Caddisflies transformation. caddis insect
And about 600 genera, widely distributed on all continents except Antarctica, and on many oceanic islands. The science of caddisflies is called trichopterology. It is assumed that the world fauna may contain up to 50 thousand species of caddisflies.
Trichoptera are closely related to the order Lepidoptera, and together the two orders form a superorder Amphiesmenoptera, or "covered-winged"; but Trichoptera have the most primitive features.
Adult insects resemble small, dull-colored moths, but their body and especially the forewings are covered with hairs (rather than scales, like butterflies). which gave the name Trichoptera: romanized Greek thrix (θρίξ ) - hair and pteron (πτερόν ) - wing. In some species, females descend underwater to lay eggs. They are usually found in the vicinity of water bodies, where their larval stages live. The transformation is complete. The larvae and pupae of the vast majority of species live in water or live in the thickness of the bottom of water bodies, in rare cases they constantly live outside the water or live near the coast in sea water.
Morphology
The head is rounded, hypognathous type - the mouth opening is directed downwards, with 2 large compound eyes on the sides and often with 2-3 simple eyes on the upper and front surfaces. The parietal ocelli are close to the edges of the compound eyes, their optical lenses are directed to the sides. The frontal ocellus is located between the bases of the antennae and is directed forward; in some caddisflies from the families ( Hydroplilidae) it may disappear, and only the parietal ocelli remain. On the head are well-developed hairy warts protruding above its surface.
Caddisflies are easily recognizable by a number of features. The oral apparatus of adults is reduced, while the mandibles (upper jaws) are not functional or rudimentary, but maxillary (mandibular) and labial (labial) palps may be visible. In addition, adult insects have a well-developed proboscis (a synapomorphy of the order) formed by the fusion of the hypopharynx and labium and used by some species to suck up liquids.
Antennae filiform, usually comparable in length to the front wings, sometimes noticeably shorter or much longer ( macronematinae, Leptoceridae). As a rule, the maxillary palps are well expressed (in females almost always five-segmented, in males from 5 to 2 segments), as well as labial palps.
The thorax consists of a short, narrowed prothorax, a well-developed mesothorax, and a shortened metathorax. The coxae of the legs of caddisflies are strongly elongated, fused with the thorax, and are functionally part of the latter. The tarsi are long, five-segmented. The abdomen consists of 10 segments, the first tergite is trapezoid, the first sternite may not be developed. In addition, openings of pheromone glands are usually located on the sternites of segments V–VII. The sternites may bear strips of a thickened cuticle - the suture.
The wings are membranous, developed on the meso- and metathorax. The front ones are longer than the back ones. Like the body, they are covered with hairs, sometimes parts of the wings can be covered with bristles. This feature is reflected in their name, meaning "hairy". Along the edges of the wings, a marginal fringe of hairs or hair-like scales is developed; the size of this fringe in small species can be more than 2 times the width of the hind wing. Venation is represented mainly by longitudinal veins, separated by wide intervals of fields. Wings always fold in a "house".
Life cycle
The larval stages of caddisflies are aquatic, found in lakes, rivers and streams around the world and are essential components of the food chain in these freshwater ecosystems. Adult caddisflies, unlike larvae, are ground-dwelling, almost do not feed, their life span is limited to one to two weeks. Many of these insects have a characteristic unpleasant odor caused by the secretions of specific glands. This smell can serve as a repellant for enemies of caddisflies, such as birds.
Less common are larvae that do not have caps - the so-called campodeoid larvae. Such larvae are mainly predators, building special trapping nets from thin cobweb threads. Such networks, having the form of funnels, are located with a wide opening against the current and are attached motionlessly to aquatic plants, stones and other underwater objects.
chrysalis
The larva pupates under water in a case built by it. The pupa has rudiments of wings, very long antennae, large eyes and huge mandibles, with which it destroys the cover of the case. Thin threadlike gills are noticeable on the abdomen. The pupa may be equipped with long swimming legs. At the posterior end of the pupa's body there are long bristles, with the help of which it cleans a hole in the sieve-like lid, which is easily clogged with silt, and thus provides access to fresh water. The opening of the anterior sieve operculum is cleaned with the help of bristles located on the upper lip, and also, perhaps, with the help of elongated jaws. To exit the imago, the pupa floats to the surface, acting like oars with rowing middle legs. Adult insects fly out in about a month.
Classification
Based on the diversity of larvae, two groups of families are distinguished Trichoptera. Group Annulipalpia includes those families of caddis flies whose larvae build nets (serve for catching prey and shelter). Families larvae Rhyacophilidae And Hydrobiosidae do not form larval caps, but the pupa is located inside a dome-shaped structure of mineral fragments. Hydroptilidae- larvae are free-living until the last stage, after which they build a cap, which can be free or attached to the substrate. Inside it, pupation takes place. In larvae of the family Glossosomatidae, the cap is similar to that of other Annulipalpia, however, the larva stretches a transverse thread under the dome, which allows the larva to drag the house. With each new stage, the larva builds a new sheath, and then a new sheath is built for pupation. In this case, the thread is removed and the case is attached to the substrate. family group Intgripalpia build mostly tubular covers. The material for construction and the type of construction are species-specific. The larva is mobile and completes the house with each larval stage. The largest genus of caddisflies Chimarra Stephens 1829 ( Philopotamidae)) includes more than 780 species.
- Suborder Annulipalpia
- Hydropsychoidea: Arctopsychidae - Dipseudopsidae - Ecnomidae - †electralbertidae - Hyalopsychidae - Hydropsychidae - Polycentropodidae - Psychomyiidae - Xiphocentronidae
- †Necrotaulioidea: Necrotauliidae
- Philopotamoidea: Philopotamidae - Stenopsychidae
- Rhyacophiloidea: Glossosomatidae - Hydrobiosidae - Hydroptilidae - †Prorhyacophilidae - Rhyacophilidae
- Suborder Integripalpia
- Leptoceroidea: Atriplectididae - Calamoceratidae - Kokiriidae - Leptoceridae - Limnocentropodidae - Molannidae - Odontoceridae - Philorheitridae
- Limnephiloidea: Apataniidae - Brachycentridae - Goeridae - Lepidostomatidae - Limnephilidae - Oeconesidae - Pisuliidae - Russianidae - †Taymyrelectronidae - Uenoidae
- Phryganeoidea: †Baissoferidae - †Dysoneuridae - †Kalophryganeidae - Phryganeidae - Phryganopsychidae - Plectrotarsidae
- Sericostomatoidea: Anomalopsychidae - Antipodoeciidae - Barbarochthonidae - Beraeidae - Calocidae - Chathamiidae - Conoesucidae - Helicophidae - Helicopsychidae - Hydrosalpingidae - Petrothrincidae - Sericostomatidae- Incertae Sedis
- Tasimioidea: Tasimiidae
- †Vitimotaulioidea: Vitimotauliidae
- Incertae Sedis Genera: †Conchindusia - †Folindusia - †Indusia - †Molindusia - †Ostracindusia - †Pelindusia - †Piscindusia - †Quinquania - †Scyphindusia - †Secrindusia - †Terrindusia
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Notes
Literature
- Holzenthal R. W., Blahnik, R. J., Prather, A. L., and Kjer K. M.// Linneaus Tercentenary: Progress in Invertebrate Taxonomy. zootaxa. / Zhang, Z.-Q., and Shear, W.A. (Eds).. - 2007. - T. 1668. - pp. 639-698 (1–766).
- Kjer, K. M.; Blahnik, R. J.; Holzenthal, R. W. 2002: Phylogeny of Caddisflies (Insecta, Trichoptera). // Zoologica scripta, 31: 83–91.
- Schmid, F. 1998: Genera of the Trichoptera of Canada and Adjoining or Adjacent United States. - National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa.
- Ward, J. B. 1999: An annotated checklist of the caddis (Trichoptera) of the New Zealand subregion. // Records of the Canterbury Museum, 13: 75–95.
- A. V. MARTYNOV Caddisflies (vol. 1). - Leningrad, publishing house of the Academy of Sciences, 1934.
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An excerpt characterizing Caddisflies
- Well, Matvevna, mother, do not betray! - he said, moving away from the gun, as an alien, unfamiliar voice was heard above his head:- Captain Tushin! Captain!
Tushin looked around frightened. It was the staff officer who kicked him out of Grunt. He shouted to him in a breathless voice:
- What are you, crazy. You've been ordered to retreat twice, and you...
“Well, why are they me? ...” Tushin thought to himself, looking at the boss with fear.
- I ... nothing ... - he said, putting two fingers to the visor. - I…
But the colonel did not finish everything he wanted. A close-flying cannonball made him dive and bend over on his horse. He paused and was just about to say something else when the core stopped him. He turned his horse and galloped away.
- Retreat! Everyone retreat! he shouted from afar. The soldiers laughed. A minute later the adjutant arrived with the same order.
It was Prince Andrew. The first thing he saw, riding out into the space occupied by Tushin's guns, was an unharnessed horse with a broken leg, which was neighing near the harnessed horses. From her leg, as from a key, blood flowed. Between the limbers lay several dead. One shot after another flew over him as he rode up, and he felt a nervous tremor run down his spine. But the very thought that he was afraid lifted him up again. "I can't be afraid," he thought, and slowly dismounted from his horse between the guns. He gave the order and did not leave the battery. He decided that he would remove the guns from the position with him and withdraw them. Together with Tushin, walking over the bodies and under the terrible fire of the French, he took up cleaning the guns.
“And then the authorities were coming now, so it was more likely to fight,” the fireworker said to Prince Andrei, “not like your honor.”
Prince Andrei did not say anything to Tushin. They were both so busy that they didn't seem to see each other. When, having put on the limbers of the two guns that had survived, they moved downhill (one broken gun and a unicorn were left), Prince Andrei drove up to Tushin.
“Well, goodbye,” said Prince Andrei, holding out his hand to Tushin.
- Goodbye, my dear, - said Tushin, - dear soul! Farewell, my dear, - Tushin said with tears that, for some unknown reason, suddenly came into his eyes.
The wind died down, black clouds hung low over the battlefield, merging on the horizon with gunpowder smoke. It was getting dark, and the more clearly the glow of fires was indicated in two places. The cannonade became weaker, but the rattle of guns behind and to the right was heard even more often and closer. As soon as Tushin with his guns, going around and running over the wounded, got out of the fire and went down into the ravine, he was met by his superiors and adjutants, including the headquarters officer and Zherkov, who was sent twice and never reached Tushin's battery. All of them, interrupting one another, gave and transmitted orders, how and where to go, and made reproaches and remarks to him. Tushin did not order anything and silently, afraid to speak, because at every word he was ready, without knowing why, to cry, he rode behind on his artillery nag. Although the wounded were ordered to be abandoned, many of them dragged along behind the troops and asked for guns. The very dashing infantry officer who, before the battle, jumped out of Tushin's hut, was, with a bullet in his stomach, laid on Matvevna's carriage. Under the mountain, a pale hussar cadet, supporting the other with one hand, approached Tushin and asked him to sit down.
"Captain, for God's sake, I'm shell-shocked in the arm," he said timidly. “For God's sake, I can't go. For God's sake!
It was clear that this cadet had asked more than once to sit down somewhere and had been refused everywhere. He asked in a hesitant and pathetic voice.
- Order to plant, for God's sake.
“Plant, plant,” said Tushin. “Put down your overcoat, uncle,” he turned to his beloved soldier. Where is the wounded officer?
- They put it down, it's over, - someone answered.
- Plant it. Sit down, honey, sit down. Put on your overcoat, Antonov.
Juncker was Rostov. He held the other with one hand, was pale, and his lower jaw was trembling with feverish trembling. They put him on Matvevna, on the very gun from which the dead officer was laid down. There was blood on the lined overcoat, in which Rostov's trousers and hands were soiled.
- What, are you injured, my dear? - said Tushin, approaching the gun on which Rostov was sitting.
- No, shell-shocked.
- Why is there blood on the bed? Tushin asked.
“This officer, your honor, bled,” answered the artillery soldier, wiping the blood with the sleeve of his overcoat and as if apologizing for the impurity in which the gun was located.
Forcibly, with the help of the infantry, they took the guns up the mountain, and having reached the village of Guntersdorf, they stopped. It was already so dark that at ten paces it was impossible to distinguish the uniforms of the soldiers, and the skirmish began to subside. Suddenly, close to the right side, shouts and firing were heard again. From the shots already shone in the dark. This was the last attack of the French, which was answered by the soldiers who settled in the houses of the village. Again everything rushed out of the village, but Tushin's guns could not move, and the gunners, Tushin and the cadet, looked at each other silently, waiting for their fate. The firefight began to subside, and animated soldiers poured out of a side street.
- Tsel, Petrov? one asked.
- Asked, brother, the heat. Now they won’t turn up, said another.
- Nothing to see. How they fried it in theirs! not to be seen; darkness, brethren. Is there a drink?
The French were repulsed for the last time. And again, in complete darkness, Tushin's guns, as if surrounded by a frame of roaring infantry, moved somewhere forward.
In the darkness, it was as if an invisible, gloomy river was flowing, all in one direction, humming with whispers, voices and the sounds of hooves and wheels. In the general rumble, because of all the other sounds, the groans and voices of the wounded in the darkness of the night were clearest of all. Their groans seemed to fill all this darkness that surrounded the troops. Their groans and the darkness of that night were one and the same. After a while, there was a commotion in the moving crowd. Someone rode with a retinue on a white horse and said something while driving. What did you say? Where to now? Stay, what? Thanks, right? - Greedy questions were heard from all sides, and the whole moving mass began to press on itself (it is clear that the front ones stopped), and a rumor spread that it was ordered to stop. Everyone stopped as they walked, in the middle of a muddy road.
The lights lit up and the voice became louder. Captain Tushin, having given orders to the company, sent one of the soldiers to look for a dressing station or a doctor for the cadet, and sat down by the fire laid out on the road by the soldiers. Rostov also dragged himself to the fire. Feverish shivering from pain, cold and dampness shook his whole body. Sleep irresistibly drove him, but he could not sleep because of the excruciating pain in his aching and out of position arm. He either closed his eyes, or looked at the fire, which seemed to him ardently red, then at the stooping, weak figure of Tushin, who was sitting beside him in Turkish style. Tushin's large, kind and intelligent eyes fixed him with sympathy and compassion. He saw that Tushin wanted with all his heart and could not help him in any way.
From all sides were heard the steps and the conversation of those passing by, passing by and around the infantry stationed. The sounds of voices, footsteps and horse hooves rearranged in the mud, near and far crackling of firewood merged into one oscillating rumble.
Now the invisible river no longer flowed, as before, in the darkness, but as if after a storm the gloomy sea was laying down and trembling. Rostov senselessly looked and listened to what was happening in front of him and around him. An infantry soldier walked up to the fire, squatted down, put his hands into the fire and turned away his face.
“Nothing, your honor?” he said, addressing Tushin inquiringly. - Here he strayed from the company, your honor; I don't know where. Trouble!
Together with the soldier, an infantry officer with a bandaged cheek came up to the fire and, turning to Tushin, asked to be ordered to move a tiny gun in order to transport the wagon. After the company commander, two soldiers ran into the fire. They swore desperately and fought, pulling out some kind of boot from each other.
- How did you raise it! Look, clever, one shouted in a hoarse voice.
Then a thin, pale soldier with a bloody collar tied around his neck came up and in an angry voice demanded water from the gunners.
- Well, to die, or something, like a dog? he said.
Tushin ordered to give him water. Then a cheerful soldier ran up, asking for a light in the infantry.
- A hot fire in the infantry! Happily stay, countrywomen, thank you for the light, we will give back with a percentage, ”he said, taking the reddening firebrand somewhere into the darkness.
Behind this soldier, four soldiers, carrying something heavy on their greatcoats, walked past the fire. One of them stumbled.
“Look, hell, they put firewood on the road,” he grumbled.
- It's over, why wear it? one of them said.
- Well, you!
And they disappeared into the darkness with their burden.
- What? hurts? Tushin asked Rostov in a whisper.
- Hurts.
- Your honor, to the general. Here they are standing in a hut, - said the fireworks, approaching Tushin.
- Now, dove.
Tushin got up and, buttoning his overcoat and recovering, walked away from the fire ...
Not far from the fire of the artillerymen, in a hut prepared for him, Prince Bagration was sitting at dinner, talking with some of the commanders of the units who had gathered at his place. There was an old man with half-closed eyes, greedily nibbling at a mutton bone, and a twenty-two-year-old impeccable general, flushed from a glass of vodka and dinner, and a staff officer with a personalized ring, and Zherkov, uneasily looking around at everyone, and Prince Andrei, pale, with pursed lips and feverishly shining eyes.
In the hut stood a taken French banner leaning in a corner, and the auditor, with a naive face, felt the fabric of the banner and, perplexed, shook his head, perhaps because he was really interested in the appearance of the banner, or maybe because it was hard for him. hungry to look at dinner, for which he did not get the device. In a neighboring hut there was a French colonel taken prisoner by the dragoons. Our officers crowded around him, examining him. Prince Bagration thanked individual commanders and asked about the details of the case and about the losses. The regimental commander, who introduced himself near Braunau, reported to the prince that as soon as the case began, he retreated from the forest, gathered woodcutters and, letting them past him, with two battalions hit with bayonets and overturned the French.
- As I saw, Your Excellency, that the first battalion was upset, I stood on the road and thought: “I will let these ones pass and meet with battle fire”; did so.
The regimental commander so wanted to do this, he was so sorry that he did not have time to do this, that it seemed to him that all this had definitely happened. Maybe it even really happened? Was it possible to make out in this confusion what was and what was not?
“Moreover, I must note, Your Excellency,” he continued, recalling Dolokhov’s conversation with Kutuzov and his last meeting with the demoted one, “that the private, demoted Dolokhov, captured a French officer in front of my eyes and especially distinguished himself.
“Here, Your Excellency, I saw the attack of the Pavlogradites,” Zherkov, looking around uneasily, intervened, who did not see the hussars at all that day, but only heard about them from an infantry officer. - They crushed two squares, your excellency.
Some smiled at Zherkov's words, as they always expected a joke from him; but, noticing that what he said was also leaning towards the glory of our weapons and of the present day, they took on a serious expression, although many knew very well that what Zherkov said was a lie, based on nothing. Prince Bagration turned to the old colonel.
- Thank you all, gentlemen, all units acted heroically: infantry, cavalry and artillery. How are two guns left in the center? he asked, looking for someone with his eyes. (Prince Bagration did not ask about the guns of the left flank; he already knew that all the guns were thrown there at the very beginning of the case.) “I think I asked you,” he turned to the staff officer on duty.
Caddisflies (lat. Trichoptera) - a detachment of insects with complete transformation, with exclusively aquatic larvae. The Trichoptera order includes 13,574 species united in 45 families and about 600 genera, widely distributed on all continents except Antarctica and on many oceanic islands. It is assumed that the world fauna may contain up to 50 thousand species of caddisflies.
Adult insects resemble small, dull-colored moths, but their body and especially the forewings are covered with hairs. In some species, females descend underwater to lay eggs. They are usually found in the vicinity of water bodies, where their larval stages live. The transformation is complete. The larvae and pupae of the vast majority of species live in water or live in the thickness of the bottom of water bodies, in rare cases they constantly live outside the water or live near the coast in sea water.
Caddisflies are easily recognizable by a number of features. The oral apparatus of adults is reduced, while the mandibles (upper jaws) are not functional or rudimentary, but maxillary (mandibular) and labial (labial) palps may be visible. In addition, adult insects have a well-developed proboscis used by some species to suck up liquids.
Antennae filiform, usually as long as forewings, sometimes markedly shorter or much longer.
The wings are membranous, developed on the meso- and metathorax. The front ones are longer than the back ones. Like the body, they are covered with hairs, sometimes parts of the wings can be covered with bristles. Along the edges of the wings, a marginal fringe of hairs or hair-like scales is developed; the size of this fringe in small species can be more than 2 times the width of the hind wing.
The larval stages of caddisflies are aquatic, found in lakes, rivers and streams around the world and are essential components of the food chain in these freshwater ecosystems. Adult caddisflies, unlike larvae, are ground-dwelling, almost do not feed, their life span is limited to one to two weeks. Many of these insects have a characteristic unpleasant odor caused by the secretions of specific glands. This smell can serve as a repellant for enemies of caddisflies, such as birds.
After fertilization, the female caddis flies lays eggs glued together with a mucous mass, attaching them to pitfalls or plants. The larvae hatch from the eggs after three weeks. Like most fully metamorphosed insect larvae, they have well-developed mandibles and well-developed pectoral legs, but abdominal limbs are usually absent (with the exception of a pair on the last abdominal segment, each leg may carry a strong "anal claw"). The transformation of a larva into an adult insect occurs through the pupal stage.
Almost all Trichoptera larvae build a cap or house. The simplest form of covers is a reed tube. A more complex structure is a tubular case made of individual pieces of leaves, which the larva gnaws out and arranges along a spiral line. Depending on the type of caddis flies, the building material may vary. Sometimes the material of the building is arranged in a tile-like manner, and they are either pieces of reed, or segments of leaves and fragments of bark.
To build their covers, caddisflies use moss, blades of grass, pieces of dead wood, fresh tree twigs, needles, horsetail stalks mixed with other plant debris; they attach small shells and sunflower husks to their dwelling. Sometimes buildings may not be from plant remains, but from small shells, for example, peas, small coils, young lawns and other mollusks. In case of danger, the larvae climb into their house and plug the entrance to it with their head, covered with chitin armor.
Less common are larvae that do not have caps - the so-called campodeoid larvae. Such larvae are mainly predators, building special trapping nets from thin cobweb threads. Such networks, having the form of funnels, are located with a wide opening against the current and are attached motionlessly to aquatic plants, stones and other underwater objects.
The larva pupates under water in a case built by it. The pupa has rudiments of wings, very long antennae, large eyes and huge mandibles, with which it destroys the cover of the case. Thin threadlike gills are noticeable on the abdomen. The pupa may be equipped with long swimming legs. At the posterior end of the pupa's body there are long bristles, with the help of which it cleans a hole in the sieve-like lid, which is easily clogged with silt, and thus provides access to fresh water. The opening of the anterior sieve operculum is cleaned with the help of bristles located on the upper lip, and also, perhaps, with the help of elongated jaws. To exit the imago, the pupa floats to the surface, acting like oars with rowing middle legs. Adult insects fly out in about a month.
Caddisflies(Fig. 99A) - these are inconspicuous, non-showy, brown or brown insects, 2-24 mm long, found near water bodies where their larvae develop, hence their name. There are over 15,000 species of caddisflies in the order.
Lifestyle
Adult insects are inactive during the day, sitting hiding in the coastal grass or bushes, and even frightened take off reluctantly. Seated caddis flies are easy to recognize: their long, thread-like antennae are joined together and stretched forward, and their wings are folded on their backs like a roof. The mouth organs of caddisflies are underdeveloped, so they do not feed at all, they are limited to licking moisture. They do not live long, usually about a week.
They begin to fly at dusk, before sunset, often above the very surface of the water, sometimes even glide on the water. Small caddisflies sometimes swarm over coastal bushes.
Life cycle
Larva
Caddisfly larvae inhabit various water bodies with both stagnant and flowing water.
House (case). They are easily recognizable by the little houses they make themselves. Larvae of different species build various houses, sticking together grains of sand, small pebbles, fragments of shells, pieces of plants with the secret of the spinning glands. The houses also differ in shape and laying of the components. Caddisfly species are easier to distinguish by their house covers than by body structure. As the larva grows, it builds a little house-case in front.
Motion. To move, the larva sticks its head and chest out of the house with three pairs of tenacious legs and clumsily crawls along the bottom, dragging the case behind it. So she is looking for food and building material for the superstructure of the house. material from the site
Nutrition. Herbivorous larvae predominate, scraping off the soft tissues of aquatic plants, but there are also omnivorous and predatory larvae.
Role (value). Caddisfly larvae, in turn, constitute an important part of the food of various fish and some
The caddisfly larva lives in water and carries out a full cycle of transformation. The insect is in a house of small pebbles and the remains of shells. The larva is used in fishing as bait and put on a hook, previously removed from its home.
Description
A characteristic representative of the superorder Covered-winged is the caddisfly. Adults look like with a soft color. They are small in size. The anterior part of the wings is covered with hairs. The name of the insect - Trichoptera - comes from the Greek words for "wing" and "hair".
The caddisfly and its larvae develop best in close proximity to water. Habitat - neighborhoods of water bodies. Serves as food for underwater inhabitants and a key link in the food chain. It is found in rivers, reservoirs, streams and lakes.
The life cycle of an insect consists of an egg, larva, pupa and butterfly. In the second stage, it is most of life. The time interval between pupation of the egg and turning into an insect is 2 years. Interesting as fish food at every stage. It is more difficult to find a pupa, as well as to put it on a hook, so fishermen deal with larvae. This applies to caddisflies that create a house around themselves, since there are individuals living without it.
By the way, not only the caddisfly is used for fishing - the dragonfly larva also serves as bait, like the formed insect, but there are some nuances. For example, fish living in the upper layers of water bodies peck at an adult dragonfly, while all the rest are successfully caught on a larva.
reproduction
The female caddis flies lay their eggs directly in the plants. The deep parts of the reservoir are preferred, since there is less danger. There are also varieties that breed on land. Caviar has a slimy consistency, and the testicles are inside. This is a favorable environment for the development of larvae. As it grows, the shell is washed out or removed from the caddis. The shape of the eggs and their clusters depends on the species. In most cases, this is an oblong or spherical lump of mucus. There are cords that look like bagels or round plates. The eggs are spirally arranged.
Development
The caddis larva molts and grows, along the way completing the construction of its house in the form of a tube, making it more spacious. After sheathing the dwelling, the insect carries it along, moving along the bottom. The chest, head and 2-3 legs are exposed outside. In case of danger, the larva hides in a case, like a turtle. The head is blocking the entrance. Ascent for breathing is not required: oxygen comes from the water through the abdominal cover and nourishes the blood. The larvae have tracheal gills, outgrowths on the abdomen of a bushy type. As a weighting agent, the insect attaches pebbles or shells of small mollusks to the house (empty or together with the inhabitant).
A complete transformation of the insect is carried out. Pupae and larvae are at the bottom or in the water, near the shore. As a result, the larva is reborn into an insect, the head of which is round, and the mouth is directed downwards. located on both sides. Above and in front there are no more than 3 dark eyes, which are distinguished by a rather complex structure. The direction of the optical lenses is in different directions. There is an eye on the forehead between the antennae. An insect flies using wings.
Habitat
The movement of these insects into the grass occurs in the middle of summer. The water is better heated by the sun in the shallow water zone and there is more food available. The larva of the caddisfly will be on almost every bunch of grass pulled out onto land. Plants are full of this type of bait. The house of the caddis larva looks like a cover. As a binding material, the insect uses silk, which it itself secretes. This process uses blades of grass, fallen leaves, debris, sticks, sand, shell fragments and small pebbles. In the dwelling, the insect holds firmly, so it is difficult to get it out of there without damaging it. Caddisfly, whose larva serves as an excellent bait, is eaten by fish along with the cover. It is the “dressed” version that is more familiar to underwater inhabitants, therefore the cleaned individuals, which are much tastier, cause an instant stir. In this case, the caddisfly larva brings a larger catch, and in use it is more effective than a maggot or a worm. Perch, roach, pike, bream and other species are caught in this way.
Varieties
The caddisfly and its larvae have several species. Their description and way of life are somewhat different. So, some individuals live at the bottom, while others float to the water surface (the houses are made of light material - grass containing air). Their food is the pulp of algae. This causes a large number of insects in plants.
Allocate predatory species of caddis flies. They do not weave a cover and are very mobile. With the help of a thin thread, insects cling to stones and shells at the bottom, resist the current, and build a network of cobwebs that looks like a funnel. Food source - mosquito larvae, small crustaceans and mayflies. Such a larva has a strong jaw - this helps to quickly cope with prey. Such individuals are of little interest to fishermen, since their search and storage is difficult. Shitiki are preferable - larvae living in the house. They are assembled by hand. There are a lot of them in the grass in summer. Plants for this are considered very carefully - it is not easy to immediately notice the camouflage of the larva.
Mining
The larva is easily removed, especially if the fisherman has experience in this matter. In case of danger, the caddisfly is completely immersed in the shell. The back end of the tube is compressed. On the other side, the head protrudes. It is gently picked up and pulled to extract the entire body. The insect has jaws and does not look the most pleasant way, but this should not be an obstacle. A knowledgeable fisherman acts confidently and without hesitation. You can be absolutely sure: the finger of the caddis is not able to bite through. The bait is taken out of the shelter by pressing on the walls - the larva remains intact. Naiad (dragonfly larva) is harvested in the same way.
Caddisfly is used as bait in all seasons. The methods of extraction in winter are different from those in summer. They are more complicated, as are harvesting methods. However, if desired, everything is possible. This tradition comes from Karelia, where special preliminary measures for bait breeding were traditionally welcomed. For example, before freezing, a place was chosen on a river or stream, and the bottom was laid with bath brooms and stones holding them. Before the start of fishing, the brooms were taken out, and when the fisherman began to shake them, the larvae fell onto the ice. By the next time, new insects stuck to the products. The broom became a shelter and refuge for the caddisfly, especially when the object was sprinkled with flour or something edible (lard, bread) was attached.
Bait storage
Serious and experienced fishermen know how to save caddis larvae. To do this, use a damp cloth, a plastic box, and also use strips of wet foam rubber. Outside the house, individuals quickly die. Long-term storage is possible when the bait is laid out in a row and tightly wrapped so that the insect does not leave the home.
At a cool temperature, the caddisfly will live for another month. To make the larva mobile before fishing, use a cloth bag placed in the water. On polyethylene, the assembled houses are laid in one layer at a small distance from each other, otherwise damage may occur during thawing. Put a second layer on top and place in the freezer.
Acting carefully and scrupulously, the fishermen provide themselves with bait for the next fishing trip: they cut off the right amount with scissors, and put the rest in a box. On the way to the reservoir, thawing occurs, so subsequently it is easily placed on the tip of the hook. Previously, the larva is released from the house, if it can be done. Otherwise, the cover is broken or the back of the insect is pierced with a pin.
Usage
In the process of fishing, the larva is put on a hook and a float is used. In conditions of a strong current, the bite is good: the float deviates to the side or quickly goes down and the wait lasts for several moments. The fish swallows the caddisfly, and then the cutting is done and the fishing line is quickly wound up.
The target, meanwhile, is trying to swim away into the thicket. So that it does not break, the rod is held perpendicular to the shore, directing the prey to the center of the river. The current is added to the strength of the escaping fish, which causes difficulties. However, acting decisively, fishermen get a solid catch.
Having tried to use this bait, people are convinced of its effectiveness in comparison with worms and maggots, so they use it constantly.
Adult insects look like small or medium-sized (body length 2-40 mm) dimly colored moths. The oral apparatus of the sucking type, in the species of our fauna, is poorly developed, represented by a short proboscis. The mandibular palps, located on the sides of the mouth apparatus, are, as a rule, clearly visible. The last segment of the palp may be strongly elongated and subdivided into rings, although this annulation is not always distinct. On this basis, the detachment is divided into two suborders - annular-palp (Annulipalpia) and whole-palp (Integripalpia). Large eyes occupy the entire lateral surface of the head. Large lateral simple ocelli located close to margins of compound eyes; their silvery optical lenses point sideways. The median (frontal) ocellus is located between the bases of the antennae and is directed forward. Often all three ocelli or only the frontal one are absent. The length of the antennae is more often approximately equal to the length of the forewings, more rarely noticeably shorter, as, for example, in small crumb caddisflies or hydroptilidae (Hydroptilidae), or significantly, several times longer, as in slender caddisflies (Leptoceridae). The front wings are quite densely covered with hairs (hence the name of the detachment). In addition to hairs, many species also have scales on their wings that resemble those of butterflies. But unlike the latter, the scales in caddisflies never form a continuous cover on the wing, but only spots and stripes. The legs are long (especially the second and third pairs), covered with hairs and setae. In addition to the setae on the tibiae, there are large movable spurs. Their number and location are of great importance in determining caddisflies to a family and, in some cases, to a genus.
Worldwide distribution. In the world fauna - about 10 thousand species, in Russia - at least 600. Caddisflies have been known in the geological record of the Earth since the end of the Paleozoic, when the detachment was represented mainly by now extinct species.
The transformation is complete. The clutch of caddisflies is a gelatinous mass, in which from several tens to hundreds of eggs are immersed, and looks like a cord or a ball. Often both ends of the cord are attached to the substrate, so that the masonry is closed in a ring. Most species of caddisflies lay their eggs by dropping them into the water, but there are species in which females can go deep into aquatic plants and attach masonry to underwater objects there. From contact with water, the substance of the masonry swells, and it increases in size by 3-4 times. After about two weeks, tiny larvae emerge from the eggs, which remain in the gelatinous mass for several days and feed on it, and then go into the water. Caddisfly larvae have a large head, small eyes, tiny antennae (often embedded in the antennal fossae), and chewing mouthparts. Walking legs, rarely swimming hind legs. On the abdominal segments of many caddisfly larvae are tracheal gills, with which the larva breathes. In "gillless" species, breathing is carried out through the integument of the body. But even larvae with gills on the body have special "respiratory fields" where oxygen is intensively absorbed. At the end of the abdomen are two so-called false legs (or trailers); the leg looks like a short stem with a strong claw at the end. The presence of such legs is a characteristic feature of the order of caddisflies.
The division of caddisflies into 2 suborders is more clearly expressed in larvae than in adults. In the suborder of annelids, the larvae live freely or in portable bag-shaped houses; some of the free-living forms construct fixed elongated tube galleries or trapping nets and chambers. The larvae of the whole-palp suborder live in tubular portable (rarely attached to bottom objects) houses, which they build from a wide variety of building materials - from grains of sand and pebbles to empty shells of mollusks and pieces of aquatic plants or leaves that have fallen into the water. The complex construction activity of caddisflies is possible due to the fact that the larvae have developed powerful spinning glands, the excretory duct of which opens at the tip of the lower lip. The secret of the gland is a viscous sticky liquid that hardens in water in the form of a strong brownish thread. The strength of the web thread is so great that many caddisfly houses remain in collections for decades without crumbling.
Caddisfly larvae, with rare exceptions, live in water, inhabiting a wide variety of water bodies, flowing and stagnant (including deep puddles on forest roads), with fresh and slightly saline water. Their diversity and abundance is higher in areas with a fairly humid climate and an abundance of water bodies.
The larvae of caddisflies feed in a very diverse way. Some are filter feeders-detritophages, others scrape off the fouling that the underwater world of fresh water is so rich in, others are typical predators or have a mixed diet, often changing their diet depending on the season, there are species whose main food is the tissues of living plants. During the larval stage, caddisflies molt several times (usually 4, rarely 5-6). Having completed its development, an adult larva from the suborder of annelids builds itself a strong pupal house - a cave, where it pupates in a cocoon. The larva of the whole-palp suborder modernizes its portable house, sealing both holes of the tube with a mesh of cobwebs, often interspersed with particles of the usual building material, and attaches it to the substrate. They pupate with or without a cocoon. When the chrysalis is ready to molt onto the adult, it breaks through the web cocoon, as well as the entrance hole of the pupa house, gets out of it and rises to the surface of the water, where it swims quickly. Having found a suitable object that you can climb on, or reaching the shore of a reservoir, the pupa gets out of the water and soon a gap forms on the dorsal side of its head and chest, from which the chest protrudes first, then the head, and then the whole insect.
Adult caddis flies usually keep close to water bodies, often lead a twilight-night lifestyle and fly into the light in masses. Many do not feed at all or lick up loose fluids on plants, including drops of dew or rain. There is evidence that some species feed on nectar and pollen. Male caddis flies (Hydropsychidae) swarm, forming fairly large aggregations in the air.
Caddisflies are a favorite food of many species of fish, including commercial ones, in particular, a number of sturgeon and whitefish. The larvae serve as food for domestic and wild waterfowl and birds closely associated with water. For example, the dipper pecks caddisfly larvae from the rocky bottom of shallow streams. Ground birds and other animals willingly eat caddis flies during their mass summer. Particularly vivid pictures can be seen on Baikal. In spring, some species of caddis flies appear there in such numbers that all the shores of the lake, stones and trees turn black from small caddis flies densely stuck around them. At this time, frogs, lizards, foxes and even bears eat caddisflies, and some species of birds nesting there feed their chicks almost exclusively on caddisflies. Some herbivorous species cause little damage to rice crops. During the period of mass summer, caddisflies can greatly annoy people, flying into rooms into the light through open windows.
