Three types of people in psychology. Need help learning a topic? Sanguine - blood

Identification various types Individuals are engaged in such sciences as sociology, psychology, socionics and even computer science, and each of them offers special classifications. As a result of many studies, scientists began to notice that there are no clear boundaries between types. Therefore, in order to determine which type a particular person belongs to, it is necessary to find out which of the characteristics of a person’s personality types prevail in him. From the article you will learn about how people are divided into types in psychology: what temperaments and types of personalities people have.

Classification of people by temperament

One of the first who decided to deal with the typology of a person's personality was the father of medicine ─ the great Hippocrates. It was he who became the founder of personality types in modern psychology. As you know, he had an extensive clinical practice, thanks to which he was able to conduct many quantitative studies. This helped him to determine some connection between a person's temperament and his health. Since Hippocrates was a supporter of materialism, he began to look for a connection between temperament and the amount of content in the body of one of the four fluids: blood, lymph, black and yellow bile. Based on this, he proposed four main types of temperament:

• sanguine
• melancholic
• phlegmatic person
• choleric.

In the body of sanguine people, according to the theory of Hippocrates, blood predominates, in the second type - black bile, in the third - lymph, and in the fourth - yellow bile. Physicians are skeptical about these assumptions, because the great scientist did not leave an explanation of how he managed to determine this.

Not with a simple Hippocrates associated temperament with physical components. Indeed, in our body, thoughts, emotions and the state of organs, and therefore health in general, are inextricably linked. In psychology, there is such a thing as psychosomatics - the influence of a psychological state on the occurrence of diseases. Many people get rid of diseases based on psychosomatics and simply improve their state of health by clearing the mind. about the unique system of mind purification and its results.

What qualities does each of the above types have?

The melancholic is considered the "weakest" of the human personality types. He has weakened both inhibitory and excitatory mechanisms, which makes him an ultra-sensitive person. He can worry for hours even for something insignificant. Melancholics are often in a depressed mood, prone to depression. More about that. Neurasthenics are often found among them. They often hide their emotions, which leads to the development of nervous and mental disorders that contribute to the development of diseases of the stomach, liver, cardiovascular system, and oncology.

Choleric is an "unrestrained" type of personality. He has a strong, but unbalanced character. He is characterized by rage, hysteria, quarrelsomeness with other people. Choleric suffers from diseases of the gallbladder and liver more often than others. Determining this type among the crowd is a simple matter. After all, thanks to active gestures and quick movements, he immediately catches the eye. He is impulsive, fussy, cannot stand still.

Sanguine is the most "live" personality type. He is very strong, balanced, constantly in action, initiative. This is a typical case and a maximalist. He does not know how to relax, he is anxious, he is afraid not to be in time, to make a mistake, he is very demanding of himself and others - all this can cause stress. The most common diseases in a sanguine person are diseases of the cardiovascular system, heart attacks and strokes are not uncommon.

Phlegmatic refers to the "calm" type. People of this type are balanced and inert. They take care of themselves, try not to get upset over trifles, look at all problems philosophically. They are not characterized by manifestations of anger, rage, irritation. That is why phlegmatic people get sick less often than other types. But God forbid, they get sick - it will last a long time. It is also quite easy to identify them in the crowd: during the emergency, panic and general fuss, they are indifferent and remain calm. However, phlegmatic patients are more likely to have stomach ulcers than other types.

In sociology, personality types are considered as certain products that have occurred as a result of the interweaving of social, economic, historical, cultural conditions of society. As in psychology, there are many different typologies personalities proposed by famous sociologists.

According to Max Werber, the classification of people into types should occur in accordance with their social action, that is, the degree of rationality. In view of this, there are two main types of man: the rationalist and the irrationalist. But Erich From divides people into receptive, that is, passive (people who are ready to obey), exploitative - those who use other people's labor, and accumulators (people with a predominance of a market character).

Sociology also suggests the following personality types:

• traditionalists
• realists
• idealists
• hedonists
• frustrated type

The first includes a person who is aimed at order, law, duty and discipline. He is inert and does not strive for self-realization and self-improvement. Realists, on the contrary, strive for self-realization. Along with this, they are also not devoid of a sense of duty, they know how to control themselves and not panic. Idealists are fighters with norms of behavior developed over the centuries. They strive for independence. And hedonists are people who do not care at all about what is happening in society. For them, the main thing is to receive. At the same time, they are reduced only to material pleasures. To determine whether a person is a hedonist - just look at his home. If the house has everything except a TV, and if it is, but it is intended exclusively for watching movies and clips, then this is definitely a hedonist. As for the latter type, these people are different. They feel excluded and excluded from society. It is this attitude towards oneself that makes a person an outcast, and a homeless person.

In the second half of the 20th century arose new theory- Socionics, according to which human types are determined in accordance with how the following features are combined in people: introversion and extroversion, logic and ethics, rationality and irrationality, sensory and intuition.

Today it is popular to divide people into, that is, individuals who are either immersed in themselves (introvert) or ready to communicate and interact with others (extrovert). The most prominent representative of this theory is H. Isaac. By the way, Jung's classification, proposed back in the second half of the 19th century, is, in principle, the same as Isaac's typology. Only Jung called these types differently: "Yin" (people turned inward) and "yang" (those who are focused on the world).

Rationals and irrationals are also fundamentally opposite types. For rationals, reason is in the first place, as well as traditions that are pleasant in society, while irrationals are constantly striving for perfection, for innovation. They are true innovators and pioneers. Irrationals are distinguished by their non-standard thoughts, they are creative and original.

Ethics, as well as rationals, are very concerned about the norms accepted in society, but in this case, moral ones. They are very important form and appearance of things. Among them are great connoisseurs of beauty, art, and in the traditional sense, but logicians, are more guided by logical statements that correspond to the truth. For them, the most important thing is to get to the bottom of the problem, to clarify.

Intuitives like to consider the received information in accordance with the time and observe the development of events. Intuitives are distracted, they may not even notice obvious things if they are not interested in them. this moment time. They like to answer most questions: “wait and see.” Sensors, on the other hand, try to sort information not in time, but in space. For them, their feelings are very important. There are many connoisseurs of art and natural beauties. For them, what is happening here and now is very important, and what will happen next - they do not care.

Personality types in conflict situations

As they say, the true face of a person can be seen precisely in a conflict situation.

Depending on how people behave in a state of conflict, the following types of personalities are distinguished:

• Demonstrator man
• Rigid personality
• Uncontrollable personality
• Ultra-precise personality

For the demonstrator, life is nothing but a theater, and he is an actor in it. He constantly wants to attract the attention of others. And he doesn’t care at all what exactly they think or say about him, as long as they talk. People of this type often become the instigators of conflict. They make excellent provocateurs and extremists. At any rally or demonstration, there will definitely be demonstrators.

Rigid people are suspicious and suspicious. If they are in conflict, it is only because someone is suspected of something. They have a high, even, and when they see that others treat them with distrust, this begins to bother them, which leads to conflict. These people need constant flattery and praise, at the same time they are very grateful to those who treat them well.

Uncontrollable people sometimes can not cope with their emotions and actions. They are very impulsive, aggressive, angry. Among them are frequent cases deviant behavior. In conflict, they are completely out of control, and can harm both themselves and those around them.

The complete opposite this type is a super-precise personality. These people keep everything under control, they are very attentive and careful. Naturally, they make leaders who are ready to control not only themselves, but also the masses. However, these people are very sensitive to failure.

Apart from conflict types also, there is a conflict-free type. However, this does not mean that they are peaceful and kind. It's just that such people are too timid, which is why they try to avoid conflicts. They do not know how to defend their opinion, rights, so they always remain in the shadows.

In addition to the above theories of human personality classification, there are also others. However, we must not forget that a person is unique, and each of the people has a special character, inherent only to him.

We have been since childhood, but meanwhile it is a waste of time. You just need to know that there are psychotypes of a person, then determine your own and come to terms with it. It can't be fixed anymore. Knowing the psychotype of your interlocutor, you can easily adapt to his manner of communication and accept him as he is.

What are they like

So, there are four types of human psychotypes. They are familiar to many: choleric, phlegmatic, sanguine and is laid from birth and with age is practically not amenable to change. A person can understand himself and accept the surrounding reality, but the temperament will not change from this. A choleric person can learn to hide emotions, but he will not stop being a choleric person. Now try to recognize yourself in the following descriptions.

You are a choleric if...

You are not afraid to show your emotions, your mood often changes. You move sharply and quickly, talking loudly. Grab onto a new business, but soon give it up. You quickly deplete, wasting energy on trifles. You do not tolerate monotony, you can quickly get bored with any business. First of all, you value communication with people, although many acquaintances consider you an unbalanced person, but strong and powerful.

Are you sanguine if...

you are complete vitality and energy, it is a pleasure to communicate with everyone around you. Your emotions are very bright and strong, but do not carry negativity. Inside you reign harmony and peace. You are a wide-hearted person, you experience any trouble easily and forget insults quickly. You work with passion, for a long time, trying to do everything at once. You often change the type of activity, you are dominated by good mood. You have many friends, you speak quickly and loudly, in this you are very similar to choleric people.

Are you a melancholic if...

You are sad and squander sadness around you. You are very vulnerable, even a slight trifle. Everything can offend you to the core. You are thin, constantly fussing, nervous, unable to control your own emotions. You are very impressionable, trust everyone around you, and at the same time you are very afraid of being disappointed in people and are constantly disappointed. You believe in horoscopes, predictions, often visit doctors with or without reason. You make decisions with difficulty, preferring to follow the orders of your boss.

You are phlegmatic if...

You are slow, do not show emotions. Your speech is monotonous and homogeneous, it is difficult to communicate with you, you are closed and reserved. You accumulate negativity for a long time in order to splash it out on someone at one moment. Friends say about you that you are a solid person. There is confidence and determination in your actions. Although decisions are difficult to make, they are final and there is no turning back. Everything new causes a state of discomfort, you avoid awkward situations and new acquaintances.

Fifth type

Of course, human psychotypes are mixed in each of us in different proportions. Someone is more phlegmatic with an admixture of sanguine, the other is choleric-melancholic. Few people fit just one description perfectly. 4 psychotypes of a person are mixed, and such a temperament is laid already at birth. So it's safe to say that we all have the fifth type, mixed.

How to determine the psychotype of a person

There are many tests to find out who you really are. Here is the simplest one. There are 5 shapes in front of you: a square, a circle, a triangle, a rectangle and a zigzag. Choose the one that suits you the most. So, square people - good performers, triangles - leaders, circles - Good friends, zigzags - creative personalities, and rectangles are doubting natures. Psychotypes of a person is a complex section of psychology, which includes many aspects, but you can understand yourself all your life, it will not cease to be interesting and informative.

Each person is unique from birth, plus all the innate psycho-physiological properties of people: from the genetically inherent characteristics of the highest nervous activity, physique and interhemispheric asymmetry, and up to innate intelligence, inclinations and mental abilities ..., there are also individual emotional-psychological and cognitive-behavioral characteristics of the individual, incorporated in the process of education and socialization, which form psychotypes of a person's personality (psychological types people, men or women).

To determine psychological types, various methods of psychodiagnostics and personality testing are used, from complex multifactorial personality questionnaires, such as the SMIL test or the Cattell test, to testing temperament and character accentuation, as well as to better determine psychotype of a person, use individual psychoanalytic conversation.

How to determine the psychotype of personality (psychological type of a person)

A similar theory of human psychotypes arose from Eysenck - his test for temperament and neuroticism (not to be confused with neurosis).

Jung divided people into extrovert, ambivert and introvert psychotypes.

Leonhard identified the extreme psychological types of people by character accentuations (10 psychotypes) - take a test with a description ...

Gannushkin and Lichko (13 "Devil's Dozen" psychotypes) had similar works on distinguishing people by accentuations, with an emphasis on borderline states of the personality (close to neurosis), for example, neurotic or psychopathy, psychasthenic, etc.

Kretschmer discovered the difference in the psychological types of people and the similarity with temperaments in human physique ("Athletic", "Picnic" and "Asthenic"), which are associated with human behavior ("Practitioner", "Interlocutor" and "Thinker").

Also, psychotypes are distinguished by interhemispheric asymmetry of the brain: right hemisphere, left hemisphere and ambidexter (test for the leading hemisphere).

People also differ in the way they think and perceive information, i.e. according to the leading representative, sensory system, for example, such psychological types as "Kinesthetic", "Visual" ...

In a word, if you dig, you can find many more differences in people according to all kinds of psychological types (psychotypes) in the works of various authors, including contemporaries.

It is necessary to study all these psychotypes of a person for psychologists, sociologists, advertisers and PR people, marketers and manipulators. The layman can only be driven by curiosity or real information and disinformation about the benefits of knowing one's own and others' psychological type.

For ordinary person, of course, it is good to know your psychotype of personality in order to level the minuses and enhance the pluses. Also, it is good to know the psychological type of your partner, husband (wife), child, friend, etc. to line up harmonious relations cooperation and avoid unnecessary quarrels and conflicts.

But the main thing for the layman, nevertheless, is not the psychotype of personality as such, but how a person lived, lives and will live his life, having this psychological type ... what is his life scenario ... who is he in life: "Winner", Banal middle peasant "or" Jonah? And most importantly, is it possible to change anything in yourself and your life?

That's what is really useful for an ordinary person, and not a "game" in the division into personality psychotypes ... (

Distinctive feature choleric – These are strong emotions and a quick change of mood. That is, in one minute it can be very funny, then droop, and then start getting angry. At the same time, he himself may not understand why he just laughed, and now he is crying. The movements are sharp, the voice is loud, the speech is fast. Starting something, he puts all his energy into it, quickly exhausts himself and gives up this business, because there is no more strength left. For example, it can rewrite an article several times and leave it unfinished. It is undesirable for choleric people to choose work that requires monotony. For some time it will be interesting, and then bored. In the first place they have activities that involve communication with people. A choleric person has a strong, unbalanced, mobile nervous system.

O sanguine we can say that he is cheerful and energetic, spreads joy and warmth around him. Like a choleric person, emotions are strong and mobile, but balanced. That is, he is outwardly very active, but calmness reigns inside. If a failure occurs, then the sanguine person, due to his qualities, quickly comes to his senses and continues to live as it never happened. Sanguine does what he wants, and because of this, he cannot stay in one place for a long time. At the same time, he has a great capacity for work. And if he does something, he does it in a binge, at one time. This type of temperament is dominated by a good mood, so sanguine people easily converge with other people. Movements are fast, like those of choleric people. Hasty speech and a loud voice predominate. The nervous system is strong, mobile, balanced.

melancholic is a sad person who behaves in such a way that he is about to cry. Sadness spreads around him for many meters. Thoughts in the head of a melancholic about the inevitable and necessarily mournful. It is noteworthy that all this happens inside and is almost invisible from the outside. If you offend him, then little will be reflected on the face and body, but a deep wound will remain in the soul. Outwardly, melancholic people look thin, sad and fussy. They are drawn to people and respond very well to what is happening around them. At the same time, they quickly fall into emotions and cannot control them. Mostly afraid or sad. Do what others say. For example, melancholic girls read advice in women's magazines and follow them impeccably. In our society typical example melancholic - subculture of emo-kids. Best of all, melancholic people succeed in activities that are not related to the emotional sphere - accounting, design, programming. Melancholic is a weak, mobile, unbalanced type of nervous system.

Pro phlegmatic You can tell he's very slow. His emotions are slow and very difficult to shift from one position. He laughs a little and gets irritated, almost always calm, and it is difficult to get him out of this state. When he talks about something, he is without any emotions, monotonously, so it is difficult to communicate with him. The phlegmatic accumulates emotions in himself, and when a turning point comes, he splashes them out. In each of his movements, solidity and confidence are felt. The phlegmatic thinks and makes decisions for a very long time, but, having made a choice, he will not back down from him. Once in a new environment, the phlegmatic is likely to be lonely, as he needs time to get used to the situation. He will communicate with those people with whom he is familiar and prefer not to notice others, because they create discomfort for him. For a phlegmatic person, monotonous, constant work is best, without changing the type of activity. Here he will prove himself better than others, because he is very efficient when he gets into a rut. An example of a phlegmatic is the Terminator. The phlegmatic person has a strong, balanced, inert nervous system.

8. Favorite color and character of a person

Favorite color can tell about the character of a person and his emotional warehouse. What can color tell about a person's character?

White is the synthesis of all colors. It is the ideal color, the "dream color". White has a multifaceted meaning, in it we see both a reflection of light and the coldness of snow. White symbolizes purity and innocence. Those who prefer pure white to other tones are usually accurate in everything, they are cautious and insightful, critical and somewhat fussy. Dislike of white does not mean that you are a disorganized or untidy person, but it is unlikely that you are completely possessed by a passion for order, especially since you cannot be called a too fussy person. Slightly asymmetrical things are much more interesting for you than ideal proportions, and a few dust particles on a bookshelf do not make you want to immediately start a big cleaning. You are relaxed, and it is pleasant to spend time in company with you.

If a person likes black color, then this may indicate a gloomy perception of reality. Life is often perceived by such a person in gloomy colors. Not without reason, black color symbolizes mourning symbols. If a person loved black things and suddenly began to dress in bright clothes, then perhaps his worldview has changed, and he began to look at the world more optimistically.

Grey - neutral color. It is preferred by those who are not inclined to declare themselves too loudly. Gray lovers, before making a decision, check and double-check everything several times, which is sometimes not bad.

Special mention should be made of red color and personality. Red color increases internal energy, it is the color of passion. Red, promotes the activation of hematopoiesis, increases libido and sexuality. A person who loves the color red is most likely strong-willed, courageous, active and sociable. But people who are annoyed by this color are distinguished by a tendency to solitude, unwillingness to conflict and, possibly, an inferiority complex.

People who like orange color - dreamers, they like to attract attention. Such people have intuition, but they are also characterized by hypocrisy and pretense. Orange color helps to overcome fatigue, spleen, depression. A vase with bright oranges, beautiful orange curtains in the kitchen, an orange scarf will bring back a good mood.

Brown - the color of the earth. Favorite brown color speaks of the character of a person who stands firmly on his feet. These people value their home and their family, family traditions and values ​​are not an empty phrase for them. And at the same time, they are secretive and a little proud.

Yellow color has an antidepressant effect. This color symbolizes calmness, openness in relations with people. The character of a person who loves yellow is sociable, courageous, he loves to be the center of attention, appreciates fun and humor. Those to whom this color is unpleasant, people who are pessimistic, have difficulty in communicating with other people.

Pink - the color of kindness and love. He likes thin, vulnerable natures. These are benevolent, often too vulnerable people, quickly offended, but also quickly forgetting the offense. But rational, practical people pink color annoys.

Violet color symbolizes high spirituality, emotionality. This color is responsible for the connection of man with the cosmos. Violet color is loved by harmoniously developed people. If purple causes irritation, it means that a person seeks to live only in the present.

Blue - the color of the sky, harmony and tranquility. It helps with insomnia, relieves stress, causing a feeling of calm and comfort. If a person likes the blue color, then perhaps he needs to rest more often, he quickly gets tired and needs the support of others. Do not like blue color people are closed, insecure.

Green - the color of foliage, the color of life itself. Green lovers appreciate a good attitude, but do not like life's difficulties. For the sake of love, they are capable of self-sacrifice, but they endure disappointment extremely hard. Green color like those people who do not tolerate other people's influence and strive to assert themselves in life.

9. The nature of a person and his blood type

Blood group 1.

character pluses. According to scientists, this blood type is the oldest. According to various sources, it makes up about 44% of the total population. People with 1 blood type are distinguished by clearly expressed leadership qualities: self-confident, self-sufficient, prone to bold actions, strong, set ambitious goals and go to them to the last. Prone to independence. Usually these are workaholics, they can be relied upon in any situation, since a sense of responsibility is very developed. They believe in themselves and achieve a lot. The team often has informal leaders. Their motto is: "Fight and seek, find and never give up." People rarely like them.

Cons of character. Suspicious, few people trust. They can be stubborn. These people are very emotional. Sometimes their emotions just go wild, they can’t cope with themselves until their 9th shaft rages. Narcissistic and arrogant, they do not tolerate obeying anyone, they really do not like criticism, even in the form of harmless jokes. With them it is better not to climb on the rampage and joke very correctly. Poorly adapt to everything new: place, food, people. They do not know how to forgive, they can be simply furious if they are betrayed or deceived. People are drawn to them as leaders, trust them, but are afraid of their excessive emotionality.

Blood group 2.

character pluses. They know how to think sensibly, they approach the matter in cold blood, with their heads. They are conscientious, diligent, like to analyze, listen to the opinions of others. Pay attention to details. These qualities help them to move forward in their professional activities. You can rely on them, they do not like to disappoint their environment, and if they are entrusted with something, they will try their best to complete 5 points. The most reliable and loyal friends who can calmly listen to you, cheer you up, give reasonable advice. They love harmony, order and tranquility. In relationships, they try in every possible way to prevent conflict, and if it doesn’t work out, then they simply step aside. They show themselves very well in collective work, they know how to find a common language with everyone. They see people through, feel them and can pick up a key to anyone. Always benevolent. At the heart of romance.

Cons of character. Stubbornness and inability to relax. Some slowness, weakness. Perhaps these are the main disadvantages of this blood group. People with the second blood type may not rest, not sleep at night, doing their assigned tasks. Always focused on finishing what they started. This can be detrimental to their health. This is what makes them irritable during periods of greatest stress. They are not adapted to leadership, however, under certain conditions they can occupy leadership positions. Very sensitive. In moments of irritability, they can be sharp, which is very surprising to others.

blood type 3.

character pluses. People of the third blood group are creative, resourceful, can be flexible, can get along in any society, while they are purposeful, honest and fair. They have high mental activity, they are very balanced, they know how to easily communicate in any team, they like to talk, they will give good advice, while they can listen to someone's point of view with pleasure, they are known as erudite people. Very impressionable, but they can hide it, fall in love with their heads and forever. Show remarkable abilities in any field of activity. From them are obtained good leaders- highly qualified professionals. Peaceful, yet very businesslike.

Cons of character. They are deeply vulnerable, do not like to experience failures in front of other people, can be “explosive” when it comes to heartfelt feelings, make high demands both on themselves and on those who are close to them. Their joy and pleasures can be unbridled.

Blood group 4.

character pluses. People with this blood type are a kind of chameleons, they are multifaceted. They easily adapt to new conditions, are more capable of sympathy than other groups, are disinterested in friendship, do not demand anything in return for their love, realists, good advisers, their motto is “Everything that is not done is done for the better.” They are admired, they are loved, they are popular, they are listened to. They love to bring joy to people. They understand many issues, especially economic ones. If they know that they can upset, then they think that it is better sweet lie than the bitter truth. The most charming and attractive personalities.

Cons of character. Illegibility in details. Those with the fourth blood type are individuals whose actions are not subject to any logic. Sometimes it seems that they are playing, but they live like that!

10. Types of human character

“How many people - so many characters,” we often repeat. And this is true, there are no two identical people, and even twins, so indistinguishable at first glance, turn out to be completely different people at the second. People have different value systems, hobbies, principles and worldviews, they react differently to external stimuli. The nature of a person determines his actions, from which life is made up.

In modern psychology there is no general classification of types of human character. Yes, and how can characters be classified with the richness of the compatibility of their traits in different people? However, such attempts have been made by scientists since ancient times. So, for example, there is a division of characters according to their dominant volitional and emotional qualities. As a result, a volitional type of character is distinguished (active, with a dominant will), emotional (guided by an emotional background) and rational (sober-minded, based on the arguments of reason).

At one time, the German psychiatrist E. Kretschmer classified people according to their constitution and hypothesized that certain character traits are inherent in people of a certain constitution. The scientist identified three main body types of a person and their corresponding types of characters.

Picnics (from the Greek “thick, dense”) - prone to obesity or overweight people of medium height with a large head, short neck and broad face with very small features. Picnics are emotional, contact, sociable people, they easily adapt to different new conditions.

Athletics (from the Greek “peculiar to wrestlers”) - broad-shouldered, tall people, with well-developed muscles, a strong skeleton and a powerful chest. Athletes are imperious, practical, unimpressive, calm people, restrained in facial expressions and gestures; they do not like any changes and adapt very poorly to them.

Asthenics (from the Greek "weak") is thin people, with weak muscles, a flat chest, long legs and arms, and an elongated face. Asthenics are stubborn, serious, reserved people who find it difficult to adapt to various new conditions.

The Swiss psychiatrist and psychologist Carl Gustav Jung developed his own typology of characters, which is based on the dominant mental functions (sensations, intuition, feeling and thinking). He classified all people according to the predominance of the inner or outer world (introvertive and extravertive types).

Introvert - a closed, inwardly focused thinker, turned into himself, a person fenced off from the whole world around him, carefully analyzing all events, while suspecting everyone of contradictory actions. He has very few friends, because it is very difficult for him to make new contacts, he is closer to loneliness, he does not change his own habits. An introvert is a very suspicious person with an overestimated degree of anxiety, he listens to feelings in himself and values ​​his health.

extrovert - straight, open man, extremely sociable, active and understandable to everyone, he has many acquaintances and friends, he cannot stand loneliness, has little interest in his own health, loves to travel, tries to make the most of life. He becomes the soul of the company, is the initiator of various meetings and parties, loves to tell jokes, in everyday life he focuses not on subjective opinion, but on circumstances.

One of the main aspects of human existence is its self-realization in various fields activities, among which the leading role is the successful adaptation and productive interaction with other people. From time immemorial, philosophers, and then psychologists, have tried to establish certain patterns in human behavior and attitude in order to make relationships between people more understandable and mature.

Thus, at the dawn of psychology Austrian psychiatrist Z. Freud formulated a theory about the structure of the psyche, and the Swiss psychiatrist K.G. Jung, relying on this knowledge and his own years of experience work, created the first concept of psychological personality types. This doctrine has now become the basis for many competent socio-psychological theories and even entire areas of modern psychotherapy.

One of such modern theories is socionics as a doctrine of the interaction of a person and the outside world, depending on personal characteristics. specific person, which refer him to one of the 16 socionic personality types.

Socionics as a science was created in the seventies of the last century by the Lithuanian scientist Aushra Augustinavichyute on the basis of computer science, sociology and psychology. AT scientific community socionics is rather not a science, but one of the famous personality typologies, which serves as a diagnostic method in psychological counseling.

K.G. Jung is the forefather of socionics

In the 19th century, K.G. Jung created his famous theory about personality types, the definition of which is based on ideas about attitudes and basic functions of the psyche. He singled out two main personal attitudes: introversion, when a person's interest is directed to the depths of his own inner world, and extraversion, when a person is directed to the outside world. At the same time, there is a concept of a person's inclination to a particular attitude, but not of its complete predominance.

Jung referred to the main functions of the psyche as thinking, feeling, intuition and feeling. Sensation means interaction with the world based on the sense organs, thinking and feeling help to realize these sensations at the level of comprehension and emotional experience, and intuition answers the question of the origin of these phenomena at the subconscious level.

For each person, one of these functions is dominant, and the rest complement it.

These functions have been divided into two groups:

• rational, to which thinking and feeling belong;
• irrational (sensation and intuition).

In this case, rationality implies orientation to the objective norms of society. Based on these aspects, Jung created a classification consisting of 8 main personality types, which in socionics has expanded to 16 psychotypes.

The birth of socionics

In order to create a new full-fledged typology and highlight more specific personality types, A. Augustinavichyute combined Jung's concept with the informational metabolism theory of the Polish psychiatrist A. Kempinski. This theory is based on the concept of the exchange of information between a person and outside world in comparison with the metabolism in the body, when information is food for the human psyche, therefore mental health directly related to the quality of the incoming information. Thus, socionics calls personality types types of informational metabolism. Do not confuse the presence of dominant features with.

Socionic personality types are not a permanent, "frozen" characteristic of a personality, their definition reflects only the way of information exchange, without affecting individual features person (education, culture, experience and character), which studies individual psychology. Accentuation is a pointed trait of a person's character, which should be paid attention to as bordering on pathology, but accentuation is not the goal of research in socionics.

Formation of names

How did specific personality types get their name in socionics? The name of the type comes from the dominant setting (extroversion or introversion), and the two most strong features of the four, while the names of the functions have undergone some changes: thinking and feeling have become logic and ethics, respectively, and sensation has been called sensory.

Rationality and irrationality are determined by the location of functions in the name of psychotypes. If we talk about rational types of personality, then the first word in the name will be logic or ethics, and for irrational ones - sensory or intuition.

The names of 16 types were supplemented over time by various scientists for a clearer accessible description of a person. The most popular names for these types are: formula names based on Jung's theory, pseudonyms of famous historical figures- carriers of the indicated signs, pseudonyms-characteristics of a person's professional predisposition.

Basic socionic types

Jung belongs to the classification of 8 main psychotypes, on the basis of which socionics proposed a more detailed classification, consisting of 16 psychotypes.

• Logical-intuitive extrovert(LIE), "Jack London", "Entrepreneur". He is able to clearly identify his own capabilities and abilities, easily inspired and starts new business, is fond of dynamic sports that give extreme sensations. Feels new trends, takes risks, relying on intuition. He confidently uses new technologies in his work, deeply analyzes himself and the world around him. Prone to and close communication with people.
• Logic-sensory extrovert(LSE), "Stirlitz", "Administrator". A very hard-working, socially adapted type, he always feels the need to bring the work he has begun to completion. Plans activities, practically relates to surrounding things. Inclined to show love and care for loved ones, loves noisy fun, company. Good-natured, but harsh, can be quick-tempered and stubborn.
• Ethical-intuitive extrovert(EIE), "Hamlet", "Mentor". Highly emotional personality, prone to empathy and the manifestation of a wide range of emotions. Possesses expressive facial expressions and eloquence. Able to anticipate different events and prepare for them in advance. Detects inconsistencies in the words and emotions of other people. Often not sure of the partner's love, prone to jealousy.
• Ethical-sensory extrovert(ESE), "Hugo", "Enthusiast". Able to influence people with the help of emotional pressure, while getting along well with them, can cheer up, inclined to sacrifice his own interests for the sake of another person and show love and care for loved ones. In work, he achieves everything on his own, loves when other people emphasize his dignity.
• Logical-intuitive introvert(LII), Robespierre, Analyst. Knows how to distinguish the main from the secondary, does not like empty talk, is prone to clear practical thinking. In work, this type likes to use unusual ideas while demonstrating their independence. Uses intuition where he does not know the exact answers. Does not love noisy companies, feels difficulty in establishing relationships with other people.
• Logic-sensory introvert(LSI), "Maxim Gorky", "Inspector". He loves order and rigor, deeply delves into work, analyzing information from different angles. It has a certain pedantry. Really looks at things, takes up the case only if he knows for sure that he can complete it. Causes confidence, but prefers short business contacts with other people.
• Ethical-intuitive introvert(EII), "Dostoevsky", "Humanist". Subtly feels the nature of relations between people, attaches great importance to trust, does not forgive betrayals. Able to reveal the hidden abilities of others, endowed with the talent of an educator. He is fond of self-education, people often turn to him for advice. Very vulnerable, hard to endure aggression and lack of love.
• Ethical-sensory introvert(ESI), "Dreiser", "Keeper". He recognizes pretense and falseness in relationships, divides people into friends and foes, leading the psychological distance. Defends his views and principles. He knows how to stand up for himself and his loved ones, does not tolerate the moral superiority of other people. Able to deeply analyze himself and others.
  
• Intuitive-logical extrovert(ILE), Don Quixote, The Seeker. He has a wide range of interests, is able to adapt to new conditions and easily transitions to new methods of work. Is a generator of ideas, does not like traditions and routine. Able to explain complex ideas, being a pioneer in them. More prone to synthesis in thinking, creates new idea from prefabricated ingredients.
• Sensory-logical extrovert(SLE), "Zhukov", "Marshal". Inclined to use physical force in order to achieve victory at any cost. Obstacles only increase his desire to win. He likes to lead, not enduring submission. Analyzing the situation, he likes to draw up a specific plan of action, he clearly follows it.
• Intuitive-ethical extrovert(IEE), "Huxley", "Counsellor". Able to subtly feel other people, has a developed imagination. Loves creative work, does not tolerate monotony and routine. Sociable, loves to give good advice in the field of interaction with people.
• Sensory-ethical extrovert(SEE), "Napoleon", "Politician". Able to see the possibilities of others, using this knowledge for the purpose of manipulation. Leads over
  weak, clearly defining them weak spots. He likes to keep his distance, in communication he is rather guided by his own interests. In the eyes of others, he tries to look like an outstanding original personality, but often he is not.
• Intuitive-logical introvert(OR), "Balzac", "Critic". This type is an erudite with a philosophical mindset. Cautious, makes a decision only with confidence in its correctness, analyzing the past in its connection with the future. He does not like violent manifestations of emotions, he appreciates coziness and comfort.
• Sensory-logical introvert(SLI), "Gabin", "Master". Sensations are for him the main source of knowledge of the world. Shows empathy, subtly feels and loves other people, rejects artificiality and falsehood. He is distinguished by a technical mindset, likes to work with his hands, while always meeting the right deadlines.
• Intuitive-ethical introvert(IEI), Lyric, Yesenin. A dreamy and lyrical personality, knows how to intuitively predict events, is well versed in people, loves and “feels” them. Has a good sense of humor, causes the location of other people. Great importance this type gives appearance. He does not know how to save money, and during work he likes to rest for a long time.
• Sensory-ethical introvert(SEI), "Dumas", "Intermediary". Knows how to enjoy ordinary life calmly enduring monotony and routine. He easily gets along with people, respecting their personal space, while demanding the same attitude from them. Likes to joke, entertain, avoids conflict situations. Often an assistant, likes to feel needed and significant in the eyes of other people.

In our time, developed technologies make it possible for everyone, without exception, to be tested and find out their socionic types, but do not forget that a person's personality is very multifaceted and ambiguous, therefore only a professional psychologist can qualitatively compile and describe a socio-psychological portrait of a person in the course of multi-level psychological diagnostics where socionics is one of the methods.