Perfect and imperfect forms of verbs in Russian. Perfective and imperfective forms of the verb

Verbs imperfect form indicate long-term or repeated actions, without indicating their completion. IN indefinite form they answer the question what to do?. For example: think, read, speak, write, paint, improve. These verbs have it all three forms of time: past, present and future are complex. Verbs perfect form point to completeness of action, its result, the end of an action or its beginning. They answer the question in a vague manner what to do?. For example: conceive, read, talk, write, paint, improve. These verbs only have two forms of time: past and future simple.

Aspect is a constant grammatical feature of a verb. Verbs are of two types, depending on how the action specified by the verb occurs in time. To establish the type of a verb, it is often enough to ask a question to the infinitive: what to do? -imperfect species,what to do? - perfect.

Imperfect verbs

They denote an action that is incomplete, long-term, regular or repeated over time, that is, an action in progress, for example, speaking, thinking, dreaming, transferring, re-reading. To check, you can use adverbs that will make it easier to determine the type of verb (what do they do? when? how often?): every morning (day or evening), rarely, sometimes, usually, often, regularly. Imperfective verbs have three tense forms:

1. the present - speaks, dreams, endures;
2. the future is complex - will speak, will dream, will endure;
3. past - spoke, dreamed, endured.

Perfect Verbs

They denote a completed, limited or one-time action; they indicate the result, end or beginning of an action, therefore they cannot be used with verbs continue, begin and the like. For example, send, jump, knock, run, catch, sing, speak. With the help of some adverbs, you can verify the correct definition of the type of verb (what did they do? when?): yesterday, today, in the morning, once, already, not yet, three days ago. Due to their meaning, these verbs form only two tense forms:

1. the future is simple - he will send, jump, sing;
2. past - sent, jumped, sang.

If a verb of one type corresponds to a verb of another type with the same lexical meaning, we get species pairs: write out (sov.) – write out (non-sov.); offend (sov.) – offend (nesov.); triple (sov.) – triple (nesov.). Most of these verbs have the same root, but there are exceptions: take (sov.) - take (nesov.); find (sov.) – search (nesov.); put (sov.) – put (nesov.). In addition, there are two-type verbs that combine the characteristics of two types at the same time; their type can only be established in context: execute, wound, marry, order promise, organize, examine, arrest, attack,use, automate, influence. There are single-aspect verbs that do not have an aspect pair: what to do? hit, find yourself; what to do? want, possess, fly.

View – this is a morphological category of a verb, which indicates the relationship of the action denoted by the verb to the internal limit of this action: decide – decide.

All verbs in any form have value of the form, therefore, this category is universal. The category of aspect is binary: it consists of verbs of two types: perfect (answer the question what to do?) and imperfect (answer the question what to do?).

View– this is a specific category of Russian and other Slavic languages, one of the complex categories of grammar, which is studied by a special section of grammar – aspectology. The private meanings of both types of verbs are varied: the meaning of completeness (to say), the meaning of a one-time action (to shout), the meaning of an indefinite duration of action (to shout), etc.

All these particular meanings can be reduced to more general ones: action without indicating its internal limit (imperfect verbs) and action indicating its internal limit (perfect verbs).

Perfective and imperfective verbs differ not only in categorical meaning, but also in inflection and grammatical compatibility. Imperfect verbs in the indicative mood they have the ability to form all tense forms (do – did – I do – I'll do it), they have full set temporary forms of participles. For perfective verbs there is no present tense form in the indicative mood (do – did – I'll do it) and present participles. Perfect Verbs never combined with verbs denoting any phase of action (start, finish, continue, etc.), and with words and phrases like for a long time, for hours, daily, etc.

The majority of verbs in the Russian language are opposed to each other in appearance: they form species pairs. Two verbs that are identical in their lexical meaning, but differ in the grammatical meaning of the perfective and imperfective form, are combined species pair: write – write, do – do.

The most common method of speciation is suffixal.

Imperfective verbs are formed from perfective verbs using suffixes: -willow-, -yva-(glue – glue, ask – question), -va-, -a-(-i) (give – give, sing – sing, decide – decide, save – save).

Perfective verbs are formed from imperfective verbs using the suffixes -nu- and -anu-: (push – push, prick – prick, sprinkle – sprinkle), prefixes for-, on-, from-, s-, pro-, o-, you-, on-, once-, etc.(take notes – take notes, write – write, bake – bake, make – do, read – read, weaken – weaken, heal – cure, build – build, etc.).

But most often, prefixes not only change the grammatical meaning of the form, but also give the verb a new lexical meaning, such verbs do not form an aspectual pair: read – reread, reprimand, read out, etc.

The verbs that make up the aspectual pair can differ only in the place of stress:cut – cut, pour – sprinkle.

In some cases, members of a species pair can be expressed by verbs with different stems: take – take, look for – find, talk – say.

Not all verbs in the Russian language can form aspectual pairs. The differences between the verbs that make up the aspectual pair should be reduced only to the difference in indicating the internal limit

Verbs that have only perfective or imperfective meanings are called single-species. Most often these are verbs with a pronounced way verb action: to be, to exist, to appear (imperfect form), to say, to shout, to wake up, to sleep (perfect form)

Bi-aspect verbs They express perfective and imperfective meanings through the same form. These verbs occupy a special place in the aspectual system of the Russian language. Please note that it is important not to confuse two-aspect verbs with verbs that have aspect pairs.

Two-aspect verbs include: verbs with suffixes -ova(t), -irova(t): address, organize, confiscate, etc.; some verbs with suffixes -a(t), -e(t), -i(t): run, promise, crown, promise, grant, wound, etc.

Most often, the duality of verbs manifests itself in the forms of the past tense and infinitive, but sometimes the forms of the present and future tense are not distinguished (execution, wife). The meaning of one or another type is revealed in the context. For example: The guns are firing from the pier, they are ordering the ship to land (what are they doing?) (A. Pushkin); Would you like me to order (what will I do?) bring the rug? (N. Gogol).

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Instructions

All Verbs divisible by two kind. To begin with, we should define the term “species”. Aspect is a verbal category that shows how an action occurs in time and expresses the relationship of the action to its result. Category kind in any form, have everything Verbs Russian language. How , Verbs perfect and imperfect kind.

Definition of imperfective verbs kind Verbs of the imperfect kind called Verbs, answering the question "?" and denoting an action without indicating the outcome, as well as without limiting it in time, the action is long or repeated (, look, talk, sit, stand).

Verbs imperfect and perfect kind form pairs by type. A species pair is made up of an imperfect kind and perfect verb kind having the same lexical meaning and differing only in meaning kind: look - view, write - write, build - build, run - come running.

note

on interspecific connections of verbs

Helpful advice

To consolidate the studied material, it is necessary to select a large number of examples

Sources:

• Determining types of verbs
• perfect verb

The term "verb" came into our speech from Ancient Rus'. In those distant times, the Slavs called their alphabet “Glagolitic”. IN modern language this part of speech is important place. Verb words are often found in sentences, together with the subject they form grammatical basis. The verb has a number of grammatical features and can be the main and secondary member of a sentence.

Instructions

The action and state of an object are conveyed with the help of , having unchangeable signs of perfect or imperfect form, transitivity - intransitivity, reflexivity - irrevocability and conjugation.

The imperfect is more common in our speech. Usually morphemes help to form the perfect from it: “look - look”, “shout - shout”. But it also happens the other way around: “-to stitch”, “to decide-to decide.” Such verb variants represent aspect pairs.

If verbs can control nouns that appear with them in the accusative case, and the connection between them is expressed without the help of a preposition, then they will be considered: “show”, “cook”, “”. Intransitives are not characterized by such subordinating connection: “to be absent”, “to take a closer look”, “to sit”.

The suffix -sya (-s) indicates that the verb is reflexive. Non-returnables do not have such a suffix. It should be remembered that reflexivity indicates intransitivity.

Conjugation is indicated by a set of endings when changing according to persons and numbers. It’s easy to recognize this sign if the personal ending of the verb is stressed. If the conjugation is not established, you need to pay attention to the infinitive. All, excluding “shave” and “lay”, verbs ending in -it, and several excluded from this list (on -et, -at) - constitute II conjugation. The rest represent the I conjugation. Among the verbs, several different conjugations stand out: “to want”, “to run”, “to honor”.

The existing category of verb mood helps to establish how the actions performed relate to reality. Verb words in each mood have a certain set of characteristics. Indicative verbs convey actions that actually occur. The concept of the category of time is applied to them. The present and future tenses tend to change according to persons and numbers, and the past, instead of a person, according to gender. The imperative contains a call to action. A similar form of the verb can form a unity with the words “yes”, “come on”, “let”. The possibility and certain conditions of action are indicated by the conditional mood, in which the verb is necessarily in the past tense and has the particle “would (b)”.

There may be no person or object performing the action. The purpose of such verb words is to convey various states nature or man. They have a corresponding name - “impersonal”. Examples of the use of such verbs in impersonal sentences: “It was getting dark outside,” “I’m chilling.”

The usual purpose of a verb in sentences is to act as a predicate. Syntactic functions expand when used in: here it can be the subject, perform the function of a sentence. Consider different variants: “Whistle (tale) everyone up!”, “Tourists began to carefully move (part of the predicate) forward”, “Learning (subject) will always come in handy”, “The guests asked to turn on (additional) music louder”, “The boy expressed a desire take (def.) volleyball seriously”, “I came to see (obv.) you.”

note

Linguistic scientists have two points of view regarding participles and gerunds formed from verbs: they are distinguished as independent parts of speech or verb forms.

Sources:

• general characteristics verb as part of speech

Slavic languages ​​are sharply contrasted with other Indo-European languages ​​in the forms of expression of the categories of tense and aspect. Modern system species developed in linguistics only at the beginning of the 20th century. In order to correctly determine the type of verb in Russian, it is necessary to take into account a number of reasons.

The aspect of the verb is the lexico-grammatical category of the verb, expressing the relation of the action to its internal limit. The internal limit is the point in the course of an action when action turns into inaction.

History of the verb aspect category

Until the 20th century In linguistics, 3 types were distinguished:

1. An indefinite appearance, coinciding with the modern imperfect appearance.

2. Multiple view. Examples are: sat, walked.

3. One-time appearance, matching the modern perfect appearance.

In modern linguistics grammatical types It is customary to differentiate the verb on the basis of semantics, i.e. meanings.

In Russian grammar, there are perfect and imperfect forms.

This can be determined based on the following grounds:

1) Based on semantics.

Perfective verbs denote an action that has reached an internal limit (for example: , did). Imperfective verbs denote an action that has not reached an internal limit (for example: looked, did).

2) For questions.

Perfective verbs answer the question “what to do?”, and imperfective verbs answer the question “?”. For example: (what did you do?) looked, (what did you do?) looked.

3) Based on word formation.

The perfect is formed with the help of prefixes, the imperfect with the help of suffixes. Thus, verbs of the perfect form “looked, did” have prefixes, but verbs of the imperfect form “looked, did” do not.

4) By compatibility.

Imperfective verbs are combined with adverbs “long”, “slowly”, with the words “every day” and others, but perfective verbs do not have this option. So, you can say “I looked for a long time,” but you cannot use the expression “I looked for a long time.”

5) By difference in the set of word forms.

Perfective verbs cannot be in the present tense, and imperfective verbs cannot have 3rd tense forms.

Verb aspect is one of the topics in school curriculum, which students forget or even “fly by.” Without a doubt, if you do not understand the easy rules of this section, you will not be able to understand the other, more complex ones. Students often confuse an imperfect verb with a perfect verb, but they have no idea how easy and simple everything is, you just need to clearly sort out what is what.

A form is a unit without which not a single verb in the Russian language can exist. It is worth remembering that it can always be determined! In some cases, the answer is on the surface, and in others you have to dig deeper. In our language there are two types of verbs: perfect (SV) and imperfect (NSV).

Perfect view

This is a type that denotes an already completed action; most often we use it in the past tense. If we draw a parallel with the English language, there a completed action can be indicated by tenses such as Past Simple and Present Perfect. We must take into account that SV verbs direct us to the result, the end of the action or its beginning. For example: “He read the book.” How can you tell that it is not an imperfective verb? You just need to ask the question: “What did you do?” Teachers give this hint to children in almost all schools, explaining that if the predicate in a question has the prefix “s”, then it is a perfective verb.

This type can also be used in the future tense, questions to check: “what will (will) do?” etc.

You should take into account the fact that SV completely lacks the present tense, so if you see a verb of this tense, know that it is NSV.

Imperfect species

An imperfect verb denotes the duration of an action without emphasizing the result. The process can be regular, that is, someone does something every day. Or simply repetitive, in other words, someone does something infrequently. IN English language There are also tenses denoting process, for example, Present Continuous. Adverbs in a sentence can also “give away” the imperfect form of the verb. Examples: constantly, often, always, regularly, usually, long - they all indicate the absence of an end to the action.

To easily identify an imperfective verb, you just have to ask it the question: “What to do?” (the question lacks the letter “c” indicating SV, therefore it is NSV). For example: Marina loves to sing (what should she do?).

Verbs of this group can be either present tense (what is (am I doing) doing?, etc.), or future tense (what will be doing (will I be doing)?, etc.) and past tense (what did (do)?, etc.). d.).

One-aspect verbs and verbs with two forms

Many verbs in the Russian language have a pair of the opposite form (davit (SV) - davit (NSV)). They are formed by alternating vowels and consonants of letters and syllables:

• o/a - late/late (SV/NSV);
• o/s - sigh/sigh (SV/NSV);
• I / them - raised / will raise (SV / NSV);
• u/im - took out/took out (SV/NSV);
• d/f - accompanied/sees off (SV/NSV);
• t/h - answered/will answer (SV/NSV);
• p/pl - strengthened/strengthened (SV/NSV);
• st/sh - treated / will treat (SV/NSV).

In addition to such verbs, there are also single-type verbs, which in no case can have a pair; they have only one of two forms: imperfect or perfect. Among them: to be, to be present, to be absent, to be inactive (NSV only), and also: to scream, to be needed, to gush, to find yourself (SV only).

Examples of imperfect and perfect verbs

As it turned out, NSV and SV are quite easy to find on a question, but most often students begin to understand the topic only after the teacher explains it with examples.

Imperfect view: boils, takes, cares, will play, cut, looked for, sawed, interfered, will sleep, etc.

Perfect form: water, kill, put away, bought, disappeared, moved, opened, sat down, etc.

These are just some examples of perfective and imperfective verbs.

And imperfect.

Imperfective verbs denote an action that is not limited by an internal limit.

Imperfective verbs can have the following private meanings:

1. Specific process meaning. Indicates a single action in its process implementation by the subject.

• Sleeping or reading.

The specific process meaning has the following shades:

A). underlined duration (lexical indicators like for a long time, all night long, whole month):

• - Here we are from this hill, so we’ll swim, we'll sail all day...
• (V. Ya. Shishkov)
• You're too you talk for a long time about it.

b). attempt to perform an action:

• And he runs...

V). unsuccessful attempts to achieve the desired result:

• He convinced and convinced, but he never convinced.

G). incompleteness of action:

• They were building something here.

2. Unlimited-long-lasting value.

• The Earth revolves around the Sun, the Moon revolves around the Earth.

3. Potentially constant value.

• He speaks German.

Grammatical features of imperfective verbs

1. B have forms of all three tenses (present, past and future):

• write - I am writing, I wrote, I will write
• read - read, read, will read

2. Imperfect verbs form: work - I will work, you will work, you will work, you will work, you will work, you will work.

3. present tense (can form past participles): read - read yushch (real, present time), read I eat (passive, present tense), read lice (real, past tense), read nn y (passive, past tense).

4. Form: read - read I, talk - talk I, tell - telling I , work - work I, build - build I worry, worry - wave I s .