And mostly traditional houses. Summary of direct educational activities “Dwellings of different nations”
Like all living beings with the ability to move, a person needs temporary or permanent shelter or housing for sleep, rest, protection from bad weather and attacks from animals or other people. Therefore, concerns about housing, along with concerns about food and clothing, should have, first of all, worried the mind of primitive man. In the essays on primitive culture, we said that already in the Stone Age, man used not only caves, tree hollows, rock crevices, etc. as natural shelters, but also developed various types of buildings that we can see among modern peoples at all levels of culture. Since the time when man acquired the ability to mine metals, his construction activities have advanced rapidly, facilitating and providing other cultural achievements.
“If one thinks of the nests of birds, the dams of beavers, the tree platforms made by monkeys, it will hardly be possible to suppose that man has ever been incapable of making a shelter of one kind or another for himself” (E. B. Taylor, Anthropology "). If he was not always satisfied with it, it was because, moving from place to place, he could find a cave, hollow or other natural shelter. South African Bushmen live in mountain caves and make temporary huts for themselves. Unlike animals, which are capable of only one type of building, man creates, depending on local conditions, buildings of various types and gradually improves them.
Since the ancestral home of man was in the tropical region, the first human building appeared there. It was not even a hut, but a canopy or screen made of two stakes stuck into the ground with a crossbar, against which tree branches and huge leaves of tropical palm trees leaned on the windward side. On the leeward side of the canopy there is a fire, on which food is prepared, and around which the family warms itself in cold weather. Such dwellings are built for themselves by the natives of central Brazil and Australians who walk completely naked, and sometimes by modern hunters in the northern forests. The next step in the construction of a dwelling is a round hut made of branches with dense foliage stuck into the ground, tied or intertwined with tops, forming a kind of roof above the head. Our round garden gazebos, covered with branches, bear a great resemblance to such a savage hut.
Some of the Brazilian Indians put more art into their work, as they make a frame from the tops of young trees tied together or poles stuck into the ground, which they then cover with large palm leaves. Australians also make the same huts in case of a long stay, covering the frame of branches with bark, leaves, grass, sometimes even laying turf or covering the outside of the hut with clay.
Thus, the invention and construction of a round hut is a simple matter and accessible to the most backward peoples. If wandering hunters carry with them the poles and cover of the hut, then it turns into a tent, which more cultured peoples cover with skins, felt or canvas.
The round hut is so small that you can only lie or squat in it. An important improvement was the installation of a hut on pillars or walls made of intertwined branches and earth, that is, the construction of round huts, such as were in ancient times in Europe, and are now found in Africa and other parts of the world. To increase the capacity of the round hut, a hole was dug inside it. This digging of an internal hole inspired the idea of constructing the walls of the hut from the earth, and it turned into a dugout with a conical flat roof made of tree trunks, brushwood, turf and even stones, which were placed on top to protect against gusts of wind.
A major step in the art of construction was the replacement of round huts with quadrangular wooden houses, the walls of which were much stronger than earthen walls, which were easily washed away by rain. But solid wooden walls made of horizontally laid logs did not appear immediately and not everywhere; their construction became possible only with the availability of metal axes and saws. For a long time, their walls were made of vertical pillars, the spaces between which were filled with turf or intertwined rods, sometimes coated with clay. In order to protect against people, animals and river floods, buildings on pillars or on stilts, already familiar to readers, began to appear, which are now found on the islands of the Malay Archipelago and in many other places.
Further, doors and windows were an improvement in human habitation. The door remains for a long time the only opening of the primitive dwelling; later, light holes or windows appear, in which now in many places bull's bubble, mica, even ice, etc. are used instead of glass, and sometimes they are only plugged up at night or in bad weather. A very important improvement was the introduction of a hearth or stove inside the house, since the hearth not only allows one to maintain the desired temperature in the home, but also dries and ventilates, making the home more hygienic.
Types of dwellings of cultural peoples: 1) the house of an ancient German; 2) home of the Franks; 3) Japanese house; 4) Egyptian house; 5) Etruscan house; 6) ancient Greek house; 7) ancient Roman house; 8) old French house; 9) Arabic house; 10) English mansion.
The types of wooden buildings of different times and peoples are extremely diverse. Buildings made of clay and stone are no less diverse and even more widespread. A wooden hut or hut is easier to build than a stone one, and stone architecture probably evolved from the simpler wooden one. The rafters, beams and columns of the stone buildings were undoubtedly copied from the corresponding wooden forms, but, of course, on this basis one cannot deny the independent development of stone architecture and explain everything in it by imitation.
Primitive man used natural caves for living, and then began to build artificial caves for himself where soft rocks lay. In southern Palestine, entire ancient cave cities, carved into the rocks, have been preserved.
Artificial cave dwellings still serve as shelter for humans in China, northern Africa and other places. But such dwellings have a limited area of distribution and appear in places where people already possessed fairly high technology.
Probably the first stone dwelling was the same as those found among Australians and in some other places. Australians build the walls of their huts from stones picked up from the ground, not connected in any way. Since it is not possible to find suitable material from uncut stones in the form of layered slabs everywhere rocks, then the man began to fasten the stones with clay. Round huts made of rough stones held together with clay are still found in northern Syria. Such huts made of rough stones, as well as those made of clay, river silt and mud along with reeds, were the beginning of all subsequent stone buildings.
Over time, the stones began to be hewn so that they could be fitted one to another. A very important and major step in the construction business was the cutting of stones in the form of rectangular stone slabs, which were laid in regular rows. Such cutting of stone blocks reached its highest perfection in ancient Egypt. Cement for fastening stone slabs was not used for a long time, and was not needed, these slabs adhered so well to each other. Cement, however, has long been known and ancient world. The Romans used not only ordinary cement made from lime and sand, but also waterproof cement, to which volcanic ash was added.
In countries where there was little stone and a dry climate, buildings made of clay or mud mixed with straw were very common, since they were cheaper and even better than wooden ones. Sun-dried bricks made of fatty clay mixed with straw have been known in the East since ancient times. Buildings made from such bricks are now widespread in the dry regions of the Old World and in Mexico. Fired bricks and tiles, necessary for countries with rainy climates, were a later invention, improved by the ancient Romans.
Stone buildings were originally covered with reeds, straw, wood, the roof frame is now made of wood, wooden beams have only recently begun to be replaced with metal ones. But for a long time people have thought of constructing first false and then true vaults. In a false vault, stone slabs or bricks are laid in the form of two staircases until the tops of these staircases meet so much that they can be covered with one brick; Children make such false vaults from wooden cubes. Similar false vaults can be seen in the Egyptian pyramids in the ruins of buildings in Central America and in the temples of India. The time and place of invention of the true code is unknown; The ancient Greeks did not use it. It was introduced into use and perfected by the Romans: all later buildings of this kind originated from Roman bridges, domes and vaulted halls. A person’s home serves as a complement to clothing and, like clothing, depends on the climate and geographic environment. Therefore, in different areas of the globe we find a predominance of different types of housing.
In areas with a hot and damp climate, inhabited by naked, half-naked or lightly dressed people, the home is not intended so much for warmth, it plays the role of protection from tropical showers. Therefore, the dwellings here are light huts or huts, covered with thatch, bamboo, reeds and palm leaves. In hot and dry areas of deserts and semi-deserts, the settled population lives in clay houses with a flat earthen roof, which provides good protection from the sun's heat, while nomads in Africa and Arabia live in tents or tents.
In more or less humid areas with an average annual temperature of 10° to + 20°C. in Europe and America thin wall panels predominate stone houses, covered with thatch, reeds, tiles and iron, in Korea, China and Japan - thin-walled wooden houses, covered for the most part bamboo. An interesting variety The last areas are japanese houses with movable internal partitions and outer walls of mats and frames that can be pulled aside to allow air and light to enter and enable the occupants to jump outside in the event of an earthquake. In thin-walled houses of the European-American type, the frames are single, stoves are absent or replaced by fireplaces, and in the Chinese-Japanese east - by heating pads and braziers. In the dry areas of this region, the settled population lives in the same stone houses With flat roofs, as in dry tropical countries. Huts are used here in spring, summer and autumn. Nomads live here in winter in dugouts, and in summer in felt tents or yurts, the frame of which is made of wood.
In areas with an average annual temperature of 0° to +10° C, maintaining warmth in the home plays a role decisive role; Therefore, the brick and wooden houses here are thick-walled, on a foundation, with stoves and double frames, with the ceiling topped with a layer of sand or clay and with a double floor. Roofs are covered with thatch, planks and shingles (shingles), roofing felt, tiles and iron. The area of thick-walled houses with iron roofs is also the area of urban high-rise buildings, the extreme expression of which is the American "skyscrapers" of dozens of floors. Semi-desert and desert nomads live here in dugouts and felt yurts, and wandering hunters of the northern forests live in huts covered with reindeer skins or birch bark.
The zone with lower annual temperatures is characterized in the south by warm winter wooden houses covered with planks, and to the north, in the tundra region, among polar nomads and fishermen - portable tents or tents covered with deer, fish and seal skins. Some polar peoples, for example, the Koryaks, live in winter in pits dug in the ground and lined with logs inside, over which a roof is erected with a hole that serves for the exit of smoke and for entering and exiting the dwelling via a permanent or ladder.
In addition to housing, a person erects various buildings for storing supplies, for housing pets, for his labor activity, for various meetings, etc. The types of these structures are extremely diverse, depending on geographical, economic and living conditions.
The dwellings of nomads and wandering hunters are not fenced in anything, but with the transition to settled life, fences appear near the estate, near plots occupied cultivated plants or intended for corralling or grazing livestock.
The types of these barriers depend on the availability of a particular material. They are made of earth (ramps, ditches and ditches), wicker, poles, boards, stone, thorny bushes and, finally, from barbed wire. In mountainous areas, for example, in the Crimea and the Caucasus, stone walls predominate, in the forest-steppe zone - fences; in wooded areas with small plowed spaces, fences are made of poles and stakes, and in some places of boulders. Fences include not only estate or rural fences, but also wooden and stone walls ancient cities, as well as long fortifications, which in ancient times were erected to protect entire states. These were the Russian “guard lines” (total length 3600 km), which were built in XVI-XVII centuries for protection against Tatar raids, and the famous Chinese wall(finished in the 5th century new era), 3300 km long, defending China from Mongolia.
The choice of a place for human habitation is determined, on the one hand, by natural conditions, i.e., relief, soil properties and proximity to sufficient amounts of fresh water, and on the other hand, by the opportunity to obtain a livelihood in the chosen place.
Settlements ( separate houses and groups of houses) are usually located not in lowlands or basins, but on hills with horizontal surface. So, for example, in mountain villages and cities, individual streets are located, if possible, in the same plane in order to avoid unnecessary ascents and descents; therefore, the lines of the houses have an arcuate shape and correspond to isohypses, that is, lines of equal height. In the same mountain valley there are many more settlements on the slope that is better illuminated by the sun than on the opposite one. On very steep slopes (over 45°), human dwellings, with the exception of caves, are not found at all. Sandy loam or light loamy soil is best for human habitation. When constructing housing, avoid soil that is swampy, clayey or too loose (loose sand, black soil). In populous settlements, soil deficiencies that impede movement are eliminated by means of bridges, sidewalks and different devices pavements.
The main reason determining the emergence and distribution of human settlements is fresh water. River valleys and lake shores are the most populated, and in interfluve spaces, dwellings appear where groundwater They are shallow, and the construction of wells and reservoirs does not present insurmountable difficulties. Waterless spaces are deserted, but are quickly populated with artificial irrigation. Among other reasons that attract human settlements, important role belongs to mineral deposits and roads, especially railways. Any accumulation of human dwellings, a village or a city, arises only where a knot of human relations is tied, where roads converge or where goods are transshipped or transferred.
In human settlements, houses are either scattered without any order, as in Ukrainian villages, or they stick out in rows, forming streets, as we see in Great Russian villages and villages. With an increase in the number of inhabitants, a village or city grows either in width, increasing the number of houses, or in height, i.e. turning one-story houses in multi-storey buildings; but more often this growth occurs simultaneously in both directions.
When our prehistoric ancestors sought the refuge they would later call home, they used natural resources around itself as a means of shelter.
Ancient people lived in caves. But man is the most brilliant creation of nature. And over time he learned to build abodes for himself.
For centuries, people had to live underground, in trees and under rocks. Over time, a person began to develop skills, he began to use auxiliary means in the construction of his house: wood, metal, brick, stone, ice and animal skins.
Nowadays, in most cases, houses are built of brick and concrete, with some exceptions, for example, cabins, prefabricated buildings and wooden sheds.
However, there are some civilizations in the world that still live in the dwellings used by their ancestors hundreds of years ago.
This article highlights some of the more unusual types of dwellings that man has called home, just as they have been for hundreds of years (since they were first built).
Bamboo houses
Bamboo is a fast-growing, evergreen grass that grows in many places around the world.
Bamboo has been used for housing construction thousands of years ago. It is a particularly durable material, making it ideal for construction.
Constructions modern houses made of bamboo, based on ancient technologies, designed for the rapid construction of housing, especially in the disaster areas of Southeast Asia.
Earthen houses, as their name suggests, are dwellings built underground and, along with caves, are probably the oldest method of construction on the planet.
The centuries-old idea of such design has found recognition all over the world, and today there are many buildings called eco-earth dwellings.
House made of timber
Log houses are well known and, as a rule, are used in the construction of holiday homes. Construction log houses The roots go back many years, to the times when man was first able to cut off large tree branches. But even today such houses are very popular.
The log house has found its application in mountain and forest areas. Such houses were especially common in areas inhabited by settlers in new lands, such as America and Australia. Today they are a landmark of the European Alps and Scandinavia, here these buildings are called “chalets”.
For many centuries adobe houses used as quick way construction of dwellings.
These types of housing are commonly found in dry and hot countries around the world, but most notably on the African continent.
To build them, soil or clay is mixed with water, and sometimes grass is added. The shaped squares are then dried in the sun until they reach the required hardness. After this, they are ready for use just like any other building brick.
Tree houses
Did you think that such houses are built only for children?
In fact, a tree house is quite common in jungle areas around the world, where the terrain is infested with snakes, dangerous wild animals and crawling insects.
They are also used as temporary shelter in areas prone to flooding and heavy monsoon rains.
Tent house
Tents are a popular means of refuge for outdoor enthusiasts. fresh air, and are also regularly used for quick construction.
Large tents were typically made from animal skins and were used as regular dwellings by many civilizations over the centuries. They are most widespread among nomadic peoples.
Today, tent-shaped housing is used mainly by nomadic peoples, such as the Bedouin tribes of Arabia and Mongolian herders, whose shelter - yurts - have existed for several generations.
Cabana (beach house)
The picture shows a wild boar located on the grounds of a hotel in Ecuador. This small house, which currently serves as a hotel room, is a bamboo frame topped with a grass roof and is typical representative local Indian architecture of South America.
Tod's Huts
These bamboo and rattan houses come from a village located in South India, where locals have been living in such houses for over a thousand years.
Half a dozen of these buildings will be installed in one of the villages, where each of the buildings is used for a specific purpose, such as: living for people, finding animals, preparing food, and so on.
Houses of the Toba Batak tribe
These impressive structures, built in the likeness of a boat, are the huts of the indigenous people on the island of Sumatra.
The dwellings are called jabu and have been used by fishing communities for centuries.
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Home is the beginning of beginnings, in it we are born and go through our life path. Home gives a feeling of comfort and warmth, protects from bad weather and troubles. It is through him that the character of the people, their culture and the peculiarities of their way of life are revealed. Exterior of the home, building materials and the method of construction depend on the environment, climatic conditions, customs, religion and the occupation of the people creating it. But no matter what housing is built from and no matter what it looks like, all nations consider it the center around which the rest of the world is located. Let's get acquainted with the dwellings of different peoples inhabiting our planet.
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Izba is a traditional Russian dwelling. Previously, the hut was made of pine or spruce logs. The roofs were covered with silver aspen ploughshares. A four-walled frame, or cage, was the basis of any wooden building. It consisted of rows of logs laid on top of each other. The house had no foundation: repeatedly rebuilt and well-dried cages were placed directly on the ground, and boulders were rolled onto them from the corners. The grooves were laid with moss, so that there was no dampness in the house. The top had the shape of a high gable roof, a tent, an onion, a barrel or a cube - all this is still used in the Volga and northern villages. In the hut there was always a red corner, where there was a shrine and a table (a place of honor for elders, especially for guests), a woman’s corner, or kut, a men’s corner, or konik, and a zakut - behind the stove. The stoves took a central place in the entire space of the home. They kept a live fire in it, cooked food and slept here. A floor was laid above the entrance, under the ceiling, between two adjacent walls and the stove. They slept on them and stored household utensils.
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Igloo is an Eskimo dwelling built from blocks of snow, which, due to its porous structure, is a good heat insulator. For the construction of such a house, only the snow on which a clear imprint of a person’s foot remains is suitable. Big knives blocks are cut out in the thickness of the snow cover different sizes and lay them in a spiral. The building is given a domed character, thanks to which it retains heat in the room. They enter the igloo through a hole in the floor, to which a corridor leads, dug in the snow below floor level. If the snow is shallow, a hole is made in the wall, and a corridor of snow slabs is built in front of it. Thus, cold winds do not penetrate inside the home, heat does not escape outside, and the gradual icing of the surface makes the building very durable. Inside the hemispherical igloo there is a canopy made of reindeer skins, separating the living part from the snow walls and ceiling. Eskimos build an igloo for two or three people in half an hour. Dwelling of the Eskimos of Alaska. Cut.
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Saklya (Georgian sakhli - “house”) is the dwelling of the Caucasian highlanders, which is often built right on the rocks. To protect such a house from the wind, the leeward side of the mountain slope is chosen for construction. Saklya is made from stone or clay. Its roof is flat; with a terrace-like arrangement of buildings on a mountain slope, the roof of the lower house can serve as a yard for the upper one. Each sakla has one or two small windows and one or two doors. Inside the rooms there is a small fireplace with a clay chimney. Outside the house, near the doors, there is a kind of gallery with fireplaces, clay floors and carpets. Here in the summer women cook food.
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Houses on stilts are built in hot, damp places. Such houses are found in Africa, Indonesia, and Oceania. The two- or three-meter piles on which the houses are erected keep the premises cool and dry even during the rainy season or during a storm. The walls are made of woven bamboo mats. As a rule, there are no windows; light enters through cracks in the walls or through the door. The roof is made of palm branches. Steps decorated with carvings usually lead to the interior spaces. The doorways are also decorated.
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Wigwams are built by North American Indians. Long poles are stuck into the ground, the tops of which are tied. The top of the structure is covered with branches, tree bark, and reeds. And if the skin of a bison or deer is stretched over the frame, then the dwelling is called a tipi. A smoke hole is left at the top of the cone, covered with two special blades. There are also domed wigwams, when tree trunks dug into the ground are bent into a vault. The frame is also covered with branches, bark, and mats.
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Tree dwellings in Indonesia are built like watchtowers - six or seven meters above the ground. The structure is erected on a pre-prepared platform made of poles tied to branches. A structure balancing on branches cannot be overloaded, but it must withstand a large gable roof, the crowning building. Such a house has two floors: the lower one, made of sago bark, on which the hearth for cooking is located, and the upper one, made of palm boards, on which they sleep. In order to ensure the safety of residents, such houses are built on trees growing near a reservoir. They get to the hut by long stairs, tied from poles.
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Felij is a tent that serves as a home for Bedouins - representatives of the nomadic Tuareg people (uninhabited areas of the Sahara Desert). The tent consists of a blanket woven from camel or goat hair and poles supporting the structure. Such a dwelling successfully resists the effects of drying winds and sand. Even such winds as searing simoom or sirocco are not scary for nomads sheltering in tents. Each dwelling is divided into parts. Its left half is intended for women and is separated by a canopy. The wealth of a Bedouin is judged by the number of poles in the tent, which sometimes reaches eighteen.
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From time immemorial, a Japanese house in the Land of the Rising Sun has been built from three main materials: bamboo, mats and paper. Such housing is the safest during the frequent earthquakes in Japan. The walls do not serve as a support, so they can be moved apart or even removed; they also serve as a window (shoji). In the warm season, the walls are a lattice structure covered with translucent paper that allows light to pass through. And in the cold season they are covered wood panels. Internal walls(fushima) are also movable shields in the form of a frame, covered with paper or silk and helping to divide a large room into several small rooms. Required element The interior is a small niche (tokonoma), where there is a scroll with poems or paintings and ikebana. The floor is covered with mats (tatami), on which people walk without shoes. The tile or thatch roof has large overhangs that protect the paper walls of the house from rain and scorching sun.
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Yurts are a special type of housing used by nomadic peoples (Mongols, Kazakhs, Kalmyks, Buryats, Kyrgyz). Round, without corners and straight walls, a portable structure, perfectly adapted to the way of life of these peoples. The yurt protects from the steppe climate - strong winds and temperature changes. The wooden frame is assembled within a few hours and is convenient to transport. In summer, the yurt is placed directly on the ground, and in winter - on a wooden platform. Having chosen a parking place, first of all they place stones under the future hearth, and then install the yurt according to the established procedure - with the entrance to the south (for some peoples - to the east). The frame is covered with felt from the outside, and the door is made from it. Felt covers keep the fireplace cool in the summer and keep the fireplace warm in the winter. The top of the yurt is tied with belts or ropes, and some peoples with colorful belts. The floor is covered with animal skins, and the walls inside are covered with fabric. Light comes through the smoke hole at the top. Since there are no windows in the home, in order to find out what is happening outside the house, you need to listen carefully to the sounds outside.
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Yaranga is the home of the Chukchi. The nomadic Chukchi camps numbered up to 10 yarangas and were extended from west to east. The first from the west was the yaranga of the head of the camp. Yaranga is a tent in the form of a truncated cone with a height in the center from 3.5 to 4.7 meters and a diameter from 5.7 to 7–8 meters. The wooden frame was covered with reindeer skins, usually sewn into two panels with belts; the ends of the belts in the lower part were tied to sledges or heavy stones for immobility. The hearth was in the center of the yaranga, under the smoke hole. Opposite the entrance, at back wall yarangas, they installed a sleeping area (canopy) made of skins in the form of a parallelepiped. Medium size the canopy is 1.5 meters high, 2.5 meters wide and about 4 meters long. The floor was covered with mats, with thick skins on top of them. The bed head - two oblong bags filled with scraps of skins - was located at the exit. In winter, during periods of frequent migrations, the canopy was made from the thickest skins with the fur inside. They covered themselves with a blanket made from several deer skins. To illuminate their homes, the coastal Chukchi used whale and seal oil, while the tundra Chukchi used fat rendered from crushed deer bones, which burned odorless and soot-free in stone oil lamps. Behind the curtain, at the back wall of the tent, things were stored; at the sides, on both sides of the hearth, there are products.
Tatyana Zaseeva
Synopsis of direct educational activities"Dwellings of different nations"
Dwellings of different nations.
Abstract compiled by the teacher of GBOU secondary school No. 684 "Bereginya" Moskovsky district of St. Petersburg Zaseeva Tatyana Mikhailovna.
Getting to know your surroundings:
Purpose of the lesson: cultivate a tolerant attitude towards people of other nationalities.
Tasks:
introduce children to the fact that people live on our planet different nationalities, and with the fact that these people live differently;
introduce children to certain types dwellings of different peoples;
introduce children to some facts of the history of their people;
introduce children to some materials from which they can build dwellings;
show the differences and similarities of people living in different territories;
cultivate a tolerant attitude towards people living in different conditions.
Lesson equipment:
illustrations apartment building, wooden hut, tent, igloo, wigwam;
illustrations of a city and country dweller, an Indian, a resident of the Far North and the desert;
illustrations of bricks, logs, snow blocks;
chopsticks, scarf;
5 tables with different tablecloths: one tablecloth with depicting streets and intersections, two green tablecloths, one white and one yellow.
Progress of the lesson:
1. Discuss with the children where they are live: they live in the city of St. Petersburg, there is a house in the city, there is an apartment in the house in which their family lives. Each apartment has rooms, bathroom, kitchen, bedroom, etc.
2. Show an illustration of an apartment building.
Is this house similar to the one you live in? How is it similar? How is it different?
What is in this house?
3. Show an illustration of a wooden house. - Where have you seen such houses?
What are they called?
In the huts the people of our country lived when they did not yet know how to build big houses with many apartments. Nowadays such huts exist only in villages and dachas, but previously almost all people lived in them.
What's in the hut?
Wooden houses always have a stove and chimney.
Why are they needed?
Previously, people did not know how to make batteries. Each hut was heated by a stove. People prepared a lot of firewood so that they could light the stove all winter.
How is a hut different from the house you live in now? (among other things, bring the children to the fact that in a village hut there lives one family, and in a city house there are many). - Which house is more convenient to live in now? Why?
4. On our big planet there is different countries. Some days you went on vacation to the sea.
What countries do you know?
IN different countries different people live, and these people live in absolutely different houses . In the south, in Africa, it is very hot, there is a lot of sand, which is called desert. It rains very rarely in the desert, only a few times a year, and there is no snow at all. And in the desert people live in a house called a tent. (Show illustration of tent).
What does the tent look like?
The tent is made from a large piece of fabric. It does not protect from cold or rain.
What can a tent protect people from?
It is very difficult to live in the desert. People have to constantly move from place to place to look for food and water. The tent is convenient because, since it is made of a piece of fabric, when folded it takes up very little space and is easy to transport. It is also convenient that it can be very quickly collect and"build" again.
5. (Show illustration of igloo).
What is this house made of?
Where are such houses built, in the south or in the north? Why?
This house is called an igloo. It is really built by people who live in the north, where there is snow almost all year round. There are no windows in the igloo so as not to let out warm water, and there is always a fire inside to keep it warm. And, oddly enough, it’s really warm enough in a house made of snow.
6. In the country of America there are people called Indians.
What do you know about the Indians?
Indians live in wigwams. (Show illustration of wigwam).
What does a wigwam look like?
Is it warm or cold in the country where they live in such houses? Why?
7. Let's put the houses in their places.
Consider the tables. Where should the apartment building be located?
How did you guess?
Where are wooden houses built?
How did you guess?
Where are the tents placed? What does the yellow tablecloth on this table look like?
Where is the igloo built? What does a white tablecloth look like?
Where are wigwams built? What kind of tablecloth does this table have? Why?
8. We have houses, and people live in every house. Let's see what kind of people live in each of these houses.
Consider this woman. What house does she live in?
How did you guess? What is she wearing? What's in her hands?
People living in the village work a lot. They themselves grow the vegetables and fruits they eat and put their gardens in order.
Consider this man. What house does he live in?
How did you guess? What is he wearing?
What is the Indian wearing?
Now I will tell you why he is wearing feathers. The Indians fought a lot. Those Indians who performed feats were given the feather of the most noble and powerful bird - the eagle. We give medals for exploits (show illustration, and the Indians receive feathers.
This Indian accomplished many feats? How did you guess?
(Show illustration of residents of the Far North).
Where do these people live?
How did you guess? What are these people wearing?
What do they have in their hands?
In the North there is a lot of snow and people, but very little food. People in the North catch a lot of fish because sometimes it's the only thing they can eat.
(Show illustration of African resident).
Where does this person live?
How did you guess? What is he wearing?
If it's hot there, why did he cover his face and body almost completely?
9. What can you build houses from?
(Show illustration of brick).
What is this?
What kind of house is built from brick? What is it called? (brick).
(Show illustration of logs).
What is this? What kind of house is built from logs? What is it called (log, wooden).
(Show illustration of snow blocks).
What is this? What kind of house is being built from this material? Why from him?
(Show sticks).
What kind of house is built from such sticks?
(Show cloth scarf).
What kind of house is built from fabric?
What does the fabric protect against?
What is used to strengthen the tent?
10. We looked at a lot of houses today.
What are the names of the houses we saw today?
There are a lot of people living on our planet. They all live according to in different ways and even in different houses. For some people life is easier, for others it is much more difficult. And we need to help each other so that everyone can live well.
Arts and crafts creation:
Purpose of the lesson: teach children to cut paper with scissors in a straight line.
Tasks:
introduce children to scissors and safety rules when working with them;
teach children to hold scissors correctly and cut paper with them in a straight line;
develop children's spatial thinking;
teach accuracy when working with glue;
consolidate knowledge of names and materials dwellings of various peoples of the world;
cultivate a tolerant attitude towards people of different nationalities.
Lesson equipment:
illustrations of an apartment building, a wooden hut, a tent, a wigwam, an igloo;
sample of finished work;
paper details for appliqué at home for each child;
scissors and glue for each child.
Progress of the lesson:
1. We learned that on our planet there are completely different people who build various houses for themselves.
What are these houses called? (Show illustrations).
What are they made of?
Whose houses are these?
What do you know about the inhabitants of the south, the north, and the Indians?
2. Look at this picture (show sample application) .
What kind of house do you think we will make today?
How did you guess?
Who lives in this house?
What are these houses made of?
What will we make this house from?
What details does this house have?
What parts of the house are not visible here?
3. Today we will need scissors.
What do scissors have?
Scissors are a dangerous object.
Why are scissors dangerous?
The scissors are very sharp, so do not touch the blades with your fingers. Scissors are taken only by the rings. You should not swing scissors, as you may injure yourself or your neighbor. Scissors should be on the table when you are not using them. directly for work.
The scissors are taken by inserting the fingers into the rings. Inserted into one ring thumb, in the other - the index and middle. Ring with thumb should be on top. The sheet of paper that needs to be cut is held suspended with the left hand, and care must be taken that the fingers of the left hand do not fall under the stroke of the scissors. The scissors are opened as much as possible with your fingers right hand and when opened, they are placed on the line, observing the direction specified by the line. When the line and the blades of the scissors coincide, you need to check that the fingers of your left hand do not get on the line. When everything is prepared, the fingers of your right hand should close the scissors. If the line is not cut all the way, you need to spread the scissors again, move them all the way along the line and bring them together again.
4. When all the parts are ready, assemble the house on a piece of paper.
What parts should your house have? Start gluing the parts.
Which side of the paper should you apply glue to?
Where does the part go to be coated?
What should I apply with glue?
How should parts be glued?
5. When your house is ready, you need to wash your hands with soap and water after applying glue. Then you can add sun, grass, or anything else you want to make the residents of your home more comfortable.
Show off your houses. Tell us who lives in your house. Which house do you like best?
Greenland: Structure made of blocks of dense snow. Igloo - home of the Eskimos
Georgia: Stone building with outbuildings and a defensive tower. Saklya - the dwelling of the Caucasian highlanders
Russia: A building with the obligatory “Russian” stove and cellar. The roof is gable (in the south - hipped). Izba - traditional Russian dwelling
Konak is a two- or three-story house found in Turkey, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Romania. It is a dramatic building with a wide, heavy tiled roof that creates deep shade. Often such “mansions” resemble the letter “g” in plan. The protruding volume of the upper room makes the building asymmetrical. The buildings are oriented to the east (a tribute to Islam). Each bedroom has a spacious covered balcony and a steam bath. Life here is completely isolated from the street, and large number premises satisfies all the needs of the owners, therefore outbuildings are not needed.
North America: the dwelling of the Indians of North America, a hut on a frame made of thin trunks, covered with mat, bark or branches. It is dome-shaped, unlike tipis, which are conical-shaped dwellings. Wigwams are built by North American Indians
Tree dwellings in Indonesia are built like watchtowers - six or seven meters above the ground. The structure is erected on a pre-prepared platform made of poles tied to branches. The structure, balancing on the branches, cannot be overloaded, but it must support the large gable roof that crowns the building. Such a house has two floors: the lower one, made of sago bark, on which there is a fireplace for cooking, and the upper one, a flooring made of palm boards, on which they sleep. In order to ensure the safety of residents, such houses are built on trees growing near a reservoir. They get to the hut along long stairs connected from poles.
Felij is a tent that serves as a home for Bedouins - representatives of the nomadic Tuareg people (uninhabited areas of the Sahara Desert). The tent consists of a blanket woven from camel or goat hair and poles supporting the structure. Such a dwelling successfully resists the effects of drying winds and sand. Even such winds as searing simoom or sirocco are not scary for nomads sheltering in tents. Each dwelling is divided into parts. Its left half is intended for women and is separated by a canopy. The wealth of a Bedouin is judged by the number of poles in the tent, which sometimes reaches eighteen.
From time immemorial, a Japanese house in the Land of the Rising Sun has been built from three main materials: bamboo, mats and paper. Such housing is the safest during the frequent earthquakes in Japan. The walls do not serve as a support, so they can be moved apart or even removed; they also serve as a window (shoji). In the warm season, the walls are a lattice structure covered with translucent paper that allows light to pass through. And in the cold season they are covered with wooden panels. Internal walls (fushima) are also movable shields in the form of a frame, covered with paper or silk and helping to divide a large room into several small rooms. An obligatory element of the interior is a small niche (tokonoma), where there is a scroll with poems or paintings and ikebana. The floor is covered with mats (tatami), on which people walk without shoes. The tile or thatch roof has large overhangs that protect the paper walls of the house from rain and scorching sun.
The dwellings of troglodytes in the Sahara Desert are deep earthen pits with interior spaces and a courtyard. There are about seven hundred caves on the hillsides and in the desert around them, some of which are still inhabited by troglodytes (Berbers). The craters reach ten meters in diameter and height. Around the courtyard (hausha) there are rooms up to twenty meters in length. Troglodyte dwellings often have several floors, with tied ropes serving as stairs between them. The beds are small alcoves in the walls. If a Berber housewife needs a shelf, she simply digs it out of the wall. However, near some pits you can see TV antennas, while others have been turned into restaurants or mini-hotels. Underground dwellings provide good protection from the heat - these chalk caves are cool. This is how they solve the housing problem in the Sahara.
Yurts are a special type of housing used by nomadic peoples (Mongols, Kazakhs, Kalmyks, Buryats, Kyrgyz). Round, without corners and straight walls, a portable structure, perfectly adapted to the way of life of these peoples. The yurt protects from the steppe climate - strong winds and temperature changes. The wooden frame is assembled within a few hours and is convenient to transport. In summer, the yurt is placed directly on the ground, and in winter - on a wooden platform. Having chosen a parking place, first of all they place stones under the future hearth, and then install the yurt according to the established procedure - with the entrance to the south (for some peoples - to the east). The frame is covered with felt from the outside, and the door is made from it. Felt covers keep the fireplace cool in the summer and keep the fireplace warm in the winter. The top of the yurt is tied with belts or ropes, and some peoples with colorful belts. The floor is covered with animal skins, and the walls inside are covered with fabric. Light comes through the smoke hole at the top. Since there are no windows in the home, in order to find out what is happening outside the house, you need to listen carefully to the sounds outside.
South India: Traditional home of the Tods (an ethnic group in South India), a barrel-shaped hut made of bamboo and reeds, without windows, with one small entrance.
Spain: made of stone, 4-5 meters high, round or oval in cross-section, 10 to 20 meters in diameter, with a conical thatched roof on a wooden frame, one entrance door, no windows at all or only a small window opening. Pallasso.
