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Thermostat: mechanical or electronic. Assortment of aspirators of the company "Otrivin"

Hello, dear guests and readers of the Electrician's Notes website.

So, there was a zero break in one of the apartment groups. At the same time, a malfunction occurred in dishwasher in the form of a phase closure to its case, i.e. life-threatening potential "left out" to the conductive body of the machine. If in such a situation a person (God forbid) touches the body of the machine, then the electronic difavtomat will not work due to the lack of power to it internal circuit and the person will receive an electric shock.

Read the following articles about the consequences of electrical injuries:

Of course, the probability of the above example occurring is very low. It is necessary that zero breaks at one moment, and a phase short circuit occurs on the case in electrical appliance, but it still needs to be taken into account.

Let's continue the comparison. Electromechanical devices have a simpler and robust design. But at electronic devices the design is more complex and the probability of its failures is much higher, for example, when semiconductor elements or a microcircuit can fail.

What to choose? Electronic RCD or electromechanical?

This suggests a logical conclusion that electronic RCDs and difavtomatov are less reliable compared to electromechanical ones. But they are no less common, because. at a cost they are lower than electromechanical. Nevertheless, I recommend all such to use electromechanical RCDs and difautomats.

Currently, electronic difavtomatov provide a function of protection against overvoltage, i.e. if the voltage on its terminals increases above 240 (V), then it will automatically turn off. An example of such a difavtomat can be AVDT-63M from EKF. But personally, to protect against overvoltage, I recommend using devices specially designed for this, for example, and.

How to distinguish an electromechanical RCD from an electronic one?

How to distinguish an electromechanical RCD from an electronic one? It's pretty frequently asked question, which is asked to me not only by readers of the site, but also by ordinary citizens, and even fellow electricians. Unfortunately, most sellers in stores and shopping malls They also don't know the answer to this question.

So there are several ways. Please note that all the above methods are carried out with devices disconnected from the network.

1. Scheme on the RCD case

The very first, but not an easy way, is to consider the circuit shown on the RCD case.

For electromechanical RCDs, the diagram shows a differential transformer, the secondary winding of which is directly connected to a polarized relay. The relay is usually denoted by a rectangle or square. From it, a dotted line is a mechanical connection with the trigger mechanism of the RCD. There are no connections (lines) with the mains supply voltage in the diagram.

Here is an example of an electromechanical RCD VD1-63 16 (A), 30 (mA) from IEK.

Another example of an electromechanical RCD VD1-63 16 (A), 30 (mA) from TDM.

As you can see, the schemes are exactly the same.

For electronic RCDs, the diagram always shows a board with an amplifier in the form of a triangle (this symbol amplifiers according to GOST). You will also notice there, the lines where the power for this board is taken from: from phase and zero.

Here is an example of an electronic difavtomat AVDT32 C16, 30 (mA) from IEK.

Also, all diagrams show the "Test" button and its connection diagram.

I am afraid that the first way to distinguish one type of device from another is not entirely simple, and without the appropriate experience, one can easily make a mistake. Therefore, I propose to proceed to the following methods, which will give a 100% correct result.

2. Battery test

This method requires batteries, or plain language, batteries. You can use at least finger "AA" 1.5 (V), at least R14 1.5 (V), at least "Krona" 9 (V), in general, any batteries that you find at your fingertips - as long as they are charged .

Turn on the RCD or difavtomat. Attach two wires to one of its poles. For example, there is one wire at the input (1), and another wire at the output (2) of the same pole.

Then connect these two wires to the battery terminals: "+" to terminal (1), "-" to terminal (2).

When the wires are shorted to the battery terminals, the battery discharge current begins to flow through the closed pole contacts. In secondary circuit differential transformer, a current surge is induced, which leads to the operation of the polarized relay. The relay acts on trigger mechanism and the RCD turns off.

If the RCD turns off, then it is electromechanical, if it does not turn off, then change the polarity of the battery and repeat the test.

If this time the RCD is turned off, then it is electromechanical, if it does not turn off again, then it is electronic and does not work due to the lack of voltage on the amplifier board.

3. Permanent magnet

Take permanent magnet medium size and present it to the body of the RCD or difavtomat.

Naturally, the RCD must be turned on. Slightly move the magnet along the front panel and side of the case.

If the RCD works, then it is electromechanical, if not, then electronic.

By tradition, watch the video on the material of this article:

P.S. That's all. I hope that this article will be useful for you. Thank you for your attention.

Dear friends, today we want to tell you what is the difference between an electronic and a mechanical shutter. With some cameras, you can choose between an electronic or mechanical shutter release. The electronic shutter allows you to control exposure by turning the camera's sensor on and off when triggered. The mechanical shutter uses a traditional front and rear curtain in front of the sensor that opens and closes to adjust the exposure.

electronic shutter
Silent operation
Its advantage is silent operation, since the exposures do not move during installation. internal details. This is important in cases where the sound of a mechanical shutter release may attract the attention of the subject being photographed, such as when shooting at close range. wildlife, sporting events or when the photographer needs to go unnoticed.

Increased Frame Rate
There are no mechanical parts in the electronic shutter, so the frame rate can be higher than that obtained with a mechanical shutter. For example, the Nikon 1 V3 can shoot at 20 fps with the electronic shutter and 6 fps with the mechanical shutter.

Jitter/blur reduction
Movement of the front curtain of mechanical shutters or impact of the mirror causes slight vibrations, which in high-resolution cameras can result in camera shake or blurred images. When shooting on a tripod using the electronic shutter, camera shake and image blur are reduced because the physical objects inside the camera do not move.

mechanical shutter
Reducing Roll Shutter Distortion
The CMOS sensor may cause rolling shutter distortion when shooting fast shutter speeds of objects passing by or when panning quickly. When an electronic shutter is used, the CMOS sensor is turned on and scans line by line sequentially, and when shooting fast moving objects, distortion is displayed in the picture, for example, a golfer's movement trail is visible when lowering the club. If a mechanical shutter is used when shooting at a fast shutter speed, the front and rear shutter curtains are so close to each other that only a fragment (stripe) of the matrix is exposed at any given time. This helps to reduce rolling shutter distortion.

Speed up flash sync
Flash sync is often faster with mechanical shutters than with electronic shutters. This is due to the characteristics of the electronic shutter and the scanning frequency of the matrix. When shooting outdoors in bright light and using the fastest flash sync speed, it is best to work with a mechanical shutter. For example, the maximum flash sync speed when using the Nikon 1 V3's mechanical shutter is 1/250s, while using the electronic shutter is 1/60s.

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The “silent killer” along with hepatitis C is not in vain touted for hypertension. Until the last moment, a person simply does not know about high blood pressure. And low blood pressure provokes symptoms that are treated without seeing the underlying cause. And our everyday life has firmly entered the automatic blood pressure monitor, but not everyone has formed the habit of regularly measuring blood pressure.

Many patients and doctors insist that a mechanical tonometer shows more accurate results. To decide which tonometer - automatic or mechanical - better fit, we will understand the principle of operation of the tonometer.

How are tonometers arranged?

Back in 1905, the scientist Korotkov noticed a pattern in the sounds during clamping and subsequent release of the brachial artery. With the help of a phonendoscope, you can hear tones synchronous with the heart, after the pressure in the cuff drops below systolic pressure. By the first appearance of these tones, the systolic pressure is fixed, and when the cuff is released and the tones disappear, the diastolic pressure is determined.

Which blood pressure monitor is better - mechanical or automatic?

The advantage of a mechanical tonometer is that it does not and cannot have any error: sound is sound. However, the mechanical tonometer has its drawbacks. Firstly, if there is no one to help, it is very inconvenient to measure the pressure on oneself with the help of "mechanics". Secondly, quite often non-professionals get confused in the "Korotkov tones" and correlate them with the dial incorrectly. Thirdly, inexperienced users pump too much air into the blood pressure monitor cuff, and release it too quickly or slowly. Finally, pressure measurement with a mechanical tonometer should take place in silence. And for the correct determination of blood pressure, you need to place the phonendoscope exactly on the arteries, and the tones themselves should be quite intense. Professional nurses and doctors should choose a mechanical tonometer.

Automatic or electronic blood pressure monitors use the principle of oscillometry (from "oscillation" - fluctuations), when the blood flow in the artery causes air vibrations, which are read by the device's sensor. The built-in microprocessor processes them and gives the result. An automatic blood pressure monitor creates pressure in the cuff with the help of a compressor, and when the air is bled, the oscillation wave is converted into diastolic and systolic pressure indicators, which are displayed on the display of the device.

There are intelligent technologies that control inflation and cuff pressure to maintain optimal performance for an accurate result. This is convenient for a non-professional and without the help of a partner. But do not forget that any technique fails, and you should not completely rely on the device. In some cases, the pressure should be measured on a mechanical sphygmomanometer by a professional nurse. And yet, at automatic blood pressure monitors its advantages.

Advantages of automatic blood pressure monitors

When choosing between an electronic and mechanical tonometer, remember: electronic device doesn't need silence. In addition, an automatic sphygmomanometer can correctly measure pressure even through clothing, though only through thin clothing. Weak “Korotkoff sounds” are also not a problem for an automatic tonometer.

What is a semi-automatic tonometer?

When choosing a tonometer, one should not forget about a semi-automatic device. It differs in that, reading the air vibrations, the air is pumped not by itself, but by a human hand; it is not the compressor that works, but the rubber "pear". This method of air injection sometimes gives an error. Take this into account when measuring pressure. But it is much easier to use than a mechanical one, and cheaper than an automatic blood pressure monitor.

Types of automatic blood pressure monitors

An automatic tonometer (such as on med-magazin.com.ua) can be shoulder and carpal. More accurate and adapted to self use tonometers - shoulder. Modern models equipped with a fan-shaped cuff that evenly distributes pressure.

About premium blood pressure monitors

The most advanced blood pressure monitors available on the market are expensive because they are equipped with a USB port and connect to a computer. Among the advantages are the backlight of the display, the dynamics of readings over a period of time, the “guest” memory mode, which allows you not to get confused in the data of other users and previous series.

The number of people suffering is constantly growing. This is facilitated by a tense life rhythm, many stressful situations deterioration of the environment.

Elevated (BP) can lead to cardiovascular disease and even stroke.

Therefore, it is so important to monitor the state of your body, constantly monitoring the level of blood pressure. Which better blood pressure monitor: automatic or , everyone decides for himself, but to have this device in home first aid kit needed by many people.

There is an opinion that only the elderly need to measure blood pressure. It's not like that at all.

It is necessary to control the pressure:

pregnant women;
patients with diabetes;
patients with cardiovascular diseases;
people who are in and under the influence;
athletes during intense training;
heavy smokers;
lovers of alcoholic beverages.

Having such a device at home, they will not waste precious time visiting polyclinics with their queues, but will be able to measure the pressure in a timely manner, being in a cozy home environment.

In addition, patients who have a blood pressure monitor at home:

if their condition worsens, they will take the necessary medications in time if the device detects a sharp jump in blood pressure;
will monitor blood pressure while taking medication or physiotherapy;
be able to control the state of the body in case of refusal bad habits while playing sports.

What factors need to be considered?

Before determining which tonometer is better (electronic or mechanical) for home use there are a number of key questions to be answered:

the presence of heart disease. Devices with a function are needed, since such diseases are often accompanied by cardiac arrhythmia, which must be monitored;
patient's age. For young people, especially athletes, devices with cuffs on the wrist are perfect. But people belonging to the older generation need a tonometer with a shoulder cuff, since with age, the loss of elasticity of blood vessels makes measurements on the wrist inaccurate;
instrument operating frequency. Automatic blood pressure monitors are more suitable for daily measurement of blood pressure;
device price. Having a certain amount of money also affects the choice of device. For a small amount (about 500 rubles) you can buy an inexpensive mechanical tonometer, and for a solid one (about 6000 rubles) you can buy a device with a huge set of additional features;
Will the patient be able to measure his own blood pressure?. Mechanical blood pressure monitors are more difficult to operate and can give incorrect results when measured independently. Automatic devices do not have this disadvantage.

Which tonometer is more accurate (mechanical or automatic) largely depends on the skills of the person. For people who have extensive experience in measuring blood pressure, both types of devices give equally accurate readings.

Varieties

Mechanical (sphygmomanometers)

This type of pressure gauge is the most affordable, but requires certain skills to work with it. It consists of a cuff, a pear that pumps air, a manometer and a phonendoscope. The cuff is put on the arm, air is blown into it with a pear, the head of the phonendoscope is applied to the cubital fossa.

Then the air begins to slowly release. When the noise of the pulse begins to be heard in the headphones of the phonendoscope, the “upper” border of blood pressure is detected, and when the noise stops, the “lower” one.

Mechanical tonometer

Advantages of mechanical devices:

accuracy even with a single measurement;
duration of service;
undemanding to operating conditions;
shows the correct value for any violations of the heart rhythm;
does not require replacement of batteries;
small price;
there are no strict rules for the position of the patient during the measurement, it is enough just to sit him comfortably.

Disadvantages:

Qualitative measurement requires certain skills;
not suitable for people with hearing loss;
it is difficult to measure blood pressure for yourself, especially during.

What to look for when buying:

the membrane of the device will not corrode if it is made of a copper-beryllium alloy;
the device must have filters that protect it from dust;
the air release valve must be reliable, it is better to choose a needle design.

Since a person cannot always correctly position the head of the phonendoscope when measuring pressure independently, mechanical tonometers with a head fixed on the cuff began to be produced. After fastening with Velcro, it always ends up in the right place in the elbow bend.

If the measurement result is in doubt, or there is asymmetry in the tone of the arteries, the measurement can also be taken on the second hand.

semi-automatic

The design also contains a cuff, a pear and a manometer, only an electronic manometer showing blood pressure on the screen. Air is pumped with a pear, like a mechanical device. On the screen, in addition to the pressure values, the pulse rate is also displayed.

Semi-automatic sphygmomanometer

Advantages of semi-automatic meters:

tonometers are easy to use, it is enough to carefully read the instructions;
the number of functions is much higher than that of mechanical devices, including storing the results of previous measurements;
you can measure the pressure yourself even if an attack has begun;
low battery consumption;
quite affordable price.

Disadvantages:

not suitable for weakened people who find it difficult to work with a pear;
the set of functions is less than that of automatic meters;
Accuracy depends on battery charge and may be affected by external influences.

Automatic

When determining which tonometer is better to measure pressure, many opt for automatic devices, despite more high price than the other categories. An automatic blood pressure monitor consists of two inextricably linked parts: a cuff and an electronic pressure gauge, on the remote control of which the results are displayed.

Automatic blood pressure monitor

For measurement, a cuff is put on and a button on the device body is pressed. The air is pumped using the engine built into the device, after it is released, 2 values are displayed on the display: blood pressure and heart rate.

Advantages of automatic meters:

maximum ease of use - even weak and weakened people can measure;
an expanded set of additional functions, including memory and heart rate measurement;
a wide range of measurement options (on the shoulder, on the wrist, on the finger).

Disadvantages:

high power consumption;
high price;
dependence on external influences, low charge of nutrients.

Varieties of automatic blood pressure monitors, depending on the place of measurement of blood pressure:

on the shoulder- the most common and reliable option, suitable for all age categories;
on the wrist– suitable only for young people, especially for controlling pressure during increased physical exertion and during sports activities. In older people, due to loss of vascular elasticity, indications may be incorrect;
on the finger- the simplest option, in which it is enough to place a finger inside the reader. It is not accurate and is not considered a serious medical device.

To increase the accuracy of measurements, they are carried out three times with a 5-minute interval, and then their average value is taken.

What is the difference

In fact, both types have both positive and negative sides. Let's start with the fact that supporters of mechanical devices claim that their measurement accuracy is an order of magnitude higher than automatic ones and has been confirmed by time. And as an argument, the fact that doctors do not use automation is given.

This is not entirely true. The standard of accuracy is indeed considered a mechanical tonometer, but not with a pointer pressure gauge, but with a mercury one. It is mercury devices that make the most accurate measurements. In principle, when measuring with a mercury tonometer, you can not even use a stethoscope. The pressure is determined by the fluctuations of the mercury column. However, the cost of such devices is very high level, and, in addition, they are very bulky, heavy, and, most unpleasantly, very fragile.

An alternative are pointer tonometers. Their accuracy is also very high, but it directly depends on the quality of the components and the life of the device. The fact is that the metal membrane, which is the main part of dial gauges, is exposed to environment and, over time, may lose sensitivity. In addition, the accuracy of measurements directly depends on the hearing of the person making them, so for the elderly, a mechanical tonometer is not always an ideal option.

Automatic blood pressure monitors have a slightly larger error compared to mechanical ones, but it is partially leveled by various functions. For example, some devices are able to take several measurements, and then give an average value that is closest to the real one. In addition, the use of automatic blood pressure monitors is the most convenient for users.

Which tonometer to choose

The decision on which type of tonometer to choose should be made by the consumer himself. Both automatic and mechanical devices have their advantages and disadvantages. We list only positive sides both kinds.

Advantages of mechanical blood pressure monitors:

Sufficiently high accuracy;
Possibility of calibration at home;
Comparative ease of construction;
Independence from power sources.

Advantages of automatic blood pressure monitors:

Ease of use and results;
No need to self-inflate the cuff;
Presence of the built-in memory of measurements;
Automatic calculation of heart rate (pulse).

Both electronic and mechanical blood pressure monitors show excellent results. However, when buying these medical devices, it is necessary to pay attention to the popularity of the manufacturer and the availability of certification documents. Health to you!

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Thermostat: mechanical or electronic. Assortment of aspirators of the company "Otrivin"

How to distinguish an electromechanical RCD from an electronic one?

How are tonometers arranged?

Which blood pressure monitor is better - mechanical or automatic?

Advantages of automatic blood pressure monitors

What is a semi-automatic tonometer?

Types of automatic blood pressure monitors

About premium blood pressure monitors

What factors need to be considered?