Types of insect wings with examples table. Section III

Answers to the questions of test control ……………………………………………….51.

Literature…………………………………………………………………………………….52.

INTRODUCTION

Throughout their history, having encountered insects in one way or another, people already have vast knowledge about these amazing creatures. Entomologists, chemists, biophysicists, design engineers, geneticists, architects, doctors of various fields study insects.

Unfortunately, within the framework of the course of general biology of the medical university, students are limited to studying the section "Fundamentals of Medical Entomology", which includes a rather superficial overview of representatives of orders of epidemiological significance.

The purpose of our manual is to somewhat expand and deepen the information on this section in addition to the textbook material, which will allow students to save their scarce time by searching for material in various sources.

The textbook "Medical Significance of Insects" is presented in three sections.

The first gives a general description and classification of insects, morphology, biology, epidemiological significance of the most important representatives of orders with complete and incomplete metamorphosis. Descriptions of some transmissible diseases are given.

The second section is devoted poisonous insect because this important stuff in textbooks is presented very briefly. Their toxicological classification is given and descriptions of insects with a stinging apparatus, with poisonous blood and tissues, with a poisonous mouth apparatus, a picture of poisoning and first aid are given.

For a better understanding of the theoretical material is supplied with illustrations.

The third section is represented by questions of test control on the studied material and answers to them.

A bibliography is provided at the end of the manual.

Section I. Morpho-biological characteristics. The epidemiological significance of insects

1. General characteristics of insects.

Insects are the most numerous class of arthropods. It includes over 2 million species. Insects are characterized by a clear division of the body into head, chest, abdomen.

Head consists of four fused segments, bearing respectively four pairs of appendages, which are modified forelimbs.

The first pair - antennae, or syazhki - the organs of smell and touch. The second - the upper jaws - mandibles, the third and fourth pairs - the lower jaws - maxilla. oral apparatus insects is formed by the upper lip (skin fold of the head), a pair of upper jaws, a pair of lower jaws and a lower lip, which is formed by the fusion of the second pair of lower jaws. According to the variety of feeding methods, mouthparts different groups insects differ significantly in structure. They can be gnawing, gnawing-sucking, licking, piercing-sucking, sucking type. However, all this diversity is the result of a change in one initial type - the gnawing mouthparts.

Abdomen consists of 4-11 segments. There are no limbs on the abdomen. Only a few species sometimes retain modified remains of limbs, for example, in the form of an ovipositor or forks at the end of the abdomen, which help to make jumps.

Insect covers formed by a single-layer epithelium - the hypodermis and the chitinized cuticle secreted by it, which acts as an external skeleton and protects it from exposure various factors, incl. mechanical damage. In addition, the chitinous cover prevents the evaporation of moisture from the body of insects. During the growth period, insects molt several times - they shed their chitinous cover, under which a new one develops. The skin is rich in various glands (odorous, wax-releasing), outgrowths in the form of spines, bristles or hairs.

Muscular system represented by bundles that are attached from the inside to the outer skeleton of insects.

Digestive system begins with the oral cavity, where the ducts of the salivary and spinning glands open, like in butterfly caterpillars. The anterior intestine is differentiated into the pharynx and esophagus, which often has an extension - goiter. Some insects have a chewing stomach. The midgut contains numerous folds that appear to be homologous to the livers of other arthropods. The hindgut, in addition to removing the remnants of digestion, takes part in the excretion of metabolic products.

excretory system It is represented by malpighian vessels (of which there may be 100 or more) - long thin tubes that, with their blindly closed end, lie in the body cavity, and with the other - flow into the intestine, at the border of its middle and rear parts. Metabolic products also accumulate in the fat body, which serves as a storage kidney.

Respiratory system insects are represented by a system of tracheal tubes. They permeate the entire body and deliver oxygen directly to the cells. Tracheae arise in the embryo as a protrusion of the ectoderm, have a chitinous lining that prevents the walls from falling off. On the sides of the body there are up to 10 pairs of spiracles (stigmata) leading to the canals, from which the trachea originate.

In connection with the development of the trachea, the open circulatory system simplified, the hemolymph takes almost no part in the exchange of gases, but carries nutrients and hormones to the tissues of the body. Blood circulates in the heart, then moves through the aorta, and from it enters the body cavity, washing all organs.

Nervous system insects is represented by the brain, subpharyngeal ganglion and segmental ganglia of the ventral nerve cord. The brain consists of anterior, middle and posterior sections. Mushroom bodies are located in the forebrain, which are especially developed in insects with complex social behavior (bees, ants). Nerves depart from the brain to the antennae, eyes, upper lip and subpharyngeal node.

Insect development complex. They are dioecious animals with pronounced sexual dimorphism. Postembryonic development is carried out with complete and incomplete transformation.

In the first case (butterflies, beetles, bees, flies, etc.), a larva emerges from the egg, which differs significantly in structure and lifestyle from the adult. She intensively feeds and grows and after several molts turns into a motionless chrysalis. Under the cover of the pupa, the organs and tissues of the larva are restructured, ending with the release of an adult insect - an imago.

With incomplete transformation (locusts, grasshoppers, cockroaches), the larva in structure is basically similar to an adult insect, but differs from it in small size, underdevelopment of wings and reproductive system. The larva grows, periodically molts and turns into an adult insect.

The class of insects includes more than 20 orders, the most important of which are as follows:

Class Insecta (Insects)

Superorder 1. Insects with incomplete metamorphosis (Hemimetabola)

Order Orthoptera (Orthoptera)

Order of cockroaches (Blattoidea)

Squad louse (Anoplura)

Order Hemiptera, or Bedbugs (Heteroptera)

Superorder 2. Insects with complete metamorphosis (Holometabola)

Coleoptera order, or beetles (Coleoptera)

Order Lepidoptera, or butterflies (Lepidoptera)

Order Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera)

Order of the flea (Aphaniptera)

Order Diptera (Diptera)

We will focus on representatives of units of medical importance.

With complete transformation

By modern classification In the animal world, the following orders of insects with complete transformation (metamorphosis) are distinguished: order Reticoptera, order Caddisflies, order Coleoptera, order Lepidoptera, order Diptera, order Fleas, order Hymenoptera, etc.

All types of these orders in the development cycle have stages: egg-larva-pupa-adult.

Order Reticulate - wings 4, long, narrow, with few longitudinal and numerous transverse veins. The head is extended downward into the proboscis. The oral apparatus is gnawing. Species: ant lion. Its larvae live in the holes dug by them, where they catch ants that have fallen there. Adults look like small dragonflies.

Detachment Caddisflies - wings 4, the rear ones are larger and fold like a fan. The jaws form a proboscis. Mandibles are absent. The larvae are similar to butterfly caterpillars and live in water, breathe with tracheal gills, build tubular houses for themselves from grains of sand, parts of plants. View - caddis.

Order Coleoptera - 4 wings, the front wings are turned into elytra and do not serve for flight. The oral apparatus is gnawing. The pupae are free (motile). View - bark beetles. Plant pests.

Order Lepidoptera - wings 4, they are covered with colored scales. The oral apparatus is sucking. The larvae are equipped with false legs and are called caterpillars. Pupae are non-free (non-motile). Species - different types of butterflies, moths, silkworms. Most species (adults and caterpillars) are plant pests. The silkworm is used by man to obtain silk.

Order Diptera - wings 2, hind rudimentary and turned into ground beetles. Mouth apparatus licking or piercing-sucking. The larvae are legless and headless. The pupae are free or barrel-shaped (non-motile). Species - mosquitoes, flies, mosquitoes. They are pathogens or carriers of pathogens of human and animal diseases.

Detachment of the Flea - no wings, the body is flattened from the sides. The oral apparatus is piercing-sucking. Species - dog flea, human flea. They are carriers of pathogens of human and animal diseases (plague, etc.).

Order Hymenoptera - 4 wings, lacquering mouthparts. The larvae are often legless. Species - ants, bees, wasps, bumblebees. Meaning: give honey, propolis, wax (bees); ants are aphid carriers, intermediate hosts in the development cycle of some helminths.

general characteristics orders of insects

With incomplete transformation

According to the modern classification of the animal, the world, the following orders of insects with incomplete transformation are distinguished: the Orthoptera squad, the Termites squad, the Dragonfly squad, the Bedbugs squad (half-winged), the Homoptera squad, the Fluffy squad, the Lice squad.

Order Orthoptera - elytra are leathery, at rest they straighten along the back, the hind wings are of a delicate structure. Sometimes the wings are underdeveloped. The oral apparatus is gnawing. Species - locusts, cockroaches, grasshoppers. 3purpose: pests of plants (economic damage - locusts); mechanical carriers of pathogens of human and animal diseases (cockroaches).

Detachment Termites - fore and hind wings falling off, only sexual individuals have (there are also workers and soldiers). They live in a community, building termite mounds higher than a person's height. The oral apparatus is gnawing. Meaning: pests wooden buildings, furniture, books.

Dragonfly squad - 2 pairs of wings with a continuous cellular mesh of veins. The oral apparatus is gnawing. In the development cycle there is a mobile nymph. The larvae live in water. Meaning: Destroy insects (diurnal predators).

Detachment Bed bugs - wings 4, the front ones are half rigid, and membranous towards the free end. The oral apparatus is piercing-sucking. Species - water striders (harmless), bed bugs - a mechanical carrier of human pathogens.

Order Homoptera - 4 wings, all the same with a rare network of veins. The oral apparatus is piercing. Species: aphids, cicadas. Meaning - pests of plants.

Squad Lice - no wings (secondarily wingless). Mouth apparatus piercing-sucking. Types: head, clothes, pubic lice. Meaning: head and body lice are carriers of pathogens of human diseases, and are also the causative agents of human disease - pediculosis.

Educational edition

Glazunova G.A.

BIOLOGY

Signed for printing 18.02.09

Format 60x90/16. Offset paper.

The press is risographic.

Times New Roman headset.

Circulation 200 copies. Volume 8 p.l.

Printing house of the Altai State

medical university

Barnaul, Lenin Ave., 40

MUNICIPAL BUDGET GENERAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION "NAVLIN SECONDARY EDUCATIONAL SCHOOL"

Call" href="/text/category/koll/" rel="bookmark">collections of insects, pictures of insects, presentation "Diversity of insects. Division into orders".

During the classes :

I. Organizing time.

Today we continue our journey to wonderful world insects.

P. Updating basic knowledge

1. Frontal survey on basic questions.

How does the development of insects with complete transformation occur?

How does development with incomplete transformation differ from development with complete transformation?

Insects of what type of development have a greater advantage and why?

Fill in the "Development colorado potato beetle» (Scheme on the board)

III. Learning new material. ( Accompanied by presentation)

Insects are a thriving class of animals. In terms of species diversity, distribution, and total population, insects far outnumber all other animals. Currently, more than 1.5 million species are already known.

By color, body structure, size and other features, insects can differ significantly from each other. Dwarfs among them are some riders, whose body length is only 0.2 mm. Most large insects found among butterflies (wingspan up to 28 cm) and stick insects (body length up to 30 cm). Thus, the largest insects exceed the length of the smallest ones by 1500 times, the smallest ones are smaller than some protozoa, and the largest ones are larger than some mammals.

How can you sort out all this "chaos"?

The topic of the lesson is written on the board and in the students' notebooks.

Let's get acquainted with the orders of insects, reveal the characteristic features of the taxonomy of the orders. with

The words are written on the board. What are these words?
Lepidoptera Diptera
Coleoptera Orthoptera
Hymenoptera Homoptera
Hemiptera

What does this tell you?

Let's try to attribute the insects known to you to any order.

On the board there are drawings and photographs of a bull gadfly, sorrel bug, wasp, butterfly, song grasshopper, odorous krasotel (other representatives of these groups are possible). In a short discussion, the students sort the insects into their respective orders. (Doubts and disagreements arise.)

Is it possible to use only one distinguishing feature in the classification of living organisms?

In the variety of forms, the class of insects surpasses all other groups of the animal world. Zoologists divide it into two subclasses and into a large number of detachments. As in all other groups, forms that can be considered closer in origin and which are similar to each other in a number of ways are combined into one detachment. Such features, on the basis of which the division of insects into separate orders, are, firstly, the type of development (complete or incomplete), secondly, the structure of the oral parts, and thirdly, as we already know, the nature of the structure of the wings. The structural features of the wings are noted in the names of many detachments.

Modern taxonomists accept up to 25 separate orders of insects. Let's get acquainted with the most numerous and common units.

Number of insect species

Students mark the most numerous units. These are beetles, butterflies, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Bedbugs, Homoptera, Orthoptera.

Using the material of the textbook § 21, fill in the proposed table.

Major orders of insects(suggested student responses)

You are right, with one airy outline

I'm so sweet

All my velvet with its live blinking -

Only two wings.

Don't ask: where did it come from?

Where am I in a hurry?

Here on a summer flower I sank

And now I'm breathing...

So wrote A. Fet. What insect are we talking about?

Butterflies are one of the brightest and most colorful creatures of nature. AT Ancient Rome It was believed that butterflies originated from flowers detached from their stems.

Student message: The main feature of butterflies is the presence on their wings of the smallest colored scales, the location of which determines the pattern of the wing. These patterns are easily erased, so the pattern of long-flying specimens is not as bright.

The oral organs of butterflies in most cases are represented by a long, spirally twisted proboscis. Some butterflies do not feed, they do not have a proboscis.

Butterfly larvae are called caterpillars. characteristic feature caterpillars - the presence of fleshy false legs on the abdominal segments, the sole of which is equipped with hooks that allow the caterpillar to firmly adhere to the plants. False legs of caterpillars are not divided into segments.

Almost all caterpillars feed on plants and live openly on trees, shrubs, and grasses. They have chewing mouthparts. This is how they harm people.

Organs specific for caterpillars include spinning or silk glands, which lie in the body cavity on the sides of the intestine and open with an excretory duct on the lower lip. These organs are modified salivary glands. The threads they secrete, similar to cobwebs, are used, for example, to lower the caterpillar from the tree to the ground, to roll the leaves into a tube (in leafworms), to attach the pupae to the substrate or to girdle them, to weave cocoons, to connect the leaves into spider nests.

Spider nests protect caterpillars from bad weather, strong winds, bird attacks, and in winter time serve as a convenient shelter for the period of hibernation. Caterpillars see objects from a distance of about 1 cm.

Teacher: O Look at the photographs (drawings) of butterflies. How do they differ from each other? Name the general, distinctive for each group, signs.

Additional material is laid out on the tables.

Day and night butterflies

The variety of butterflies can be divided into two groups: diurnal and nocturnal. It is not difficult to learn to distinguish them from each other. In diurnal butterflies, the antennae at the ends have club-shaped thickenings, the wings at rest are raised up and tightly compressed in the form of a plate. Moths have clubless antennae, and their wings are folded into a roof. The color of the wings of diurnal species of butterflies differs from the color of nocturnal species. The upper side of both wings in diurnal butterflies is usually variegated or bright and serves as a means of recognizing individuals of the opposite sex at a distance. On the underside, both wings have a camouflage, protective coloration, since in a sitting butterfly it is she who is in the field of view of enemies, while the upper side is hidden when the wings are folded and pressed against each other. In moths, the upper side of the front wings is inconspicuous, with a masking pattern; when folded with a roof, it covers the lower wings and abdomen, making the butterfly invisible against the background of objects on which it usually sits. The color of the hind wings in some species is monophonic, inconspicuous or, conversely, bright, with colored spots and stripes (for example, in ribbonworts, in she-bears). In the latter case, the disturbed butterflies spread their front wings and suddenly expose the bright pattern of the lower wings, thereby scaring off enemies.

After working on the study of this issue, students note that the first group is nocturnal butterflies, and the second group is day butterflies, and prove this. Students formulate a conclusion about common features order Lepidoptera, or butterflies.

Other representatives of various orders of insects. (presentation slides.)

Student messages.

Earwig. AT different countries In Europe, unthinkable stories are told about the earwig, but, strangely, the same stories are everywhere. She, this shadow - and a child-loving insect, crawls, as it were, into the ear of a sleeping person. And there, in some way (the rumor is silent about this!) Gets to the brain. Feeding on it, it grows and grows - to the size of a goose egg, and, of course, a person - a victim of an insidious earwig - then dies.

Translated from German, "earwig" means "ear worm", from French - "pierce your ears."

Its English name is corrupted from "eared". This is closer to the truth: the wings of an earwig, like a parachute assembly, are so bent and folded under the short elytra that, if the elytra are folded back, they actually, albeit remotely, resemble the configuration of an ear.

Few people have seen how an earwig flies. During the day, she hides underground, under stones, in cracks in the bark. At night, especially in the mating season, earwigs spread their wide beautiful wings and fly somewhere over rose bushes, or strawberry beds, or in other similar places.

Earwigs feed mainly on flower petals, which is why they are often disliked by gardeners. Fruit is also eaten, but usually bitten by wasps, somehow damaged. The earwig crawls into the hole already made in the peach, strawberry. Eating the fruit, goes deep into it. Here people often find her and all the sin for spoiling the fetus is attributed to her alone.

In some places, earwigs are called wood lice, although they have nothing similar. Earwig - an insect with an elongated body, short elytra, under which the hind wings are hidden. Its most important difference is two long "sabers" at the end of the abdomen. What else they serve (and do they serve?) for the earwig is unclear, but at the last stages of packing the wings under the elytra, their role is irreplaceable: the insect bends the abdomen upwards and with long “sabers”, as if with two fingers, pushes the repeatedly fan-shaped wings under their solid cover , that is, under the wings. All this complex procedure is done in a few seconds.

Earwig is a caring mother. For the nest, she chooses different cracks in the ground, especially her earthworm minks, an excellent shelter for eggs and future offspring, attract her.

“One brood of earwigs contains on average from five to ten to sixty eggs. A tender mother sits on them not only until the children come out, but also takes care of the latter, like a chicken for chickens, not leaving for several weeks ”(Grant Allen).

Her children, larvae, are like their mother in everything, only small and wingless. She protects her children from enemies that she can defeat, and then ... Then follows the finale, according to our moral codes, which are of little use to the life of nature, “terrible”: the mother dies, and the larvae surrounding her eat the dead body. Then they come out of the hole.

Mayflies.

In the afternoon and before sunset, on a sunny meadow, a meadow, near the water and over the water, winged insects sometimes curl in countless myriads. And in the dark they flock to the light of lanterns or burst into the beams of car headlights like snow flakes, and then it is difficult for the driver to see the road.

Like a "dance-flight" in place: up and down, up and down, jerk forward and backward. It looks like a mosquito "years" before clear weather. But our flyers are noticeably larger than mosquitoes. They seem to look like butterflies ... But the wings are transparent, mesh (the anterior ones are noticeably larger than the posterior ones, which may not exist at all). The abdomen is long and thin, and at the end of it there are three, less often two tail filaments.

With a flap of its wings, the mayfly rises almost vertically to a certain height, then, spreading its wings, it falls down, also a little. Wide wings, long abdomen, the floating effect of which is enhanced by thin threads at the end; like a parachute, they slow down its fall. Let us note here: filled only with air, and not with food, the intestines of an adult mayfly work like a kind of balloon, counteracting the forces of gravity.

The female does not live long. She lays her eggs directly into the water (in groups or singly). In some species, she falls into the pond and immediately dies on its surface, thus providing a temporary shelter in her body for potential offspring. Those of the mayflies, whose larvae live in fast streams and rivers, undertake underwater travel so that the stream does not carry eggs to places unsuitable for their development: in stagnant backwaters and lower reaches of rivers. The winged mother manages to sink to the bottom and there, under stones, snags and under all sorts of rubbish, she glues her eggs. All adult mayflies do not eat anything, they do not spend a second looking for food from their fleeting life, given only to one goal - reproduction.

Two weeks is a record longevity for mayflies. Many live only a few hours, a day, less often - a few days.

IV. Let's let's go back to our pictures and check if we have correctly distributed the insects into groups

Quiz

1. How can you explain the fact that paralyzing wasps that hunt beetles always sting their prey from the underside?

2. What is the difference between the sting of a bee and the “sting” of a mosquito?

3. They got their name for the characteristic posture inherent in most species when laying eggs: the insect sits astride the victim and bends the abdomen down, and often the victim continues to move while doing this. What are these insects called? What squad do they belong to?

4. How many legs and wings does a house fly have?

5. How can butterflies with sucking mouthparts cause damage to nature?

6. Maybug (2), aphid (2), ladybug (2), housefly(1), honey bee (1), bumblebee (1), mosquito (1) gadfly, mole cricket (2), water scorpion (2). Which of the named insects has one pair of wings, and which ones have two pairs?

7. . Carl Linnaeus said about flies: “Three flies can eat the carcass of a horse as soon as a lion ...”

8. Homework

§ 21, notes in a notebook.

Individual task: prepare reports for the lesson-conference: "Pests of field crops", "Pests of the garden."

Systematic position of the class, division into orders and families.

Insects are the highest invertebrates.

The class has more than 1 million species.

Habitat: soil, air-ground, organisms of other living beings

The body is divided into sections: head, chest, abdomen.

The thoracic region consists of three segments; each carries one pair of legs. Therefore, insects are characterized by the presence of 3 pairs of limbs. The second and third segments, in addition, can carry a pair of wings. In some insects, both pairs of wings are well developed, but wingless insects are also known. The abdomen consists of 6 - 12 segments. The type of complexly arranged oral apparatus of insects is determined by the method of feeding and can be gnawing (beetles), sucking (butterflies), piercing-sucking (lice), licking (flies).

Integuments of the body and muscular system: have a chitinous cover, under which lies a single-layer hypodermal epithelium. The skin is rich in various glands: odorous, waxy, molting, etc. Muscles are striated.

Digestive system: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, goiter, stomach, midgut, hindgut ends with anus. There are salivary glands and a gland that performs the functions of the liver and pancreas. Digestion and absorption of food takes place in the midgut.

Respiratory organs: trachea.

excretory organs: Malpighian vessels and fat body.

Circulatory organs: the circulatory system is not closed, the tubular heart and aorta are located on the dorsal side. Due to the fact that there is an extensive network of tracheae, the circulatory system is poorly developed and lacks the function of an oxygen carrier. Hemolymph circulates through the vessels.

Nervous system: abdominal nerve chain with a strong tendency to concentrate ganglia in the head region, so the supraesophageal ganglion is transformed into a "brain" with three sections (anterior, middle, posterior). There are sense organs: eyes (faceted, but may be simple), balance, taste, touch and smell, in some - hearing.

Reproductive system: insects are dioecious, sexual dimorphism is often pronounced. Gonads are paired (ovaries in females, testes in males). Sexual reproduction: with fertilization or parthenogenetic. Development is not direct: with complete metamorphosis (stages: egg - larva - pupa - imago) or incomplete metamorphosis (stages: egg - larva - imago).

The practical importance of insects is very great: pollinators of flowering plants, participate in soil formation processes, etc.

Among insects of medical importance, the following groups are distinguished:

The class Insects is divided into big number detachments.

Spreading: ubiquitous

Morphology: Its body is dorsally flattened and covered with highly extensible chitinous cover. The wings are completely reduced. Bedbugs attack a person at night, and spend the day in shelters - in furniture, behind wallpaper. The bed bug's saliva contains a poisonous secretion, so its bites are painful, transfer bed bug causative agents of any infectious diseases have not been proven.

Medical and epidemiological significance:

Locally with a bite: hyperemia, swelling, itching, blisters. Absorb for 1 time up to 7 ml of blood. Bed bugs living on birds and mammals can also attack a person - it is possible that viruses that cause psittacosis are transmitted. In tropical countries, bedbugs can transmit trypanosomes and a number of other pathogens.

Prevention : sanitization dwellings.

Class Insects- this is the most highly organized, numerous, diverse class of arthropods, common in all environments of life, in aquatic - secondarily. Most representatives are capable of flight. Insects belong to the phylum Arthropoda.

Meaning of insects:

1. Participation in the cycle of substances

2. Important role in food chains

3. Pollination of flowers and seed dispersal

4. Getting food, medicines, silk

5. Agricultural pests

6. Predatory insects exterminate agricultural pests

7. Damage to fabrics, wood, books, mechanisms

Class Insects

Body sections

Head, chest, abdomen

Structural features

Got wings

Habitat

In all environments

Number of walking legs

At different types-different food and different mouthparts

Respiratory system

Tracheal bundles opening on abdominal segments

Circulatory system

OPEN; blood vessels open into the cavity of the body, on the underside of the body blood is collected in other vessels; have a heart (two-chamber - one atrium and one ventricle)

excretory system

Malpighian vessels and fat body

Nervous system

Periopharyngeal nerve ring and ventral nerve cord

In insects, the brain is the result of the fusion of clusters of nerve cells (hence more complex behavior)

sense organs

Vision (mosaic), smell, touch, hearing

Representatives

Orders Coleoptera, Scale-winged, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Orthoptera

Major orders of insects

Insects with incomplete metamorphosis

_______________

A source of information: Biology in tables and diagrams. / Edition 2e, - St. Petersburg: 2004.