The meaning of the stamen. Flower

The most amazing and beautiful part of modern flowering plants is the flower. different plants have different flowers: in some they are large and fragrant, in others they are small and inconspicuous. But all the flowers on our planet perform the same function - reproduction. For this function, any flowering plant two organs that each flower contains are responsible - the pistil, the stamen. Each plant has its own characteristics of the location of these organs of reproduction.

inflorescences

Flowers grow on shoots. Very evolution has optimized the process of reproduction, and often the shoot discards several branches, each of which forms a separate flower. This form of flower formation is called an inflorescence.

Inflorescences are complex and simple. Simple collections of flowers collect all the flowers on the main axis of the shoot. Compound inflorescences are characterized by the fact that on the main axis there are not individual flowers, but small branched inflorescences that reflect the structure of the flower. A diagram of a typical inflorescence is shown below:

Large flowers usually grow singly. Smaller flowers are collected in inflorescences. Collected together, they give structure and color to the inflorescence, saturating the air around them with the aroma of nectar. This wonderful smell attracts insects that rush to the flower and casually transfer pollen from one flower to another.

The inflorescence also produces more seeds and fruits than single flowers. Thus, the probability of a greater distribution of one or another plant species on earth is achieved. This is what biological significance inflorescence formation.

Inflorescences-flowers

Some inflorescences in the process of evolution began to look like one huge single flower. This is how sunflower, chamomile, cornflower, viburnum, dahlia and many others bloom famous plants. Insects and animals that collect nectar pay attention to such large and bright flowers. Therefore, pollinating animals can pollinate several inflorescences at once.

flower structure

The flower diagram below gives an idea of ​​the typical structure of this organ. flowers various plants located on the peduncle. This is the name of the last knot on the stem of the plant. The place where, like on a palm, the flower itself blooms is called the receptacle. This organ is the framework on which the structure of the flower is based. The receptacle surrounds the perianth, which protects the pistil and stamen and attracts insects to the flower.

Some perianths form a corolla. This is the name of the totality of the inner petals of a flower, which have a bright, contrasting color. The whisk serves to visually attract insects that collect pollen.

A diagram of a typical flowering plant is shown below.

1- petal;

2- filament;

3- anther;

4 - stigma;

5- column;

6- ovary;

7- ovules

All this complex structure designed to perform a reproductive function. The main organs responsible for the appearance of the fetus are the stamen and pistil. For an example and comparison of these parts of a flower, consider how they are arranged in a tulip and a cherry.

The structure of the stamen and pistil

Cherry and tulip are completely different plants from each other, even a child will not confuse them. However, the stamen and pistil of these representatives of the flora have much in common. Both species belong to the angiosperm kingdom. The pistil of the tulip does not have a style, and the stigma sits directly on the top of the ovary. The snout is never smooth. Usually it is rough, branched, sometimes even sticky. Such difficulties in the structure of the stigma are due to the fact that he needs to collect as much as possible and leave pollen for fertilization. Sometimes the stigma is located high on the column - at a higher height it is much better to catch pollen.

The pistil and stamen, the scheme of which is presented below, reflect the typical structure of the reproductive organs of angiosperms.

The ovary is called the expanded, lower part of the pistil. It contains the female ovules of the plant - the ovules. In this part of the pistil, the rudiments of future seeds and fruits ripen. Cherry has one ovule, while the tulip has several dozen. Therefore, in cherries, all fruits are single-seeded, and in tulips, many seeds develop and ripen at the same time.

Both the tulip and the cherry have the same types of stamens. They consist of a thin thread and a large anther. Inside the anther, a large accumulation of pollen is formed, in which each dust grain is a separate male reproductive cell. The cherry flower has many stamens, while the tulip has only six. The transfer of plant pollen from the anthers to the stigma is called pollination. After the pollen has settled on the stigma, fertilization occurs - the male germ cells merge with the female, giving life to a new fetus.

As can be seen from the description, both the stamen and the pistil are equally important for fertilization. It is in the pistil that the fruit is born, therefore this plant organ is the female part of the flower. The stamens, in turn, are called the male part of the flower.

Male and female flowers

In the examples of the cherry and tulip considered above, the stamen and pistil were contained in each flower of this plant. Such representatives flora are called bisexual. But some plants in flowers have either stamens or only pistils. Such representatives of our flora are called same-sex. Among the same-sex plants - cucumbers, mulberries, poplars, sea buckthorn. Each individual specimen of the same-sex species has either male or female flowers.

Designation of male and female plants

In botany, it is customary to designate pistillate (female) flowers with the astrological symbol of Venus. And male (staminate) are marked with the sign of Mars.

Single and double

Staminate and pistillate flowers are quite often located on the same plant. Thus, given tree or bush are capable of self-pollination and reproduction without assistance. Plants that have this quality are called monoecious. Typical monoecious plants are cucumbers, pumpkins, hazels. In other representatives of the plant world, stamens and pistils are found on different plant specimens. This feature allowed botanists to distinguish these specimens in the class of dioecious plants. Such dioecious species as willow, nettle, poplar, aspen are widespread.

city ​​dwellers middle lane our country is well known poplar - a typical dioecious plant. In the spring, poplars scatter pollen, and early summer female specimens of this species shed white down. The well-known white clouds are the parachutes by which the poplar spreads its seeds. Thin lace threads of down allow the seed to stay in the air better and fly away from the parent tree for a considerable distance. The same method of spreading their own fruits is inherent in dandelions.

Results

Stamens and pistils are the most important components of any flowering plant. Understanding the principles of plant distribution in nature is important in many areas of our Everyday life. For example, the method of propagation of poplars described above leads to numerous allergic diseases. Planting only males of this plant can significantly reduce the number sick leave at city enterprises and improve the health of the inhabitants of this settlement.

stamen stamen

(stamen), husband. generative organ of a flower; usually considered homologous to microsporophyll. A typical T. consists of a filament containing a conducting bundle, an anther formed by two symmetrical halves (theca), each with two (rarely one) nests (microsporangia), and a connective connecting them. The totality of all T. in a flower is its androecium. On the receptacle, T. can be arranged in a spiral (in many Ranunculaceae) and at the same time reach indefinitely. more(up to 300 in cacti) or in circles (1-2), usually in a small number (usually from 3 to 10, but pink ones have up to 4 circles and more than 100 stamens). Both individual T. and the androecium as a whole are characterized by high evolution. plastic. The development of the androecium went on. arr. in the direction of decreasing the number of T. (sometimes up to 1). T. can grow together or stick together with anthers (in Compositae) or completely (in Cucurbitaceae), in bundles (in St. ), pestle (in some orchids). Quite often T.'s bunches are formed not by accretion, but by branching (in castor beans, etc.). In same-sex wives. T. flowers lose their main. function and turn into sterile staminodes; the latter also occur in bisexual flowers and often represent an intermediate formation between T. and petals (in magnolia, calicant, nymphaeum), and in some cases are turned into nectaries. It is believed that corolla petals originated from T. The form of T. varies greatly and serves systematically. sign.

.(Source: "Biological Encyclopedic Dictionary." Chief editor M. S. Gilyarov; Editorial board: A. A. Babaev, G. G. Vinberg, G. A. Zavarzin and others - 2nd ed., corrected . - M .: Sov. Encyclopedia, 1986.)

Male generative organ of a flower. Consists of filament and anther. In a flower, they are arranged in a spiral or whorls around the pistil. A stamen consisting of one anther is called sessile. Anther usually consists of two halves connected by a tie. Each half contains two cavities - pollen nests or pollen sacs. When pollen matures, the anthers open with a longitudinal slit. Sometimes pollen spills out through holes or valves at the top of the anther. The longest anthers are in wind-pollinated plants. In some plants (for example, flax), some of the stamens do not have anthers. In the Malvaceae family, the filaments of the stamens grow together to form a characteristic tube. Il. at Art. Flower.

.(Source: "Biology. Modern Illustrated Encyclopedia." Editor-in-Chief A.P. Gorkin; M.: Rosmen, 2006.)

See what "STACHIN" is in other dictionaries:

Staminody Dictionary of Russian synonyms. stamen n., number of synonyms: 4 organ (56) staminodes ... Synonym dictionary

The male organ of the flower; homologous to the microsporophyll of gymnosperms, ferns, heterosporous lycopsids. It usually consists of a filament and an anther, in the nests of which pollen develops, which serves for fertilization. In flowers it happens from ... Large encyclopedic Dictionary

stamen, pollen-producing organ of the flower. Consists of a stalked filament, at the end of which is an anther, in which pollen is produced. The location and number of stamens is important in the classification of angiosperms (flowering plants) ... Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary

stamen, stamens, female 1. The male genital organ of a flower, consisting of a narrow part (column) and an anther (bot.). 2. reduce to stamen (reg.). Dictionary Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

STACHINKA, and, wives. The male organ of a flower that contains pollen. | adj. staminate, oh, oh and stamen, oh, oh. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

stamen- STACHIN, and, f. The male reproductive organ... Dictionary of Russian Argo

stamen- Male generative organ of a flower of a flowering plant; the collection of T. of one flower (as a rule, there are more than one of them) is called androecium; T. usually consists of a filament and an anther with microsporangia. [Arefiev V.A., Lisovenko L.A. English Russian ... Technical Translator's Handbook

This is the name of one of the formations apical leaves seed plants, which are their male reproductive apparatus. The whole complex of such apical leaves is called androecium (see). As a modified sheet, T. in the most typical cases (see ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Amaryllis stamens (Amaryllis) Stamen (lat. Stamen) part of a flower ... Wikipedia

Directly, and during the subsequent sexual process, the ovules in flowering plants develop into seeds inside the ovary.

The flower, being a unique formation in its nature and function, is amazingly diverse in its details of structure, color and size. Most small flowers plants of the duckweed family are only about 1 mm in diameter, while at the same time as the most large flower at Rafflesia Arnold ( Rafflesia arnoldii family Rafflesiaceae), living in tropical forests on the island of Sumatra (Indonesia), reaches a diameter of 91 cm and has a mass of about 11 kg.

Hypotheses of the origin of the flower

From attempts to understand the origin of the most typical for angiosperms, a bisexual flower with a perianth arranged in one way or another, the main hypotheses of the origin of angiosperms (Angiospermae) as a taxon were born.

• Pseudant theory:

Time: beginning of the 20th century. Founders: A. Engler, R. Wettstein.

The theory is based on the idea of ​​the origin of flowering plants from ephedra-like and oppressive gymnosperms. An original concept of the origin of the flower was developed - the idea of ​​the independent emergence of parts of the flower as "sui generis" organs. It was assumed that the primary angiosperms were dioecious wind-pollinated flowers with a small and strictly fixed number of parts, and their further evolution went along the line from simple to complex.

• Strobilar or Evant Theory:

Time: late 18th century - early 20th century. Founders: J. V. Goethe, O. P. Dekandol (typological constructions), N. Arber and J. Parkin.

According to this theory, the Mesozoic bennettites are closest to the desired angiosperm ancestors, and the original type of flower seems to be similar to that observed in many modern polycarpous: a bisexual entomophilous flower with an elongated axis, a large and indefinite number of free parts. The further evolution of the flower within the angiosperms had a reduction character.

• Telome theory:

Time: since the 30s of the XX century. Founder: W. Zimmerman.

According to this theory, all organs of higher plants originate and develop independently from telomes; higher plants with real roots and shoots come from rhinophytes, whose body was represented by a system of dichotomously branching simple cylindrical axial organs - telomes and mesomes. In the course of evolution, as a result of overturning, flattening, fusion and reduction of telomes, all organs of angiosperms arose. The leaves of seed plants arose from flattened and fused systems of telomes; stems - due to lateral fusion of bodies; roots - from systems of underground telomes. The main parts of the flower - stamens and pistils - arose from spore-bearing telomes and evolved independently of vegetative leaves.

flower structure

The main parts of a blossoming flower

The flower is made up of stem part(pedicel and receptacle), leaf part(sepals, petals) and generative part(stamens, pistil or pistils). The flower occupies an apical position, but at the same time it can be located both on the top of the main shoot and on the side. It is attached to the stem by pedicels . If the pedicel is greatly shortened or absent, the flower is called sedentary(plantain, verbena, clover). On the pedicel there are also two (in dicots) and one (in monocots) small preleaves - bract which are often missing. The upper extended part of the peduncle is called receptacle on which all the organs of the flower are located. The receptacle can have various sizes and shapes - flat(peony), convex(strawberry, raspberry), concave(almond), elongated(magnolia). In some plants, as a result of fusion of the receptacle, lower parts cover and androecium, a special structure is formed - hypanthium . The form of hypanthium can be varied and sometimes participate in the formation of the fetus (cynarrhodia - rose hip, apple). Hypanthium is characteristic of representatives of the rose, gooseberry, saxifrage, legume families.

Flower parts are divided into fertile, or reproductive (stamens, pistil or pistils), and sterile(perianth).

Perianth

brilliant rudbeckia flower

The corolla, as a rule, the most noticeable part of the flower, differs from the calyx in larger sizes, a variety of colors and shapes. Usually it is the corolla that creates the appearance of a flower. The color of the petals of the corolla is determined by various pigments: anthocyanin (pink, red, blue, purple), carotenoids (yellow, orange, red), anthochlor (lemon yellow), anthofein (brown). The white color is due to the absence of any pigments and the reflection of light rays. There is no black pigment either, and the very dark colors of the flowers are very condensed dark purple and dark red colors.

The aroma of flowers is created by volatile substances, mainly essential oils, which are formed in the cells of the epidermis of the petals and tepals, and in some plants - in osmophores (special various shapes glands with secretory tissue). The released essential oils usually evaporate immediately.

The role of the corolla is to attract pollinating insects. In addition, the corolla, reflecting part of the spectrum of sunlight, protects the stamens and pistils from overheating during the day, and when closed at night, they create a chamber that prevents them from cooling or being damaged by cold dew.

Stamens (androecium)

Stamen- the male reproductive organ of an angiosperm flower. The collection of stamens is called androecium(from Greek. aner, Genitive andros- "man" and oikia- "dwelling").

Most botanists believe that stamens are modified microsporophylls of some extinct gymnosperms.

The number of stamens in one flower in different angiosperms varies widely from one (orchid) to several hundred (mimosa). As a rule, the number of stamens is constant for a certain species. Often stamens located in the same flower have different structure(according to the shape or length of the filaments).

The stamens may be free or fused. According to the number of groups of fused stamens, they distinguish different types androecium: unifraternal if the stamens fuse into one group (lupine, camellia); bifraternal if the stamens grow together in two groups; polyfraternal if numerous stamens fuse into several groups; fraternal- stamens remain unfused.

The stamen is made up of filament, by means of which it is attached to the receptacle with its lower end, and anther at its upper end. The anther has two halves (teki), connected now liaison, which is a continuation of the filament. Each half is divided into two nests - two microsporangia. Anther nests are sometimes called pollen sacs. Outside, the anther is covered with an epidermis with a cuticle and stomata, then there is a layer of endothecium, due to which, when the anther dries, the nests open. Deeper in the young anther is the middle layer. The contents of the cells of the innermost layer - tapetum- serves as food for developing mother cells of microspores (microsporocytes). In the mature anther, the partitions between the nests are most often absent, the tapetum and the middle layer disappear.

Two things happen in the anther critical process: microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis. In some plants (flax, stork), part of the stamens becomes sterile. Such barren stamens are called staminodes. Often the stamens function as nectaries (blueberries, blueberries, cloves).

Carpels (gynoecium)

The inner part of the flower is occupied carpels, or carpels. The collection of carpels of one flower, forming one or more pistils, is called a gynoecium. The pistil is the most essential part of the flower, from which the fruit is formed.

It is believed that carpels are structures that have a leafy nature of origin. However, functionally and morphologically, they do not correspond to vegetative leaves, but to leaves bearing megasporangia, that is, megasporophylls. Most morphologists believe that in the course of evolution, folded (conduplicatively) carpels arose from flat and open carpels, which then fused at the edges and formed a pistil. The pistil occupies the central part of the flower. It consists of ovary , column and stigmas .

Variety of flowers

Flower cycle

In most plants, parts of the flower form well-marked whorls or circles (cycles). The most common are five- and four-circle, that is, penta- and tetracyclic flowers. The number of flower parts on each circle can be different. Most often, flowers are pentacyclic: two circles of perianth (calyx and corolla), two circles of stamens (androecium) and one circle of carpels (gynoecium). This arrangement of flowers is typical for lilies, amaryllis, clove, geraniums. Tetracyclic flowers usually develop two circles of perianth: one circle of androecium and one circle of gynoecium (iris, orchid, buckthorn, euonymus, norichnik, labiate, etc.).

Sometimes there is a decrease in the number of circles and members in them (uncovered, unisexual flowers) or increase (especially in garden forms). A flower with an increased number of circles is called terry. Doubleness is usually associated either with the splitting of the petals in the process of flower ontogenesis, or with the transformation of a part of the stamens into petals.

In the structure of flowers, certain patterns appear, in particular multiple ratio rule. Its essence lies in the fact that in different circles of the flower there are the same or a multiple number of members. In most monocot plants, three-membered flowers are most common, in dicotyledons - five-membered, less often two- or four-membered (cabbage, poppy) flowers. A deviation from this rule is often observed in the circle of the gynoecium, the number of its members is less than in other circles.

flower symmetry

One of characteristic features flower structure - its symmetry. According to the features of symmetry, flowers are divided into actinomorphic, or correct, through which several planes of symmetry can be drawn, each of which divides it into two equal parts (umbrella, cabbage), - and zygomorphic, or incorrect, through which only one vertical plane of symmetry can be drawn (legumes, cereals).

If no plane of symmetry can be drawn through the flower, it is called asymmetrical, or asymmetrical(valerian officinalis, canna).

By analogy with actinomorphism, zygomorphism and asymmetry of the flower as a whole, they also speak of actinomorphism, zygomorphism and asymmetry.

For a short and symbol flower structures use formulas in which, using alphabetic and numerical designations, various morphological features are encoded: the sex and symmetry of the flower, the number of circles in the flower, as well as the number of members in each circle, the fusion of parts of the flower and the position of the pistils (upper or lower ovary).
The most complete picture of the structure of the flower is given by diagrams that represent a schematic projection of the flower on a plane perpendicular to the axis of the flower and passing through the covering leaf and the axis

STAMEN

(stamen), husband. generative organ of a flower; usually considered homologous to microsporophyll. A typical T. consists of a filament containing a conducting bundle, an anther formed by two symmetrical halves (theca), each with two (rarely one) nests (microsporangia), and a connective connecting them. The totality of all T. in a flower is its androecium. On the receptacle, T. can be arranged in a spiral (in many buttercups) and at the same time reach an indefinitely larger number (up to 300 in cacti) or in circles (1-2), usually in a small number (usually from 3 to 10, but in pink can be up to 4 circles and more than 100 stamens). Both individual T. and the androecium as a whole are characterized by high evolution. plastic. The development of the androecium went on. arr. in the direction of decreasing the number of T. (sometimes up to 1). T. can grow together or stick together with anthers (in Compositae) or completely (in Cucurbitaceae), in bundles (in St. ), pestle (in some orchids). Quite often T.'s bunches are formed not by accretion, but by branching (in castor beans, etc.). In same-sex wives. T. flowers lose their main. function and turn into sterile staminodes; the latter also occur in bisexual flowers and often represent an intermediate formation between T. and petals (in magnolia, calicant, nymphaeum), and in some cases are turned into nectaries. It is believed that corolla petals originated from T. The form of T. varies greatly and serves systematically. sign.

.(Source: "Biological Encyclopedic Dictionary." Chief editor M. S. Gilyarov; Editorial board: A. A. Babaev, G. G. Vinberg, G. A. Zavarzin and others - 2nd ed., corrected . - M .: Sov. Encyclopedia, 1986.)

Male generative organ of a flower. Consists of filament and anther. In a flower, they are arranged in a spiral or whorls around the pistil. A stamen consisting of one anther is called sessile. Anther usually consists of two halves connected by a tie. Each half contains two cavities - pollen nests or pollen sacs. When pollen matures, the anthers open with a longitudinal slit. Sometimes pollen spills out through holes or valves at the top of the anther. The longest anthers are in wind-pollinated plants. In some plants (for example, flax), some of the stamens do not have anthers. In the Malvaceae family, the filaments of the stamens grow together to form a characteristic tube. Il. at Art. Flower.

.(Source: "Biology. Modern Illustrated Encyclopedia." Editor-in-Chief A.P. Gorkin; M.: Rosmen, 2006.)

• - the male reproductive organ of the flowering plant. It consists of a staminate filament and an anther containing pollen connected to its end. T. are very diverse in their structure, size and number ...

  Agricultural dictionary-reference book

• - a specialized element of the flower that forms microspores and pollen. Consists of filament, ligament and anthers...

  Glossary of botanical terms

• - part of a flower of leaf origin, consisting of a filament and an anther, in which microsporangia are formed ...

  Plant anatomy and morphology

• - organ of the FLOWER that produces pollen. Consists of a stalked filament, at the end of which is an anther, in which pollen is produced. The location and number of stamens is important in the classification of angiosperms ...

  Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary

• - husband. generative organ of a flower; usually considered homologous to microsporophyll...

  Biological encyclopedic dictionary

• - stamen - .Male generative organ of a flower of a flowering plant; the totality of T. of one flower is called androecium; T. usually consists of a filament and an anther with microsporangia ...

  Molecular biology and genetics. Dictionary

• - This is the name of one of the formations of the apical leaves of seed plants, which are their male reproductive apparatus. The whole complex of such apical leaves is called androecium ...

  Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron

• - the reproductive organ of an angiosperm flower, in which pollen grains are formed; homologous to Microsporophyll...

  Great Soviet Encyclopedia

A flower is a modified flower intended for propagation by seeds. Unlike ordinary twigs (shoots), it develops from a flower bud. The stem part of the flower is the pedicel and the receptacle. Corolla, calyx, stamen and pistil are formed. To understand why a plant needs all these organs, one should study in more detail the structure of any flower. So, in its center there is a pistil, which, despite its name, is a “female” reproductive organ. As a rule, numerous stamens are located around it, which are the "male" reproductive organ. In any flower, the stamen and pistil are its main parts. Of these, the fruit of the plant will subsequently be formed, the seeds of which are a reliable means of reproduction.

Stamen and pistil play essential role in life flowering plants. The male genital organ of any flower, which is the totality of all stamens, is commonly called the "androecium". Each of them has a "filament" and 4 "pollen sacs" enclosed in an "anther". It consists of two halves, each of which, in turn, has two more cavities (chambers or nests). They produce the well-known pollen. The filaments carry water and nutrients. The female genital organ of the flower is the "gynoecium", which, in fact, is called the "pistil". It consists of a "column", "ovary" and "stigma". It is on this “stigma” that the pollen ripened on the stamens falls. The “column” performs supporting functions, and from the “ovary” containing ovules (one or more), seeds grow during fertilization. The ovules contain embryo sacs that develop rapidly and form the fruit of the plant. The pistil and stamen, whose scheme would be incomplete without "nectaries" that secrete sweet nectar, most often receive pollen with the help of insects flying from flower to flower. The perianth consists of a corolla and a calyx. The pistil and stamen are surrounded by perianth.

There are many different which are due to the presence of certain organs. So, plants on which flowers have a pistil and stamens are referred to as "bisexual". If there are only stamens or only pistils, the plant is classified as "separate". "Monoecious" are those representatives of the flora on which there are flowers with both stamens and pistils. "Dioecious" are plants that have only pistillate or only staminate flowers.

The structure of the pistil and stamen was formed over millions of years. The flower is reproductive organ of all Stamens and pistils provide the plant with the formation of fruits (seeds). The fruit appears in the process of fusion of the carpel. It can be simple (peas, plums, cherries) or complex (consists of several fused pistils - carnation, water lily, cornflower). Many representatives of the flora have underdeveloped (rudimentary) pistils. Species diversity in the forms and structure of flowers is associated with the differences that arose in the process of long evolution in their methods of pollination.