Techniques for creating images of active imagination. Techniques for stimulating creative imagination

1. Agglutination (combination) – a technique for creating a new image by subjectively combining elements or parts of some original objects. We are not talking here about a mechanical unification, but about a genuine synthesis. In this case, completely different Everyday life even incompatible objects, qualities, properties. Many fairy-tale images have been created through agglutination (mermaid, hut on chicken legs, centaur, sphinx, etc.). The described technique is used both in art and in technical creativity. It can be used in social cognition in the formation of a holistic image of both oneself and another.

2. Analogy – This is the creation of something new that is similar to the known. Analogy is a subjective transfer of basic properties and objects from one phenomenon to another. This technique is widely used in technical creativity. Thus, by analogy with flying birds, people came up with flying devices; by analogy with the shape of a dolphin’s body, the frame of a submarine was designed. Using self-analogy, you can understand the motives behind the behavior of others.

3. Accenting - this is a way of creating a new image in which some quality of an object or its relationship with another is brought to the fore and strongly emphasized. This technique is the basis of caricatures and friendly caricatures. It can also be used to understand certain stable, characteristic features other people.

4. Hyperbolization – subjective exaggeration (understatement) of not only the size of an object (phenomenon), but also its quantity individual parts and elements or their displacement. An example is the image of Gulliver, Little Thumb, the multi-headed Dragon, Thumbelina, Lilliputians and other fairy-tale images. This is the simplest technique. You can increase and decrease almost everything: geometric dimensions, weight, height, volume, richness, distance, speed. This technique can be used in self-knowledge and knowledge of other people, mentally exaggerating certain personal qualities or character traits. Hyperbolization makes the image bright and expressive, highlighting some of its specific qualities. Thus, in Fonvizin’s comedies, the images of Mitrofanushka, Skotinin, and Pravdin are created in order to arouse disgust in the reader for their character traits and style of behavior.

5. Typing – This is a technique for generalizing a set of related objects in order to highlight common, repeating features in them and embody them in a new image. In this case, specific personal qualities are completely ignored. This is the most difficult path formation of a new image. This technique is widely used in literature, sculpture and painting. Typification used by A.N. Ostrovsky in his plays when creating images of merchants.

6. Addition consists in the fact that an object is attributed (or given) qualities and properties that are alien to it (most often mystical). Based on this technique, some fairy-tale images were created: running boots, gold fish, Magic carpet.

7. Moving – this is the subjective placement of an object in new situations in which it has never been and cannot be at all. This technique is very widely used to understand other people, as well as in artistic creativity. Any piece of art represents a special system of psychological time and space in which the heroes operate.

8. Merger – arbitrary comparison and combination of the qualities of different objects in one image. So, L.N. Tolstoy wrote that the image of Natasha Rostova combines the qualities of his wife Sonya and her sister Tanya. Similarly, a merge can be used by you in a building drawing in which several architectural styles.

Listed techniques creative imagination are interconnected. Therefore, when creating one image, several of them can be used simultaneously.

SELF-TEST QUESTIONS

1. What is the role of memory in the formation of a person’s life experience?

2. What is the connection between memory and the future in the life of an individual?

3. What does knowledge of the basic laws of memory give a person?

4. What are the grounds for classifying types of memory?

5. What is the difference? random access memory from short-term?

6. What information is transferred to long-term memory?

7. List the main memory processes.

8. Under what conditions can the productivity of involuntary memorization be higher than voluntary?

9. What types of storage as a memory process exist?

10. List the factors for effective memorization.

11. What is the influence on memorization of a person’s personal characteristics and his emotional state at the time of memorization?

12. What is the role of imaginative thinking in solving engineering problems?

13. What is the specificity of verbal-logical thinking?

14. What is the difference between motor memory and visual-effective thinking?

15. What are the specifics of creative imagination?

16. Name the types of reconstructive imagination.

17. How does objective imagination differ from socio-psychological imagination?

18. List the techniques for creating images of creative imagination.

19. How can you use analogy and displacement to understand other people?

20. What are the features of memory in children?

21. Reveal ways to develop children's imaginative thinking.

TASKS FOR INDEPENDENT WORK

Exercise 1

Determine what types of memory are included in the following life situations:

§ the doctor prescribes treatment for the patient, listing the procedures that he needs to perform;

§ the experimenter asks the subjects to look at the table and immediately reproduce what they saw;

§ the witness is asked to draw up verbal portrait criminal;

§ the host of the competition asks the participants to try the proposed dish and determine from what products it is prepared;

§ the director instructs the actor to master new role in the play.

Task 2

How do you explain the facts described?

§ One actor had to unexpectedly replace his friend and learn his role within one day. During the performance, he knew her perfectly, but after the performance, everything he had learned was erased from his memory like a sponge and the role was completely forgotten by him.

§ In “Memories of Scriabin” by L.L. Sabaneev quotes the composer’s words: “What does C major seem like to you? Red. But the minor is blue. After all, every sound, or rather, tonality, has a corresponding color.”

Task 3

§ Imagine your future professional activity and indicate what demands it makes on the imagination.

§ Describe the imagination of people with given character traits (ambition, cowardice, anxiety, vindictiveness, compassion) in the context of relevant life situations.

§ Give a description of the imagination that is actualized in the following situations: a) looking at the notes, the musician “hears” the melody; b) in a moment of danger, his whole life can be clearly represented in a person’s mind.

§ The artist is developing a design project for the assembly hall.

§ A child listens to the fairy tale “The Three Little Pigs.”

Task 4

Indicate what techniques for creating images were used in the following cases: mermaid, Serpent-Gorynych, amphibian man, bun, Baba Yaga, Plyushkin, self-assembled tablecloth, Don Juan, portrait of A.S. Pushkin, submarine, Pechorin, radar.

Task 5

What types of thinking are evident in the situations below? (When answering, indicate the characteristics of the corresponding type of thinking).

§ The seamstress cutting out the details of the future dress.

§ Manufacturing of a complex part by a master on a lathe.

§ Design by an interior designer.

§ Student solution to a problem in theoretical mechanics.

§ Assembling a structure from a play set by a child.

§ Drawing up of a future construction plan by the architect.

Task 6

Determine which mental operations and types of thinking the following given influences are aimed at?

§ Compare with each other according to natural conditions and the number of inhabitants of Karelia and Yakutia.

§ Make a sentence from a given set of words.

§ Formulate the main idea of ​​M. Bulgakov’s novel “The Heart of a Dog.”

§ The head of the department instructs the accountant to prepare a report using the available financial documents for the current period.

A person’s creation of images of new objects is determined by the needs of his life and activity. Depending on the tasks that arise before him, some traces of previous impressions are activated and new combinations of associative connections are formed. This process varies in complexity depending on the purpose, content and previous experience of the person.

The most elementary form of synthesizing new images is aglutination (from the Latin aglutinare - gluing). It is the creation of images by combining qualities, features or parts taken from different objects. For example, such are the fairy-tale images of a mermaid - half woman, half fish, a centaur - half man, half horse, in technical creativity - a trolleybus - a combination of the features of a tram and a car.

The technique for creating new images is analogy. The essence of this technique is that the new image being created is similar to a really existing object, but a fundamentally new model of a phenomenon or fact is being projected in it. A new branch of engineering - bionics - is based on the principle of analogy. Bionics highlights some features of living organisms that become fundamental for the design of new technical systems. So many things were created different devices- locator, “electronic eye”, etc.

New images can be created using underlining. This technique lies in the special enhancement of certain features in the object that turn out to be dominant against the background of others. When drawing a friendly caricature or caricature, the artist finds something unique in a person’s character or appearance, unique to her, and highlights this using artistic means.

New images can be created by exaggerating (or reducing) the characteristics of an object. This technique is widely used in fairy tales, folk art when heroes are endowed with supernatural power (Dobrynya Nikitich, Zmey Gorynych, etc.) and perform feats.

The most in a complicated way creating images of the imagination is the creation of typical images. This method requires a long creative work. The artist creates previous sketches, the writer creates versions of the work. Thus, when creating the painting “The Appearance of Christ to the People,” the artist O. Ivanov made about 200 sketches.

The imagination that is present in artistic creativity can be illustrated by the expression of K. Paustovsky: “Every minute, every word and glance thrown by chance, every deep or playful thought, every imperceptible movement of the human heart, just like the flying fluff of a poplar or the fire of a star in the night.” puddle, ? These are all grains of gold dust.

We, writers, have been extracting them for decades, these millions of grains of sand, collecting them unnoticed by ourselves, turning them into an alloy and then forging our “golden rose” from this alloy? story, novel or poem." The course of the creative process is associated with the emergence of many associations. Their actualization is subject to the goals, needs and motives that dominate acts of creativity. Practical activity plays a major role in creating imaginative images. While the created image exists only “in the head,” it is not always completely clear. By embodying this image in a drawing or model, a person checks its reality.

The basis for creating images of the imagination is the interaction of two signaling systems. The relationship between the sensory and the linguistic, the image and the word takes on a different character in different types imagination depending on the specific content of the activity that includes the creation of images.

Image-information modeling of reality based on the recombination of memory images. Thanks to imagination, a person foresees the future and regulates his behavior, creatively transforming reality.

The specificity of this form of mental process is that it is only for humans.

Thanks to imagination, a person creates, intelligently plans and manages his activities.

The difference - anticipatory reflection in the process of imagination occurs in the form of ideas, and in thinking occurs by operating with concepts.

provides creative activity person. Techniques for such activities have evolved over the centuries. Techniques for creating new images of the imagination:

Agglutination is the “gluing together” of incompatible parts of qualities that are different in everyday life;

Hyperbolization - increasing or decreasing an object or individual parts;

Schematization - differences are smoothed out, and similarities appear clearly;

Typification - highlighting the essential, repeated in homogeneous images;

Sharpening is emphasizing any individual characteristics.

Functions of the imagination.

Performs a number of specific functions in human life. The first of these is to represent reality in images and be able to use them when solving problems. This function of imagination is connected with m and is organically included in it. The second function of imagination is in the regulation of emotional states. With the help of his imagination, a person is able to at least partially satisfy many needs and relieve the tension generated by them. This vital function is especially emphasized and developed in psychoanalysis. The third function of imagination is related to its participation in voluntary regulation cognitive processes and human conditions, in particular perception, attention, memory, speech, emotions. With the help of skillfully evoked images, a person can pay attention to the necessary events. Through images, he gets the opportunity to control m, memories, statements. The fourth function of imagination is formation of an internal action plan - perform them in your mind, manipulating images. The fifth function is planning and programming of activities, drawing up such programs, assessing their correctness, and the implementation process.

With the help of imagination, we can control many psychophysiological states of the body, set it up for upcoming activities. There are known facts indicating that with the help of imagination, purely by will, a person can influence organic processes: change the rhythm of breathing, pulse rate, blood pressure, body temperature. These facts underlie auto-training, widely used for self-regulation.

Techniques for creating imaginative images. All processes of imagination are of an analytical-synthetic nature, as are perception, memory, and thinking.
Images of the creative imagination are created through various techniques. One of these techniques is combining elements into a holistic new image. Combination – This is not a simple sum of already known elements, but a creative synthesis, where elements are transformed, changed, and appear in new relationships. Thus, the image of Natasha Rostova was created by L.N. Tolstoy based on a deep analysis of the character traits of two people close to him - his wife Sofia Andreevna and her sister Tatyana. A less complex, but also very productive method of forming a new image is agglutination(from Latin agglluninary - to glue) - connection of incompatible things real life properties, qualities, parts various items(mermaid, sphinx, centaur, Pegasus, hut on chicken legs). In technology, using this technique, an accordion, a trolleybus, an amphibious tank, a seaplane, etc. were created.
A unique way of creating images of the imagination is accentuation– sharpening, emphasizing, exaggerating any features of an object. This technique is often used in caricatures and cartoons. One form of emphasis is hyperbolization- a method of reducing (increasing) the object itself (giant, heroes, Thumbelina, gnomes, elves) or changing the quantity and quality of its parts (dragon with seven heads, Kalimata - the many-armed Indian goddess).
A common technique for creating creative images is typing– highlighting the essential, repeating in homogeneous phenomena, and embodying it in a specific image. For example, Pechorin is “... a portrait, but not of one person: it is a portrait made up of the vices of our entire generation in their full development.” A type is an individual image in which the most characteristic features people of a class, nation or group.
Techniques for creating new images also include schematization and specification. Schematization consists in smoothing out the differences between objects and identifying similarities between them. An example is the creation of an ornament from elements of the plant world.

Specification abstract concepts can be observed in various allegories, metaphors and other symbolic images (eagle, lion - strength and pride; turtle - slowness; fox - cunning; hare - cowardice). Any artist, poet, composer realizes his thoughts and ideas not in general abstract concepts, but in specific images. So, in the fable “Swan, Crayfish and Pike” by I.A. Krylov concretizes the thought in figurative form: “When there is no agreement among the comrades, their business will not go well.”

In technical, literary, artistic creativity the most common the following techniques creating images: agglutination, hyperbolization, sharpening, typification, analogy.

Agglutination (gluing) lies in the fact that a new image is obtained by combining two or more parts of different objects. Examples: centaur, mermaid.

Hyperbolization– increasing or decreasing an object, changing the number of parts of an object. Examples: a boy with a thumb, a dragon with seven heads.

Sharpening– emphasizing any features in the image. Example: cartoons.

Typing– highlighting the essential in homogeneous phenomena and embodying it in any specific image. Example: Evgeny Onegin – typical representative of its time.

Analogy constructing an image similar to a real thing. This is a way to create mechanisms based on a biological model. Example: creating hang gliders by analogy with pterodactyls.

TOPIC 8. PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SPEECH AND COMMUNICATION.

Concept and functions of speech and language.

Speech - formed historically in the process practical activities people a form of communication mediated by language.

Speech is the process of communication between people through language; special type of activity.

Language is a system of verbal signs that mediate mental activity, as well as a means of communication realized in speech.

Speech functions:

1. Significative – the ability of a word to denote, to name an object.

2. Generalization function – the word records the historically determined properties of objects and phenomena. A word denotes not only a single given object, but a whole group of similar objects and is the bearer of their essential characteristics.

3. Communication – consists of transferring to each other certain information, thoughts, feelings.

4. Expressive – consists in conveying an emotional attitude to the content of speech and to the person to whom it is addressed.

Functions of the language.

1. Storage and transmission of socio-historical experience (along with material tools and products of labor).

2. Communication (communicative function).

Structure of speech activity

Speech involves the processes of generating and receiving messages for the purposes of communication or for regulating and controlling one's own speech.

Structure of speech activity:

1. Motivational stage – the presence of a need for communication.

2. Orientation for communication purposes, in a communication situation.

3. Orientation in the personality of the interlocutor.

4. Planning (in the form of internal programming) topics, communication style, speech phrases.

5. Implementation of communication.

6. Perception and assessment of the interlocutor’s response.

7. Correction of direction and communication style.

Types of speech.

In psychology, speech is divided into external - oriented towards others, and internal, intended for oneself. In turn, external speech can be oral and written. Oral speech is divided into monologue and dialogic.

8.2.1. Inner speech and its features.

Inner speech is different kinds using language outside the process of real communication. This is a person’s conversation with himself, accompanying the processes of thinking, awareness of the motives of behavior, planning and management of activities.

Internal speech, unlike external speech, has a special syntax. This feature lies in the apparent fragmentation, fragmentation, abbreviation. The transformation of external speech into internal speech occurs according to a certain law: in it, first of all, the subject is reduced and the predicate remains with the parts of the sentence related to it.

The second feature is predicativeness. Her examples show up well in dialogues knowledgeable friend a friend of people who understand “without words” what is being said in their conversation. They do not need to name the subject of conversation in each phrase or indicate the subject: they already know it.

The third feature is the peculiar semantic structure of internal speech:

a) the predominance of meaning over meaning. Meaning is understood as a set of all kinds of associations - facts that a given word revives in our memory. Meaning is the part of meaning that a word already endowed with a broad meaning in a language acquires in the context of a specific speech utterance.

b) agglutination- a kind of merging of words into one with their significant abbreviation. The resulting word seems to be enriched with a double meaning.

c) the meanings of words have different laws of merging and combining than the laws of merging meanings. Meanings seem to flow into each other and seem to influence each other. In inner speech, we can always express our thoughts and even entire arguments with one name.

8.2.2. External speech and its types.

External speech is communication between people using conversation or various technical means.

Oral speech. Occurs in changing conditions. It is distinguished by a reduced number of words and simple grammatical structure.

Dialogue speech- This is direct communication between two or more people. Dialogue is an exchange of remarks. Psychologically, dialogue is a simpler form of speech. Firstly, dialogue is supported speech: the interlocutor asks clarifying questions during the conversation and can finish the other person’s thought. This makes it easier for the speaker to express his thoughts.

Secondly, the dialogue is conducted with emotional and expressive contact between the speakers in the conditions of their mutual perception of each other. People talking influence each other with gestures, facial expressions, and intonation.

Thirdly, dialogue is situational. The subject being discussed is often given in perception or exists in joint activity. Speech arises, is maintained and ceases depending on changes in the subject or thoughts about it.

Monologue speech is a long, consistent, coherent presentation of a system of knowledge and thoughts by one person.

It unfolds in the form of a report, story, lecture, speech.

In monologue speech, compared to dialogical speech, the semantic side undergoes significant changes. Monologue speech is coherent, contextual. The main requirements for it are consistency and evidence.

Another condition is grammatically impeccable sentence construction. In dialogical speech, slips of the tongue, unfinished phrases, and inaccurate use of words are not so noticeable.

A monologue places demands on the tempo and sound of speech. In a monologue, tongue twisters, slurred pronunciation, and monotony are unacceptable. Expressiveness in a monologue should be created through the voice. A monologue presupposes stinginess and restraint of gestures so as not to distract the attention of the listeners.

Monologue speech in all its forms requires preparation.

Written speech characterized the following features: clear design; complex compositional and structural organization; limitations expressive means(italics, paragraph, etc.). Written speech requires detailed construction, systematic, logical, coherent presentation. Written speech places increased demands on mental activity. Written speech requires special mastery.