Ornament in interior decor: interesting ideas (49 photos). Types of ornament §1

State budget educational institution

initial vocational education

professional lyceum № 24, Sibay

Methodological development of a lesson in the discipline

"Fundamentals of composition and color science"

on the topic: « Ornament. Types of ornaments»

Developed by: master of p / o I qualification category

G.K. Zainulina

EXPLANATORY NOTE

Modern world culture is the owner of a huge heritage in the field of all types of fine arts. Studying the greatest monuments of architecture, painting, sculpture and decorative and applied art, one more area of ​​artistic creativity cannot be ignored. It's about decoration. Using the role of one or another object, an ornament (lat. Ornamentum - decoration) cannot exist separately outside a certain work of art, it has applied functions. The work of the arts is the object itself, decorated with an ornament.

Upon careful study of the role and function of the ornament, it becomes obvious that its significance in the system of expressive means of a work of art is much greater than the decorative function, and is not limited to only one applied character. Unlike color, texture, plasticity, which cannot exist outside a certain object without losing its imagery, an ornament can retain it even in fragments or when redrawing. In addition, stability is inherent in a number of ornamental motifs, allowing a certain motif to be used over a long period of time and on various objects, in different materials, without depriving it of the logic of its ornamental form.

Ornament is part of the material culture of society. A careful study and development of the richest heritage of this component of world artistic culture contributes to the education of artistic taste, the formation of ideas in the field of cultural history, makes it more significant inner world. Creative development of decorative and ornamental art of previous eras enriches the practice of contemporary artists and architects.

Lesson topic. Ornament. Types of ornaments.

Lesson goals. 1. Familiarization of students with the ornament, with its types. Tell

about the structure of ornaments, about the diversity and unity of ornaments

tal motives of countries and peoples.

2. Formation of skills and knowledge. Develop the ability to analyze

to establish, establish connections and relationships. Develop skills

plan their activities, the memory of students.

3. Cultivate friendliness, friendliness. Generate messages

strength, responsibility and determination.

Lesson type. Lesson of communication of new material.

Educational and methodological support and TCO. Textbook by N.M. Sokolnikov “Fine Arts”, “Fundamentals of Composition”, illustrations, reproductions of great artists.

During the classes

1. Organizational moment.

a) checking the attendance of students according to the journal;

b) appearance check;

c) checking the availability of educational supplies.

2. Checking homework.

Front poll:

a) What is coloristics (color science)?

b) Tell us about the history of the development of color science.

c) What contribution did Leonardo da Vinci make to the history of the development of color?

d) Tell us about the idea of ​​Leonardo da Vinci's six-color color scheme.

e) What contribution to the history of the development of color science was made by Newton, Roger de Piles, M.V. Lomonosov and Runge?

3. Communication of new material.

An ornament is a pattern built on rhythmic alternation and an organized arrangement of elements.

The term "ornament" is related to the word "decoration". Depending on the nature of the motives, there are the following types ornaments: geometric, floral, zoomorphic, anthropomorphic and combined.

Rhythm in an ornament is the alternation of pattern elements in a certain sequence.

The pattern can be flat and voluminous. A flat pattern is created by completely or partially superimposing one form on another by interpenetrating these figures.

A flat pattern can be repeated many times. This repetition is called motive, or rapport.

Of the ornaments, the most common are ribbon, mesh and compositionally closed.

A ribbon (strip) ornament is built from identical, repeating or alternating elements arranged along a curved or straight line.

Repeating elements of the same size create monotony and monotony of the rhythm, alternating elements give rise to a more “live” composition with a growing and undulating rhythm.

Alternating or repeating elements can be different in size, that is, they are built on the contrast of shapes (large, medium, small) with their different movements. Contrast helps to reveal the figurative characteristics of the forms used.

Contrast can also manifest itself in the distribution of black and white spots of tone, when some spots are enhanced and others are weakened.

Of great importance is the principle of light contrast, which is expressed in the fact that any color darkens on light, and brightens on dark. This phenomenon applies to varying degrees to both achromatic (black and white) and chromatic colors.

The ribbon ornament can be in the form of a horizontal, vertical or inclined strip. Such an ornament is characterized by openness, that is, the importance of its continuation. Let us follow successively how a stripe ornament is built, located vertically, horizontally or in the form of an inclined strip. We draw a strip for the ornament required in width, breaking it into squares, rectangles, respectively, and draw axes of symmetry in them. Then, previously stylized forms, taken, for example, from sketches of plants, are placed on a plane, building alternating elements of the ornament.

After that, we look at whether we are satisfied with what happened. If not, we add smaller or medium-sized forms (according to the principle of the three-component nature of these forms).

Completing the composition, you need to determine where the darkest and lightest spots will be, how they will be repeated on the plane where they will be located. gray spots and what they will complement - dark or light elements of the ornament.

At the heart of the mesh ornament is a cell with an ornamental motif inscribed in it - rapport. Cell size may vary.

The mesh ornament is typical for fabrics to a greater extent. A cell can be repeated multiple times. The mesh ornament is built similarly to the strip ornament. The main task in its construction is to correctly plot the axes of symmetry.

Symmetry in art is the exact regularity of the arrangement of objects or parts of an artistic whole.

Origin History

Ornament(Latin ornemantum - decoration) - a pattern based on the repetition and alternation of its constituent elements; intended for decoration various items. Ornament is one of the oldest types of human pictorial activity, which in the distant past carried a symbolic and magical meaning, symbolism. In those days, when a person switched to a settled way of life and began to make tools and household items. The desire to decorate your home is characteristic of a person of any era. And yet, in ancient applied art, the magical element prevailed over the aesthetic, acting as a talisman against the elements and evil forces. Apparently, the very first ornament adorned a vessel molded of clay, when the invention of the potter's wheel was still far away. And such an ornament consisted of a series of simple indentations made on the neck with a finger approximately at an equal distance from each other .. naturally, these indentations could not make the vessel more convenient to use. However, they made it more interesting (pleased the eye) and, most importantly, "protected" from the penetration of evil spirits through the neck. The same applies to the decoration of clothes. Magic signs on it protected the human body from evil forces. Therefore, it is not surprising that spell patterns were placed on the collar, sleeves, and hem. The emergence of the ornament has its roots in the depths of centuries and, for the first time, its traces were captured in the Paleolithic era (15-10 thousand years BC). In the Neolithic culture, the ornament has already reached a wide variety of forms and began to dominate. Over time, the ornament loses its dominant position and cognitive significance, retaining, however, an important streamlining and decorating role in the system of plastic art. Each era, style, consistently emerging national culture worked out its own system; therefore, the ornament is a reliable sign of the belonging of works to a certain time, people, country. The purpose of the ornament was determined - to decorate. Ornament reaches a special development where conditional forms of reflection of reality prevail: in the Ancient East, in pre-Columbian America, in Asian cultures of antiquity and the Middle Ages, in the European Middle Ages. In folk art, since ancient times, stable principles and forms of ornamentation have been formed, which largely determine national artistic traditions. For example, in India, the ancient art of rangoli (alpon) has been preserved - an ornamental pattern - prayer.

Types and types of ornament

There are four types of ornaments:

Geometric ornament. Geometric ornament consists of dots, lines and geometric shapes.

Floral ornament. The floral ornament is made up of stylized leaves, flowers, fruits, branches, etc.

zoomorphic ornament. The zoomorphic ornament includes stylized images of real or fantastic animals.

Anthropomorphic ornament. Anthropomorphic ornament uses male and female stylized figures or individual parts of the human body as motifs.

Types:

Ornament in a strip with a linear vertical or horizontal alternation of motif (ribbon). This includes friezes, borders, frames, borders, etc.

closed ornament. It is arranged in a rectangle, square or circle (rosette). The motif in it either does not have a repetition, or is repeated with a rotation on the plane (the so-called rotational symmetry).

To geometric include ornaments, the motifs of which consist of various geometric shapes, lines and their combinations.
In nature, geometric shapes do not exist. Geometric correctness is an achievement of the human mind, a way of abstraction. Any geometrically correct forms look mechanical, dead. The fundamental principle of almost any geometric form is a real-life form, generalized and simplified to the limits. One of the main ways to create a geometric ornament is the gradual simplification and schematization (stylization) of motifs that originally had a pictorial character.
Elements of geometric ornament: lines - straight lines, broken lines, curves; geometric shapes - triangles, squares, rectangles, circles, ellipses, as well as complex shapes obtained from combinations of simple shapes.

Fine an ornament is called, the motifs of which reproduce specific objects and forms of the real world - plants (vegetative ornament), animals (zoomorphic motifs), humans (anthropomorphic motifs), etc. The real motives of nature in the ornament are significantly processed, and not reproduced, as in painting or graphics. In the ornament, natural forms require some measure of simplification, stylization, typification, and, ultimately, geometrization. This is probably due to the repeated repetition of the motif of the ornament.

Nature and the world around us are the basis of ornamental art. In the creative process of designing an ornament, it is necessary to discard insignificant details and details of objects and leave only the general, most characteristic and distinctive features. For example, a chamomile or sunflower flower may look simplified in an ornament.
The natural form is reincarnated by the power of imagination with the help of conditional forms, lines, spots into something completely new. The existing form is simplified to an extremely generalized, familiar geometric form. This makes it possible to repeatedly repeat the shape of the ornament. What was lost by the natural form during simplification and generalization returns to it when using artistic ornamental means: the rhythm of turns, different scales, flatness of the image, coloristic solutions of forms in the ornament.

How does the transformation of natural forms into ornamental motifs take place? First, a sketch is made from nature, which conveys the likeness and details as accurately as possible (the “photographing” stage). The meaning of reincarnation is the transition from a sketch to a conditional form. This is the second stage - transformation, stylization of the motif. Thus, stylization in ornament is the art of reincarnation. From one sketch, you can extract various ornamental solutions.

The method of forming an ornament and the choice of ornamental forms, as a rule, is consistent with the possibilities of a visual medium.

Patterns of compositional constructions

THE CONCEPT OF ORNAMENT COMPOSITION

Composition(from lat. compposito) - compilation, arrangement, construction; the structure of a work of art, determined by its content, character and purpose.
Creating a composition from scraps of fabric is the choice of an ornamental and coloristic theme, pattern, plot, determining the overall and internal dimensions of the work, as well as the relative position of its parts.
ornamental composition- this is the compilation, construction, structure of the pattern.
The elements of the ornamental composition and at the same time its expressive means include: dot, spot, line, color, texture. These elements (means) of the composition in the work are transformed into ornamental motifs.
Speaking about the patterns of ornamental compositions, first of all, it is necessary to say about the proportions. Proportions determine other patterns of constructing ornamental compositions (meaning rhythm, plasticity, symmetry and asymmetry, statics and dynamics.

RHYTHM AND PLASTIC

Rhythm in an ornamental composition they call the pattern of alternation and repetition of motifs, figures and intervals between them. Rhythm is the main organizing principle of any ornamental composition. The most important characteristic of an ornament is the rhythmic repetition of motifs and elements of these motifs, their inclinations and turns, the surfaces of motif spots and the intervals between them.
rhythmic organization- this is the relative position of motifs on the compositional plane. Rhythm organizes a kind of movement in the ornament: transitions from small to large, from simple to complex, from light to dark, or the repetition of the same forms at equal or different intervals. Rhythm can be:

1) metric (uniform);

2) uneven.

Depending on the rhythm, the pattern becomes static or dynamic.
rhythmic scale determines the rhythm of motifs in vertical and horizontal rows, the number of motifs, the plastic characteristics of the shape of motifs, and the features of the location of motifs in rapport.
motive- part of the ornament, its main forming element.
Ornamental compositions in which the motif is repeated at regular intervals are called rapport compositions.

rapport- the minimum and simple in form area occupied by the motif and the gap to the adjacent motif.

The regular repetition of rapport vertically and horizontally forms a rapport grid. Rapports adjoin each other, without overlapping one another and without leaving gaps.

Depending on the shape of the surface they decorate, ornaments are: monorapport or closed; linear rapport or tape; mesh-rapport or mesh.

Monorapport ornaments represent final figures (for example, coat of arms, emblem, etc.).

In linear rapport ornaments, the motif (rapport) is repeated along one straight line. A ribbon ornament is a pattern whose elements create a rhythmic row that fits into a two-way ribbon.

Mesh-rapport ornaments have two transfer axes - horizontal and vertical. A mesh ornament is a pattern whose elements are located along many transfer axes and create movement in all directions. The simplest mesh-rapport ornament is a grid of parallelograms.

In complex ornaments, it is always possible to identify a grid, the nodes of which make up a certain system of points in the ornament. Rapports of complex shape are built as follows. In one of the rapports of a rectangular grid, broken or curved lines are drawn outside to the right and upper sides, and to the left and lower - the same lines, but inside the cell. Thus, a complex structure is obtained, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bwhich is equal to a rectangle.

With these figures, the area of ​​the ornament is filled without gaps.
The composition of the mesh ornament is based on five systems (grids): square, rectangular, regular triangular, rhombic and oblique parallelogram.

In order to determine the type of grid, it is necessary to connect repeating

ornamental elements.

The rhythmic series suggests the presence of at least three or four ornamental elements, since too short a series cannot fulfill

organizing role in the composition.

The novelty of the composition of the ornament, as noted well-known specialist in the field of the theory of ornament on fabric by V.M. Shugaev, manifests itself not in new motives, but mainly in new rhythmic constructions, new combinations of ornamental elements. Thus, the rhythm in the composition of the ornament is given special importance. Rhythm, along with color, is the basis of the emotional expressiveness of the ornament.
Plastic in ornamental art, it is customary to call smooth, continuous transitions from one form element to another. If during rhythmic movements the elements are at some distance from each other, then during plastic movement they merge.

Ornamental forms, depending on the emotional impact, are conditionally divided into heavy and light. Heavy shapes include a square, cube, circle, ball, light ones - a line, rectangle, ellipse.

SYMMETRY

Symmetry- this is the property of a figure (or ornamental motif) to be superimposed on itself in such a way that all points occupy their original position. Asymmetry is the absence or violation of symmetry.
In the visual arts, symmetry is one of the means of constructing an art form. Symmetry is usually present in any ornamental composition; this is one of the forms of manifestation of the rhythmic principle in the ornament.
Basic elements of symmetry: plane of symmetry, axis of symmetry, axis of transfers, plane of grazing reflection.
Plane of symmetry - an imaginary plane that divides a figure into two mirror-equal parts

- figures with one plane of symmetry,

A figure with two planes of symmetry,

- with four planes of symmetry.

4. Rules for constructing an ornament.

Showing and explaining the construction of ornaments:

a) tape;

b) mesh.

5. Consolidation of the studied material.

1. Frontal survey:

What is the purpose of the ornament?

What types of ornaments, depending on the structure, do you know?

What types of ornaments, depending on the motives prevailing in them, do you know?

Find signs of ornaments different peoples world with the same motives.

What types of ornaments do you know?

What is an ornament? What is ornamental art?

What is rhythm in ornament? What is rapport?

What is called symmetry in art?

What is a plane of symmetry?

2. Exercise:

a) the construction of a ribbon ornament;

b) construction of a mesh ornament.

6. Summing up.

7. Homework.

Come up with your own ornaments in a circle, in a square and in a strip, using geometric shapes or vegetation.

§one. Emergence of the ornament. Basic concepts.

The ornament is very ancient view DPI. The language of each ornament is associated with the history and culture of the people. The creators of ornaments always turned to nature, using what they saw. Ornament is music. The rows of its lines are like the melody of some one eternal song in front of the universe.

Ornament is a part of our spiritual life, expressing a person's need for beauty. Having expressed in its rhythms an emotional attitude to life, ornamental art can become a kind of imprint of the psychological make-up of people of a certain era, nation, social stratum. Each nationality retained in the ornament the most characteristic, closest to the national character, aesthetic tastes, concepts of beauty. Folk craftsmen created patterns that were distinguished by a wide variety of individual motifs, where real observations of the nature around them intertwined with fabulous ideas.

Basic concepts:

· Ornament (pattern)- consistent repetition of individual pictorial motifs or their group.

· rapport- repetition of part of the ornament (group of elements) without any change linear dimensions and forms.

The ornament can be rapport and without rapport.

The ornament, being one of the most ancient types of decorative art, has retained not only traditions, but also the deep symbolism of ornamental motifs, composite structure and color solution. Studying the ornament of any of the peoples, you can learn more deeply about its history, traditions, worldview.

The main means of expressiveness of the ornament:

• Rhythm Rhythmic alternation of similar or contrasting elements.
• Creatively thoughtful connection individual components called composition and consists of the alternation of individual figures and their rows, located horizontally, vertically and diagonally.
• It plays a very important role in all types of creativity - coloring harmonious combination of colors and their shades.

Classification of ornaments.

ornament type - classification of ornaments according to design features (stripe, rosette, mesh);

Ornament type - stripe. Ornament, located vertically, horizontally or around the circumference in the form of a strip, ribbon. The ornament in the strip is also called: ribbon, garland, frieze.

Ornament type - rosette. Rosette (from the word "rose" - a centrally symmetrical or mirror-symmetrical ornament.

Ornament type - mesh. The rapport of the mesh ornament can be either a strip or a rosette, repeating many times, they completely fill the plane with themselves, as if they are tightened with a net.

Type of ornament : classification of ornaments according to the features of pictorial motifs (geometric. Floral ...).

Geometric ornament. At the heart of the geometric ornament are such pictorial motifs as geometric shapes and bodies (lines, zig-zags, dots, squares, circles, stars ...).

Floral ornament. Floral ornaments are based on pictorial motifs of floral themes (flowers, leaves, shoots, buds, trees, etc.).

zoomorphic ornament."Zoo" is an animal, "morph" is a form. The zoomorphic ornament is based on pictorial motifs from the realm of fauna (animals, birds, insects, fantastic animal creatures, etc.).

Anthropomorphic (humanoid) ornament."Anthropos" - a person, "morph" - a form. The anthropomorphic ornament is based on images of human figures, anthropoid gods, angels, and masks.

Font (calligraphic) ornament. The font ornament is based on pictorial motifs associated with letters, fonts, calligraphy - Russian and Arabic script, initial letters, initials, hieroglyphs, etc.

Heraldic (symbolic) ornament.

Heraldic ornamentation is based on motifs associated with the image of coats of arms, emblems, signs, symbols.

Sign(in art, design) - the pictorial part of the logo, as a rule, also includes the name (written - alphabetic or hieroglyphic - part, often also artistically designed) of the marked product, service, organization, event or person.

http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign

Symbol in art there is a characteristic artistic image from the point of view of its meaningfulness, the expression of a certain artistic idea by it. Unlike allegory, the meaning of a symbol is inseparable from its figurative structure and is distinguished by the inexhaustible ambiguity of its content.

http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol

Coat of arms (Polish herb from German Erbe - inheritance) - an emblem, a distinctive sign, inherited, which depicts objects symbolizing the owner of the coat of arms (person, estate, clan, city, country, etc.). Heraldry is the study of coats of arms.

http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat of arms

Braided ornament or "braid".

At the heart of a braided ornament (braiding) there are always pictorial motifs of weaving, regardless of what elements are involved in the ornament (vegetative, zoomorphic, etc.).

Practical work №1:

WOVEN ORNAMENT (with elements of zoomorphic and anthropomorphic) - “teratological style.

Historical information (read):

Wicker ornament in Russian books appeared with the advent of books from Bulgaria. It includes tightly intertwined harnesses or belts. Complex weaving of a cord-like appearance, tied in many places with knots. Basically, the headpieces were drawn in this way: the circles are repeated and connected with patterned ligature and knots, the initials are multicolored.

Wicker ornament "Balkan type". This is an interlacing of circles, eights, rectangles and squares. Strict symmetry. The "Balkan ornament" came to Russia in the 15th century, when the Turks were fighting for the Balkan Peninsula. Many artists and scribes left for Russia. By the end of the century in the court workshops of Moscow, a version of the luxurious “Balkan” ornament with multi-color coloring was developed. And a lot of gold. In the book ornament of the XIII-XIV centuries. appeared "monstrous" style. Greek word Teratos is a monster. A tight weave of ribbons ending in snake heads. Legs, tongues, heads, tails, wings of animals are entangled with ribbon weaving. A similar ornament is known among the Balkan Slavs, in Scandinavia, Ireland, and on many works of the Romanesque style from different areas Europe. This stylistic unity is based on a common origin from the animal ornament of the Eastern European nomads of the era of the migration of peoples. This art arose in the context of major movements, when contacts between European barbarians and nomads of the Eurasian steppes played a significant role.

The image of a predatory beast is most popular in ancient Russian applied art. In some cases, we can talk about a certain desire to convey the image of a lion, which is often mentioned in ancient Russian written sources - a brave and strong beast, the king of beasts. Important role in ancient Russian art, images of real and fantastic animals play. They decorated the temples of the cities of Vladimir and Suzdal, jewelry: bracelets and hoops. Used in the book trade, starting with the Ostromir Gospel.

Guidelines:

• Make a copy of the teratological ornament, choosing a pattern of your choice (Internet, books, albums, cards).
• A4 sheet size, dimensions ornament no more than 150x220mm.
• Technique - achromatic graphics.

Many culturological concepts are based on material manifestations of the people's consciousness: household items, clothing, the manner of building dwellings, and so on. It is quite obvious that these phenomena are studied by scientists as closely as possible, starting from external manifestations, ending with the sacred meaning inherent in them.

Ornaments are of particular interest in this regard, since they simultaneously identify certain culture or nationality, and at the same time are common to completely different, sometimes diametrically opposed cultures.

Types of ornaments

At this stage in the development of cultural studies, it is customary to distinguish four main types of these decorating elements. One of the most common is considered a geometric pattern, which is characterized by an abundance of clear lines, dots and geometric shapes.

The next most popular is a floral ornament, which is based on the image of various leaves or flowers arranged in a certain order and specific forms. This type of decoration of clothes and household items is very characteristic of our Slavic culture.

Approximately the same distribution as the floral ornament received zoomorphic. In a sense, they are even close to each other, since elements of the flora are often found in this kind of images. Nevertheless, the main emphasis in this case is on animals (both real and fictional ones).

Finally, culturologists single out the so-called anthropomorphic type of ornament, the concept of which is based on a person.

In this article, we will define what a floral ornament is, for which cultures it is characteristic and what it symbolizes.

Historical roots

In general, the image of flora elements is characteristic of almost all cultures, since this tradition is directly related to the concept of the world tree.

This cult is considered one of the oldest and most widespread. For the Slavs in the era of paganism, he occupied one of the leading places, being the basis of the worldview as a whole.

Culture of Egypt

The floral ornament was also characteristic of the culture of Ancient Egypt. Some researchers even claim that this particular part globe and culture can be called the birthplace of the floral pattern, because of the extremely favorable natural conditions.

The Egyptians depicted mainly lotus and reeds, which were the most common and revered as sacred plants.

Art of the East

No less popular was the floral ornament among the Sumerians and Assyrians. Most often, these peoples depicted daisies and daisies, personifying, from their point of view, the sun. It was also often possible to meet the image of cones, pomegranates, palm trees and ears of corn.

Persian tradition

If in previous cases the image was rather schematic, then in this case there is a much greater craving for a naturalistic image. The floral ornament of the Persian decor most often included carnations, anemones and daffodils.

Ancient Greece

Naturally, one cannot but say that such elements were very often used in Hellenic culture. Along with geometric figures, there were also floral ornaments and patterns depicting palm, laurel branches, vines and even algae, which is directly related to the territorial location of Greece.

Slavic culture

As mentioned earlier, our culture is also completely no stranger to the use of these kinds of elements. Floral ornaments and patterns most firmly settled in Ukrainian culture, but before that they were actively used by all Slavs.

Most often depicted plants such as hops, poppies, wheat ears, periwinkle, oak, grape leaves, viburnum. As a rule, these elements were depicted in red on a white background.

secret meaning

It is quite obvious that the floral elements of the ornament have never been depicted as simple decoration. From time immemorial, the image of a particular figure or phenomenon had a hidden sacred meaning. Kalina on clothes and household items, for example, symbolized not only cosmic harmony, but also the prosperity, health and strength of the family.

Oak leaves embroidered on men's shirts and towels were supposed to bring strength and courage to their owners.

Grape leaves and bunches meant the strength and happiness of the family, healthy offspring and all the benefits associated with the family hearth. Poppies, on the other hand, were supposed to protect the owner from evil in any of its manifestations.

Ornament stripes

As you know, there are two main ways of depicting symbolic elements - in the form of a single line (parts of the pattern follow one another) and circular.

The floral ornament in the strip is a constant repetition and alternation various elements. Wheat ears, for example, can be alternated with hops. This kind of arrangement was most often used in clothing, since it had a kind of protective function. As a rule, patterns of this type were placed on cuffs, belts, at the collar and on skirts. Girdling with plant elements had an extremely importance which has largely survived to this day.

Also, a linear image was used in decorating houses - often plant elements can be found around the perimeter of doors, on the shutters of houses, tables and other interior items.

circular image

Along with the above method of application and placement, there was another. An ornament in a circle, vegetative or otherwise, was more often used in decorating dishes and jewelry, although in meaning it did not differ from the patterns made by the strip.

The circular image of certain elements also symbolized the cyclicity, repetition and infinity of life.

Floral ornament in different historical periods

Floral ornament XIX - XX century

Karl Krumbholtz, the author of such books as "Drawing in the Art Industry" (Dresden, 1849), "Flowers and Ornament" (Dresden, 1849) , "Vegetal ornament" (Dresden, 1878), etc. For images executed after a thorough analysis of natural natural plants, were characterized, first of all, by the lack of volume and the widespread use of color. Huge authority as an ornamentalist in late XIX- at the beginning of the 20th century, K. Blossfeld, a lecturer at the University of Berlin, also used it. He used photography to analyze plants. The same ornament design that is used in industry today originated in the 20s of the last century. Opinion about what is on fabrics, porcelain, wallpaper, etc. ornaments should be applied, made according to slightly modified technologies of previous historical periods, at this time it changes radically.