Control work elements of a regular garden. Regular style in landscape design: characteristic features and selection of plants Famous places in a regular style

In landscape architecture, there are two main, fundamental planning techniques: free (aka landscape) and regular (aka formal). Both directions have passed through all the great historical architectural styles, ranging from antiquity to modern and modern architecture, which have brought their own bright, unique features, features to each of these styles.

The fundamental difference between these techniques from the standpoint of organizing space is that the regular style is based on the principles of geometry, and the free style is based on complete subordination to the natural environment.

Features of a regular layout

Regular planning, by and large, is our aggressive intrusion into the natural environment.

All planning elements of a regular garden should be beautiful, beautiful "to the ring", harmonious, refined and, as far as possible, close to perfect. These are the main criteria for regular planning reception.

The regular garden reflected the age-old idea of ​​ordering the World, reflected the dream of a perfect World, and in every historical era is an example of how people imagined an ideally built world, "Paradise".

The development of the great historical architectural styles in Europe by periodization varies by centuries in different countries.

In the antique garden, regular reception is less common, mainly in orchards, vegetable gardens, and in the courtyards of houses. Vividly illustrates his Villa Hadrian. The peculiarity of a regular reception in the ancient garden is the absolute simplicity and clarity of the construction of space. Endless harmony of the combination of straight and circular lines, right angles, the purity of the composition, the complete absence of pretentiousness.

The religious worldview determined the spirit of the entire era of the Romanesque and Gothic styles. Here we find a regular planning technique in the gardens of monasteries, vineyards, pharmacy gardens, gardens inside castles, ornamental vegetable gardens. The regular planning technique of Renaissance gardens is a reminder of the ancient garden of the Roman period. The new era proclaimed the new values ​​of man with his new view of the world, its structure, the beauty of the earth and the glorification of nature. Vivid examples of such gardens are Italian gardens on active terrain, symmetrically planned and exquisitely man-made: Villa Borghese, Villa d'Este, Boboli Gardens. They are characterized by theatrical effects in the construction of a space embellished with complex architectural decorations.

The regular garden of the Baroque era is replete with pomp of composition, refinement of lines, elegance of forms, intricacy of plot in the construction of a landscape scenario. This is a continuation of the palace in the open air: with halls, theaters, amphitheatres, balustrades, open wide bright parterres, luxurious ponds and fountains.

The greatest brilliance, sharpness, brightness of the regular planning technique was achieved in the great brainchildren of the genius Anre Le Nôtre. Among them, perhaps the most striking is Versailles. The sight of vast open spaces of altered nature on a scale unthinkable for that time already caused enslavement in the subconscious. It was a vivid demonstration of what the Sun King can do with nature, with people, the embodiment of the idea of ​​​​absolute power over the world, over destinies and nature itself.

Rococo gardens are highly decorative, pomp, sophistication, ornateness, pretentiousness and complete theatrical illusory nature of the architectural environment created by man as the embodiment of style, visually changing, tearing, overturning space.

Classicism, which replaced the Baroque and Rococo, was due to a new way of thinking, a new aesthetics of the emerging new bourgeois society. Its origins were natural-philosophical ideas, the idealization of antiquity, the influence of oriental cultures. In landscape architecture, he is in close contact with Romanticism in its desire for the idealization of wildlife. The new aesthetics was embodied in the free composition of new gardens and parks, where regular planning elements became only a fragment.

The regular garden of the eras of Classicism and Romanticism occupies a very modest area, but often a central place: in front of the palace, like a foyer, like a living room on the street. It no longer amazes with the monumental scale of the regular garden of past eras. This is already a small area as a tribute to tradition and an overture in the perception of the grandiose compositional events of the landscape scenario of free plans.

The regular garden of Romanticism is characterized by a mysterious, exquisite design. A typical example of a romantic regular garden can be called a courtyard in front of the Alupka Palace from the sea: with a parterre, on which an exquisite fountain reigns.

The architectural style of the second half of the 19th century, often referred to as eclectic, in the planning of a regular garden is characterized by the continuation of the tendencies of a regular romantic garden using, borrowing quotes from gardens of past eras, which, in fact, fundamentally distinguishes the architecture of this period.

The last great historical architectural style of the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries - Art Nouveau (or Art Nuovo) - is little represented by regular gardens. They open up in front of the buildings with an exquisite decorative plan, remaining only a fragment of a luxurious large free-planned space.

The main planning elements of a regular garden include a parterre, a bosquet, a pond of a regular shape and, of course, a geometrically built alley as a connecting axis in space. Each of these elements has its own characteristics and characteristics.

Regular parterre is a large space that is designed like a colored carpet, bright and decorative. In different historical epochs, the parterre was designed in different ways.

In the gardens of the Baroque and Rococo, it was made from low-cut shrubs, for example, evergreen boxwood, yew; framing ground cover plants. But it is worth noting that those flowers that we now know as the main carpet plants were introduced into culture only at the end of the 19th century, based on the introduction of South African flowering groundcovers. In past historical epochs, there were no undersized, brightly flowering herbaceous ground covers in culture. It was possible to achieve a colorful effect only by using colored materials - such as colored marble chips, coal, broken bricks, fragments of colored glass, etc. Therefore, the use of these materials in today's regular gardens can be called an anachronism, while there are many flowering carpet herbaceous ground cover plants.

Parterre designs ranged from simple geometric patterns in the gardens of Antiquity, Gothic and Renaissance to exuberant, pretentious and sophisticated - in the Baroque era.

- this is a space decorated with densely planted clipped plants, imitating in its idea palace galleries, theaters, arcades, colonnades, enfilades of halls, rooms. All this was achieved by shaping - fixing plants on special frames and forming a haircut. They cut any plants: both coniferous, and deciduous, and trees, and shrubs. Oak, hornbeam, beech, linden, spruce, arborvitae were especially ideally cut to create huge spaces of halls and theaters. Dense thickets formed into classic bosquets. A popular planning element of a regular garden - a labyrinth - was also a bosquet.

The art of shaped plants - topiary art reached its zenith in the 17th century. In some countries of Western Europe at that time, it was considered bad form to have unshaped plants in gardens. They cut their hair in the form of architectural forms, sculptural compositions, animals, birds, geometric figures. So it was accepted. The world had to be transformed as the aesthetic ideal of the era.

Topiary. Madeira Botanical Garden - Funchal

alleys- these are geometrically arranged paths, decorated with plantings, bordered by trees and shrubs: single-row, double-row, three-row. A special requirement for the design of alleys was that the plants bordering them were ideally similar - one breed, one species, one age. The rocks could alternate, but not through one, but in tiers: one in the foreground, another in the background. Plants were planted in rows, in a square-nested way, in a checkerboard pattern. Therefore, when the concept of "alley" is used in relation to a free landscape, this is not true. In the free landscape, the alley does not exist; there are paths and paths, designed as is typical for the natural environment - in groups, clumps, arrays of plantations. Alleys, on the other hand, can be linear, circular, but necessarily subordinate to the general compositional design, the entire planning structure of a regular landscape.

Water- one of the most expensive and most effective planning elements of any landscape, therefore, in a regular landscape, it must be approached with special attention. Here he works compositionally as a decoration of space, like a brooch, a jewel. Its form in a regular landscape is spectacularly beautiful, unusually refined, decorative, sometimes to the point of sophistication in its outlines. It should not be as simple as the mooing that we see in the regular landscapes of today's estates.

The regular landscape is replete with patches of color in flower beds and flower arrangements. These are flower beds, rabatka and curbs.

- a device for a flower arrangement, which, most often, is round, oval or mixed in composition with a rectangle or square, with a necessarily raised central part. This is also enhanced by the flower arrangement, where lower flowers are applied along the contour, and higher towards the center. Here, in the center, the accent can be one towering flowering or coniferous plant, a sculpture or a small architectural form. Previously, as such an accent, ground cover plants were used on special frames, which were made in the form of small architectural forms and sculptures.

Rabatka- a flower strip, which also in a regular landscape can be uniform or with an ornament made of low flowers.

Border- This is a decorative border. It can be made from sheared evergreen shrubs, bright flowers, emphasizing the sophistication of the plan of alleys, stalls and amphitheater.

In a regular landscape, trellises were actively used as decorative screens to divide the space of the garden. They were entwined with flowering and ornamental vines.

Features of landscape planning

Lines of natural outlines, three-dimensional compositions of plants, relief, water and stones, as if created by nature itself; the absence of straight lines, angles and strict geometric shapes in the drawing of the plan; paths that repeat the nature of the relief, meandering in space, as if playing with it; channels of man-made streams and channels, banks of artificial reservoirs, which are perceived as natural; buildings and structures, organically inscribed in the man-made natural environment - all these are characteristic features of the landscape layout of the garden.

Free planning technique, it is also called landscape, ascended the throne in England and began to reign in the landscape organization of gardens and parks throughout Europe at the same time as classicism and romantic style. New time, new social relations gave rise to a new aesthetics of perception of the world and man in this world. The geometrically ordered harmony was replaced by admiration for the natural environment as an image of the new "Paradise". That was the time of the music of Beethoven and Chopin, the poetry of Pushkin and Byron, the exciting plots of Dumas and the love conflicts of the novels of George Sand. The time of ancient mythological stories, embodied in the paintings of Nicolas Poussin and the romantic heroism of the canvases of Karl Bryullov. The time of love of freedom and youthful romanticism, storm storms and bright dreams of unrealizable.

The attention of contemporaries of that era was also concentrated in a special attitude to the ancient heritage and fairy-tale descriptions by travelers of the gardens of distant and mysterious Japan, in which the whole world is reflected in miniature; freely planned stately gardens of China as universal gardens. All this was reflected and demanded in romantic landscapes: the theatrical scenery of Baroque gardens was replaced by mysterious grottoes, enchanted caves, magical romantic ruins, heroic rocks and biblical stone chaos.

The composition of freely planned gardens of the Romantic era was based on completely different principles than the free plans of modern landscapes. The three-dimensional composition of romantic gardens was based on the figurative semantics of ancient mythology and biblical stories. Pictures of ancient mythology were played out in characters with the participation of gods and heroes, while the scene of events was the very space of a garden or park, and the performers were trees, shrubs, flowers, rocks, stones, water streams and water mirrors. The natural elements inspired by these images formed the composition in space as a landscape scenario. These were romantic games played by adults with nature - peculiar charades on popular plots, strange for us. The whole essence of the era was reflected in the gardens of Romanticism.

The fundamental difference in the use of regular and freely planned gardens was that the former served for the festivities of a large number of people, while the latter were created as manor parks: their planning elements did not imply a large number of visitors per unit area.

In Ukraine, bright examples of gardens with a free layout, world-class gardens can be called the absolutely brilliant Alupka Park, planned by the gardener Kebakh in the 19th century, the Sofiyivka park in Uman, the Trostyanetsky arboretum, the Sokirintsy, Alexandria parks in Bila Tserkva.

The main planning elements of a freely planned landscape include: lawns (as opposed to parterres of a regular garden), paths (as opposed to alleys), paths, ponds with natural forms, curtains, or, in a simple way, thickets and massifs (as opposed to from bosquets), tree-shrub groups and tapeworms in the composition of plantations.

Lawns are open spaces framed in many ways by backstage plantings, like a stage in the development of a landscape plot. Pictures created by lawn space can form landscapes of near, medium and far perspectives. Pictures of distant perspectives are closed by views of valuable architectural or landscape objects, located far outside the territory of the garden, but serving as compositional accents of its space. This common, especially in the past, technique for constructing a landscape composition is called “landscape on loan”.

Paths and paths, connecting the main objects in the garden, meander vigorously in space, are smoothly drawn, obeying the free forms of the relief, touching the horizontals.

Reservoirs in a freely planned landscape imitate streams, streams, waterfalls, springs, lakes created by nature. Their artificially formed natural form, enclosed in shores, indented by bays, bordered by stones, flowering and evergreen ornamental plants, is emphatically decorative, it brings out the artistic merits of the natural environment to the maximum, making it even more beautiful.

Trees and shrubs in a landscape landscape are arranged freely in space in the form of groups, clumps and arrays, creating multifaceted scenes of landscape paintings, complemented by free-standing expressive trees or shrubs - tapeworms.

Flowers in a landscape freely planned landscape are arranged like natural blooming lawns - decorative color spots, free-form borders, no longer bordering and emphasizing, as in a regular garden, the geometry of space, but playing with it, building its color palette and revealing the most effective compositional features.

Flower garden, Butchard's garden

A free planning technique is based on the maximum subordination to the natural environment and the identification of its merits. The aerobatics of an architect working with a free plan is to achieve the feeling that it has always been like this here, that nature itself has created here.

Elena GNEZDILOVA, Architect, Associate Professor, Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture, KNUSA

Start planning your garden with a choice of garden style.

What is garden style

To decide on the choice of style, you must first understand this. In landscape design, garden style is the use of certain techniques and methods of garden planning, united by a common idea. In this case, small architectural forms (sculpture, fountains, lattices, pergolas), decorative compositions (reservoirs, rock gardens, flower beds), various types of coatings, fences, certain types of plants and their combinations, characteristic of each style, are used.

Currently, there are two main styles in landscape design, from which all the others originated: regular and landscape. To make the right choice, you need to get acquainted with the features of each.

In a regular garden, everything is subordinated to geometry, which is the main source of beauty and harmony. The regular style is characterized by rigor, symmetry, solemnity, splendor, striving for a higher order. In such a garden, a person seeks to subjugate nature, to restore perfect order.

The main features of the regular style:

• the presence of an axis of symmetry in the garden;
• straight tracks;
• geometric shapes (circle, square, hexagon, rectangle) of lawns, flower beds, ponds;
• the use of antique sculpture and fountains;
• shorn forms of trees and shrubs.

Fountains and sculptural compositions are often bordered with borders.

from annuals or structural perennials such as hostas

The regular style in garden art has a rich history dating back more than one thousand years: it originated in ancient Egypt and Babylon (the Hanging Gardens of Babylon), was developed in ancient Greece and Rome. Even in the Middle Ages, regular gardens were in vogue, but they reached their heyday in the Renaissance: it was at this time that gardens were created with luxurious fountains and sculpture, as well as grottoes (Villa d'Este in Italy). Topiary art appeared - curly cutting of trees and shrubs.

Later, when the fashion for regular classicism came, such pearls of landscape art as Versailles in France, Peterhof in Russia and many other parks appeared. They are characterized by: the presence of water and flower parterres of geometric shape with sculptures, luxurious gilded fountains, the disclosure of a distant perspective, the use of diagonal radial roads, enclosed spaces bounded by high sheared hedges (“green halls”), curly cutting of trees and shrubs. At the same time, containers in the form of antique flowerpots or a strict cubic shape, standard trees, forged benches, as well as arches, pergolas, obelisks, berso, trellises for climbing plants are used. Arbors and small pavilions are installed in such park gardens.

Previously, when creating gardens in a regular style, a person sought to show his superiority over nature, emphasizing his power over it. Now there is no longer a need for this. Therefore, regular gardens are monuments of landscape art and serve as a source of inspiration for the creation of new styles. Is a regular style needed today in a modern garden and in modern life with its rapid rhythms? Tastes, as they say, do not argue. The regular style is often used where it is necessary to emphasize solemnity, splendor, monumentality - in front of public buildings and government residences, in the front part of parks, etc.

In private gardens, the regular style is much less common. The choice of garden style often depends on the architectural style of the house on the site. If the house is built in a classical style (with columns, flowerpots, sculpture), then the design of the area adjacent to it in a regular style will be quite justified and appropriate. A regular garden requires a lot of space to show perspective. But it will also be quite appropriate in a small garden: you can, for example, create a small parterre in it of four square flower beds, bordered by a low hedge, with a small fountain, a flowerpot, a sculpture or a sundial in the center. Sometimes, instead of flowers, aromatic herbs are planted in flower beds. In this case, it is good to cover the paths between the flower beds with fine gravel.

The regular style is often used to decorate the entrance area, even if the rest is made in a different style. A large rectangular or round parterre, or a flower bed with annuals or roses of the same height, or a lawn bordered by a narrow border of flowering plants will be appropriate here. Sometimes a sculpture is used in the front area in front of the house. Modular gardens are also often made in a regular style - they must have an axis of symmetry, and the paths between the modules must have solid paving (gravel, tiles, natural stone).

Unfortunately, the regular style arose in countries with a mild climate, where evergreens grow and winter well, suitable for hedges and topiary shearing (yews, boxwoods, laurels). In the gardens of St. Petersburg and its environs, they have been replaced with alternative plants. Linden is used for high hedges, and western thuja is used to create pyramids, spirals, balls and garden sculpture. For curly hedge - cotoneaster, hawthorn. Standard evergreen trees (laurels, ficuses) are used in substitution culture (they are removed for the winter in heated greenhouses).

The regular style uses antique sculpture, sundials, fountains in the form of bowls and shells, grottoes, bird drinking bowls, various classical flower vases, as well as gazebos and various pavilions for relaxation. For paving, fine gravel of light shades is most often used. Reservoirs have a strict geometric shape (circle, square, polyhedron) and are located symmetrically about the main axis.

landscape style

Everything in this world has its opposite, so there is nothing surprising in the appearance of a landscape direction different from the regular style in landscape gardening art. It arose and took shape at the beginning of the eighteenth century in England as a reflection of the socio-political and philosophical ideas of the Enlightenment. The idea of ​​returning man back to nature became very popular at that time and found many supporters. The beginning of industrialization and the emergence of megacities led to the fact that most of the population of Western Europe concentrated in large cities. All this contributed to the emergence and development of the landscape style, first in parks, and then in country estates.

It is generally accepted that the landscape style came to Europe from the East, from China and Japan, since in these countries gardens have always been created exclusively in the landscape style. However, Europeans rather borrowed the outer side of oriental design: gazebos, pavilions, Chinese-style pagodas were installed in gardens and parks, gardens were decorated with Japanese bridges. The oriental garden with its philosophical meaning, deep symbolism and conciseness appeared in Europe much later - only at the beginning of the twentieth century. Therefore, the emergence of the landscape style was rather not an imitation of Eastern traditions, but a natural result of the development of society.

The creation of landscape parks was most widespread first in England, because its natural conditions contributed to this: a mild, humid climate, an abundance of fogs, vast meadows and pastures, low hills, hedges of tall shrubs separating gardens, fields, groups of trees. Later, landscape parks with elements of romanticism began to be created in other European countries (in France, Germany, Russia). Some of them have survived to this day as monuments of landscape art: Stowe Park in Great Britain, Petit Trianon in Versailles, Bagatelle and Buttes Chaumont parks in Paris, Wörtlitz Park in Germany, Catherine and Pavlovsk parks near St. Petersburg, Alexander Garden in Moscow and others. They are characterized by a pronounced relief, large water surfaces, cascades, bridges, alternation of open and closed spaces. Such parks included numerous various structures in the spirit of romanticism: temples, grottoes, pavilions, ruins, mausoleums, tombstones, obelisks.

In estates and country estates, alleys with smoothly curving paths were arranged, which were planted with coniferous and deciduous trees (linden, oak, ash, elm, maple, larch). Local species of shrubs were planted in groups. Such parks and estates fit well into the surrounding natural landscape, as if being its continuation.

Landscape style features:

• open plan;
• lack of symmetry in the arrangement of objects;
• close connection of the garden with the surrounding natural landscape;
• alternation of flat forms with hills and ravines;
• use of terrain features;
• winding paths;
• inclusion in the composition of such objects as rock gardens, natural or artificial reservoirs, cascades, hills, retaining walls;
• the gradual opening of the perspective of the garden as you move along the paths;
• arbitrary outlines of flower beds, reservoirs;
• the use of natural materials in the design (natural stone, bark, wood chips, gravel and pebbles, wooden saw cuts, etc.);
• lack of plants with an artificial crown shape;
• use of various natural forms of plants;
• the presence of mixborders - compositions including trees, shrubs, perennial herbaceous plants;
• lack of magnificent sculpture, fountains.

The landscape-style garden is most often found in the design of modern sites. This is due to the desire of a person to have a piece of untouched nature near his home. In such a garden, "paradise" is created - compositions close to natural. Both large spaces and small gardens are suitable for this. A person, as it were, slightly corrects and slightly ennobles nature, smoothing out its shortcomings and emphasizing its merits. A garden in a landscape style is not an exact copy of natural landscapes, but it allows a person to take a break from the intense rhythms of modern life, relieve tension, recuperate, get additional energy and aesthetic pleasure from communicating with nature.

There are many options for planning landscape-style gardens, it largely depends on the terrain, but usually this type of garden is better suited to family needs, because each family creates it “for itself”. Often, this technique is used: in the central part of the site a large lawn of free outlines is placed, along the perimeter of which groups of trees and shrubs, flower beds, rock gardens, ponds, gazebos are placed. Closer to the house they make hard-surface recreation areas, sometimes under sheds, where garden furniture is installed.

It is important to consider the location of objects of different sizes and paths in the garden - this will help to optically enlarge the space, enhance its depth. Then even a medium-sized garden will seem large and spacious.

A natural or landscape garden often includes various objects: a mowed lawn, a flowering lawn, a mixborder, a bathing pond, an ornamental pond with coastal aquatic plants, a stream or cascade, a terraced slope or ravine, a green hill, a rock garden, live unformed hedges , groups of trees and shrubs, flower beds and winding borders. All this should harmoniously fit into the existing natural landscape.

An orchard and a vegetable garden, as well as a bathhouse, a greenhouse, will be quite appropriate in a landscape-style garden. But the placement of such objects must necessarily be carried out taking into account the functional zoning of the territory, that is, the allocation of the main functional zones (recreation area, children's area, garden area, household, etc.). Then a road and path network is laid that connects these zones, separated from each other by trees, shrubs, trellises with climbing plants. The entrance (or front) part of the site can also be decorated in landscape style. Sometimes a mixborder of dwarf coniferous or highly ornamental shrubs (roses, rhododendrons) or a front flower garden with textured perennials is placed here.

Plants play an important role in a landscape garden. They create volumes, divide the garden into zones, form decorative compositions, act as accents, act as ground cover, link the garden into a single whole. At the same time, it is advisable to give preference to local tree and shrub species and herbaceous perennials. In such a garden, you should not plant lush varietal perennials (phloxes, dahlias, gladioli), as well as bright annuals - natural species and plants with textured leaves and small flowers are more suitable.

Text and photo: Natalia Yurtaeva, landscape designer

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Much depends on the appearance of the plot. It's no secret that being in nature relieves stress, calms, pacifies and charges the body with clean energy. A site where the landscape design is carefully thought out, made in the same style, and the plants look well-groomed and lush, will always cheer you up, allowing you to regain your lost peace of mind. Many people think about what style to choose for decorating their garden. If you are a fan of clear symmetrical compositions, regular geometric shapes and order in life and in nature, perhaps a regular style in landscape design is your option.

It should be noted that a regular garden will require a large area on which to create compositions that can demonstrate the beauty of this style.

Characteristic features and features of a regular garden

Axial compositions are very popular. They, as a rule, are formed around the central axis - alleys, paths. Often in the center of the axis there is a water object - a pond or a fountain. On both sides of the central axis, symmetrical compositions are formed - lawns and flower beds of the correct form, alleys and alleys with bushes and trees with trimmed crowns.

An example of an axial composition in a small area. On both sides of the central path there are geometrically correct symmetrical lawns, on which plants are planted in rows, the trees on the site are located in a special symmetry, forming an interesting combination.

Bosquet is an integral part of a regular park. A bosquet is a group of shrubs or trees planted in a certain way. Plants trimmed in a special way can form something like a green gazebo or room, a curtain that hides visitors from prying eyes, imitate various geometric shapes or even some architectural forms - arches, columns, turrets.

There are two types of bosquets:

1. the so-called office, where plants are planted around the perimeter;
2. an artificial grove is a group of ornamental shrubs or trees that are planted on a lawn:

An example of an office in a regular park - trimmed bushes form a green wall, in the niches of which there are arches, statues are installed. In the center of the study there is a symmetrical composition in the form of a flower bed. In your garden, you can also make a similar curtain of shrubs and lawn, forming a cozy corner.

A small artificial grove, which can also be created with ornamental plants in tubs

A regular garden is unthinkable without neat lawns of the correct form, it is they who in many ways give such a garden a formal and noble appearance.

The history of gardening art goes back hundreds of years. As early as the 16th century, gardeners created magnificent regular gardens and parks that surrounded the imperial palaces. In many ways, this style has remained unsurpassed, and today it surprises with clarity, elegance, luxury and nobility of lines.

Of course, it is not possible to create a real regular park in a relatively small area, but some characteristic elements can be used - a symmetrical planting of plants on geometrically regular lawns located along the central alley, or several paths radiating in straight lines from a pond or flower bed.

Two examples of the formation of a composition around the central path: 1) with the help of an arch and symmetrically arranged bushes; 2) with the help of a central flower bed and a gravel path framing it

You can plant flowers in the flower beds in such a way that they form ridges. Rabatka is an elongated rectangular flower garden, where various flowers are planted in a certain order, forming beautiful patterns. Such a flower bed will look great on the sides or between garden paths.

Planted flowers in a special way form beautiful patterns on the flower bed and lawns, making them look like a colorful carpet

The regular style of the garden also involves the use of sculptures or sculptural ornaments in the antique style. For example, if the central alley in your garden is quite wide and long, it will be decorated with two statues located at the beginning of the alley opposite each other. You can use vases on pedestals, or one large vase in the middle of the central flower bed.

Classical sculptures are the decoration of a regular park, they complement the composition, look picturesque against the backdrop of luxurious greenery

And also, in a classic regular park, there is always an upper point from where the stalls are visible - lawns, flower beds, trees planted in a certain order. This garden is especially beautiful from a height. In a private house, such a point can be a balcony.

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Almost four hundred years have passed since the entire royal court, led by Louis XIV, gasped with admiration at the sight of Versailles - the world's first example of a French regular park. Today, the use of this style is a fairly common technique in the art of landscape design. It is impossible to imagine a single castle in Europe, not a single royal residence without a unique "visiting card" - neatly trimmed bushes and trees, bright parterre flower beds, symmetrically arranged fountains and arbors. Initially created for the vast areas of the royal palaces, the garden in a regular style gradually moved to more modest spaces - on the territory of country houses.

Using elements of regularity, you can easily bring a considerable amount of solemnity and grandeur to the exterior of a private house. Landscape designers of our time have managed to somewhat soften this style, depriving it of pomp and bulkiness that are unnecessary for our realities. However, all the same, even the most modest and simple composition, created in a regular style, is a luxury item, since its constituent elements, by definition, cannot be cheap and there is no more subtle and elegant way to hint to the environment of your wealth than to break it near your house small royal garden.

Regular garden in history

The creator of the regular style is Andre Le Nôtre, the court gardener of Louis XIV, whose design fantasies led to the emergence of verified geometric forms of many garden and park ensembles, the first of which was the park of the Palace of Versailles. It was Le Nôtre who came up with the main rules for creating a regular garden: a clear axial symmetry of the composition, the center of which can be a building, a fountain, an unusual large flower bed or a statue; smooth garden paths; hedges; topiary forms.

Having gained extraordinary popularity among the French nobility, the regular style in landscape design gradually began to capture new spaces, firmly settling in many European parks, including Russia. Russian regular gardens and parks appeared with the light hand of Peter I, who, having visited Versailles in 1717, decided to create something similar in his homeland. Peter somewhat transformed the French style, increasing the number of flower beds and ponds, but at the same time retained the clarity of lines and shapes.

The main characteristics of the regular style

1. Scale

Since regular gardens were originally used to decorate the vast territories of castles and palaces, they are traditionally associated with scale. Designed for long walks, such a garden around every turn of the hedge is fraught with new views, plays different “performances”. It is difficult to organize such a “theatricality” on a small plot of land, and various decorative elements inherent in the regular style will burden a small space. In addition, to create such a garden, an obligatory requirement is a perfectly flat, even surface of the relief, which requires certain earthworks.

2. Geometry

The regular style is characterized by axial symmetry, where the house most often acts as the axis, and clear, straight lines that allow you to streamline the space as much as possible. Any randomness in such a garden is a priori unacceptable. The main element of the garden in the regular style is the parterre - an open area with flower beds, lawns, borders, consisting of several sections of regular geometric shape. In the center of flower arrangements, intricate statues or fountains are often installed.

3. Topiary forms and hedges

In order to divide a regular garden into zones, arches, pergolas, and various hedges are widely used. One of the main decorations of the territory in the regular style are topiary figures created by cutting trees and shrubs. With the help of this technique, plants of various geometric shapes are created.

4. Reservoirs

An obligatory element of a regular garden is a reservoir with a clearly defined coastline. It can be either in the form of a rectangle, or a circle or oval, framed by suitable vegetation. Pools and various fountains are also widespread.

Fountains and pools are part of the style

5. Special plants for the regular garden

if possible, it should preserve its decorative effect all year round, therefore, for landscaping, preference is given to evergreens, for example, boxwood, holly, and yew are widespread in such areas.

Of great importance for the regular style and flower beds, which are located in open, sunny places. The lighting of plants should be uniform, otherwise the asymmetry of their growth and development cannot be avoided, which is unacceptable for this style. Mostly annual plants are used for parterre flower beds. Most perennials are not suitable for regular flower beds, due to the short duration of their flowering.

Decorative elements are characterized by the use of marble, ceramics, bronze, artistic forging. In a regular garden, everything should be luxurious and elegant, so saving for this style is inappropriate.

The "English garden" style appeared in the 18th century as a counterbalance to the formal style. One of the ardent adherents of the new style and opponent of French gardens was the English poet Alexander Pope (1688 - 1744), who called in 1713 in his essay on gardening to return from geometric forms to "the sweet beauty of unadorned nature." He formulated the basic rule of the English garden as follows: "Nature should not be forgotten in anything ... Be guided by the spirit of the place."

The English style received its further development thanks to the romantic direction in art and literature - the movement against classicism and its love for order, discipline and restraint. In garden design, the influence of Romanticism was shown in the use of plants for emotional inspiration. However, romanticism focused not only on emotions: at that time, the peasantry, previously despised, was erected on a pedestal. And initially it was the peasants who created the English gardens.

A truly English garden originally had more practical than aesthetic value. That is why in English gardens almost all herbs were either medicinal or used for culinary purposes, and many trees were fruit trees. And only later, when the new style spread beyond the peasant circles, did the aesthetic properties of the garden come to the fore. English gardens of that time had a mystical charm and were designed to create a romantic atmosphere.

Later, English gardens became very popular in the United States: an abundance of rose bushes, perennial flowers, vine-covered arbors and climbing arches - all this allowed to create an atmosphere of carefree fun.

A romantically minded owner with a large plot (8-10 acres) may be interested in an English garden. This ornamental gardening will please the eye with its naturalness and will not require reconstruction. The gardener of such a picturesque corner will be able to admire its beauty for many years.

English gardens - free, landscape gardening. It should bring out the beauty of the natural landscape and hide its flaws. This landscape garden creates the illusion of a natural garden. The garden consists of several green lawns or lawns of an oval, round shape, interconnected. Lawns around the perimeter are planted with trees and shrubs. These plantings can be fruit or ornamental.

In the center of the English garden is a pond. It can be a pond, a stream or a free-form pool. Near the pond - weeping willow, slender thuja or cypress. Trees with a weeping or pyramidal crown are an essential element of an English romantic garden. They create an atmosphere with a somewhat sad mood.

A gardener creating a romantic English garden does not welcome many flowers. They land parterre near the house and around the reservoir.

Around the lawns, you can lay paths overgrown with cut grass. This is a purely English tradition. Sometimes tile is laid on the paths, sprinkled with gravel.

Since the basis of the English garden is the greenery of plantings and lawns, it is better to break it up in damp areas or constantly water it abundantly. Lawns need to be mowed regularly. As for the trees on the site, when they grow old, they are replaced by young ones.

A characteristic feature of this style is that plants are planted at first glance haphazardly, evoking thoughts of a "natural landscape".














To create an English garden, you can use the following tips:
. Plants typical of the English garden: mallow (stockrose, pink marshmallow), foxglove, columbine, roses, daisies, chamomiles, pansies, peonies, violets, primroses, delphinium, wisteria, etc. Tall and lush grass is well suited for lawns.
. Plant flowers and shrubs in the flower beds as densely as possible. The garden should be full of greenery and flowers (historically, this is due to the abundance of rain in England). Even in dry areas, you can achieve the desired effect by using drought-resistant plants.
. Use arches, pergolas and trellises entwined with plants.
. In an English garden there should be benches: they are used both for convenience and as an additional decoration of the garden.
. As a material for small architectural forms, brick, gray natural stone, wrought iron, natural wood are best suited.

American garden

Perhaps the main difference between the American garden and many others is the lawn in front of the house, empty and flat, like a billiard table. Every week, without fail, the owner walks along it with a lawn mower, rattling "all over Ivanovo".

But the white fence that encloses the site from the street is not a characteristic detail at all. Much more often do without it. Much more common is the "island" - a small raised flower bed, located slightly away from the path to the house.

Among wild large stones, delivered specially from afar, rhododendrons and a small maple are planted, whose leaves turn crimson in autumn.

So, the green "cloth" of the lawn and a small flowering island - that, in fact, is all that can be seen from the street. But from the yard on a plot of several tens of acres, the owners arrange forest "wilds", in the thicket they put a bird village of several houses. A swing is hung on a high bough of the largest tree. The view from them is good, and even adults, no, no, yes, and they will remember their childhood, soaring up on them. In the depths of the site, a traditional house for garden tools was hidden. Americans do not like to store inventory in a residential building.

Not far from the old tree, a "wild" pond was dug. Its shores are strewn with pebbles, lined with sedge and reeds, and a free wind brought from somewhere "unplanned" Ivan-tea. Water lilies grow in the pond, they feel great here, and decorative fish flicker between their stems in the depths. Sometimes flocks of migratory birds sit here to rest. In America, they are not afraid of people at all.

The layout is done in such a way as to block the garden and the house from the northern winds with dense plantings. At the lawn on the south side, a “window” is left overlooking the sea bay. This place is decorated with a border of bright colors. The lateral boundaries of the site are decorated with sheared hedges lined at the base with a variegated host.

Italian garden (Italian garden)

The Italian style of the garden, which became widespread during the Renaissance (XV century AD), is also called Medicean. This term is derived from the name of one of the most famous Italian families - the Medici, whose representatives ruled Florence for a long time. The Medicean type of gardens had a regular layout, like the French garden, however, the main difference was that when working out the garden, great attention was also paid to architectural structures. Thus, the villa was a certain compositional component and had a clear relationship with the surrounding landscape.

If you have a small plot (about 5 acres), and you want to hide from the annoying looks of your neighbors, it is best to arrange an Italian courtyard. This is a small garden, surrounded on all sides by a fence, wall or buildings.

Such a courtyard-garden is a perfectly equal area, divided by straight or diagonal paths into simple geometric shapes. Not only flowers are grown here, but also medicinal herbs. In the center is a rectangular or round small pond. If done according to all the rules, then the reservoir should be with a fountain. In general, the Italian courtyard is arranged as if it were an extension of the house, another large room, only without a roof.

And wildlife is allowed here only in a “combed” form. Shrubs and trees are usually sheared. Moreover, this tradition has come down to us from Ancient Rome, where shrubs were shaped like ships, vessels, temples, figures of people, birds and animals. Now it is customary to get by with simpler forms of a ball and a cube. The courtyard itself is paved with tiles or sprinkled with sand, crushed bricks or gravel. Fruit trees are arranged in orderly rows, most often along the boundaries of the site. And even they are not left alone, with a haircut giving them the shape of a ball.

An Italian-style plot may look like this. In the center is a small tiled pool. Crocuses, tulips, hyacinths, daffodils, lilies, levkoi are planted on rectangular flower beds. And, of course, roses. Flowers complement aromatic herbs - sage, lavender. The garden is decorated with a very Italian pergola, entwined with girlish grapes. And on it you can start up morning glory, which will break the green background with colored gramophones. A piquantly designed well looks funny, which, although it falls out of the general style, solves the problem of irrigation.














To create an Italian style garden:
■ Start planning your garden at home. The architecture of the facade of the house should have symmetrically located arches and ledges overlooking the garden.
■ Terrace your garden if possible. Retaining walls should have ledges and colonnades. Often, hedges are grown near the walls from trimmed bushes. The terraces are connected by stairs.
■ If your garden is large, spruce it up with lots of small pieces of architecture. These can be gazebos, pavilions, pools, monuments, sculptures, poultry houses, fountains, marble benches and even small temples.
■ When planning your garden, develop walking routes.
■ In the warm season, tubs with lemon trees can be placed near the benches.
■ In front of the facade of the building, when creating an Italian-style garden, lay out a flat garden (parterre) with symmetrical flower beds and fountains.
■ If space permits, you can plant a small garden of fruit trees with lawns and streams.
■ In almost every Italian garden you can see alleys of cypresses and growing trellises of roses and grapes, hazel, pomegranates or quince.
■ Fountains can be made in the form of a bowl with a small sculptural composition. You can also arrange several ponds on the periphery of the garden, it is important that they are rectangular in shape.

Chinese garden (Chinese garden)

In Chinese culture, landscape design has always been an art, and the creators of gardens have been guided by the traditions and values ​​of society and religious principles. Gardens in China have been planted since the 11th century BC, from the time of the Zhou state. Moreover, if the Europeans say that a garden needs to be planted, then the Chinese build gardens.

In the Chinese garden, there are no neat lawns, as in the English, and clear lines, as in the regular French style. Chinese gardeners imitate nature and try to create a corner of nature in a small area, as diverse as China itself. Mountains, lakes, rivers and trees can be present in this landscape. It is important that the garden helps a person find balance and harmony with the nature around him.

To create a Chinese-style garden, use three fundamental classical principles:

1. The garden should look as natural as possible. In the Chinese garden, you should create the feeling that you got out into nature, and everything around appeared without the help of a person. Arbitrary images in such a garden are dominant, allow you to enjoy the touch of nature and invite you to reflection and meditation.

2. The garden should be built in such a way that it is a self-sufficient world in miniature. In order for the owner of the garden to be favored by the forces of the universe, the symbols of the components of the universe should be placed in the garden - the signs of yin and yang, symbolizing the unity of opposites. Stones and water, garden flowers and natural landscape, as well as drawings and architectural forms should emphasize the harmony of your garden.

3. The Chinese garden should bring new impressions and emphasize the diversity of images even in a small space. To do this, use a multi-dimensional perspective, lay paths and bridges in such a way that you need to take more steps to get from one place in the garden to another. Often, gardens in China consist of several small gardens, completely different in design, separated by shrubs, galleries, walls, or even buildings.














In addition, to create Chinese-style gardens, you should adhere to the following recommendations:
■ Plant trees in the garden with twisted branches, crooked trunks, and bare roots. Chinese gardeners are very fond of mountain pines - a symbol of courage, strength and longevity, and bamboo - a symbol of life-giving emptiness. Peach and plum in China is a "tree of happiness", and weeping willow is a symbol of the masculine principle "yang".

■ Lawns in the garden can be planted with medicinal plants or cereals. Tree-like peonies are often also grown in such a garden, which in China are called the “king of flowers” ​​for their height (from 1 to 1.5 meters) and longevity. Such peonies can grow up to 100-150 years in one place. Also in the Chinese garden, chrysanthemums and irises are grown, which are planted near ponds, stones and on hillsides.

■ It is important to know that according to the Chinese beliefs, the garden is an extension of the house, and if it is devoid of vegetation, it is open to winds that will carry away the vital energy "qi". Therefore, plant a variety of plants in the garden, frame the walls with ivy and wild grapes. Your plants will retain healing energy and bring health and longevity to your home.

Moorish garden

The first Moorish (Muslim) gardens are oases in the hot desert, ennobled by man. The famous Hanging Gardens of Queen Semiramis - one of the seven wonders of the world of antiquity - were created in this style. Legend has it that Nebuchadnezzar II, the ruler of Babylon, married a Median princess to confirm the military alliance of the two powers against Assyria. However, Babylon, unlike the flowering Mussels, stood on a bare plain, and the princess was very homesick. In order to please his wife, Nebuchadnezzar II ordered the construction of these majestic structures.

Moorish style in landscape design is often compared to heaven on earth. It comes from Africa, but today's interpretation is more of a southern Spanish origin: Muslim culture left deep roots here during the period of Arab rule. Subsequently, the fabulous, sweet, alluring gardens of Scheherazade were adapted by Christians, but the basic principles of the Moorish style that won the hearts of Europeans were preserved.

The most important, central element of the garden is a water source, fountain or reservoir. Water in the eastern countries has magical power, because it is the most valuable jewel. Alleys or canals diverge from the source in four directions. They symbolize 4 rivers flowing from the Garden of Eden in all directions of the world. The resulting 4 parts of the garden - 4 squares - in turn are divided into new 4 parts. And again in the center of each part - a sparkling source with divergent alleys.

With all the geometric correctness and structure, exotic plants, herbs, trees and shrubs are placed absolutely arbitrarily, filling the garden with fragrance and sophistication. Lawns are practically absent, and all the space between trees, shrubs, flowers is paved with tiles.

Of course, it is unlikely that it will be possible to repeat or accurately reproduce all the splendor of the gardens of the Alhambra, Taj Mahal or Humayun in modern central Russia. But a piece of paradise can be realized even in rather ascetic climatic conditions. An important advantage of the Moorish garden is its unpretentiousness in maintenance. It is enough to initially build a composition, and subsequently maintain the natural growth of trees and shrubs. Moorish style does not require large spaces, but the smaller the area of ​​​​the garden, the more carefully the selection of plants used is carried out.

Furniture for the interior is also selected in an oriental style, decorated with all kinds of pillows. Closed Moorish-style gazebos are equipped with large windows, so in summer it will not be stuffy.














To create a Moorish style of landscape design, follow these rules:
. The heart of the Moorish garden is the pond. It could be a pond, a fountain or a canal. Traditionally, for Moorish gardens, water is a great value, therefore, reservoirs are usually not very large in size, but they are arranged in such a way that water is always visible from any corner of the garden.

The classical arrangement of the garden is a fountain or pond in the center, from which water flows in channels to the four cardinal directions to the edges of the garden. If the garden is regular, then the canals divide it into four equal squares, and if the Moorish garden is large enough, each of the larger squares can be divided into four smaller ones in the same way.

Moorish gardens, like French ones, are distinguished by geometric correctness and regularity in planning. However, the plans of the Moorish gardens are reminiscent of oriental patterns, the vegetation in such a garden usually grows without any processing with garden shears and quickly fills the entire space between paths and ponds.

Free spaces in the Moorish garden are filled with decorative paving with multi-colored tiles or stones. The patterns performed may resemble an oriental carpet.

The Moorish style has several important features. For example, you can not use statues and fountains depicting the figures or faces of people, as this is prohibited by the Muslim faith.
Water in hot Muslim countries is highly valued, and fountains usually do not have pressure, which allows water jets to shoot high up. For the Moorish garden, small murmuring streams are traditional, which flow from tall vases, installed in the center of a reservoir decorated with Muslim stars.

Also, the large Moorish garden is characterized by pergolas, covered arches and galleries entwined with flowers and wild grapes.

A rose garden is often arranged near the pool, but it is worth choosing flowers not only by color, but in such a way that the combination of their aromas during flowering creates a pleasant composition.

German garden

1. Ordnung muss sein. "Order first" is a favorite German proverb. Saying this phrase, the typical German has a very soulful expression on his face. The innate love for cleanliness, in the opinion of the Russian inhabitant, sometimes takes the form of quiet insanity: Saturday and Sunday morning lawn mowing, when all normal people should still bask in bed, periodic plucking of seed heads from pansies and the complete absence of weeds in flower beds and paving crevices - the easiest sacrifices the Germans can make to maintain order.

It comes to the point that long distances between plantings of perennials are specially left so that you can freely walk and weed. And then wash the tool to a shine (or even disinfect it) and put it on a specially designated shelf in a garden shed with starchy white curtains on the windows.

2. The Germans have an amazing ability to combine the incongruous. Even in the most practical solutions (and the Germans are well-known pragmatists!) they will always add a drop of romance. For example, when choosing garden lamps, a typical German will always ask himself: why spend money on stationary lighting if the Moon exists, and from less global luminaries - torches, solar-powered lanterns and candles, which will also create a more intimate mood in the evening garden? Stationary light, well, at the entrance to the house it is necessary, but only with motion sensors. These savings will justify the cost.

3. Love for comfort and relaxation pushes the Germans not only to the neighborhood with the Russians in the resorts of Turkey, but also to carefully plan their site under the motto "Minimum worries - maximum pleasure." This approach dictates a certain structure of the garden: usually it is a large lawn or paving areas larger than planting areas, sometimes with tapeworm, sometimes without. Indeed, fewer plants means less work. The desire to have as much free time as possible explains the attachment to coniferous and evergreen deciduous trees and shrubs, decorative year-round and does not require special care - once planted and you can safely rest all four seasons.

It is rare that anyone is engaged in the cultivation of flyers from seeds - they cost a penny, are purchased as needed and thrown away immediately after the loss of decorativeness. One of the main elements of the garden is a recreation area with an obligatory barbecue (meat in all its manifestations is a traditional German food) - the American version of our barbecue, around which the whole family gathers every weekend. How does this fit in with mowing the lawn and plucking pansies, you ask? So the order is first of all, and then the barbecue. Plus, a little gardening is fun too.

4. The need to show a certain level of prosperity and be at least as good as the neighbors is another characteristic German feature. It is usually reflected in the design of the entrance area - deliberately for show, for a casual observer from the road. This pseudo-openness, flowering plants, usually hydrangeas, roses, clematis, architectural grasses, yuccas, are designed to give the impression of stability and prosperity and perform the same role as a photograph with a snow-white smile of thirty-two teeth on a resume of an ordinary German.

The seasonal change of container plantings and decorative decorations at the entrance and on the balcony often turns into a competition between neighbors - who is brighter, more interesting, more beautiful. The reason for changing the scenery is not only holidays (Christmas, Easter), but also simply, for example, the beginning of autumn.






5. For all the friendliness and seeming openness in urban gardens (or with dense buildings), the boundaries of public and private are very clearly marked, which is manifested not only in the lowered blinds on the evening windows, but also in the presence of a strictly defined private area in the garden, in which access only to close people. If there is a plot behind the house, it is usually hidden from neighbors by high, dense hedges. In villages where houses are more sparse and there are many beautiful landscapes, owners can afford to use beautiful landscape views in the garden structure without fear of "getting under surveillance."

6. The Germans are more born engineers and architects than gardeners. Germany is famous for its beautiful landscaped parks, stunning urban landscaping and creative water features. In private gardens and public parks, you can see many successful compositions from an architectural and coloristic point of view ... but at the same time, the Germans, unlike the British and Russians, completely lack botanical interest - what difference does it make, what is the name of this variety, the main thing is that it looks the way it should.

Therefore, very often in garden shops you can see, for example, roses with the label "Hybrid Tea Rose" and a photograph of a flower, without specifying the variety. Here everyone is a designer for himself, so professionally made small gardens in Germany are a rarity.

7. Love for a small homeland and its history is reflected in private gardens. In the former coal-mining regions of North Rhine-Westphalia, for example, you can often find a disused mining cart adapted for a flower garden. It looks touching, if not fabulous. Speaking of fairy tales, it was in Germany that they invented garden gnomes and generously placed their figures in their gardens.

Sometimes they look out of place, sometimes they are obviously kitsch, but it is clear that this is a typical German way of decorating a garden. The Germans are not usually limited to gnomes, and garden centers sell dozens of varieties of plastic ducks for the pond, cats and dogs for the garden, and garden sculptures from various materials. I do not presume to condemn such a love for scenery, but in my opinion, in German gardens there is a clear overabundance of small architectural forms.

8. The inhabitants of Germany are hardworking people, and, like Russians, they are drawn to the land, because such a pastime helps to relax and unwind in nature from home and office, exclusively for their own pleasure. Many urban residents who have green spaces only on the balcony rent “dachas” - plots of land one or two acres unsuitable for construction, usually along railways, just to have plenty of gardening on the weekends.

It is amazing how similar these German dachas are to ours, only a little smaller and more well-groomed. Garden, shed, sun, air and good beer - one of the German recipes for happiness, and this is confirmed by statistics. Societies of summer residents are growing year by year, and the average age of their members since the mid-nineties has become “younger” by as much as ten years.

Russian garden

The Russian garden is distinguished by its simplicity and practicality. Since ancient times, a regular garden has been used in Russia. The main purpose of such a garden was to harvest fruits and medicinal plants. Therefore, any ornamental gardening is uncharacteristic for the Russian garden.

Near the house there must be a front garden surrounded by a low fence. Flowers in the front garden are grown completely different: roses, lilies, calendula, chamomile. On rich estates, round flower beds with daisies and dahlias are very popular.

Russian nature is unthinkable without birches. Therefore, not a single estate could do without a romantic corner planted with birches, mountain ash and fir trees, purple lilacs and white hydrangeas and a gazebo in a shady corner among mock oranges, ferns, irises and sweet peas. This discreet unpretentious landscape is so close to the Russian heart!

In autumn, the Russian garden was decorated with asters, chrysanthemums, sunflowers - a favorite in every garden.

All outbuildings and the yard were located directly next to the house.
Behind the house and the yard was a vegetable garden. Apples, pears, cherries, plums have always been grown in Russian gardens. Especially, of course, apples fell in love.

Of the shrubs, the most popular at all times were currants, raspberries, gooseberries.














Due to the geographical location, not all types of plants could grow in Russia. Only with the development of selection did varieties of heat-loving plants begin to appear, adapted for life and fruiting in our difficult conditions.

Grapes, cherries, and apricots did not immediately come to Russian gardeners in the middle lane. But they were very fond of in Russia and took their rightful place among the centenarians of the Russian garden.

Garden in Thailand

Gardens in Thailand are given a lot of attention. The gardens here are philosophical in nature, they serve as a place of meditation for Buddhists. The most famous garden in Thailand is the garden of the Royal Palace in Bangkok. Here you immediately find yourself in an atmosphere of incredible color diversity, sophistication of forms, gilding, brilliance.

It is difficult for a European to endure this. But here is a modest tree, a piece of even lawn, a trimmed bush. And all the usual, soothing. In the gallery with sculptures of the emerald Buddha, terrible demons, you involuntarily begin to peer into compositions of ornamental plants among gray stones and in concrete vases.

There are also marigolds, and petunias, there is even greenery of the lawn.
Flowers are planted not only in the ground. Potted plants are popular in the decor. A palm tree suddenly appears in the middle of the alley, planted in a Chinese vase.

Stones play a big role in gardens. They are specially brought to the capital from the north of the country.
Bangkok is located on swampy soil, which creates certain difficulties in setting up and maintaining gardens.

Once upon a time, Thailand was dominated by the jungle. It was in the jungle that the Thais felt at home. When they lived in a common tribal space, each had its own individual sanctuary, far in the forest. Until now, this tradition has been preserved. In the capital of Thailand, next to modern buildings, you can see small gardens arranged with great taste, where a home for the spirit is hidden among the greenery. It is decorated with garlands and bouquets, standing out brightly against the backdrop of skyscrapers.

Thais prefer gardens that are close to the natural landscape, but you can often see smooth transitions from natural to man-made landscapes.

The heart of every Thai home is a garden with an indispensable pool and fountain. The dwelling is as if permeated with a garden, or rather tied to it, as has been customary since antiquity. Moreover, in the informal zone, behind the house, most of the life of the owners passes.

This tradition is preserved even in the gigantic hotel complex "Ambassador", in the center of which there is a garden. Through the glass of the first floor, it visually passes into the bamboo groves around the hotel, the waves of bushes on the terraces, its pools have something in common with the beach and the sea.

In this country there are no pronounced stereotypes, replicated techniques. There is only a successful combination of ancient tradition and everything that Thai culture has absorbed throughout its history.

French garden

The "French garden" style, which is also called the regular, geometric or formal style of landscape design, developed rapidly from the 17th to the 18th century. Such gardens were very popular during the time of Louis XIV, but the historical name of the style is not accurate, since the idea of ​​​​creating regular gardens appeared in the Renaissance in Italy.

The style reached its apogee in the 19th century in England, where gardeners learned to grow plants in the form of exotic forms (such as geometric shapes, animals, birds, etc.). The main idea of ​​​​forming a French garden in landscape design is a clear order and symmetry in one.

Imagine a flat garden, as open as possible to the surrounding nature. The basic principle of its layout is the clarity and perfect symmetry of its composition. In front of the house, a parterre is broken, usually completely covered with flowers. It is bordered by a low curb of cut shrubs or paths sprinkled with sand or gravel.

The French style is a development of the idea of ​​a regular layout. Here the gardener's art will prevail over nature, subordinating it to a strict order and forging it into clear geometric shapes.

Shearing plants are often given an artificial shape. A clear green wall of sheared hedges is an indispensable element of a French garden. Another integral element is triangles and pergolas, braided with climbing plants. Bosquets are very popular - dense arrays of trees surrounded by clipped shrubs.

Shady alleys, perceived by us as something painfully Russian, actually came to us from France. True, the French cut the crowns of the trees. By the way, a small bosquet in an amateur garden is not such a crazy idea. Trees can be fruit, and a shrub, for example, barberry.

Relatively new elements in the French garden are concrete tiles on the paths, paving the paths with special bricks. Pots and containers with flowers near houses are very popular with the French.

Of course, a French garden is a very impractical garden. This is not a fruitful garden, but a resting garden.













To create a French garden landscape design style:
■ Form the main idea of ​​creating a garden. All elements on the plan must be geometrically correct, all bends must be built using a compass.
■ Shape the French garden so that it has two key points - the bottom one, which is the main entrance, and the top one, which offers a view of the entire garden. The top point is usually a house with a garden.
■ If the area where the French garden is to be laid out has a significant difference in height, the garden is formed by a cascade of flat terraces connected by stairs and surrounded by retaining walls.
■ Cascades of fountains, strict pools, small wall fountains are well suited for decorating a French garden.
■ Carefully select plants for landscaping a French garden. It is very important that the plants are well cut, resistant to diseases, quickly take on a geometrically correct shape and have a fairly monolithic appearance.
■ An integral part of the French park - carefully trimmed, smooth green lawns.
■ Be sure to use bosquets - evenly trimmed trees and shrubs that form green walls. With the help of a bosquet, you can create secluded areas for recreation and work in the fresh air.
■ The French garden is characterized by an abundance of antique-style sculptures and a general atmosphere of solemnity and theatricality.
■ Maintaining a French garden necessarily requires the constant work of a gardener. It is necessary to cut bushes, trees and lawns daily and carefully, take care of paths and flower beds.

Japanese garden (Japanese garden)

The first records of gardening in Japan date back to the 6th century. In the then capital of Japan, the city of Nara, gardens were laid out on the territory of the emperor's palace using the traditions inherent in the Chinese style. The main elements that were used in the design of the garden are stone and water.

Also, since the 8th century, when Chinese monks brought Buddhism to Japan, the Japanese began to create rock gardens. It was believed that the stones hide statues of the Buddha in themselves, which means they are sacred, whether a statue was carved from a stone or not. Gardens, consisting of stones and sand, were outstanding works of that time. From the 9th to the 12th centuries, a new capital was built - the city of Kyoto, in which Japanese craftsmen embodied the features of their perception of the world in new gardens for wealthy citizens.

Gardens for tea ceremonies allowed enjoying the harmony of wildlife, leading leisurely conversations in the gazebo.

The deep blue sky, the greenery of the lawn, overgrown with moss, as if with delicate skin, the dazzling whiteness of the walls of the house, the cinnabar of flowers on the balcony and the bridge over the artificial stream ... There is nothing superfluous here, harmony is achieved by few means. All the elements of nature are presented on a small plot near the house.

The earth is personified by huge boulders - "mountain ranges", white stone chips of paths, contrasting with green moss. Water is represented by a "mountain" stream, flowing in an arc into a pond. The fire represents the traditional stone lantern "tahi-gaga", installed on a hill next to the source of the stream. Once upon a time in Japan it was customary to put such lanterns in the tombs of saints and in temples, but today they adorn many gardens with their expressive form.

The world of plants in the Japanese garden is represented by bamboo, pine, hosta and heather. A lone pine tree is usually given a sculptural form. To prevent the crown from growing, as in the wild, all branches are periodically cut off. Thanks to this, green “pillows” were obtained, comfortably laid out on pine branches.

Bamboo in the Japanese garden "exists" in several forms: gates and a water tray are made of it, retaining walls of thick trunks are placed on the slope near the pond.

At the entrance gate and along the border of the site, live bamboo is planted. Any, even a weak breeze, sways their thin stems, and he leans over, as if welcoming guests.

The curved path very symbolically intersects with the stream in the very center of the site. Here, a light curved bridge is thrown across the water.

The Japanese believe that when crossing a bridge over an obstacle, a person enters another world and opens up completely new perspectives for himself.














To create a Japanese landscape design style, use the following rules:
. The main rule when creating a Japanese garden is to maintain the contrast between open and closed spaces. Do not strive to fill every piece of soil, harmony in everything is the basis of Japanese culture.
. For the Japanese style of garden design, a pond is an indispensable element. It is desirable that it seems natural - it can be a stream, a pond or a waterfall. Water will add dynamics to the landscape and will perfectly help to escape from the daily routine of a big city. A small bridge can be thrown over the stream, which is often painted red.
. If it is not possible to use water for a Japanese garden, you can create a dry stream bed or a sand lake. Waves painted on the sand will create the illusion of water and help you relax while contemplating them.

Choose the following shrubs and trees for planting: azalea, cherry, camellia, cotoneaster, dwarf spruce and pine, and other small conifers. Crocus, hosta, cyclamen, water lilies, Japanese iris and other similar herbaceous plants will help decorate your garden. Bonsai, bamboo, ferns, moss, curly coniferous bushes, various ornamental herbaceous plants, lawns with grass of low height will add harmony to the Japanese garden.

Stone paths are well suited for decorating a garden. Take hard and rough stones of irregular shape about 30 cm wide and lay out a path through the garden with them. The distance between the stones is 30-45 cm.
. Add Japanese-style landscaping to your garden. You can put a small gazebo in the garden for a tea ceremony, a beautiful lantern made of silk or rice paper with hieroglyphs will look good. You can also put a small Buddha statue.