Specific heating characteristics of residential and public buildings. Specific thermal characteristic of the building

All buildings and structures, regardless of type and classification, have certain technical and operational parameters that must be recorded in the relevant documentation. One of the most important indicators the specific thermal characteristic is considered, which has a direct impact on the amount of payment for the consumed thermal energy and allows you to determine the energy efficiency class of the structure.

The specific heating characteristic is usually called the value of the maximum heat flow, which is necessary for heating the structure with a difference between the internal and outdoor temperature equal to one degree Celsius. Average indicators are determined building codes, guidelines and rules. At the same time, any nature of deviation from the standard values ​​allows us to talk about the energy efficiency of the heating system.

The specific thermal characteristic can be both actual and calculated. In the first case, in order to obtain data as close as possible to reality, it is necessary to examine the building using thermal imaging equipment, and in the second case, the indicators are determined using a table of specific heating characteristic buildings and special calculation formulas.

Recently, the determination of the energy efficiency class has been a mandatory procedure for all residential buildings. Such information should be included in energy passport buildings, since each class has a set minimum and maximum energy consumption during the year.

To determine the energy efficiency class of a building, it is necessary to clarify the following information:

• type of structure or building;
• building materials that were used in the process of construction and decoration of the building, as well as their technical parameters;
• deviation of actual and calculated and standard indicators. Actual data can be obtained by calculation or by practical means. When making calculations, it is necessary to take into account the climatic features of a particular area, in addition, regulatory data should include information on the costs of air conditioning, heat supply and ventilation.

Improving the energy efficiency of a multi-storey building

Estimated data, in most cases, indicate the low energy efficiency of multi-apartment housing. When it comes to increasing this indicator, it must be clearly understood that it is possible to reduce heating costs only by carrying out additional thermal insulation, which will help reduce heat loss. Reduce heat loss in residential apartment building, of course, it is possible, but the solution of this problem will be a very time-consuming and expensive process.

To the main methods of improving energy efficiency high-rise building may include the following:

• elimination of cold bridges in building structures (improvement of performance by 2-3%);
• installation window structures on loggias, balconies and terraces (method efficiency 10-12%);
• use of micro-systems of micro-ventilation;
• replacement of windows with modern multi-chamber profiles with energy-saving double-glazed windows;
• normalization of the area of ​​glazed structures;
• promotion thermal resistance building structure by finishing the basement and technical premises, as well as wall cladding using highly efficient thermal insulation materials (increase in energy saving by 35-40%).

An additional measure to improve the energy efficiency of residential high-rise building it may become tenants to carry out energy-saving procedures in apartments, for example:

• installation of thermostats;
• installation of heat-reflecting screens;
• installation of heat energy meters;
• installation of aluminum radiators;
• installation of an individual heating system;
• reduction in ventilation costs.

How to improve the energy efficiency of a private house?

It is possible to increase the energy efficiency class of a private house using various methods. A complex approach to solve this problem will give excellent results. The size of the cost item for heating a residential building is primarily determined by the characteristics of the heat supply system. Individual housing construction practically does not provide for the connection of private houses to centralized systems heat supply, so heating issues in this case are solved with the help of an individual boiler room. The installation of modern boiler equipment, which is different high efficiency and economical work.

In most cases, for the heat supply of a private house, gas boilers, however, this type of fuel is not always appropriate, especially for areas that have not undergone gasification. When choosing a heating boiler, it is important to take into account the characteristics of the region, the availability of fuel and operating costs. Equally important from an economic point of view for the future heating system will be the availability additional equipment and options for the boiler. Installing a thermostat, as well as a number of other devices and sensors, will help save fuel.

For circulation of the coolant in autonomous systems heat supply is mainly used pumping equipment. Undoubtedly, it must be of high quality and reliable. However, it should be remembered that the operation of equipment for forced circulation of the coolant in the system will account for about 30-40% total costs electricity. When choosing pumping equipment preference should be given to models with an energy efficiency class "A".

The efficiency of using thermostats deserves special attention. The principle of operation of the device is as follows: using a special sensor, it determines the internal temperature of the room and, depending on the indicator obtained, turns off or turns on the pump. Temperature regime and the threshold is set by the residents of the house themselves. The main advantage of using a thermostat is to turn off the circulation equipment and the heater. Thus, residents receive significant savings and a comfortable microclimate.

Increase actual figures the specific thermal characteristics of the house will also help the installation of modern plastic windows with energy-saving double-glazed windows, thermal insulation of walls, protection of premises from drafts, etc. It should be noted that these measures will help not only increase the numbers, but also increase the comfort in the house, as well as reduce operating costs.

For thermal evaluation of design and planning solutions and for estimated calculation heat loss of buildings is used as an indicator - the specific thermal characteristic of the building q.

The value q, W / (m 3 * K) [kcal / (h * m 3 * ° C)], determines the average heat loss of 1 m 3 of the building, referred to the calculated temperature difference equal to 1 °:

q \u003d Q zd / (V (t p -t n)).

where Q zd - calculated heat loss all areas of the building;

V - the volume of the heated part of the building to the external measurement;

t p -t n - the estimated temperature difference for the main premises of the building.

The value of q is determined as a product:

where q 0 - specific thermal characteristic corresponding to the temperature difference Δt 0 =18-(-30)=48°;

β t - temperature coefficient, taking into account the deviation of the actual calculated temperature difference from Δt 0 .

The specific thermal characteristic q 0 can be determined by the formula:

q0=(1/(R 0 *V))*.

This formula can be converted into a simpler expression using the data given in the SNiP and taking, for example, the characteristics for residential buildings as a basis:

q 0 \u003d ((1 + 2d) * Fc + F p) / V.

where R 0 - resistance to heat transfer outer wall;

η ok - coefficient taking into account the increase in heat loss through the windows compared to the outer walls;

d - the proportion of the area of ​​​​the outer walls occupied by windows;

ηpt, ηpl - coefficients that take into account the reduction in heat loss through the ceiling and floor compared to the outer walls;

F c - area of ​​outer walls;

F p - area of ​​the building in terms of;

V is the volume of the building.

The dependence of the specific thermal characteristic q 0 on the change in the design and planning solution of the building, the volume of the building V and the resistance to heat transfer of the outer walls β relative to R 0 tr, the height of the building h, the degree of glazing of the outer walls d, the heat transfer coefficient of the windows k he and the width of the building b.

The temperature coefficient β t is:

βt=0.54+22/(t p -t n).

The formula corresponds to the values ​​of the coefficient β t , which are usually given in the reference literature.

Characteristic q is convenient to use for thermal evaluation of possible design and planning solutions for the building.

If we substitute the value of Q zd into the formula, then it can be brought to the form:

q=(∑k*F*(t p -t n))/(V(t p -t n))≈(∑k*F)/V.

The value of the thermal characteristic depends on the volume of the building and, in addition, on the purpose, number of storeys and the shape of the building, the area and thermal protection of external fences, the degree of glazing of the building and the construction area. The influence of individual factors on the value of q is obvious from the consideration of the formula. The figure shows the dependence of qo on various characteristics of the building. The reference point in the drawing, through which all the curves pass, correspond to the values: q o \u003d O.415 (0.356) for the building V \u003d 20 * 103 m 3, width b \u003d 11 m, d \u003d 0.25 R o \u003d 0.86 (1.0), k ok =3.48 (3.0); length l=30 m. Each curve corresponds to a change in one of the characteristics (additional scales along the abscissa) with other things being equal. The second scale on the y-axis shows this relationship as a percentage. It can be seen from the graph that the degree of glazing d and the width of the building b have a noticeable effect on qo.

The graph reflects the effect of thermal protection of external fences on the total heat loss of the building. According to the dependence of qo on β (R o \u003d β * R o.tr), it can be concluded that with an increase in the thermal insulation of the walls, the thermal characteristic decreases slightly, while when it decreases, qo begins to increase rapidly. With additional thermal protection window openings(scale k ok) qo noticeably decreases, which confirms the expediency of increasing the resistance to heat transfer of windows.

q-values ​​for buildings various appointments and volumes are given in reference manuals. For civil buildings, these values ​​vary within the following limits:

The heat demand for heating a building can differ markedly from the amount of heat loss, therefore, instead of q, you can use the specific thermal characteristic of the heating of the building qot, when calculating which, according to the upper formula, the numerator is substituted not for heat loss, but for the installed heat output of the heating system Qot.set.

Q from.set \u003d 1.150 * Q from.

where Q from - is determined by the formula:

Q from \u003d ΔQ \u003d Q orp + Q vent + Q texn.

where Q orp - heat loss through external enclosures;

Q vent - heat consumption for heating the air entering the room;

Q texn - technological and household heat releases.

qot values ​​can be used to calculate the heat demand for heating a building according to enlarged meters according to the following formula:

Q \u003d q from * V * (tp-t n).

The calculation of thermal loads on heating systems according to enlarged meters is used for approximate calculations when determining the need for heat in a district, city, during design district heating etc.

Thermal balance of the room.

Purpose - comfortable conditions or technological process.

The heat emitted by people is evaporation from the surface of the skin and lungs, convection and radiation. The intensity of t / ot convection is determined by the temperature and mobility of the surrounding air, radiation - by the temperature of the surfaces of the fences. The temperature situation depends on: thermal power CO, location of heaters, thermophys. properties of external and internal fences, the intensity of other sources of income (lighting, household appliances) and heat losses. In winter - heat loss through external fences, heating of outside air penetrating through leaks in fences, cold objects, ventilation.

Technological processes can be associated with the evaporation of liquids and other processes accompanied by heat consumption and heat release (moisture condensation, chemical reactions etc.).

Accounting for all of the above - the heat balance of the premises of the building, determining the deficit or excess of heat. The period of the technological cycle with the lowest heat releases is taken into account (possible maximum heat releases are taken into account when calculating ventilation), for domestic ones - with the greatest heat losses. The heat balance is made up for stationary conditions. The non-stationarity of thermal processes occurring during space heating is taken into account by special calculations based on the theory of heat stability.

Determination of the calculated thermal power of the heating system.

Estimated thermal power of CO - drawing up the heat balance in heated rooms at the estimated outdoor temperature tn.r, = the average temperature of the coldest five-day period with a security of 0.92 tn.5 and determined for a specific construction area according to the norms of SP 131.13330.2012. A change in the current heat demand is a change in the supply of heat to devices by changing the temperature and (or) the amount of coolant moving in the heating system - by operational regulation.

In the steady (stationary) mode, the losses are equal to the heat gains. Heat enters the room from people, technological and household equipment, sources artificial lighting, from heated materials, products, as a result of exposure to the building of solar radiation. AT industrial premises can be implemented technological processes associated with the release of heat (moisture condensation, chemical reactions, etc.).

To determine the calculated heat output of the heating system, Qfrom is the balance of heat consumption for the design conditions of the cold period of the year in the form

Qot \u003d dQ \u003d Qlimit + Qi (vent) ± Qt (life)
where Qlimit - heat loss through external enclosures; Qi(vent) - heat consumption for heating the outside air entering the room; Qt(life) - technological or domestic emissions or heat consumption.

Q household \u003d 10 * F floor (F floor - living room); Q vent \u003d 0.3 * Q limit. =Σ Q main. *Σ(β+1);

Q main =F*k*Δt*n; where F- s limited structures, k - heat transfer coefficient; k=1/R;

n - coefficient., position ext. feature constraint to outside air (1-vertical, 0.4-floor, 0.9-ceiling)

β - additional heat loss, 1) in relation to the cardinal points: N, E, NE, NW \u003d 0.1, W, SE \u003d 0.05, S, SW \u003d 0.

2) for floors = 0.05 at t out.<-30; 3) от входной двери = 0,27*h.

Annual costs of heat for heating buildings.

In the cold season, in order to maintain the set temperature, there must be equality between the amount of heat lost and incoming heat.

Annual heat consumption for heating

Q 0 year = 24 Q ocp n, Gcal/year

n- duration of the heating period, days

Q ocp - average hourly heat consumption for heating during the heating period

Q ocp \u003d Q 0 (t ext - t sr.o) / (t ext - t r.o), Gcal / h

t vn - average design temperature inside the heated premises, °C

tav.o - the average outdoor temperature for the period under consideration for a given area, ° C

t р.о - design outdoor air temperature for heating, °C.

Specific thermal characteristic of the building

It is an indicator of the thermal engineering assessment of design and planning solutions and the thermal efficiency of the building - q beats

For a building of any purpose, it is determined by the formula of Ermolaev N.S.: W / (m 3 0 C)

Where P is the perimeter of the building, m;

A - building area, m 2;

q is the coefficient that takes into account glazing (the ratio of the glazing area to the area of ​​​​the fence);

φ 0 = q 0 =

k ok, k st, k pt, k pl - respectively, the heat transfer coefficients of windows, walls, ceilings, floors, W / (m * 0 С), taken according to the heat engineering calculation;

H is the height of the building, m.

The value of the specific thermal characteristic of the building is compared with the normative thermal characteristic for heating q 0 .

If the value of q ud differs from the standard q 0 by no more than 15%, then the building meets the heat engineering requirements. In the case of a greater excess of the compared values, it is necessary to explain the possible cause and outline measures to improve the thermal performance of the building.

An indicator of the consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of a residential or public building at the stage of development of project documentation is the specific characteristic of the consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of the building, numerically equal to the consumption of thermal energy per 1 m 3 of the heated volume of the building per unit time with a temperature difference of 1 ° WITH, , W / (m 3 0 C). The calculated value of the specific characteristic of the consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of the building,
, W / (m 3 0 C), is determined according to the method, taking into account the climatic conditions of the construction area, the selected space-planning solutions, the orientation of the building, the heat-shielding properties of the enclosing structures, the adopted building ventilation system, as well as the use of energy-saving technologies. The calculated value of the specific characteristic of the consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of the building must be less than or equal to the normalized value, according to,
, W / (m 3 0 С):

≤
(7.1)

where
- normalized specific characteristic of the consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of buildings, W / (m 3 · 0 С), determined for various types of residential and public buildings according to table 7.1 or 7.2.

Table 7.1

, W / (m 3 0 С)

Notes:

With intermediate values ​​​​of the heated area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe building in the range of 50-1000m 2, the values
must be determined by linear interpolation.

Table 7.2

Normalized (basic) specific flow characteristic

thermal energy for heating and ventilation

low-rise residential single-family buildings,
, W / (m 3 0 С)

Notes:

For regions with a value of GSOP=8000 0 C day or more, normalized
should be reduced by 5%.

To assess the energy demand for heating and ventilation achieved in the building project or in the building in operation, the following energy saving classes (Table 7.3) are established in% of the deviation of the calculated specific characteristic of the heat energy consumption for heating and ventilation of the building from the normalized (base) value.

Design of buildings with energy saving class "D, E" is not allowed. Classes "A, B, C" are established for newly erected and reconstructed buildings at the stage of development of project documentation. Subsequently, during operation, the energy efficiency class of the building must be specified during an energy audit. In order to increase the share of buildings with classes "A, B", the constituent entities of the Russian Federation should apply economic incentives to both participants in the construction process and operating organizations.

Table 7.3

Energy saving classes of residential and public buildings

Estimated specific characteristic of the consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of the building,
, W / (m 3 0 C), should be determined by the formula

k about - the specific heat-shielding characteristic of the building, W / (m 3 0 С), is determined as follows

, (7.3)

where - actual total resistance to heat transfer for all layers of the fence (m 2 С) / W;

- the area of ​​the corresponding fragment of the heat-shielding shell of the building, m 2;

V from - the heated volume of the building, equal to the volume limited by the internal surfaces of the external fences of buildings, m 3;

- coefficient taking into account the difference between the internal or external temperature of the structure from those accepted in the calculation of the GSOP, =1.

k vent - specific ventilation characteristic of the building, W / (m 3 ·С);

k life - specific characteristic of household heat emissions of the building, W / (m 3 ·C);

k rad - specific characteristic of heat input into the building from solar radiation, W / (m 3 0 С);

ξ - coefficient taking into account the reduction in heat consumption of residential buildings, ξ = 0.1;

β - coefficient taking into account the additional heat consumption of the heating system, β h = 1,05;

ν - coefficient of heat transfer reduction due to thermal inertia of enclosing structures; recommended values ​​are determined by the formula ν = 0.7+0.000025*(GSOP-1000);

The specific ventilation characteristic of the building, k vent, W / (m 3 0 С), should be determined by the formula

where c is the specific heat capacity of air, equal to 1 kJ / (kg ° C);

β v- coefficient of reduction of air volume in the building, β v = 0,85;

- average density of supply air for the heating period, kg / m 3

=353/, (7.5)

t from - the average temperature of the heating period, С, according to 6, tab. 3.1, (see appendix 6).

n in - the average frequency of air exchange in a public building during the heating period, h -1, for public buildings, according to, the average value is taken n in \u003d 2;

k e f - coefficient of efficiency of the heat exchanger, k e f =0.6.

The specific characteristic of the household heat emissions of the building, k life, W / (m 3 C), should be determined by the formula

, (7.6)

where q life - the value of household heat emissions per 1 m 2 of the area of ​​\u200b\u200bresidential premises (A w) or the estimated area of ​​\u200b\u200ba public building (A p), W / m 2, taken for:

a) residential buildings with an estimated occupancy of apartments less than 20 m 2 of total area per person q life = 17 W / m 2;

b) residential buildings with an estimated occupancy of apartments of 45 m 2 of total area or more per person q life = 10 W / m 2;

c) other residential buildings - depending on the estimated occupancy of the apartments by interpolation of the q life value between 17 and 10 W / m 2;

d) for public and administrative buildings, household heat emissions are taken into account according to the estimated number of people (90 W / person) in the building, lighting (in terms of installed power) and office equipment (10 W / m 2), taking into account working hours per week;

t in, t from - the same as in formulas (2.1, 2.2);

A W - for residential buildings - the area of ​​​​residential premises (A W), which include bedrooms, children's rooms, living rooms, offices, libraries, dining rooms, kitchen-dining rooms; for public and administrative buildings - the estimated area (A p), determined in accordance with SP 117.13330 as the sum of the areas of all premises, with the exception of corridors, vestibules, passages, stairwells, elevator shafts, internal open stairs and ramps, as well as premises intended for placement engineering equipment and networks, m 2.

The specific characteristic of heat gains into the building from solar radiation, k p ad, W / (m 3 ° C), should be determined by the formula

, (7.7)

where
- heat gains through windows and lanterns from solar radiation during the heating period, MJ/year, for four facades of buildings oriented in four directions, determined by the formula

- coefficients of relative penetration of solar radiation for light-transmitting fillings of windows and skylights, respectively, taken according to the passport data of the corresponding light-transmitting products; in the absence of data should be taken should be taken according to table (2.8); skylights with an angle of inclination of fillings to the horizon of 45 ° or more should be considered as vertical windows, with an angle of inclination of less than 45 ° - as skylights;

- coefficients that take into account the shading of the light opening, respectively, of windows and skylights by opaque filling elements, taken according to design data; in the absence of data, it should be taken from the table (2.8).

- the area of ​​light openings of the facades of the building (the blind part of the balcony doors is excluded), respectively, oriented in four directions, m 2;

- area of ​​light apertures of anti-aircraft lamps of the building, m;

- the average value of the total solar radiation for the heating period (direct plus scattered) on vertical surfaces under actual cloudiness conditions, respectively oriented along the four facades of the building, MJ / m 2, is determined by adj. eight;

- the average value of the total solar radiation for the heating period (direct plus scattered) to a horizontal surface under actual cloudiness conditions, MJ / m 2, is determined by adj. eight.

V from - the same as in the formula (7.3).

GSOP - the same as in formula (2.2).

Calculation of the specific characteristic of the consumption of thermal energy

for heating and ventilation of the building

Initial data

We will calculate the specific characteristic of the consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of a building using the example of a two-story individual residential building with a total area of ​​248.5 m 2. The values ​​\u200b\u200bof the quantities required for the calculation: t c = 20 С; t op = -4.1С;
\u003d 3.28 (m 2 С) / W;
\u003d 4.73 (m 2 С) / W;
\u003d 4.84 (m 2 С) / W; \u003d 0.74 (m 2 С) / W;
\u003d 0.55 (m 2 С) / W;
m 2;
m 2;
m 2;
m 2;
m 2;
m 2;
m 3;
W / m 2;
0,7;
0;
0,5;
0;
7.425 m2;
4.8 m 2;
6.6 m 2;
12.375 m2;
m 2;
695 MJ/(m 2 year);
1032 MJ / (m 2 year);
1032 MJ / (m 2 year); \u003d 1671 MJ / (m 2 year);
\u003d \u003d 1331 MJ / (m 2 year).

Calculation procedure

1. Calculate the specific heat-shielding characteristic of the building, W / (m 3 0 С), according to the formula (7.3) is determined as follows

W / (m 3 0 C),

2. According to the formula (2.2), the degree-days of the heating period are calculated

D\u003d (20 + 4.1)200 \u003d 4820 Сday.

3. Find the coefficient of heat gain reduction due to the thermal inertia of the enclosing structures; recommended values ​​are determined by the formula

ν \u003d 0.7 + 0.000025 * (4820-1000) \u003d 0.7955.

4. Find the average density of the supply air for the heating period, kg / m 3, according to the formula (7.5)

\u003d 353 / \u003d 1.313 kg / m 3.

5. We calculate the specific ventilation characteristic of the building according to the formula (7.4), W / (m 3 0 С)

W / (m 3 0 C)

6. I determine the specific characteristic of the household heat emissions of the building, W / (m 3 C), according to the formula (7.6)

W / (m 3 C),

7. According to the formula (7.8), heat gains through windows and lanterns from solar radiation during the heating period, MJ / year, are calculated for four facades of buildings oriented in four directions

8. According to formula (7.7), determine the specific characteristic of heat gains into the building from solar radiation, W / (m 3 ° С)

W / (m 3 ° С),

9. Determine the calculated specific characteristic of the consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of the building, W / (m 3 0 С), according to the formula (7.2)

W / (m 3 0 C)

10. Compare the obtained value of the calculated specific characteristic of the consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of the building with the normalized (base),
, W / (m 3 0 С), according to tables 7.1 and 7.2.

0.4 W / (m 3 0 C)
\u003d 0.435 W / (m 3 0 C)

≤

The calculated value of the specific characteristic of the consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of the building must be less than the normalized value.

To assess the energy demand for heating and ventilation achieved in the building project or in the building in operation, the energy saving class of the designed residential building is determined by the percentage deviation of the calculated specific characteristic of the heat energy consumption for heating and ventilation of the building from the normalized (base) value.

Conclusion: The designed building belongs to the “C + Normal” energy saving class, which is set for newly erected and reconstructed buildings at the stage of development of project documentation. The development of additional measures to improve the energy efficiency class of the building is not required. Subsequently, during operation, the energy efficiency class of the building must be specified during an energy audit.

Security questions for section 7:

1. What is the main indicator of the consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of a residential or public building at the stage of development of project documentation? What does it depend on?

2. What are the energy efficiency classes of residential and public buildings?

3. What energy saving classes are established for newly erected and reconstructed buildings at the stage of development of project documentation?

4. Designing buildings with which energy saving class is not allowed?

CONCLUSION

The problems of saving energy resources are especially important in the current period of development of our country. The cost of fuel and thermal energy is growing, and this trend is predicted for the future; at the same time, the volume of energy consumption is constantly and rapidly increasing. The energy intensity of the national income in our country is several times higher than in developed countries.

In this regard, the importance of identifying reserves to reduce energy costs is obvious. One of the ways to save energy resources is the implementation of energy-saving measures during the operation of heat supply, heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. One of the solutions to this problem is to reduce the heat loss of buildings through the building envelope, i.e. reduction of thermal loads on DHW systems.

The importance of solving this problem is especially great in urban engineering, where only about 35% of all produced solid and gaseous fuels are spent on heat supply to residential and public buildings.

In recent years, an imbalance in the development of sub-sectors of urban construction has sharply become apparent in cities: the technical backwardness of engineering infrastructure, the uneven development of individual systems and their elements, a departmental approach to the use of natural and produced resources, which leads to their irrational use and sometimes to the need to attract appropriate resources from other regions.

The need of cities for fuel and energy resources and the provision of engineering services is growing, which directly affects the increase in the incidence of the population, leads to the destruction of the forest belt of cities.

The use of modern heat-insulating materials with a high value of heat transfer resistance will lead to a significant reduction in energy costs, the result will be a significant economic effect in the operation of DHW systems through a reduction in fuel costs and, accordingly, an improvement in the environmental situation in the region, which will reduce the cost of medical care for the population.

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SNiP 2.04.05-91*. Heating, ventilation and air conditioning [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of the USSR, 1991.

SP 23-101-2004. Design of thermal protection of buildings [Text]. – M.: MCC LLC, 2007.

TSN 23-332-2002. Penza region. Energy efficiency of residential and public buildings [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2002.

21. TSN 23-319-2000. Krasnodar Territory. Energy efficiency of residential and public buildings [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2000.

22. TSN 23-310-2000. Belgorod region. Energy efficiency of residential and public buildings [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2000.

23. TSN 23-327-2001. Bryansk region. Energy efficiency of residential and public buildings [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2001.

24. TSN 23-340-2003. St. Petersburg. Energy efficiency of residential and public buildings [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2003.

25. TSN 23-349-2003. Samara Region. Energy efficiency of residential and public buildings [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2003.

26. TSN 23-339-2002. Rostov region. Energy efficiency of residential and public buildings [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2002.

27. TSN 23-336-2002. Kemerovo region. Energy efficiency of residential and public buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2002.

28. TSN 23-320-2000. Chelyabinsk region. Energy efficiency of residential and public buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2002.

29. TSN 23-301-2002. Sverdlovsk region. Energy efficiency of residential and public buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2002.

30. TSN 23-307-00. Ivanovo region. Energy efficiency of residential and public buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2002.

31. TSN 23-312-2000. Vladimir region. Thermal protection of residential and public buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2000.

32. TSN 23-306-99. Sakhalin region. Thermal protection and energy consumption of residential and public buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 1999.

33. TSN 23-316-2000. Tomsk region. Thermal protection of residential and public buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2000.

34. TSN 23-317-2000. Novosibirsk region. Energy saving in residential and public buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2002.

35. TSN 23-318-2000. Republic of Bashkortostan. Thermal protection of buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2000.

36. TSN 23-321-2000. Astrakhan region. Energy efficiency of residential and public buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2000.

37. TSN 23-322-2001. Kostroma region. Energy efficiency of residential and public buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2001.

38. TSN 23-324-2001. Komi Republic. Energy-saving thermal protection of residential and public buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2001.

39. TSN 23-329-2002. Oryol Region. Energy efficiency of residential and public buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2002.

40. TSN 23-333-2002. Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Energy consumption and thermal protection of residential and public buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2002.

41. TSN 23-338-2002. Omsk region. Energy saving in civil buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2002.

42. TSN 23-341-2002. Ryazan Oblast. Energy efficiency of residential and public buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2002.

43. TSN 23-343-2002. Saha Republic. Thermal protection and energy consumption of residential and public buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2002.

44. TSN 23-345-2003. Udmurt republic. Energy saving in buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2003.

45. TSN 23-348-2003. Pskov region. Energy efficiency of residential and public buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2003.

46. ​​TSN 23-305-99. Saratov region. Energy efficiency of residential and public buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 1999.

47. TSN 23-355-2004. Kirov region. Energy efficiency of residential and public buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2004.

48. Malyavina E.G., A.N. Borshchev. Article. Calculation of solar radiation in winter [Text]. "ESCO". Electronic magazine of the energy service company "Ecological Systems" No. 11, November 2006.

49. TSN 23-313-2000. Tyumen region. Energy efficiency of residential and public buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2000.

50. TSN 23-314-2000. Kaliningrad region. Standards for energy-saving thermal protection of residential and public buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2000.

51. TSN 23-350-2004. Vologda Region. Energy efficiency of residential and public buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2004.

52. TSN 23-358-2004. Orenburg region. Energy efficiency of residential and public buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2004.

53. TSN 23-331-2002. Chita region. Energy efficiency of residential and public buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2002.