How to find out what declension a word is. e declension

The Russian language is one of the most difficult on the planet. His grammar is difficult even for Russian people, not to mention foreigners. But we, native speakers, must certainly get to know her in order to be able to correctly express our thoughts.

Declension definition

In order to understand what declension is, you need to study cases a little. There are six of them in our language:

• nominative, answering the questions "who?", "what?";
• genitive - "whom?", "what?";
• dative - "to whom?", "what?";
• accusative - "who?", "what?";
• creative - "by whom?", "by what?";
• prepositional - "about whom?", "about what?".

Case shows syntactic role words in a sentence, in other words, highlights the main and secondary members, and also connects them together.

Declension is the concept of nominal parts of speech, because it is responsible for inflection in a sentence. This is a change in number, gender and case. Let's figure out how to determine the declination various parts speech.

Declension of a noun

Changing nouns by cases, as well as by numbers, is called declension. And now it’s worth learning more about how to determine the declension of nouns.

Depending on the ending of the noun in the singular and in the nominative case, this part of speech is assigned to one of the 3 existing declensions. The following table makes it very easy to figure out how to determine the declension of a noun.

Not having singular nouns cannot be assigned to any of the 3 declensions. There are also a number of exceptions to the rule. For example, 10 neuter nouns ending in "-mya", and the nouns "way" and "child" are classified as heterogeneous.

In response to the question of how to determine the declination, tables were created for visual study. They show how, depending on the gender and case, the noun of one or another declension changes.

1st declension

Now let's take a closer look at how to determine the declension of a noun that has a masculine gender and a zero ending.

2nd declension. masculine

2nd declension. Neuter gender

3rd declension

Declension of nouns

At every step in everyday speech, we have to use numerals in one form or another. It would seem that they should already remember all the rules by heart, but there it was. Is that the form you use in your speech? The following tables will help you understand.

Since numerals are quantitative, ordinal, collective and fractional, there will be several rules for determining the declension. In addition, elements of the same group may also have their own characteristics.

Cardinal numbers decline according to number and gender. But here, too, there are some peculiarities: for example, the numeral "one" can have the form of the singular and plural, and be masculine, feminine and neuter. The numeral "two" can be both feminine and masculine, but "three" and "four" are declined depending on what is being said. If we are talking about inanimate objects, we describe “three” objects, if we are talking about living ones, we describe “three”.

How do ordinal numbers change? They have adjective endings: first, first, first, etc.

Conjugation of verbs

A very often asked question is how to determine the declension of a verb? However, this form of the question is not entirely correct, because the verb has no declension. Changing this part of speech is called conjugation, and the verb has two of them.

First of all, the verb is placed in indefinite form: he must answer the questions "what to do?" or “what to do?”. Then they look at the end and compare with the table:

It is also worth noting the verbs that are classified as heterogeneous, because they combine the endings of both 1 and 2 conjugations: want, run, honor.

This is a case-by-case change of a word. The system of case forms of nouns is called the noun declension paradigm.

The types of declension of nouns in the university course of the Russian language differ from the types of declension considered in the school course. At the university, as well as at school, there are three substantive types of declension . The difference lies in the order of numbering of declensions and, accordingly, in their names.

First of all, there are three substantive types of declension - first, second and third.

according to the scientific classification system first declension include masculine nouns with a hard and soft stem and zero inflection ( ocean, animal) and neuter nouns with endings -o, -e (cloud, sea).

AND. - ø, - o (-e) AT. - ø, -o (-e) (unsouled), -and I) (smoke)

R. - and I) T. - om (-em)

D. - y (-y) P. - e

To the second declension include nouns female with endings -a, -i (moon, earth), as well as a small amount of masculine nouns with endings -a, -i (grandfather, bunny, uncle).

The system of endings of this type:

AND. - and I) AT. - y (-y)

R. - s (s) T. - oh (s)

D. - e P. - e

To the third declension include feminine nouns with zero inflection, having a base on a soft consonant or sibilant ( steppe, youth, night).

The system of endings of this type:

AND. - ø B. - ø

R. - and T. - (b) yu

D. - and P. - and

Scientific and educational grammars, in addition to three substantive declensions, distinguish adjective, mixed and zero declensions.

adjective declension is a declension of the type of adjectives. Substantiated adjectives and participles change by case in the same way as they changed, being adjectives and participles ( teacher's room, ice cream, student).

The system of endings of this type:

Unit number Mn. number

husband. and cf. genus f.r.

AND. - th / -th, -oh, -th, -ø -th, -a / -th -th / -th, -i

R. - th / -his -oh / -her -th / -them

D. - to him / - to him - oh - th / - to him

V.I. (inanimate), R. (inanimate) - wow I. (inanimate), R. (inanimate)

T. - th / -im -oh / -her -th / -im

P. - ohm / -em -oh / -she -th / -them

Mixed declension - this is such a declension, in the paradigm of which the endings of different declensions meet (mix).

Traditionally, the mixed declension includes 10 neuter nouns ending in -mya (burden, time, udder, banner, name, flame, tribe, seed, stirrup, crown) and words way (m.r.). They are otherwise called dissimilar nouns. When declined, these words in the genitive, dative, prepositional cases have the ending -and(as in the third declension), and in the instrumental case - the ending -eat(as in the first declension).

AND. time-i way - ø dit-i

R. time-and way-and child-and

D. time-and way-and child-and

AT. time-i way - ø dit-i

T. time-eat way-em child-her

P. (o) time-and (o) way-and (o) child-and

To the dissenting also applies to the noun child (cf.). But the forms of indirect cases singular. the numbers of this noun are perceived as obsolete, they have been replaced by word forms child.

The mixed declension should include feminine nouns in - ia (army), which in the nominative, genitive, accusative and instrumental cases are declined according to the second substantive declension (such as Earth), and in the dative and prepositional - according to the third substantive declension (such as steppe). The mixed declension should also include masculine nouns in -y (planetarium) and neuter on -ie (movement), which in all cases, except the prepositional, have the endings of the first substantive declension, and in the prepositional case - the ending -and(end of the third substantive declension).

AND. genius-ø station-i rank-e

R. geniuses-i station-and rank-i

D. geniuses-yu station-and rank-yu

AT. Geniuses-I station-th rank-e

T. geniuses-em station-her rank-em

P. (o) genius-and (o) station-and (o) rank-and

Nouns - masculine surnames with suffixes -in, -ov belong to the mixed declension, since the endings in their paradigm combine the signs of the first substantive declension (all cases except the instrumental case), and the signs of the declension possessive adjectives(in the creative case). Nouns - feminine surnames cannot be classified as a mixed declension, because the paradigm of their endings completely coincides with the paradigm of the declension of feminine possessive adjectives. This is the adjectival declension.

AND. Rostov-ø (Nikolai) Rostov-a (Natasha)

R. Rostov-a (Nikolai) Rostov-oh (Natasha)

D. Rostov (to Nikolay) Rostov (to Natasha)

AT. Rostov-a (Nikolai) Rostov-u (Natasha)

T. Rostov (Nicholas) Rostov (Natasha)

P. (o) Rostov (Nikolae) (o) Rostov (Natasha)

When such nouns are used in plural forms, all cases, except for the nominative, have adjective endings:

AND. Rostov AT. Rostov

R. Rostov T. Rostov

D. Rostov P. (o) Rostov

Nouns - the names of cities and villages of the same type are declined completely according to the pattern of the 1st declension: near Rostov ohm, near Borodino ohm.

Zero declination As a special type of declension, A.A. Zaliznyak singled out and assigned unchangeable nouns to this type. Traditionally, this group of words is defined as indeclinable words. However, since immutable nouns like coat, subway, cinema can be used with prepositions, i.e. form a prepositional case form, which serves to express case meanings ( near the subway, in a coat, about the cinema), and the case meanings of these words (bought a coat, invited to the cinema) can be expressed syntactically, insofar as the allocation of zero declination seems to be quite justified.

In Russian there is a special group of nouns that do not have indicators of the declension type. This group includes nouns pluralia tantum ( gates, scissors, spirits), which have only the plural form, do not have indicators of the gender category and are inclined towards plural. The absence of the singular form and the category of gender does not make it possible to determine the type of declension.

Depending on the hardness / softness of the final consonants, the stems differ hard and soft declension types: oak, son - horse, beast; wall, fish - melon, dormouse; mouse - night(in the 3rd cl., hard and soft varieties are characteristic only for nouns with a stem in hissing).

Nouns with stem on g, k, x, hissing and c refer to mixed declension type: leg - legs, regiment - shelves, daughter-in-law - daughter-in-law, knife - knives, key - keys, fingers - fingers.

Declension types are strictly distinguished only in case forms of the singular. In the plural, the differences between the types of declension are not clearly expressed, and in the dative, instrumental and prepositional cases there are no differences at all.

For nouns of the hard declension in the dative and prepositional cases of the singular, the final consonant stems are softened: country, about the country.

All types of declensions in D., T., P. plural cases have the same inflections. Forms I., R., V. cases have their own characteristics.

Plural ending system:

AND. - and (s), -a, -e V. \u003d I. (inanimate), R. (inanimate)

R. - ø, -ov (-ev), -ey T. - ami/-ami

D. - am / -yam P. -ah/-ah

When declensing nouns in the plural form, animation / inanimateness is consistently expressed, while in the singular, animation is expressed only in masculine nouns of the 2nd declension ( love books - love sisters, see cities - see brothers, see windows - see monsters, see steppes - see mice).

Variants of case endings

There are cases when one noun in the same case has two endings - the main and the variant. The main meaning is that which most of the words belonging to this declension have. A variant is an ending that occurs only in small categories of words or in individual words. Variant forms of cases usually differ from the main ones either semantically, or stylistically, or simultaneously in both plans.

1. Endings genitive -a / -i - -u / -u: cheese-cheese, tea-tea, go-go.

Main ending -and I, variant - -u/-u.

2. Endings instrumental singular feminine nouns of the 2nd declension: -oh / -her - -oh / -her: wall-wall, soul-soul, beauty-beauty.

The ending -oh/-she is commonly used, neutral, and the variant ending -oy / -ey commonly used in literary speech.

3. Endings prepositional singular masculine nouns of the 1st declension: -e - -y / -yu: on glue - on glue, in alcohol - in alcohol, on vacation - on vacation.

Main ending - -e.

4. Endings nominative case plural masculine nouns of the 1st declension: -i/-s - -a/-i: turners, locksmiths - fitters, engineers - engineers.

Main ending - -and/-s, variant -and I. Forms on -and I have a colloquial connotation, are commonly used in professional speech.

5. Endings genitive plural of masculine, feminine, neuter and pluralia tantum nouns: -ov / -ev, -ey, - ø: orange-oranges, tomato-tomatoes. candles, candles, weekdays, weekdays, etc. The choice of the leading option is carried out for each pair separately.

For masculine nouns of the 1st declension, the main ending is materially expressed -ov/-ev, variant - zero: five kilograms, five grams, a kilogram of tangerines, oranges, eggplants, tomatoes etc. Options with zero endings are colloquial or vernacular. However a pair of boots, shoes, stockings; several Georgians, partisans; kilogram of apples where normative are forms with zero ending.

6. Endings instrumental plural nouns of the 3rd declension: -ami / -mi. Variant ending -mi peculiar to free use only words daughter - daughters, door - doors, horse - horses.

Many people know the term "declination" since elementary school. I immediately remember the rules of declension, cases, the table of endings, examples. Let's talk about everything in order.

declination- this is a change in nominal parts of speech by numbers, gender and cases. A noun can only change in numbers and cases.

This term also refers to a type of inflection that suggests certain grammatical forms, or a paradigm.

Cases

Before proceeding to change the word by cases and numbers, we need to refresh our knowledge. How do different parts of speech agree with each other? With the help of case, that is, the grammatical form of the word. It is thanks to her that the noun is combined with other words into a phrase. Recall questions six.

Number

Declension involves changing the word not only in cases, but also by numbers. Most nouns have singular and plural forms. For example, a notebook - notebooks, a table - tables. But there are exceptions. So, some nouns have only a singular form (oil, pride, purity, midges) or a plural form (chess, rouge, scissors, holidays).

All nouns are usually divided into groups, each of which will have its own endings when the word changes by cases and numbers.

What nouns belong to the I, II and III declensions? To make it easier to remember, here is the information in the form of a diagram:

Let us illustrate the differences between these types of inflection. The table shows paradigms for each declension.

The words given in the table can be used as support words, as they have a stressed ending. In the forms of the genitive, dative and prepositional cases in an unstressed position, there is a coincidence of endings. Therefore, the spelling of letters e and and in the endings of these indirect cases is one of difficult topics for schoolchildren. Not everyone can remember the tablet, but learning a few key words to check is much easier. It is only necessary to determine the declension of the word, in the spelling of which there are doubts, and substitute the supporting one instead. The desired ending has been found.

Need to remember rule of declension of nouns into -iya, -е, -й. Seeing them, the students refer to one of the types of declension already described, but this is not true. These words are exceptions and will end in -i when the rule would be -e. For example, he spoke about the lecture (not as "water"); I was in the planetarium on the recommendation of my friends (although "about the elephant" and "country").

Paradigms of inflected nouns

• Nouns that change by pronominal type. There are several lexemes that have been formed by transitioning parts of speech from pronouns, or are inflected as pronouns. For example, girlish, draw, etc.

To correctly decline a word, you need:

1. determine what type of declension the word form belongs to;
2. remember or look at the paradigm;
3. in doubtful cases, use the reference word (for I, II, III declensions).

Examples:

Declension of nouns is the change of nouns in cases.

declination- a set of changeable forms (inflections) of names (nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns) by numbers, gender and cases.

The type of declension (or simply declension) is the category of the name - a certain grammatical type of variability, such that words of the same type of declension have the same or similar forms of change.

Declension forms are determined by both the semantic role and the form of the governing member of the sentence. The semantic role can control case and number, and then declension is a semantic element of the language. For example: the cat is walking - the word cat is in the nominative case, singular and means that one cat performs an action; cats are walking - already plural, which means there are several cats; the cat is fed - the cat is in the accusative case, therefore the action is performed on the cat.

Declension (tracing paper from Latin declinatio, “deviation” from the main form of the word) is the inflection of nominal parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, pronouns, numerals). Usually, the term "declension" means inflection according to grammatical categories numbers and cases.

The word "declension" is also used in the sense of "a certain type of paradigm of declension". Talk about types of declension separate parts speech (for example, in Russian, the substantive is distinguished - the declension of nouns, the adjective - the declension of adjectives and the pronominal declension) and individual groups of words within the same part of speech. So, traditionally in the Russian substantive declension, I (head - heads), II (table - table) and III (notebook - notebooks) types of declension are distinguished, as well as special cases: indeclinable words(which have the same all forms in both numbers: metro, kangaroo, beige, etc.) a few words with -en- in indirect cases(time - time), two words with -er- in oblique cases (mother - mothers, daughter - daughters), a special declension Christos - Christ, etc. Other, more economical ways of classifying Russian inflectional paradigms were also proposed, for example, A A. Zaliznyak combines the traditional I and II declensions into "I substantive declension type" with endings that differ depending on the morphological gender.

1st declension- all feminine and masculine words ending in -а or -я (book, mom, dad, biology, physics, mathematics, computer science).
For nouns of the first declension of the singular in the dative and prepositional cases, the ending -e is written, for example: to dad, about the book. But if the noun ends in -iya, then in the same cases the ending -i is written, for example: to chemistry, about biology. When writing the endings of proper names in -iya, you must adhere to the same rule, for example: to Xenia, about Italy:

2nd declension- all other masculine and neuter words (poppy, stump, bug, slope, biofield, glass).
In the second declension of nouns, the form of the accusative case in most cases coincides with the form of the nominative case (glass, biofield) or the genitive case (slope, stump).
For singular nouns of the 2nd declension, masculine or neuter, the ending -e is written in the prepositional case, for example: about the biofield, about the glass. But if the noun ends in -й or -е, then in the same case the ending -i is written, for example: about consciousness, about trust, about difference:

3rd declension- all other words are feminine (night, fabric).
In the third declension, in most cases, the forms of the genitive, dative and prepositional cases of the singular coincide.
After hissing at feminine nouns of the third declension, “b” is written at the end, for example: silence, daughter. And for masculine nouns of the second declension, “b” is not written, for example: rage, kalach, baby.

Publication date: 06/09/2011 09:31 UTC

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A noun in the plural has no declension, because its genus cannot be determined. Only by putting the noun in singular (if this noun has a singular, except for scissors, trousers, etc.), you can determine the declension:

stars - pl. (star - singular, female, 1 cl.)

In addition to the three main types of declension that are described above, there are also the following types of declension: 1) nouns that have a plural form (hassle, whitewash, ink, rouge). The gender of such nouns cannot be determined, since they do not have a singular form. They decline in the plural.

2) heterogeneous nouns: path, child and nouns on -mya (burden, udder, stirrup, etc.)

3) nouns declined as adjectives. These are former adjectives that have moved into the category of nouns (bathroom, noun, roast, ice cream, passer-by).

In Russian, most nouns are divided into three large groups, depending on the model by which they change in cases and numbers. These groups are called noun declensions.

• The first declension includes masculine nouns with a zero ending (in the nominative case), as well as neuter and masculine nouns with an ending in -o or -e.
• The second declension includes nouns of all genders that carry the endings -а and -я in the nominative case.
• The third declension includes masculine and feminine nouns ending in the nominative case in -ь, as well as neuter nouns that are not included in the first two declensions.

It must be taken into account that:

• different linguists divide words into declensions somewhat differently.
• in reality, the number of models of inflection of nouns in Russian is much more extensive; there are nouns that are indeclinable, deviant, declinable as adjectives, there are features in the declension of proper names.

Thus, the division of nouns into three declensions is only a rough first approximation to the understanding of this part of speech in Russian.

All inflected nouns belong to one of the three declensions.

To 1 cl. include feminine and masculine nouns with the endings -а, -я (sister, judge).

Co. 2 cl. include masculine nouns with a zero ending (rain, floor) and neuter nouns with an ending -o, -e (window, sea).

And to 3 cl. include feminine nouns with a zero ending, and their stem ends in b (notebook, midnight).

To determine the declension, you need to put the word in the nominative singular. Determine its gender and ending. Choose one of three declensions.

To determine the declension of a noun, you need to put the noun in the nominative case in the singular. Then determine the gender - male, female or neuter. Determine the ending of the word. The declination can then be determined according to the table below:

For example, the word frame - a feminine noun in the singular, has the ending aquot ;. Accordingly, the word frame first declension.

1) You need to put the corresponding noun in the initial form. That is, give it the singular form (if possible) and put it in the nominative case.

For example:

Crickets - cricket. Inclinations - inclination. The gate is the gate.

2) Look at what happened and determine the gender of the noun (if possible).

For example:

Computer (male), trap (female), craft (medium).

3) Look at the ending of the noun.

For example:

Soul (s), path (s), sea (s), window (-o), pencil (zero), carrot (zero), kangaroo (zero).

4) Nouns, the gender of which can be determined, will be distributed according to declensions as follows.

For example:

First declension (m. and f. gender with endings -a, -z): uncle, melon, dad, spoon.

Second declension (m. genus with zero and cf. genus in -o, -e): chair, horse, window, sea.

Third declension (f. gender with soft sign at the end: pain, bitterness, joy.

5) Indeclinable and indeclinable nouns are subject to memorization.

For example:

Cocoa (not inflected), crown (variegated).

6) Substantiated adjectives (which have become nouns) and words that cannot be put into the singular form are inclined in a special way.

There are three declensions for nouns.

first declension- masculine and feminine nouns that end in A and Z in the nominative case.

For example: girl;cherry.

Second declension- masculine nouns with a zero ending and neuter nouns with an ending in the nominative case O and E.

For example: student; egg; a heart.

third declension- Feminine nouns in the nominative case ending in a soft sign.

For example:night; square.

So, in order to determine the declension of a noun, you need to determine its gender, after which we select the ending of the noun in the nominative case, singular.

We determine the declension by the gender and ending of the noun.

For example:

Wine: it-mine- is a neuter essential ending in O.

It means the noun wine of the second declension.

Declension is the change of words in cases. There are three types of declension in Russian.

First declension: most feminine nouns ending in a, i and masculine nouns with ending a, i(dream, Ilya, colleague).

Second declension: masculine nouns with a zero ending, neuter words with ending o, e(horse, oak, field, lake).

Third declension: feminine nouns with zero ending, ending in ь(horse, rye.

Plural nouns have declension. It must be determined by a single number.

nouns have three declensions

1- masculine and feminine nouns ending in -a-i (uncle, bird)

2 nouns ending in -o and -e, zero-ending masculine (sun, lake, giraffe)

3- nouns with a zero ending in -ь, (shadow, dust)

The 1st declension includes feminine and masculine nouns with endings in -а and -я, the 2nd declension includes neuter nouns with endings -о and -е and masculine gender without an ending, and the 3rd declension includes feminine nouns kind without ending. The noun in the plural must be put in the singular and the declension determined.