation system operation algorithm with managed properties

If the calculated temperature is less than the measured one, turn on the circulation fan and open the dampers. In this case, the energy of the heated air is given to the wall structures of the building, reducing the need for thermal energy for heating. At the same time, the value of air humidity in the interlayer is measured. If the humidity approaches the dew point, a damper opens, connecting the air gap with the outside air, which ensures that moisture does not condense on the surface of the walls of the gap.

Thus, the proposed system of thermal insulation allows you to really control the thermal properties.

TESTING THE LAYOUT OF THE THERMAL INSULATION SYSTEM WITH CONTROLLED THERMAL INSULATION BY USING THE BUILDING VENTILATION EMISSIONS

The scheme of the experiment is shown in fig. 14. The layout of the thermal insulation system is mounted on the brick wall of the room in the upper part of the elevator shaft. The layout consists of thermal insulation representing vapor-tight heat-insulating plates (one surface is aluminum 1.5 mm thick; the second is aluminum foil) filled with polyurethane foam 3.0 cm thick with a thermal conductivity coefficient of 0.03 W / (m 2 × o C). Heat transfer resistance of the plate - 1.0 m 2 × o C / W, brick wall - 0.6 m 2 × o C / W. Between the heat-insulating plates and the surface of the building envelope there is an air gap 5 cm thick. In order to determine the temperature regimes and the movement of heat flow through the building envelope, temperature and heat flow sensors were installed in it.

Rice. fourteen. Scheme of an experimental system with controlled thermal insulation

A photograph of the installed thermal insulation system with energy supply from the ventilation exhaust heat recovery system is shown in fig. 15.

Additional energy inside the layer is supplied with air taken at the outlet of the heat recovery system of the ventilation emissions of the building. Ventilation emissions were taken from the exit of the ventilation shaft of the building of the State Enterprise “Institute NIPTIS named after A.I. Ataeva S.S., were fed to the first input of the recuperator (see Fig. 15a). Air was supplied from the ventilation layer to the second inlet of the recuperator, and again to the ventilation layer from the second outlet of the recuperator. Ventilation exhaust air cannot be supplied directly into the air gap due to the danger of moisture condensation inside it. Therefore, the ventilation emissions of the building first passed through the heat exchanger-recuperator, the second inlet of which received air from the interlayer. In the heat exchanger, it was heated up and, with the help of a fan, was supplied to the air gap of the ventilation system through a flange mounted at the bottom of the heat-insulating panel. Through the second flange in the upper part of the thermal insulation, the air was removed from the panel and closed the cycle of its movement at the second inlet of the heat exchanger. In the process of work, the information received from the temperature and heat flow sensors installed according to the scheme of Fig. 1 was recorded. fourteen.

A special control and data processing unit was used to control the operation modes of the fans and to record and record the parameters of the experiment.

On fig. 16 shows graphs of temperature changes: outdoor air, indoor air and air in different parts of the layer. From 7.00 to 13.00 hours the system enters the stationary mode of operation. The difference between the temperature at the air inlet to the interlayer (sensor 6) and the temperature at its outlet (sensor 5) turned out to be about 3°C, which indicates the consumption of energy from the passing air.

Rice. 16. Temperature charts: a - outdoor air and indoor air;b - air in various parts of the interlayer

On fig. 17 shows graphs of the time dependence of the temperature of the wall surfaces and thermal insulation, as well as the temperature and heat flow through the enclosing surface of the building. On fig. 17b, a decrease in the heat flux from the room is clearly recorded after the supply of heated air to the ventilation layer.

Rice. 17. Graphs versus time: a - temperature of the surfaces of the wall and thermal insulation;b - temperature and heat flow through the enclosing surface of the building

The experimental results obtained by the authors confirm the possibility of controlling the properties of thermal insulation with a ventilated layer.

CONCLUSION

1 An important element of energy efficient buildings is its shell. The main directions for the development of reducing the heat loss of buildings through building envelopes are associated with active thermal insulation, when the building envelope plays an important role in shaping the parameters of the internal environment of the premises. The most obvious example is a building envelope with an air gap.

2 The authors proposed a thermal insulation design with a closed air gap between the thermal insulation and the wall of the building. In order to prevent moisture condensation in the air layer without reducing the heat-insulating properties, the possibility of using vapor-permeable inserts in thermal insulation is considered. A method has been developed for calculating the area of ​​inserts depending on the conditions of use of thermal insulation. For some wall structures, as in the first example from Table 1, vapor-permeable inserts can be dispensed with. In other cases, the area of ​​vapor-permeable inserts may be insignificant relative to the area of ​​the insulated wall.

3 A method for calculating thermal characteristics and design of a thermal insulation system with controlled thermal properties have been developed. The design is made in the form of a system with a ventilated air gap between two layers of thermal insulation. When moving in an air layer with a temperature higher than at the corresponding point of the wall with a conventional thermal insulation system, the magnitude of the temperature gradient in the thermal insulation layer from the wall to the layer decreases compared to thermal insulation without a layer, which reduces heat loss from the building through the wall. As energy for increasing the temperature of the pumped air, it is possible to use the heat of the soil under the building, using a soil heat exchanger, or solar energy. Methods for calculating the characteristics of such a system have been developed. Experimental confirmation of the reality of using a thermal insulation system with controlled thermal characteristics for buildings has been obtained.

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