Old trades. Folk crafts of Russia

The emergence of the craft falls on the beginning of human production activities. Since ancient times, the beginnings of

The concept of crafts

Craft is a production activity based on the manufacture of industrial objects with the help of small manual labor, which prevailed before the development of machine production and survived with it.

A person who is engaged in the professional manufacture of items is called an artisan.

What is folk craft

Folk craft is called items that are made using ordinary improvised materials and simple designs. Folk crafts are diverse in their creative activity, products are made by hand and most often from natural materials or close to them (wood, fabrics, metal, etc.). This type of activity was formed from home crafts, when the necessary household items were made. Like art, folk crafts have evolved depending on culture, religion, and sometimes political views.

History of the craft

The craft has long history occurrence. Primitive communities were most often engaged in domestic crafts, making objects from stone, bone, clay, wood, etc. Home craft is the production of products necessary for housekeeping. In some places, even today, this activity is of great importance.

Later, people began to lead artisans appeared. Many artisans worked on the farmlands of kings, temples, monasteries and slave owners (Ancient Egypt, Ancient Rome, Ancient Greece and countries of Mesopotamia). Initially, the craftsman worked alone, but since this gave a small income, the craftsmen began to unite in groups. These groups were called artels and took orders from the population. Some of the masters went to towns and villages, while others lived and worked in one place. Crafts and handicrafts to order gave rise to the emergence and development of cities as centers of handicrafts and trade. To this day, in many settlements, the names of streets have been preserved, indicating the place of work of one or another master. For example, Pottery - it was organized the production of Tannery - leather processing, production of leather products, shoe repair, Brick - production of bricks.

In the Middle Ages, a form of professional craft appeared. A new social stratum appeared in the cities - these are urban artisans. The main branches of urban craft were: the manufacture of metal objects, cloth-making, the production of glassware, etc. Urban craftsmen had such privileges as city law, craft workshops, and their own freedom.

With the advent, many types of crafts lost their primacy in production, factories and plants began to use machines. Today, artisans survive in industries that cater to the personal needs of customers and in the manufacture of expensive art products(shoemakers, tailors, jewelers, artists, etc.).

The history of the development of crafts in Russia

The population of Russian cities mainly consisted of artisans. Most of them were engaged in blacksmithing. Later, metalwork was formed from blacksmithing. His products were in great demand in Europe. The production of weapons has singled out craftsmen for the manufacture of bows, guns, quivers, etc. The armor of Russian artisans was considered an order of magnitude higher than Turkish, Syrian and Italian.

According to information from the annals, in 1382 there were already cannons in Russia. In the 14th century, foundry business (casting of bells) was formed. With the invasion of the Mongols, production fell into decay.

Jewelry craftsmanship served the needs of the aristocracy. The surviving items (icons, golden belts, crockery, book bindings) testify to the high professionalism of jewelers in engraving, artistic casting, forging, niello and embossing. In the 14th century, it began in several Russian principalities, which formed a money craft. The leather, shoemaking and pottery crafts were designed for the market and a wide range of customers. Clay was used to make various utensils, toys and Construction Materials. In addition, in Moscow and other cities were built stone churches(mainly made of white stone) and a striking tower clock was installed.

The works of the craftsmen made a great contribution to the restoration of the destruction after the Tatar-Mongol conquests. Russian crafts influenced the preparation of economic prerequisites for the creation of a Russian centralized state.

Since 1917, the number of artisans in Russia has dropped sharply, they united in trade cooperation. However, even now Russian crafts include several world-famous folk art crafts.

Various types and kinds of crafts

Types of crafts are formed from the material from which the object is made. For a long time people know such crafts as:

blacksmith craft

This is one of the first occupations that appeared in Russia. People have always marveled at the work of a blacksmith. They could not understand how the master made such amazing objects from gray metal. For many peoples, blacksmiths were considered almost wizards.

Previously, blacksmithing required special knowledge and a specially equipped workshop with many tools. Metal was smelted from which were mined in spring and autumn. Old Russian blacksmiths made sickles, coulters, scythes for farmers, and spears, swords, axes, arrows for warriors. In addition, the household always needed knives, keys and locks, needles, etc.

Nowadays technical progress somewhat changed and improved blacksmithing, but it is still in demand. Artistic forging decorate offices, apartments, country houses, parks, squares, especially it is in demand in landscape design.

jewelry craft

Jewelry craft is one of the most ancient in the history of mankind. Products made of gold, silver and precious stones have long been considered a sign of power and wealth of the aristocratic class. Back in the 10th - 11th centuries, jewelry masters were famous for their talent throughout Europe. Since ancient times, people have been passionate admirers of jewelry. Beads were made from precious metals or colored glass, pendants with various patterns (usually of animals), silver temporal rings that were hung from a headdress or woven into a hairstyle, rings, kolts, etc.

In the 18th century, jewelry art flourished in Russia. Just at this time, the profession of "gold and silversmith" began to be called "jeweler". In the 19th century, Russian craftsmen developed their own style, thanks to which Russian jewelry remains unique today. The famous firms of the Grachev brothers, Ovchinnikov and Faberge began their work.

Nowadays, due to the growth of prosperity, the population is more and more in need of highly artistic jewelry.

pottery

It is known that from the 10th century, earthenware was produced in Russia. This was done by hand, and for the most part female hands. To increase the strength and durability of the product, small shells, sand, quartz, granite, and sometimes plants and fragments of ceramics were mixed with clay.

A little later, they appeared, which made the work of the potters easier. The circle was set in motion by the hand, and then by the feet. At the same time, men began to engage in pottery.

Pottery reached industrial scale in the 18th century. In St. Petersburg, and a little later in Moscow, ceramic factories appeared.

Items made by modern potters are still amazing. Today, pottery is a popular occupation in many regions of Russia, and the demand for pottery handmade is constantly increasing.

In our vast country, rich in various natural materials and multinational human resources, over time a host of new handicrafts. Even the crafts borrowed from the "neighbors" acquired a certain uniqueness, motives, characteristic, at times, only in a certain area. The folk crafts of Russia are our heritage, which you must know and honor in order to preserve the traditional Russian culture and bring a lot of new things to it.

Artistic folk crafts need a separate description. There are innumerable types of crafts, but not all manufactured products are highly artistic. But here the border is very blurred, if it exists at all. Let's figure it out.

The lack of a clear definition of crafts and art products only means that fewer and fewer people are dealing with this issue. - creative activity of artisans, aimed at creating unique and inimitable items using their hand tools, skills, ingenuity and inner sense of beauty. Accordingly, artistic products are the result creative work craftsman.

Why do I put creativity at the head of everything? I believe that as soon as products begin to be stamped, copied, they automatically cease to be artistic. How unpleasant it is for me to see copies of the same subject in the art store! It's stamping! The artist is always in search, he cannot have the same picture. Like any craftsman, each product is unique. The craftsman is able to define his work among the variety of seemingly identical items.

So, I was approached with a question by the master, who saw the photo image of the product in the gallery on the site. I took this photo in kindergarten his native village. The master identified his work and together we found out how this item could have ended up on my site.

Let's summarize. Among any craft, separate artistic trends can be distinguished, any art craft can be lost along with a creative vein. I'm not saying that the conveyor is bad. He also has a place, but you can not lose the craving for creating something new, unique.

Classification of types of crafts

You are already familiar with some types of crafts. Of course, you have heard about products made of birch bark, wood, metal. So, the types of folk crafts are primarily formed from product material. This includes the processing of metal, wood, stone, clay and other materials.

Another gradation of types of folk crafts is already narrower than the previous one - division by processing method of this or that material. In this article we will consider several main types of craft. In the future, this article will be supplemented with more detailed information, but for now it will only be a brief introductory material.

I don't think there is a clear division, and some crafts can only be relatively formulated. In addition, now the types of folk crafts in Russia have been supplemented with new directions. I don’t know whether it is already possible to call handicrafts that have taken root in our time a traditional craft. But back to what I know. I will build a list of craft types exactly the way I wanted: the main sections by the name of the material, and the subcategories - by the method of processing. All of these species can be artistic folk crafts.

1. Wood

There are many riches in the vastness of the Russian land. One of the available ones is undoubtedly wood. It is available not only because it covers most of the territory, but also in terms of processing methods. Agree, for some types of processing you do not need complex devices and fixtures. Hence the variety of types and subspecies of crafts associated with the use of wood.

• Woodcarving. There are several types of woodcarving:
  • Flat thread (contour, bracket, geometric, etc.);
  • Relief carving (flat-relief carving, deaf, Kudrinskaya, etc.);
  • Through thread (cut and saw);
  • Sculptural carving (3D);
  • House carving (can combine several types);
• Milling. Processing on a lathe, milling cutter;
• Birch carving;
• Birch bark embossing;
• Tues manufacturing;
• Souvenir production(amulets, jewelry, accessories, toys and pictures);

2. Metal

When the metal and its properties were discovered, a technological revolution took place. Many household items and tools were replaced with metal ones. This did not displace other materials, by no means - it made it possible to process them more efficiently. And thanks to the properties of the metal, the range of artisan products has multiplied several times. Metal processing is technically much more complicated than wood, but it's worth it. this moment metal processing methods can be clearly formulated:

• Forging;
• engraving;
• Chasing;
• blackening;
• Casting;
• Filigree(soldered, openwork, voluminous);
• Milling. Processing on a lathe, milling cutter.

3. Clay

A natural material that has received no less distribution than wood. This type material suffers from a small number of types of processing, which also affects the variety of clay products. Most dishes are occupied by dishes, and the rest by sculpture and souvenirs. But the plasticity and ease of processing of the material, along with accessibility, allow a small amount types of products to give the most incredible forms.

• pottery;

4. Stone.

Very difficult to process. Due to the rarity of some materials, difficulties in processing - such high price products. Take a sculpture. The works of art of the Middle Ages are priceless, although they are made of marble or plaster. The number of craftsmen is much less than the number of, say, wood carvers. And not every stone is suitable for processing. However, stone products, whether gem or huge granite, truly impress and delight.

• Sculpture;
• Thread;
• Gypsum(ebb of reliefs and three-dimensional figures);

5. Bone

Bone carved caskets are amazing. Intricate patterns and plots can be considered endlessly. But the distribution of this type of folk craft is highly dependent on the territory. Not every bone is suitable for processing, not all animals have the necessary valuable body parts, and all this is aggravated by the fact that many animal species are rare and subject to protection.

• Thread;

6. Thread

Few types of folk crafts can be called exclusively female. Working with a thread can be classified as one of them. Making products from a thread is associated with incredible perseverance and concentration. When creating the most complex patterns and objects, one cannot do without arithmetic and cutting skills, since loops love counting, and most products are clothes that are subject to certain important requirements of fashion, convenience, practicality and beauty.

• Knitting;
• Weaving;
• Lace;
• Embroidery;

7. Skin

Leather products are becoming rarer and rarer. The price and the possibility of replacing with artificial polymers affected the spread of this type of craft. I don’t remember seeing a real work of art made of leather, made by hand, lately. Nevertheless, in recent times, this material was used to manually create art products. Ordinary objects were mainly decorated with inserts of multi-colored leather, compositions and patterns were created.

• Manufacture of clothes and shoes;
• Embossing;
• Thread;

Often, craftsmen combined several types of crafts in one product. So, birch bark tuesas could be decorated with embossing, carving, painting, as well as their wooden lids, the carved stone is enclosed in a metal frame, and earthenware supplemented with various materials to create whimsical compositions.

This is far from full list types of crafts. There are a lot of subspecies, the features of which have received their roots both in relation to the nationality of the peoples, and geographical location, and even species of animals and plants common near the villages of masters.

We will try to consider many of the listed folk crafts using examples and master classes that reflect the features of technologies and methods of work. And I ask you, my dear reader, for a favor: if there is an opportunity to contribute to the development of traditional crafts and arts and crafts, be sure to tell others about it. You can do it on this resource. A site about folk crafts is looking for talents.

Goals and objectives:

1. Introduce students to the world of professions to show their features.
2. To develop moral and aesthetic feelings, to carry out interdisciplinary connections with history, literature, music.
3. To promote the development of interest in the subject and the upbringing of a sense of love for the Motherland.

Equipment:

• samples of products and illustrations - “Zhostovo”, “Live Gzhel”, “Dymka”, “Russian lace and embroidery”, “Russian shawls”, “Gorodets painting”, “Russian nesting dolls”.
• map of Russia, drawing tables, tape recorder, book exhibition,
• CD with presentation “Folk crafts of Russia”.

Epigraphs for the lesson:

“Work is good if it is useful and has a soul.

Not the gold that is expensive and glitters,

And what is expensive is what is created by the hands of a master.”

The music is quiet.

You can fall in love with Russia only when you see all the beauty of Russian nature, let the tragic and heroic history of the Russian people through your soul, marvel at the beauty of architectural ensembles, listen to beautiful music, touch the true creations of the Russian people.

From time immemorial, our Russian land has been famous for its good craftsmen, people who have created and are creating fabulous beauty with their own hands.

In order to love, you need to see and know all this.

There are a great many folk art crafts in Russia, and today we will get acquainted with some of them.

This year you are graduating from basic school and you need to choose a further path - where to go to study, who to be?

What does the word "profession" mean?

Inquiry Office. A profession is a type of labor activity that includes a set of theoretical knowledge, practical experience and labor skills.

Another term closely related to this term is vocational education.

Professional education- a set of knowledge, skills, abilities, which allows you to work as a specialist in one of the sectors of the economy of our country.

Choosing a profession is a very important moment in the life of every person. Most school graduates choose professions of economists and lawyers. What professions are in demand today in our country and in our city?

Inquiry Office.

Today in the economy of our country there are not enough working specialties such as a turner, fitter, locksmith. There are not enough engineering and construction specialties.

In our city, you can continue your education and get a profession at vocational school No. 28, at the Zeya Medical School, at the College of Trade and Economics, at the Polytechnic College.

In the old days, people earned their daily bread by doing various crafts. What is "craft" we learn in the information desk.

Inquiry Office.

Craft is a small-scale production of finished products, where manual labor is the basis. One of characteristic features is the production of products on the order of the consumer.

Do you guys think that crafts have survived today?

Crafts have been preserved and acquired one of the forms of artistic folk art.

Where did the name "crafts" come from?

A very long time ago, when agricultural machinery was still too simple, and infertile lands did not give good harvests grain, the population was forced to engage in various crafts. Then the trade products were exchanged for bread and other necessary items. People observed nature and reflected these observations in the works of folk art. Gradually, labor skills were fixed. The most active development of folk crafts in all regions of Russia began in the second half of the 19th century, along with them, an art industry arose, where things are produced in large quantities.

The art of folk crafts is a link between the past and the present, the present and the future.

The Russian land is rich in various folk crafts.

And now we will make a tour of the most famous, most unique centers of folk art.

Today I want to sing and praise
“Kind heart, generosity and mind,
The skillful hands of the Russian people.

Now we invite you to the Moscow region, to the village of Gzhel, where we will get acquainted with the craft known throughout Russia - Gzhel porcelain, about which Lomonosov MV is still talking. said: “There is hardly the purest land in the world, like our Gzhel, which I have never seen with whiter excellence.”

Gzhel.

Products from Gzhel are so beautiful, so unusual that the fame of them spread not only in our country, but also abroad.

You have probably seen unusual-looking dishes, in which the beauty of the combination of white and blue flowers. The secrets of beauty lie in nature itself. About three dozen villages and villages are located southeast of Moscow, one of them is the village of Gzhel. Local historians associate the origin of this name with the word “burn”, which is directly related to the craft - clay products were necessarily fired in a kiln at high temperature. And so this name spread to the whole district, where the folk ceramic craft developed.

People of 40 professions take part in the manufacture of items. Almost all operations are performed manually. Craftswomen paint products with great love, put a piece of their heart, kindness of soul into them.

What do they do in Gzhel? Cups, jugs, sets, mugs, vases, figurines of people and animals. Look how beautiful this white and blue porcelain miracle is. The Russian painter B.M. Kustodiev said that Gzhel teapots and cups bloom with “witchy blue flowers”.

Indeed, there is some mystery in the fact that the cold blue color transforms into them, becoming almost warm.

Porcelain teapots, candlesticks, clocks,
Animals and birds of unprecedented beauty.
The village in the suburbs has become famous now.
Its name is known to all among the people - Gzhel.
In Gzhel, the inhabitants of heavenly blue are proud,
You will not meet such beauty in the world.
The blueness of heaven, which is so sweet to the heart,
The master's brush easily transferred to the cup.
Every artist has their favorite pattern.
And each reflects a side of the darling.

In modern samples of Gzhel, blue-blue spills. Like heaven, the blue expanse of the rivers and lakes of our homeland descended onto the whiteness of this dish.

But the Dymkovo toy came to visit!

Dymkovo toy.

About ancient Dymkovo toy let's tell the story now.
In Dymkovo people loved songs, dances, miracle fairy tales were born in the village.
Evenings in winter are long and they molded clay there.
All toys are not simple, but magically painted.
And fame went about Dymka, having earned the right to it.

Another amazing profession that people dedicate their entire lives to is the toy craftsman. In ancient times, clay toys were not created for fun - they were participants in ancient rituals. They were credited with a special power: to protect, protect people from all evil. All toys reflect images that live in the memory of people and carry their traditions.

Dymkovo toys are very diverse - here are riders on horseback and painted birds and smart young ladies. The shape of the toys is monolithic, the silhouette of the figures is smooth. The palette of colors is bright, decorative patterns are creative; they reflect not only fabulous representatives, but also the very life of the people.

Ceramic toy is a traditional art of folk crafts.

Until now, figured vessels, toys, ceramic dishes are made in many cities and villages (Filimonovo, Torzhok, Sergiev Posad, etc.).

Matryoshkas.

And now guess the riddle: Eight wooden dolls, chubby and ruddy, in multi-colored sundresses, they are coming to visit us. Guess what's the name?

Who made the matryoshka, I don't know.
But I know that hundreds of years
Together with Vanka-Vstanka, as if alive,
The doll conquers white light.
Where did he take the paints, a skilled craftsman,
In noisy fields, in a fabulous forest?
Created an image of irrepressible passion,
True Russian beauty.
On the cheeks brought a blush of dawn,
The blue of the sky splashed into her eyes
And matryoshka across the planet
It's still going strong.
Speaks proudly, majestically,
With a wicked smile on your face,
And glory flies after her around the world
About the unknown master-creator!

There are different dolls in the world - from wood, from clay, their fabric. And there are special dolls - nesting dolls. They are known in all cities and villages - this is an original Russian souvenir for foreigners. The first matryoshka appeared almost 100 years ago. A toy craftsman (V. Zvezdochkin) from Sergiev Posad made a disassembled toy and painted it. The result was a Russian matryoshka prototype of Matryona (a name that was very common at that time). All matryoshka dolls are different from each other; today images of famous people are transferred to them.

Work is good if it is useful and has a soul.

Painted scarves.

And now you are welcomed by craftsmen from the ancient Russian city of Pavlovsky Posad. Since ancient times in Russia, a scarf has been an accessory for women's clothing. Peasants wove scarves, decorated them with embroidery, applied patterns to them. The production of scarves and shawls originated in Russia in the 19th century, fashion came from France, but even today this man-made art is in demand. There are such crafts that can be found in any corner of Russia - embroidery and lace. Lace was used to decorate costumes and household items. Under Peter 1, wearing lace was mandatory for all nobles. Everyone knows and popular Vologda, Kirov, Yelets lace. Lace is made using bobbins - this work requires both creativity and a lot of patience.

Zhostovo.

And now we will go to the village of Zhostovo near Moscow, where painted metal trays are made. The beginning of this peculiar art was laid at the end of the 18th century. The painting is done on a black background, red and blue and other colors are also used. Bright bouquets, compositions of roses, peonies, tulips amaze with their beauty, give rise to a sense of respect for the masters.

And our tour of folk crafts will be completed by amazing beauty and originality of art objects of miniature lacquer painting.

Palekh, Gorodets, Khokhloma painting- lacquer miniature reflects the life of the people, Russian epics, nature.

Gorodets painting - how can we not know it.
Here and hot horses, valiant to become.
There are bouquets here that cannot be described.
Here such plots, what can not be said in a fairy tale.
Look at the painting - the richness of colors beckons.
Gorodets painting gladdens our souls.

In their works, masters create the beauty of their land. At the end of the 19th century, iconography was widespread. On its basis, a black-glazed miniature arose - these are lacquer boxes, furniture, utensils.

Khokhloma brush! Thanks a lot!
Tell a fairy tale for the joy of life!
You, like the soul of the people, are beautiful,
You, like people, serve the Fatherland!

For centuries, forms of applied art have been formed and polished.

We live on Far East which is famous for its craftsmen. Craftsmen sew clothes, shoes, hats, decorating them with ornaments, beads, and embroidery. They make products from fur, skins, create souvenirs. We also have our own masters at the school - craftsmen, in the classes of circles you can find something to your liking - beading, embroidery, wood carving, pyrography, root plastics and other types ..

The peoples of Russia are famous for their talented and hardworking craftsmen. The world of professions is rich and diverse, the main thing in life is to do what you love.

Folk crafts and crafts of Russia.

Folk crafts are exactly what makes our culture rich and unique. Painted objects, toys and fabric products are taken away by foreign tourists in memory of our country.

Almost every corner of Russia has its own type of needlework, and in this material we have collected the brightest and most famous of them.

Dymkovo toy


The Dymkovo toy is a symbol of the Kirov region, emphasizing its rich and ancient history. It is molded from clay, then dried and fired in a kiln. After that, it is painted by hand, each time creating a unique copy. No two toys are the same.

Zhostovo painting


At the beginning of the 19th century, the Vishnyakov brothers lived in one of the villages near Moscow in the former Troitskaya volost (now the Mytishchi district), and they painted lacquered metal trays, sugar bowls, pallets, papier-mâché boxes, cigarette cases, tea caddies, albums and other things. Since then art painting in the Zhostovo style began to gain popularity and attract attention at numerous exhibitions in our country and abroad.

Khokhloma


Khokhloma is one of the most beautiful Russian crafts, which originated in the 17th century near Nizhny Novgorod. This is a decorative painting of furniture and wooden utensils, which is loved not only by connoisseurs of Russian antiquity, but also by residents foreign countries.

Intricately intertwined herbal patterns of bright scarlet berries and golden leaves on a black background can be admired endlessly. Therefore, even traditional wooden spoons, presented on the most insignificant occasion, leave the kindest and longest memory of the donor in the recipient.

Gorodets painting


Gorodets painting has existed since the middle of the 19th century. Bright, laconic patterns reflect genre scenes, figures of horses, roosters, floral ornaments. The painting is done with a free stroke with a white and black graphic stroke, decorates spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, doors.

Filigree


Filigree is one of ancient species artistic processing of metal. Elements of a filigree pattern are very diverse: in the form of a rope, lace, weaving, Christmas trees, paths, smooth surface. Weaves are made of very thin gold or silver wires, so they look light and fragile.

Ural malachite


Known deposits of malachite are in the Urals, Africa, South Australia and the USA, however, in terms of color and beauty of patterns, malachite from foreign countries cannot be compared with the Urals. Therefore, malachite from the Urals is considered the most valuable in the world market.

Gusevskoy crystal


Products made at the crystal factory in the city of Gus-Khrustalny can be found in museums around the world. Traditional Russian souvenirs, household items, sets for holiday table, fine jewelry, caskets, handmade figurines reflect the beauty native nature, its customs and native Russian values. Colored crystal products are especially popular.

Matryoshka


A round-faced and plump cheerful girl in a scarf and a Russian folk dress won the hearts of lovers of folk toys and beautiful souvenirs around the world.

Now the nesting doll is not just a folk toy, the keeper of Russian culture: it is a memorable souvenir for tourists, on the apron of which game scenes, fairy tale plots and landscapes with sights are finely drawn. Matryoshka has become a precious collectible that can cost more than one hundred dollars.

Enamel


Vintage brooches, bracelets, pendants, rapidly "included" in modern fashion- nothing more than jewelry made using the technique of enamel. This type of applied art originated in the 17th century in the Vologda region.

Masters depicted floral ornaments, birds, animals on white enamel using a variety of colors. Then the art of multi-colored enamel began to be lost, it began to be replaced by monochromatic enamel: white, blue and green. Now both styles are successfully combined.

Tula samovar


In his free time, Fyodor Lisitsyn, an employee of the Tula Arms Plant, liked to make something from copper, and once made a samovar. Then his sons opened a samovar establishment, where they sold copper products, which were wildly successful.

The Lisitsyn samovars were famous for their variety of shapes and finishes: barrels, vases with chasing and engraving, egg-shaped samovars with dolphin-shaped taps, loop-shaped handles, and painted ones.

Palekh miniature


Palekh miniature is a special, subtle, poetic vision of the world, which is characteristic of Russians. folk beliefs and songs. The painting uses brown-orange and bluish-green tones.

Palekh painting has no analogues in the whole world. It is made on papier-mâché and only then transferred to the surface of caskets of various shapes and sizes.

Gzhel

Gzhel bush, a district of 27 villages located near Moscow, is famous for its clays, which have been mined here since the middle of the 17th century. In the 19th century, Gzhel masters began to produce semi-faience, faience and porcelain. Of particular interest are still products painted in one color - blue overglaze paint applied with a brush, with graphic rendering of details.

Pavlovo Posad shawls


Bright and light, feminine Pavloposad shawls are always fashionable and relevant. This folk craft appeared at the end of the 18th century at a peasant enterprise in the village of Pavlovo, from which a shawl manufactory subsequently developed. It produced woolen shawls with a printed pattern, very popular at that time.

Now the original drawings are being supplemented various elements like fringe, are created in different color schemes and remain the perfect accessory to almost any look.

Vologda lace


Vologda lace is woven on wooden sticks, bobbins. All images are made with a dense, continuous, uniform in width, smoothly wriggling linen braid. They clearly stand out against the background of patterned lattices, decorated with elements in the form of stars and rosettes.

Shemogoda carved birch bark


Shemogod carving is a traditional Russian folk art craft of birch bark carving. The ornaments of Shemogoda carvers are called "birch lace" and are used in the manufacture of caskets, boxes, tea caddies, pencil cases, tuesov, dishes, plates, cigarette cases.

The symmetrical pattern of Shemogoda carving consists of floral ornaments, circles, rhombuses, ovals. Images of birds or animals, architectural motifs, and sometimes even scenes of walking in the garden and drinking tea can be inscribed in the drawing.

Tula gingerbread




Tula gingerbread is a Russian delicacy. Without these sweet and fragrant products, not a single event took place in Russia - neither cheerful nor sad. Gingerbread was served both at the royal table and at the peasant table. Traditional form attached to the gingerbread with the help of a board with a carved ornament.

Orenburg downy shawl

Shawls are knitted from natural goat down and are amazingly delicate, beautiful, warm and practical. Openwork shawls-spider webs are so thin and elegant that they can be threaded through wedding ring. They are valued by women all over the world and are considered a wonderful gift.

When asked about Russian folk art crafts, a Soviet person always had an answer ready: nesting dolls there, Khokhloma, Palekh, that's all. In the USSR, by the beginning of the 1930s, a interesting situation with arts and crafts. Noble and merchant estates were burned and plundered during the revolution. What of the things survived was taken to museums or sold abroad.

Peasant artels engaged in art crafts ceased their activities due to the collapse of the NEP. Realizing that the Russian culture in the field of arts and crafts actually ceased to exist, the authorities began to hastily "revive" art crafts by creating state enterprises so that there is something to sell and give to foreigners as souvenirs.

Where the traditional production method was lost or turned out to be too complicated, a simplified Soviet method was invented. Before the war, not all had time to revive. For example, Gzhel began to "revive" after the war, and therefore modern technology the production of Gzhel has nothing to do with pre-revolutionary technology at all.

Gzhel

Gzhel has long been famous for its clays. Wide booty different varieties clay has been carried out here since the middle of the 17th century. The great Russian scientist M.V. Lomonosov, who duly appreciated the Gzhel clays, wrote such lofty words about them: we have Gzhel ... , which I have never seen in whiteness more excellent ... ".

Around 1800, in the village of Volodino, Bronnitsky district, peasants, the Kulikov brothers, found the composition of a white faience mass. In the same place, around 1800-1804, the first porcelain factory was founded. The second quarter of the 19th century is the period of the highest artistic achievements of Gzhel ceramic art in all its branches. In an effort to obtain fine faience and porcelain, the owners of the factories constantly improved the composition of the white mass.

Russian wooden painted matryoshka appeared in Russia in the 90s of the XIX century, during the period of rapid economic and cultural development of the country. It was a time of the rise of national self-consciousness, when the interest in Russian culture in general and in art in particular began to show more and more insistently in society. As a result, a whole artistic direction, known as "Russian". The restoration and development of the traditions of folk peasant toys was given Special attention. For this purpose, the workshop "Children's Education" was opened in Moscow. Initially, dolls were created in it, demonstrating the festive costumes of residents of different provinces, counties of Russia, and quite accurately conveying the ethnographic features of women's folk clothes. It was in the depths of this workshop that the idea of ​​creating a Russian wooden doll was born, sketches for which were proposed by a professional artist Sergey Malyutin (1859-1937), one of the active creators and propagandists of the “Russian style” in art. His nesting doll was a chubby peasant girl in an embroidered shirt, sundress and apron, in a colorful scarf, holding a black rooster in her hands.

Palekh

In the years 1762-1774, the Exaltation of the Cross Church was built in the center of Palekh, painted and richly decorated by Palekh masters. Since the 18th century, Palekh has been the center of icon painting in the traditions of Russian painting of the 15th-17th centuries.

In 1918, a decorative and artistic artel was organized in the village. In the 1920s in Moscow, in the house of A. A. Glazunov, the artist I. I. Golikov painted the first lacquer miniature "Adam in Paradise" in a unique style, which later became known as "Palekh". Since 1924 - the Palekh Artel of Ancient Painting, since 1932 - the Palekh Association of Artists, since 1953 - art and production workshops.

Palekh caskets appeared in the 20s, when the famous Palekh icon painters were left without orders for icons and, in order to feed themselves, they had to come up with a new application for their abilities.

Khokhloma

Khokhloma is an old Russian folk craft that was born in the 17th century in the district of Nizhny Novgorod.

Khokhloma is decorative painting wooden utensils and furniture, made in red, green and black on a gold background. When painting a tree, not gold, but silvery tin powder is applied to the tree. After that, the product is covered special composition and three to four times processed in the oven, which achieves a honey-golden color, giving a light wooden utensils massive effect.

The traditional elements of Khokhloma are red juicy rowan and strawberry berries, flowers and branches. Often there are birds, fish and animals.. An interesting fact is that after the revolution, traditionally handicraft Khokhloma developed in an organized manner on the basis of a painting school opened in 1916 in the city of Semenov by Georgy Petrovich Matveev. Matveev is a notable revolutionary, a member of the RSDLP, who at one time was patronized by Maxim Gorky and the famous industrialist, Old Believer Dmitry Vasilyevich Sirotkin.

Samovars

In Russia, Tula is considered the birthplace of samovars, however, historical facts testify that the superiority belongs to Suksun. In the documents of 1740, a 16-pound copper tinned samovar, made at the Suksunsky plant, is mentioned for the first time. And historians found the first mention of the Tula samovar only in 1746.

There was even a special Suksun form of a samovar - in the form of antique amphoras with high-lifted graceful handles. The samovar became the trademark and symbol of Suksun. At the end of the 19th century, the factory and local handicraftsmen produced up to 60,000 samovars a year.

Suksun samovars, produced in a handicraft way, were real works of art. They were so good that connoisseurs valued them higher than Tula samovars and were sold at the bazaars for fabulous money.

Enamel

Vologda (Usolsk) enamel is a traditional painting on white enamel. The direction appeared in the 17th century in the city of Solvychegodsk, which was then part of the Vologda province, then they began to engage in similar enamel in Vologda. Initially, the main motive was plant compositions (the main element is a tulip) applied on a copper base: the craftsmen depicted floral ornaments, birds, animals, including mythological ones, on white enamel using a variety of colors. However, at the beginning of the XVIII century. the art of multi-color enamel began to be lost, it began to be replaced by monochromatic enamel (white, blue and green). Only in the 70s of the XX century. the revival of "Usolskaya" enamel by Vologda artists began. Production continues to this day.

Rostov enamel - Russian folk art craft; has existed since the 18th century in the city of Rostov ( Yaroslavskaya oblast). Miniature images are made on enamel with transparent refractory paints, invented in 1632 by the French jeweler Jean Tutin.