Camera device. Film and digital cameras
11.01.2017
There are a wide variety of cameras on the market today. However, film and digital cameras are similar in terms of appearance and working principle.
How film cameras work
The principle of operation of these devices is as follows: light passes through the lens, then hits the photosensitive element in film camera or on a matrix in digital and is fixed in the form of a picture.
Analog camera works in the following way: the light flux penetrates through the diaphragm, interacts with the reagents on the film and is fixed on it.
The appearance of the photo may be affected following options: lens optics settings, use of special lenses, illumination intensity and angle of incidence of illumination, aperture opening time. These and other characteristics form artistic direction Photo. Of course, the main parameter for evaluating a picture is the point of view and aesthetic perception of the photographer.
Film camera details
Any film camera includes the following parts:
- A lens is a powerful optical device that consists of several lenses. This part of the device makes it possible to shoot from different distances and with different focusing. In special cameras, in addition to lenses, it also includes mirrors. A conventional photographic lens has a distance that corresponds to the diagonal of the frame. A wide angle lens has a focus distance that is shorter than the diagonal of the frame. It is used for photography in small areas. A telescopic lens is used for distant and landscape photography. Its focus distance is much larger than the diagonal of the frame.
- Shutter - opens the shutters so that the light flux hits the film, then it reacts with the substance that the film is coated with. The duration of the shutter open affects the position of the frame. For shooting at night, you need to use a slow shutter speed, and for daylight or fast shooting, you need to use a short shutter speed.
- The body of the camera does not transmit light, it is equipped with mounts for the lens and flash, as well as a comfortable handle to hold the camera, and a place to which you can attach a tripod. Inside the case there is a film, which is protected from light by a special cover.
- Aperture - a detail that allows you to adjust the color intensity of the optical image of the subject. The most common is the iris diaphragm. Its light hole is formed by several sickle-shaped petals. In the process of photographing, the petals move or move apart, while the diameter of the light opening decreases or increases.
- Cassette with material sensitive to light. For disposable devices, this function can be performed by the housing. Prevents stray light from entering the film before and after photography.
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The principle of operation of an analog camera: light passes through the aperture of the lens and, reacting with chemical elements film is stored on the film. Depending on the lens optics setting, the use of special lenses, the illumination and the angle of the directed light, the aperture opening time can be obtained different kind images on the photo. From this and many other factors, art style Photo. Of course, the main criterion for evaluating a photo is the look and artistic taste of the photographer.
Frame. The body of the camera does not transmit light, has mounts for the lens and flash, a convenient grip shape and a place for attaching to a tripod. A photographic film is placed inside the case, which is securely closed with a light-tight cover.
Film channel. In it, the film is rewound, stopping at the frame you need to shoot. The counter is mechanically linked to the film channel, which, when scrolled, indicates the number of shots taken. There are motor-driven cameras that allow you to shoot through a sequentially set period of time, as well as to shoot at high speed up to several frames per second.
Viewfinder. An optical lens through which the photographer sees the future frame in the frame. It often has additional marks to determine the position of the object and some scales for adjusting the light and contrast.
Lens. Lens - powerful optical instrument, consisting of several lenses, allowing you to take images on different distance with a change of focus.
Lenses for professional photography, in addition to lenses, also consist of mirrors. A standard lens has a focus distance rounded equal to the diagonal of the frame, an angle of 45 degrees. The focal length of a wide-angle lens smaller than the diagonal of the frame is used for shooting in a small space, an angle of up to 100 degrees. for distant and panoramic objects, a telescopic lens is used whose focal length is much larger than the diagonal of the frame.
Diaphragm. A device that regulates the brightness of an optical image of a photographed object in relation to its brightness. The most widespread is the iris diaphragm, in which the light hole is formed by several crescent-shaped petals in the form of arcs; when shooting, the petals converge or diverge, reducing or increasing the diameter of the light hole.
Gate. The shutter of the camera opens the shutters to allow light to hit the film, then the light begins to act on the film, entering into chemical reaction. The exposure of the frame depends on the duration of the shutter opening. So for night shooting a slower shutter speed is set, for shooting in the sun or high-speed shooting as short as possible.
Rangefinder. The device by which the photographer determines the distance to the subject. often the rangefinder is combined for convenience with the viewfinder.
Release button. Starts the process of taking pictures, lasting no more than a second. In an instant, the shutter is released, the aperture blades open, light hits the chemical composition photographic film and the frame is imprinted.
In older film cameras, the shutter button is based on a mechanical drive, in more modern cameras, the shutter button, like the rest of the moving elements of the camera, is electrically driven.
Cartridge. The spool that holds the film inside the camera body. At the end of the frames on the film in mechanical models, the user rewound the film in the opposite direction manually; in more modern cameras, the film was rewound at the end using an electromotor drive powered by AA batteries.
Photo flash. Poor lighting of photographic subjects leads to the use of flash. In professional shooting, this has to be resorted to only in urgent cases when there are no other screen lighting devices, lamps. The flashlight consists of a gas-discharge lamp in the form of a glass tube containing xenon gas.
When energy is accumulated, the flash is charged, the gas in the glass tube is ionized, then instantly discharged, creating a bright flash with a light intensity of over a hundred thousand candles. During flash operation, the effect of "red eyes" in people and animals is often noted.
This is because when the room where the photograph is taken is insufficiently lit, the person’s eyes expand and when the flash fires, the pupils do not have time to narrow, reflecting too much light from the eyeball. To eliminate the effect of "red-eye", one of the methods is used to pre-direct the light flux to the person's eyes before the flash fires, which causes a narrowing of the pupil and less reflection of the flash light from it.
If anyone has not read the article, I strongly recommend that you read it, because the topic of today's article will overlap with the previous one. For everyone else, I will repeat the summary again. There are three types of cameras: compact, mirrorless and SLR. Compact ones are the simplest, and mirror ones are the most advanced. The practical conclusion of the article was that for more or less serious photography, you should opt for mirrorless and DSLRs.
Today we will talk about the device of the camera. As in any business, you need to understand the principle of operation of your tool for confident management. It is not necessary to know the device thoroughly, but it is necessary to understand the main components and the principle of operation. This will allow you to look at the camera from the other side - not as a black box with an input signal in the form of light and an output in the form of a finished image, but as a device in which you understand and understand where the light goes further and how the final result is obtained. We will not touch on compact cameras, but let's talk about SLR and mirrorless devices.
SLR camera device
Globally, the camera consists of two parts: the camera (it is also called the body - carcass) and the lens. The carcass looks like this:
Carcass - front view
Carcass - top view
And this is what the camera looks like complete with lens:
Now let's look at the schematic image of the camera. The diagram will show the structure of the camera “in section” from the same angle as in the last image. In the diagram, the numbers indicate the main nodes, which we will consider.
After setting all the parameters, framing and focusing, the photographer presses the shutter button. In this case, the mirror rises and the stream of light falls on main element camera - a matrix.
As you can see, the mirror rises and shutter 1 opens. The shutter in DSLRs is mechanical and determines the time during which light will enter the matrix 2. This time is called shutter speed. It is also called the matrix exposure time. The main characteristics of the shutter: shutter lag and shutter speed. Shutter lag determines how quickly the shutter curtains open after you press the shutter button - the smaller the lag, the more likely it is that the car that you are trying to shoot passing by you will be in focus, not blurred and framed as you did when viewfinder assistance. DSLRs and mirrorless cameras have a short shutter lag and are measured in ms (milliseconds). The shutter speed determines the minimum time that the shutter will be open - i.e. minimum exposure. On budget and mid-range cameras, the minimum shutter speed is 1/4000 s, on expensive (mostly full-frame) cameras it is 1/8000 s. When the mirror is raised, the light does not enter either the focusing system or the pentaprism through the focusing screen, but directly onto the matrix through the open shutter. When you take a picture with a SLR camera and at the same time look through the viewfinder all the time, then after pressing the shutter button you will temporarily see black spot, not an image. This time is determined by the exposure. If you set the shutter speed to 5 s, for example, then after pressing the shutter button you will observe a black spot for 5 seconds. After the end of the exposure of the matrix, the mirror returns to its original position and the light again enters the viewfinder. IT IS IMPORTANT! As you can see, there are two main elements that regulate the amount of light that hits the sensor. These are aperture 2 (see the previous diagram), which determines the amount of light transmitted, and the shutter, which controls the shutter speed - the time for which the light enters the matrix. These concepts are at the heart of photography. Their variations achieve different effects and it is important to understand their physical meaning.
The matrix of the camera 2 is a microcircuit with photosensitive elements (photodiodes) that react to light. There is a light filter in front of the matrix, which is responsible for obtaining a color image. two important characteristics matrix can be considered its size and signal-to-noise ratio. The higher both, the better. We will talk more about photomatrices in a separate article, because. this is a very broad topic.
From the matrix, the image is sent to the ADC (analogue-to-digital converter), from there to the processor, processed (or not processed if shooting in RAW) and stored on a memory card.
Back to important details DSLRs can be attributed to the aperture repeater. The fact is that focusing is performed at a fully open aperture (as far as possible, determined by the design of the lens). By setting a closed aperture in the settings, the photographer does not see changes in the viewfinder. In particular, the IPIG remains constant. To see what the output frame will be, you can press the button, the aperture will close to the set value and you will see the changes before pressing the shutter button. The aperture repeater is installed on most DSLRs, but few people use it: beginners often don’t know about it or don’t understand the purpose, and experienced photographers roughly know what the depth of field will be in certain conditions and it’s easier for them to take a test shot and, if necessary, change the settings .
Mirrorless camera device
Let's immediately look at the diagram and discuss in detail.
Mirrorless cameras are much simpler than DSLRs and are essentially a simplified version of them. They don't have a mirror complex system phase focus, and a different type of viewfinder is also installed.
The light flux enters the matrix 1 through the lens. Naturally, the light passes through the diaphragm in the lens. It is not marked on the diagram, but I think, by analogy with DSLRs, you guessed where it is located, because the lenses of DSLRs and mirrorless cameras practically do not differ in design (except perhaps in size, mount and number of lenses). Moreover, most lenses from DSLRs can be installed on mirrorless cameras through adapters. There is no shutter in mirrorless cameras (more precisely, it is electronic), so the shutter speed is regulated by the time during which the matrix is on (receiving photons). As for the size of the matrix, it corresponds to the Micro 4/3 or APS-C format. The second is used more often and fully corresponds to the matrices built into DSLRs from the budget to the advanced amateur segment. Now full-frame mirrorless cameras have begun to appear. I think in the future the number of FF (Full Frame - full-frame) mirrorless will increase.
In the diagram, the number 2 denotes the processor that receives the information received by the matrix.
Under the number 3 is a screen on which the image is displayed in real time (Live View mode). Unlike DSLRs in mirrorless cameras, this is not difficult to do, because the light flux is not blocked by the mirror, but freely enters the matrix.
In general, everything looks just fine - complex structural mechanical elements (mirror, focus sensors, focusing screen, pentaprism, shutter) have been removed. This greatly facilitated and reduced the cost of production, reduced the size and weight of the apparatus, but also created a host of other problems. I hope you remember them from the section on mirrorless in the article about. If not, then now we will discuss them, along the way, analyzing how technical features these shortcomings are due.
First the main problem- viewfinder. Since the light falls directly on the matrix and is not reflected anywhere, we cannot see the image directly. We see only what gets on the matrix, then in an incomprehensible way it is converted in the processor and displayed on an incomprehensible screen. Those. There are many errors in the system. Moreover, each element has its own delays and we do not see the image immediately, which is unpleasant when shooting dynamic scenes (due to the constantly improving characteristics of processors, viewfinder screens and matrices, this is not so critical, but it still happens). The image is displayed on the electronic viewfinder, which has a high resolution, but which still does not compare with the resolution of the eye. Electronic viewfinders tend to go blind in bright light due to limited brightness and contrast. But it is more than likely that in the future this problem will be overcome and a clean image passed through a series of mirrors will fall into oblivion as well as “correct film photography”.
The second problem arose due to the lack of phase autofocus sensors. Instead, a contrast method is used, which determines by the contour what should be in focus and what should not. In this case, the lenses of the objective move a certain distance, the contrast of the scene is determined, the lenses move again and the contrast is determined again. And so on until the maximum contrast is reached and the camera focuses. This takes too much time and such a system is less accurate than the phase system. But at the same time, contrast autofocus is a software feature and does not take up extra space. Now they have already learned how to integrate phase sensors into mirrorless matrices, having received a hybrid autofocus. In terms of speed, it is comparable to the autofocus system of DSLRs, but so far it is installed only in selected expensive models. I think this problem will also be solved in the future.
The third problem is low autonomy due to the stuffing with electronics that are constantly working. If the photographer works with the camera, then all this time the light enters the matrix, is constantly processed by the processor and displayed on the screen or electronic viewfinder with a high refresh rate - the photographer must see what is happening in real time, and not in the recording. By the way, the latter (I'm talking about the viewfinder) also consumes energy, and not a little, because. its resolution is high and the brightness and contrast should be on par. I note that with an increase in the pixel density, i.e. reducing their size with the same power consumption inevitably reduces brightness and contrast. Therefore, high-quality high-resolution screens consume a lot of energy. Compared to DSLRs, the number of frames that can be taken on a single battery charge is several times less. So far, this problem is critical, because it will not be possible to significantly reduce power consumption, and one cannot count on a breakthrough in batteries. At least such a problem has existed for a long time in the market of laptops, tablets and smartphones, and its solution has not been successful.
The fourth problem is both an advantage and a disadvantage. It's about camera ergonomics. As a result of getting rid of “unnecessary elements” of mirror origin, the dimensions have decreased. But they are trying to position mirrorless cameras as a replacement for DSLRs, and the dimensions of the matrices confirm this. Accordingly, lenses not of the small size. A small mirrorless camera, similar to a digital compact, simply disappears from view when using a telephoto lens (a lens with a long focal length that brings objects very close). Also, many controls are hidden in the menu. In DSLRs, they are placed on the body in the form of buttons. And it's just more pleasant to work with a device that fits normally in your hand, does not strive to slip out and in which you can feel, without hesitation, quickly change the settings. But camera size is a double-edged sword. One side big size has the advantages described above, and on the other hand, a small camera fits in any pocket, you can take it with you more often and people pay less attention to it.
As for the fifth problem, it is related to optics. So far, there are many mounts (types of lens mounts to cameras). An order of magnitude fewer lenses were made for them than for the mounts of the main DSLR systems. The problem is solved by installing adapters, with which you can use the vast majority of SLR lenses on mirrorless cameras. sorry for the pun)
Compact camera device
As for compacts, they have a lot of limitations, the main of which is the small size of the matrix. This does not allow you to get a picture with low noise, high dynamic range, qualitatively blur the background and imposes a lot of restrictions. Next comes the autofocus system. If DSLRs and mirrorless cameras use phase and contrast types of autofocus, which belong to the passive type of focusing, since they do not emit anything, then active autofocus is used in compacts. The camera emits a pulse of infrared light, which is reflected off the object and back into the camera. The distance to the object is determined by the time of passage of this pulse. Such a system is very slow and does not work over long distances.
The compacts use non-replaceable low-quality optics. A wide range of accessories is not available for them, as for older brothers. Sighting occurs in Live View mode on the display or through the viewfinder. The latter represents ordinary glass not really good quality, not related to optical system camera, resulting in incorrect framing. This is especially true when shooting nearby objects. The duration of the operation of compacts from a single charge is short, the case is small and its ergonomics are even worse than those of mirrorless cameras. The number of available settings is limited and they are hidden in the depth of the menu.
If we talk about the device of compacts, then it is simple and is a simplified mirrorless. There is a smaller and worse matrix, a different type of autofocus, there is no normal viewfinder, there is no possibility of replacing lenses, low battery life and ill-conceived ergonomics.
Conclusion
Briefly, we examined the device of cameras various types. I think now you have general idea about internal structure cameras. This topic is very extensive, but for understanding and managing the processes that occur when shooting with certain cameras at various settings and with different optics, the above information, I think, will be enough. In the future, we will still talk about individual essential elements: sensor, autofocus systems and lenses. For now, let's leave it at that.
The history of the development of photographic equipment has led to the development of certain standards for the interface between the photographer and the photographic equipment he uses. As a result, digital cameras in most of their external features and controls repeat the most advanced models of film technology. The fundamental difference is in the “stuffing” of the device, in the technologies of fixation and subsequent image processing.
Basic elements of a digital camera
- Matrix
- Lens
- Gate
- Viewfinders
- CPU
- Display
- Flash
SLR camera device
A reflex digital camera is a camera in which the viewfinder lens and the lens for capturing an image are the same, and the camera uses a digital matrix to record an image. In a non-reflex camera, an image enters the viewfinder from a separate small lens, most often located above the main one. There is also a difference from the usual camera device (soap dish), where an image is displayed on the screen that falls directly on the matrix.
In a conventional SLR digital camera, light passes through the lens (1). It then reaches the aperture that controls its amount (2), then the light reaches the mirror in the SLR digital camera unit, is reflected and passed through the prism (4) to be redirected to the viewfinder (5). Information screen adds to the image Additional information information about the frame and exposure (depending on camera model). At the moment when photographing takes place, the mirror of the camera device (6) rises, the camera shutter (7) opens. At this moment, the light falls directly on the camera matrix and the frame is exposed - photographing. Then the shutter closes, the mirror is lowered back, and the camera is ready for the next shot. It must be understood that all this difficult process inside happens in a fraction of a second.
Since the creation of the first camera device, the basic scheme of its operation has not changed much. Light passes through the hole, is scaled, and hits a photosensitive element inside the camera assembly. Be it a film camera or a digital SLR. Consider the main differences between a SLR camera and a non-reflex camera. As you might guess, the main difference is the presence of a special mirror. This mirror allows the photographer to see in the viewfinder exactly the same picture that falls on the film or matrix.
The mechanism of operation of a digital camera is quite complicated for an unprepared reader, but nevertheless we will briefly describe it: before pressing the shutter button in SLR cameras, there is a mirror between the lens and the matrix, reflected from which the light enters the viewfinder. In non-mirror cameras and SLR cameras in Live View mode, the light from the lens falls on the matrix, while the image formed on the matrix is displayed on the LCD screen. In some cameras, this may cause automatic focusing. When the shutter key is pressed halfway (if such a mode is provided), all automatically selected shooting parameters are selected (focusing, determining exposure pair, photographic material sensitivity (ISO), etc.). When fully pressed, a frame is taken and information is read from the matrix into the built-in memory of the camera (buffer). Next, the received data is processed by the processor, taking into account the set parameters for exposure compensation, ISO, white balance, etc., after which the data is compressed into JPEG format and saved to a flash card. When shooting in RAW format, the data is saved to a flash card without processing by the processor (correction of dead pixels and compression by a lossless algorithm is possible). Since it takes quite a bit to write an image to a flash card. a large number of time, many cameras allow you to shoot the next frame before the previous one is written to the flash card, if there is free space in the buffer.
What is the difference between a SLR digital camera and a film SLR camera?
1. The first difference is obvious: a digital SLR uses electronics to record an image on a memory card, while a film SLR unit captures the image on film.
2. The second difference between digital and film reflex cameras is that most digital reflex cameras record the image on the sensor surface, which is smaller in area than the frame in a film reflex camera.
3. The device of a digital camera allows the photographer to see the image immediately after shooting.
4. Older film cameras do not require electrical power. They are entirely mechanical. And digital SLR cameras Batteries or accumulators are required.
5. When shooting on film, it is better to slightly overexpose the frame, but for a digital camera, it is better to slightly underexpose the frame.
6. Regardless of whether a digital camera or a film camera, both types of photo cameras have great opportunities for changing lenses, remote controls remote control, flashes, batteries and other accessories.
93451 Photography from scratch 0
In this lesson you will learn: The principle of operation of the camera. What are the basic elements of a camera?
The principle of operation of a digital camera
Photography is primarily about light. Consider the drawing.
light from the sun or artificial source(1) is first reflected from the scene in front of the camera lens, and then passes through the lens (2) and, if it has one, the shutter (7) (you will learn about the shutter a little later in this lesson) to back wall camera body - on the matrix (sensor) (8). In a reflex camera (DSLR), before pressing the shutter button, the light reflected by the mirror (3), passing through the prism (4), enters the viewfinder (5). When shooting, the mirror is raised, and the light falls on the matrix, as in a compact camera. In some reflex cameras Sony fixed mirror, translucent (SLT cameras).
This process is similar to the passage of light through the lens of the human eye to the cones and rods located at the back of the eye, as well as to the optic nerves. When the light reaches the rear wall of the housing, it hits a sensitive element (image sensor), which converts the light into electrical voltage. Then, the information thus obtained is processed by a processor to remove noise, calculate color values, generate an image data file, and write the image data file to a storage medium (digital image storage card). The camera then prepares to expose the next image.
This whole process, during which a huge amount of information is processed and written to the media, occurs quite quickly.
Below are pictures that give an idea of the main elements that make up a compact (mirrorless) and SLR camera.
Compact camera
Camera
Let's take a closer look at these basic elements that make up a digital camera and that allow the light reflected from the subject to become a photograph.
Lens
The camera lens is very complex structure. Typically, it consists of a number of glass lenses that refract and focus the light entering the lens. This magnifies the image of the scene being shot and focuses on a specific point. You will learn more about lenses in later lessons.
Viewfinder and LCD screen
The viewfinder allows you to see the image at the time of shooting and some of the shooting options, and is small window in which the scene being filmed is viewed. With it, the composition is refined immediately before shooting.
The LCD screen provides a preview of pictures before taking them, as well as the subsequent review and analysis of pictures just taken for the correct exposure and composition, or for showing them to others. In addition, any previously taken pictures can be viewed on the LCD screen.
In digital cameras, the LCD screen can also act as a viewfinder. Instead of bringing the camera up to your eye to compose the scene, you can prepare it for shooting in any position by viewing the image on the LCD screen before it is captured. One disadvantage of LCD screens is the high power consumption of the camera battery. In addition, viewing images on the LCD screen on a sunny day outdoors is almost impossible.
Despite all the advantages of the LCD screen listed above, the viewfinder is sometimes useful in a digital camera. In particular, when the battery power is running out and therefore it is inappropriate to expend precious energy on powering the LCD screen. Whatever it was, but the viewfinder still serves as a convenient alternative to the LCD screen when composing a photograph.
With digital SLR cameras, the viewfinder and LCD screen show the same image, since mirrors are used to project the image from the lens into the viewfinder. In compact digital cameras, the viewfinder serves as simple window, which shows the scene being shot, not the image projected through the preview lens. But since the viewfinder is not in the same place as the lens, the perspective observed through it is somewhat different.
Gate
The shutter is a complex mechanism that precisely controls how long light passes through the lens to the film or digital sensor on the back of the camera body.
In a digital camera, a shutter in the traditional sense may not be needed, depending on the type of image sensor used. Since the image sensor of a digital camera is electronic device and not photosensitive chemical, it can be turned on or off electronically. Therefore, there is no need for a mechanical shutter to control the amount of light entering the camera. However, some types of cameras still require a shutter, although many digital cameras do not have a mechanical shutter.
Regardless of the presence or absence of a mechanical shutter, a digital camera still needs a mechanism to control the exposure of the image, as well as a shutter button. When you press the shutter button, a series of actions are activated that ultimately lead to the final image. First of all, you need to charge the image sensor to prepare it to receive light from the lens.
Buttons for camera settings
There are many buttons, levers, dials on the camera body, the purpose of which is best described in the instructions for your camera. Most of them serve to prepare the camera for shooting, set it up and shoot directly.
These include: setting the auto focus mode, choosing an appropriate white balance to ensure that the colors of the scene are correctly reproduced depending on the type of lighting used, choosing an exposure mode, etc. You will learn more about these and other parameters in later lessons.
Image sensor
The image sensor is made up of millions of individual light sensitive pixels. In these pixels, in fact, the conversion of light into electrical voltage is performed.
Although digital cameras allow you to take multi-color pictures, their image sensors do not pick up color. They are only able to respond to the relative brightness of the scene. To limit the spectrum of light to which each pixel of the image sensor responds, special color filters are used. Thus, in each pixel, only one of the three primary colors (red, green or blue) can be registered, which are necessary to determine the final color of the pixel. And to determine the values of the other two primary colors of each pixel, color interpolation is used.
You will learn more about image sensors in our next tutorial.
Built-in flash
A built-in flash is found in most digital cameras. Of course, this is very convenient, since there is often not enough light in the surrounding conditions. On the other hand, flashes built into many cameras are not always practical. This is partly due to the lack of built-in flash control. Indeed, in most models of digital cameras, you cannot adjust the power of the built-in flash, and therefore, you have to rely entirely on the camera when judging the level of lighting.
The inability to adjust the power and position of the built-in flash turns into a serious obstacle when shooting subjects close to the camera. In this case, the flash illuminates the scene too much, resulting in an image with excessive contrast. Due to the fact that the built-in flash is very close to the lens, red-eye often appears in pictures.
To attach an external flash to the camera, etc. necessary equipment(viewfinder if there is none in the camera, microphone, etc.) serves as a hot shoe connector.
Carriers of digital information
In a digital camera, each captured image is recorded on a digital media card. To some extent, this card replaces the film (and therefore is sometimes called digital film), but it has its own characteristics.
Carriers of digital information are the most different forms and sizes: from the size of a book to the size of a chewing gum plate and even less. And some even have the ability to use multiple media types for added convenience.
Digital camera power
as a power source in digital cameras The most commonly used rechargeable cells are batteries. According to the size of the case, the elements are divided into several types. In digital filming equipment, AAA and AA format elements are used (in other words, “the thinnest” and “thin batteries”) or there is a proprietary design that is not compatible with cameras from other manufacturers. Batteries are placed in a special compartment of the camera, where sometimes some people look for the "masterpiece" button :))).
DSLRs and some interchangeable lens mirrorless cameras use battery packs that house multiple batteries to significantly extend the camera's battery life.
Lesson results:
So, we have considered the basic elements of the design of a digital camera. A very important subject that is often forgotten to learn, and sometimes simply lost, is the camera manual.
Analyzing the search queries that bring visitors to our site, I state that there are a lot of questions "how to enable" any camera function. In order to get the most out of your camera, you need to carefully read the manual that came with it, which users are often too lazy to do, relying on their ability to figure out new equipment along the way. As practice shows - you will not understand or you will begin to understand at the most inopportune moment.
This is your first practical assignment. - carefully study the manual (or instructions) for the operation of your camera.
To questions on the topic of the first lesson, on the material presented and on practical task you can ask on site.
And in the end - a short video "How a SLR digital camera works."
In the next lesson #2: Camera types. The main characteristics of modern cameras. Learn more about sensors. Let's talk about megapixels. We will tell you how to choose a camera.