“Ranks of adjectives by meaning. Relative adjectives

Stefanova Larisa Mikhailovna, teacher of Russian language and literature, State Educational Institution of the Republic of Kazakhstan "Republican Education Center", Syktyvkar, Republic of Komi

Ranks of adjectives by meaning

Textbook: " Russian language, 6th grade. Authors Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A., Trostentsova L.A. Textbook for educational institutions in two parts. Moscow, "Prosveshchenie", 2015.

The purpose of the lesson: the formation of the concept of the ranks of adjectives.

Tasks:

aboutgurgling:

- to introduce students to the categories of adjectives, their distinguishing features;

developing:

- to form in students the ability to determine the category of adjectives;

- develop spelling and punctuation skills of students;

educational:

- educate interest in the Russian language as an academic subject.

Cognitive UUD:

- ability to work with information;

- use of sign-symbolic means, general solution schemes;

- execution of logical operations (comparison, analysis, generalization, establishment of analogies).

Regulatory UUD:

- drawing up a plan and sequence of actions;

- self-control, correction of knowledge, skills and abilities;

- awareness of the quality and level of assimilation.

Communicative UUD:

- the ability to express one's thoughts, to build an oral statement, taking into account the sphere and situation of communication, to participate in a conversation, discussion;

- the ability to draw conclusions, generalize, argue your point of view.

Equipment: computer, multimedia projector, screen, lesson presentation created in Power Point 2003.

During the classes:

Organizing time.

Blitz survey on the topic "Adjective name":

What questions does the adjective answer?

What is the general grammatical meaning of adjectives.

How do adjectives change?

What syntactic role do adjectives play in a sentence?

What degree of comparison does an adjective have? How are they formed?

Message about the topic and purpose of the lesson.

- Guys! Today we will continue our acquaintance with the adjective. Write down the topic of the lesson. slide 1.

Observation of linguistic material.

The task: write out phrases like “adj. + noun”, determine the gender, number and case of adjectives. Slide 2.

Winter came and covered the badger mink with a deep snowdrift.

badger mink

deep snowdrift (m. p., singular, tv. p.)

snowdrift

Compilation of clusters.

Slide 3. Qualitative adjectives.

What adjective denotes a sign (quality) of an object that can be in this object to a greater or lesser extent?

Which adjective has degrees of comparison?

Which adjective is shortened?

What adjective can be combined with the adverb VERY?

Which adjective forms complex adjectives by repetition?

What adjective form adjectives with the prefix NOT?

All of the above features are inherent in the adjective DEEP. This is a quality adjective.

What signs (qualities) can denote quality adjectives?

Slides 4-11 are shown, examples are given:

color - red ball,

size - tall house,

shape - round apple,

age - young man,

the inner qualities of a person - a brave knight,

the state of mind of a person is a cheerful girl,

taste - sour lemon,

qualities that give a general description of the subject - an interesting book.

Slide 12. Relative adjectives.

Which of the adjectives denotes such a feature of an object that cannot be more or less? Indicates the material from which the object is made? It has no degrees of comparison, a short form and does not combine with the adverb VERY? ( SNOW)

Absolutely right guys. This is a relative adjective.

Relative adjectives can denote the material from which the object is made, consists, spatial, temporal signs of the object, characterize the object by action.

Slides 13-16. Meanings of relative adjectives (examples):

material - earthenware jug,

time - winter day,

place - mountain river,

action - swimming pool.

Slide 17. Possessive adjectives.

And we have one more adjective left - BADGER. This is a possessive adjective.

Why do you think possessive adjectives got their name? What questions do possessive adjectives answer and what do they mean? (Possessive adjectives indicate that something belongs to a person or animal and answer the questions WHOSE? WHOSE? WHOSE? WHOSE?).

What suffixes do possessive adjectives have? (-OV (-EV), -IN (-YN), -IY).

5. Primary fastening. Development of skills and abilities of students.

Exercise 1. Write down the sentences by inserting the missing letters and denoting spellings in place of the gaps. Read expressively excerpts from the poems of Russian poets; remember their names and authors. Find adjectives, determine their category.

1. Ripe lingonberries,
The days have become colder ...
And from the birds ... his cry
In the heart ... it became sad ... her.

(K. D. Balmont "Autumn")

2. It smelled of winter cold
In fields and forests.
Lit up with bright purple
Heaven before sunset.

(I. A. Bunin "The First Snow")

3. Under the blue skies
In ... magnificent carpets,
Fucking in the sun, the snow lies.

(A. S. Pushkin "Winter Morning")

Checking the execution of the task. Slides 18-20.

Task 2. Work with the textbook. Execution of ex. 341 (p. 17). Slide 21.

Determine the category of the resulting adjectives. Prove your opinion. (These are qualitative adjectives, since they form complex adjectives by repetition).

Task 3. Form adjectives from these nouns, make phrases like “adj. + noun"; determine the category of adjectives. slide 22.

fox - ... (fox hole - possessive);

stone - ... (stone house - relative);

happiness - ... (happy child - quality);

bear - ... (bear's lair - possessive);

evening - ... (evening twilight - relative);

running - ... (treadmill - relative);

sea ​​- ... (sea coast - relative);

mother - ... (mother's umbrella - possessive).

Checking the execution of the task. slide 23.

Say the words LI FROM BL , MEDVE F NYA. What sounds do you hear in place of the highlighted letters? What is the function of b? (Dividing b)

Task 4. Work with the textbook. Execution of ex. 350 (p. 22). slide 24.

Punctuation in direct speech (passing repetition). Work according to the schemes:

6. Summing up the lesson. Reflection. Evaluation of students' work in the classroom by the teacher. Self-assessment using the “Unfinished Sentence” technique (slide 25):

1) Today at the lesson I learned (a) ...

2) I was ... (difficult, difficult, easy, interesting, etc.).

3) I learned (as) ...

7. Homework. Ex. 344, 349.

Slides 26-27. Used Internet sources.

You probably already remember that adjectives are divided into quality(indicate the quality of the item), relative(denoting a sign of an object in relation to another object) and possessive. We will talk about possessive adjectives in more detail.

These adjectives, unlike qualitative and relative ones, do not answer the question what?, but the question whose? They're called possessive because their main purpose is indicate belonging to a person, animal or animate being. Therefore, they are formed only from the names of animals, persons and other animated beings. For example, mutton, fox, Anin, mother's, foremen, grandfather etc. Grammatically, possessive adjectives closer to relative because they have no degrees of comparison(can not be this item is mother's, and that one is even more mother's), short forms they do not form adverbs and abstract nouns etc. However, they have their own characteristics: special suffixes and a special system of declensions.

We will not consider the declension system here, we will focus only on word formation.

Possessive adjectives are formed, as mentioned above, from the names of animals, persons and other animated beings using suffixes -ov (-ev), -in (-yn), -y.

Fathers house, elders staff, nanny's scarf, sister's mandate, fox tail.

It should also be noted here that these adjectives have null ending. Try not to confuse, for example, adjectives like blue And wolf.

Blue - a qualitative adjective, non-derivative (not formed from anything), without suffixes, ending th.

wolf - possessive adjective, derivative (derived from the noun Wolf with a suffix -th ), null ending.

Pairs of adjectives such as worker and carpenter, red and bear, distant and shark. Working, red and distant have endingth, but carpenter, bear and shark have null ending And suffixth, because they are possessive and derivative.

Therefore, it is worth being careful when parsing adjectives by composition and taking into account the category of the adjective by meaning.

Now let's move on to traps which adjectives are preparing for us. Although there is a rather sharp boundary between the categories of ad nouns both grammatically and lexically, however, it happens that some possessive adjectives disguised under qualitative and even relative, and relative under qualitative. All in all, many adjectives want to go into the category of quality ones. How does this happen and how not to get confused when determining the discharge?

Remember that the rank of an adjective by value can only be accurately determined in context, i.e. in a phrase or in a sentence.

For example, cherry compote - cherry compote. Having made the transformation, we understand what is in front of us relative adjectivenoe, because denotes what the compote is made of. But in the phrase cherry suit adjective cherry no longer means that the suit is made of cherries, it means the color of the suit, and color is a quality characteristic, i.e. in this context, the adjective becomes quality.

Let's take a few more examples.

Iron constructor- iron constructor relative adjective)
Iron will- strong will quality adjective)
iron health- good health ( quality adjective)

steel knife- steel knife relative adjective)
Steel color dress (quality adjective)
steel look- unfriendly, cold, hard ( quality adjective)

Bear hair- wool that belongs to a bear ( possessive adjective)
Bear coat at the hostess- fur coat from a bear ( relative adjective)
bear walk- clumsy, awkward, sprawling ( quality adjective)

Fox muzzle- a muzzle that belongs to a fox ( possessive adjective)
fox hat- fox hat relative adjective)
fox cunning- highly developed cunning ( quality adjective)

Thus, we see that the same adjective can take on different meanings. but grammatical characteristics remain unchanged.: neither possessive nor relative adjectives will acquire degrees of comparison, short forms and other distinctive features of quality adjectives.

Let's summarize.

To determine the rank of an adjective, you need:

1) Look, the adjective is used in direct or figurative meaning. If the value is portable, it is quality adjective.

2) If the value is direct, ask two questions: which? whose? If this adjective refers to affiliation, in front of us possessive adjective.

3) Try to substitute adverb of measure and degree (very) or create degrees of comparison. If it worked - adjective quality.

4) try convert combination with an adjective into a prepositional case phrase. Happened - relative adjective.

And remember that the main thing is still lexical meaning, not grammar. Grammar just helps us.

Good luck in learning Russian and excellent grades!

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According to their meaning and grammatical characteristics, adjectives are traditionally divided into 3 categories: qualitative, relative and possessive. But modern linguistics has other classifications. Russian Grammar–1980 (vol. 1, p. 540) proposes to classify adjectives on two grounds: firstly, according to the nature of the attribute being called; secondly, by the nature of the sign designation. Taking into account which of the signs is considered more important, a classification of adjectives is built.

I option. All adjectives are divided into two lexical and grammatical categories: qualitative and relative. Relative, in turn, are divided into proper relative, ordinal and pronominal. At the next stage, the relative ones are divided into non-possessive and possessive.

II option. According to the second feature, the classification divides all adjectives into significant and pronominal. Further, significant adjectives are divided into qualitative and relative ones; relative are divided into proper relative and ordinal. Finally, the relative ones are divided into non-possessive and possessive ones [Russian Grammar–1980, vol. 1, p. 540].

In school grammar, 3 categories are distinguished: qualitative, relative and possessive. The same categories are distinguished in a number of high school grammars. Given the broad understanding of the term “adjective” adopted in this work, we add one more category to them - ordinal adjectives. Let's consider each of the selected categories.

quality adjectives. Qualitative adjectives denote a feature of an object that can manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent. By lexical meaning they are very diverse and can be called:

a) color: blue, gray, bright, faded etc.;

b) properties of objects perceived by all senses: bitter, sweet, soft, elastic, warm, thick, long and etc.;

c) the physical qualities of living beings: fat, old, strong, tall, stately and etc.;

d) the spiritual qualities of people, their character traits, etc. .: kind, proud, sweet, affectionate, strict, honest etc.

Qualitative adjectives can be included in antonymic pairs: long - short, narrow - wide, close - far, high - low, thick - thin etc. At the same time, different LSVs can have their own antonyms, for example: fresh bread -stale bread,fresh wind -warm wind,fresh cucumber -salty cucumber,fresh shirt -dirty shirt,fresh news -old news etc.

Word-building features of quality adjectives. Qualitative adjectives can be non-derivative (unlike possessive adjectives, whose stems are derived): blue, good;

may have their own suffixes - iv, -ov, -liv, -chiv, -ist, -ast: gameswillows oh, shalovlwillows oh, thoughtfulwillows th, silverist th;

form forms of subjective assessment: white, whitish, whitish;

abstract nouns with suffixes are formed from them -ost, -is, from (a), -izn (a) : white - whiteness, strict - severity, fresh - freshness, deaf - deafness;

adverbs are formed from them -o, -e, -i: beautiful - beautiful, fresh - fresh, brutal - brutal.

Grammar features of quality adjectives :

ability to have degree comparison: White– whiter, more white(comparative); whitest, whitest, whitest (of all)(superlative degree);

the presence of short and long forms ( white - white, thin - thin);

they can be combined with adverbs of degree extremely, very, very and etc.: very kind, extremely shy, very sweet.

The main features that distinguish quality adjectives are grammatical: degrees of comparison, short and full forms. Since not all quality adjectives have a full set of these features (for example: blind, barefoot, oblique do not have degrees of comparison; business- short form, etc.), then the presence of two and even one of the main features is considered sufficient to classify an adjective as a qualitative one, for example: the river is navigable.

Relative adjectives. Relative adjectives denote the features of an object by indicating its relation to a person, animal, object, action, place, time, number, for example: children's drawings - children's drawings, a wooden spoon - a wooden spoon, a Ukrainian village - a village in Ukraine, yesterday - the day that was yesterday; double knot - a knot tied twice, etc.

Relative adjectives, as a rule, are characterized by the absence of lexical and grammatical features characteristic of qualitative adjectives. Many relative adjectives are synonymous with nouns, including the genitive adjective (a noun in gender after a noun): village street - village street, university building - university building.

Replacing nouns with nouns is not possible in the following cases:

in place names, street names, hotels, etc.: Deribasovskaya embankment, hotelKievskaya" and etc.;

in case of discrepancy in the meanings of the nominal construction and the corresponding adjective: urban view (inherent to a city dweller) and view of the city;

in phrases with adjectives in a figurative sense : silk hair (not silk hair, but hair soft like silk) etc.

In some cases, relative adjectives can be replaced by nouns in gender. n. with prepositions: from: paper bag - a bag made of paper; straw hat - a hat made of straw; from: Crimean delegate – delegate from Crimea; for: smoking room - smoking room; nouns in wine. n. with a preposition

Possessive adjectives. Possessive adjectives express the attribute of an object by naming the object's belonging to the owner (person or animal) and are formed using suffixes -ov- (-ev-), -in-, -nin-, -th-, -sk-, -ovsk- (-evsk-), -insk-.

There are several groups of possessive adjectives.

1. Adjectives with suffixes -in-, -nin-, -ov-, -ev-:sisters, grandfathers, brothers, teachers. They are used in it. n. only in short form and have a special declension (see "Declination of adjectives"). These adjectives are formed by adding the indicated suffixes to the stem of nouns denoting names of persons or animals. In modern Russian, they are used extremely rarely; genus is usually used instead. n. accessories of nouns: sister's book, brother's coat. The use of adjectives in - ov-, -ev-. This is because such words indicate belonging to one person, and in modern language there is a tendency to expand the scope of the use of those adjectives, in the meaning of which an indication of belonging to a person and a whole team is combined.

Adjectives for - nin- are used more often, mainly in colloquial speech. There are only a few of them: brother, daughter, husband, brother.

Adjectives of the first group often turn into components of phraseological combinations: pyrrhic victory, crocodile tears, pansies.

2. The next group consists of adjectives with a suffix -th- (-th-): fox, bear, wolf. They denote not individual, but general affiliation, are formed from common nouns that name persons and animals, and are widespread in modern Russian: avian hubbub,fishy eye,wolf flock,shepherd's pipe,girlish pride. Some scientists classify such adjectives as relatively possessive, while others include them as relative ones. It is necessary to take into account the semantics of such adjectives: if they denote belonging to an animal or person, they should be classified as possessive ( Fox's tail– a tail belonging to a fox; wolf ear– wolf ear etc.); if the adjective designates the material from which something is made, it belongs to the category of relative adjectives: fox fur coat - fox fur coat, sable hat - sable hat. Some adjectives with suffix -th- (-th-) have not a direct, but a figurative meaning and are included in stable combinations: wolf appetite, bear walk, bear service.

3. A small group is made up of possessive adjectives, indicating that an object belongs to one person and having suffixes in its composition -sk-, -ovsk-, -insk-: Chekhov's story, Pushkin's poem.

Some linguists have tried to classify as possessive adjectives with suffixes -sk-, -ovsk-, -insk- formed from the names of settlements and denoting belonging to the city, etc. .: Simferopol plant, Feodosia beach, Oryol theater. Such a broad understanding of "possessiveness" defies logic. As is known, the semantic basis for the selection of possessive adjectives is an indication of belonging to a person or animal; the basis for the allocation of relative adjectives is the ability to designate the features of objects in their relation to other objects. Therefore, adjectives like Leningradsky (park), city (street), yesterday's (news) must be included in the relative category.

Ordinal adjectives. Ordinal adjectives call a sign of an object through a relation to a number, quantity. They are formed from cardinal numbers, for example: nine - ninth, ninety-nine - ninety-ninth. A feature of their declension in comparison with the corresponding cardinal numbers is that only the last component changes in compound words.

Table 1

Lesson Objectives:

Give the concept of three categories of adjectives, introduce students to quality adjectives;

To form the ability to find high-quality adjectives in texts, standing in a short form or in the form of a comparative degree;

Develop the ability to distinguish between qualitative and relative adjectives;

To consolidate the skill of written morphemic, word-formation and syntactic analysis;

Cultivate love for folk arts and crafts.

Lesson type: explanation of new material.

Equipment:

illustrations;

Task cards;

Reference table for ranks of adjectives.

Interdisciplinary connections: connection with literature and technology.

Topic of the speech:"Ancient handicraft art".

DURING THE CLASSES

I. The word of the teacher.

We continue to get acquainted with adjectives that decorate our speech, make it brighter and more figurative. What important features of this part of speech did you learn about in the last lesson? (Adjectives can have a short form and degrees of comparison.)

II. Checking homework.

1. How are the comparative and superlative forms of adjectives formed?

2. Give examples of adjectives used in short form and in the form of a simple comparative degree from the exercise “My Fatherland is Russia. Ural".

3. Individual tasks (performed by 2-3 students at their desks, and then selectively at the blackboard).

Exercise 1. What is the lexical meaning of the words brocade And morocco? Write off. Insert the missing letters. Explain which punctuation mark is missing in the 3rd sentence. Perform morphemic analysis of the highlighted words.

In the Tver region coastal h_lmakh of the river Tvertsa ra (z, s) the city of Torzhok rushed. (3,s)here saved in Russia_ since the XIII century, the center of gold embroidery. And (s, ss) ku (s, ss) craftsmen sewed with gold thread on brocade and morocco they decorated royal clothes with embroidery.

Task 2. Write off. Insert the missing letters. Explain which punctuation mark is missing in the 1st sentence. Perform word-formation analysis of the highlighted words. Break down the word amazing. Find an adjective in the simple superlative degree.

Gold embroidery is the most difficult kind hands-on and (s, ss) ku (s, ss) tva. Ru (s, ss) cue gold_sewing and (h, s) used in the decorative design of liturgical fabrics and vestments holy_ministers amazing patterns.

4. Conversation with the class.

The teacher shows an illustration of a painting by V.A. Tropinin "Zolotoshveyka".

- For what occupation did the artist portray the craftswoman?

In ancient Russia, every girl had to be able to sew and embroider. Diligence in needlework was revered as a special virtue. At the courts of princes, boyars, wealthy servicemen and merchants, there were their own needlework workshops - “svetlitsa”, where embroiderers worked. At the end of the 19th century, gold-embroidered items made by the craftswomen of the Novodevichy Convent in Moscow enjoyed well-deserved fame.

Task 3. Make up sentences using these words and phrases. Underline the adjectives as members of the sentence.

Gold embroidery, gold embroidery (embroiderers, craftswomen, needlewomen); decorative design of fabrics and clothes; brocade, morocco; amazing (outlandish, wonderful, unusual) patterns.

III. Explanation of new material.

– While completing the tasks, we were convinced that adjectives can appear in different forms (in full or short, in the form of a comparative or superlative degree). But they also differ in meaning. Today we will get acquainted with three categories of adjectives.

1. Work with the handout "Digits of adjectives by value" (see table).

2. Work with the textbook: reading theoretical material.

Name the characteristics of quality adjectives.

3. Performing exercise No. 290 (p. 116) according to the textbook. Find relative adjectives in the text.

IV. Consolidation of new material.

1. Fulfillment of individual tasks on cards.

Card 1. Guess what story these lines are from. Write by inserting the missing letters. Explain the punctuation in sentences under the number 2. Underline the adjectives as members of the sentence. Determine the rank.

1. And d_vyas, in front of you
Looks like the city is bigger,
Walls with frequent teeth,
And behind the white walls
Shine_t domes of churches
And holy monasteries.

2. Hello, you are my beautiful prince!
Why are you as quiet as a rainy day?
Saddened for what?

Card 2. Guess what characters are being talked about in these passages. Write off. Determine the class of adjectives. Explain your point of view. Name (orally) the form in which adjectives are used. In the 3rd and 4th sentences, underline the adjectives as members of the sentence.

1. White-faced, black-browed,
I like such a meek one.
And the groom was found by her,
Prince Elisha.

2. Only the blacksmith was stubborn and did not leave his red tape ...

3. People lie, I'm not good at all.
4. For me, you are all equal,
All daring, all smart,
I love you all from the bottom of my heart...

5. And what ribbons on the head! You never see a richer galloon! My father bought all this for me so that the best fellow in the world would marry me!

2. Distributive dictation.

Determine the category of adjectives by value and enter in one of the three columns. (Prompt: use the table to explain your point of view.)

table

ADJECTIVE CATS BY VALUE

Winter evening, raspberry chime, raspberry jam, warm bread, scarlet flower, tin soldier, hare hut, pleasant companion, steel ring, quiet voice, holiday outfit, cheerful mood, gingerbread house, nightingale trills, kind person, glass slipper, sincere recognition , parental blessing, miraculous transformation, misbehavior, straw hat, crow's nest, swan song, fragrant cake, fox collar, deep feeling, fox hole, sister's needlework, hairy bumblebee.

v. Summing up the lesson.

VI. Homework: exercise no. 295, p. 118.

Students need to find adjectives in riddles, write them out, determine the category by value.

LITERATURE

1. M.T. Baranov, T.A. Ladyzhenskaya, L.A. Trostentsova and others. Nauchn. ed. N.M. Shansky. Russian language: Textbook for the 6th grade. M.: Enlightenment. JSC "Moscow textbooks", 2005.
pp. 113–119.

2. G.M. Naumenko. Folklore holiday in kindergarten and at school. Songs, games, riddles, theatrical performances in the author's recording, musical transcription and editing. M.: Linka-Press, 2000. S. 36–38, 41–42, 47, 50.

3. T.A. Ladyzhenskaya, M.T. Baranov, L.A. Trostentsova, L.Yu. Komissarov. Teaching Russian in the 6th grade. Guidelines for the textbook for the 6th grade. educational institutions. M.: Education, 2001. S. 26–27.

4. A.S. Pushkin. Collected works. In 10 volumes. T. 3. Poems. Fairy tales. Note. CM. Bondi. M.: Fiction, 1975. S. 285–286, 311.

5. H.V. Babushkina. Golden sewing. M.: Olma-Press, 2003. S. 3–8.

6. V.P. Polukhin. Literature: 6th grade. Textbook reader for educational institutions. M.: Enlightenment. JSC "Moscow textbooks", 1998. S. 94.

T.V. EFANOV,
Moscow city

Adjective- this is an independent part of speech that combines words denoting a non-procedural attribute of an object and answers the questions what ?, whose ?;

In Russian, adjectives can change by gender, case and number, and have a short form. In a sentence, the adjective is most often a definition, but it can also be a predicate and a subject.

This is the value of an attribute of an object, denoting color, taste, smell, assessment, character, mental and speech activity.

Let's give an example: red, bitter, smelly, funny, smart.

There are lexical and grammatical categories of adjectives.

Adjectives can be divided into lexico-grammatical categories:
- quality
- possessive
- relative

The ranks of adjectives always differ from each other in grammatical features and semantics.

Exist quality adjectives, which designate an object directly, that is, without relation to other objects (red, stupid, evil), have comparison forms and short forms.

Relative adjectives- indicate a sign through relation to another object, they are made from nominal bases (steel, wooden);

Possessive adjectives- denote belonging to a person or animal, that is, they contain an indication of the owner (foxes, fathers).
Short adjectives are those that in the masculine singular have zero endings (black, beautiful), in the feminine singular - the endings "a", "ya" (black, beautiful), in the singular neuter - the endings "o" , "e" (black, beautiful), and in the plural of all genders - the endings "and", "s" (black, beautiful). Short adjectives in a sentence act as a predicate. ("How good, how fresh were these flowers...")

Morphological features adjectives are the same as those of a noun - case, gender, number.

But unlike nouns, adjectives change by gender, number, case, while gender differences are seen in adjectives only in the singular form. This is due to the fact that adjectives explain nouns: adjectives agree with nouns in gender, number and case.

Examples: Blue carpet, blue ribbon, blue saucer - red carpets, red ribbons, red saucers.

Syntactic features of the adjective.

Usually in a sentence, adjectives are definitions or nominal part of the predicate.

Let's give an example: The girl had a very beautiful toy; The toy was beautiful

Adjectives agree with nouns in gender, number, and case.
Let's give an example: A cheerful clown made the guys laugh; A funny joke made the guys laugh.

Adjectives can be extended by nouns and adverbs, forming phrases with them.
Let's give an example: weak from illness, very weak.