Words with opposite meanings. Antonyms

What are words called that have opposite meanings but belong to the same part of speech?

Afanasy44

A word with the opposite meaning in grammar is called Antonym.

Some words have opposite meanings quality characteristics, for example, in relation to height (tall - short), weight (light - heavy), time of year (winter - summer) or day (morning - evening).

But for most words there is no such opposition, so antonyms for them are possible only in a figurative sense.

Antonyms cannot be formed from words from various parts speech or lexical levels.

Numerals, pronouns and proper names antonyms are not formed.

Among the antonyms there are:

contradictory, when there are no transitional steps between them (dead - alive),

contrasting, when there are transitional gradations between them (white - gray - black), -

vector, denoting the multidirectionality of signs, phenomena or actions (left - entered, revolutionary - counter-revolutionary),

conversions, when opposite points of view are described with antonyms (learn - teach, found - lost),

enantiosemy, the antonym has the opposite meaning (borrowed a tool from a neighbor - lent a tool to a neighbor).

Antonyms can have one root and differ only in prefixes (input - output), or they can have different roots (forward - back).

Nelli4ka

Words with opposite meanings are called "antonyms".

Antonyms have diametrically opposite meanings and are written differently. However, the roots can be either different (light - dark) or the same (enter-exit).

In any case, antonyms must refer to the same part of speech. It is impossible to select an antonym-verb for a noun.

The core of any antonyms is a feature (actions, natural phenomena, qualities, feelings, etc.), but the qualitative shades of this feature can be different.

Of course, not all words in the Russian language have their own antonyms, because in some cases it is impossible to find them. But it happens that a word in a figurative meaning acts as an antonym. Or the antonym is possible only in a specific case (“I need a husband, not a lazy person”).

Lorelei

Antonyms are words of the same part of speech that have opposite meanings. The term Antonyms itself is of Greek origin.

Antonyms are opposed to each other according to some essential feature, and not all words can enter into antonymic relationships. Antonyms are presented in pairs in dictionaries. Antonyms are divided into two types: multi-rooted (fat - thin, fast - slow, fun - sadness, work - idleness), and single-rooted (for example, revolution - counter-revolution, come - go). I use antonyms widely in fiction as one of the figurative means.

Andreyushka

Words with opposite meanings are called antonyms. They must belong to the same part of speech. For example: black - white (adjective), blacken - whiten (verb), blackness - whiteness (noun), white - black (adverb). This is the most illustrative example of antonyms.

So many words have no antonyms. For example: broom, well, brown, space, etc. You can even say this: few words have antonyms.

There are also approximate antonyms, that is, it is necessary to take into account not only them direct meaning, and consider the word in general view. Thus, the following pairs can be antonyms: hotel - shack, sword - shield.

There is a very interesting VKontakte game - Antonyms. Here you are offered photographs and you need to find and guess antonyms in them. There are very difficult tasks here, which just belong to groups of approximate antonyms. The higher the level, the more difficult the tasks of this VKontakte game. A prize awaits the winner.

Agafya

Words that are opposite in meaning to each other are called antonyms. They may be spelled differently, such as "true" and "false". These are antonyms with different roots. Antonyms can be single-rooted, formed as a result of adding various prefixes (not-, re-, counter-, without-, de-), for example, love - dislike, revolution - counter-revolution. Sometimes antonyms are formed with the addition of the particle “not-”, to speak - not to be silent, to hear - not to hear.

There are also enantiosemes, when one word can be interpreted in different senses, “look through” materials in the sense of familiarizing yourself with and “look through” in the sense of not noticing the necessary information.

Words that belong to the same part of speech and have opposite meanings are called antonyms. These linguistic units are opposed to each other and are polar. Words that mean:

All differences between antonyms are of a contrasting nature. Moreover, it is impossible to select an antonym-noun, antonym-adverb or antonym-adjective for a verb word. If our word is a verb, then its antonym must also represent the same part of speech.

Examples of antonyms: love - hate, old - young, good - bad, friendship - enmity, cold - hot.

Strymbrym

You just relax on such questions. In the process of answering, the only difficulty that arises is how to stretch the answer so that it includes 200 characters. So, words that have the opposite meaning, but belong to the same part of speech, are called “Antonyms”.

Elena-kh

words with opposite meanings can be called either oppositions or antonyms. But in this case, you need to answer antonyms. Antonyms can be of different parts of speech, example of antonyms: long - short, close - distant.

Antonyms These are words of the same part of speech that have opposite meanings. For example, the same root words are antonyms happiness - unhappiness. And other examples of well-fed - hungry, kind angry, strong - weak.

Synonyms, antonyms, anonymous...) 2 examples each... please help)

Andrey Kuzmichev

Synonyms in linguistics are words of the same part of speech, different in sound and spelling (cf. homonyms), but having the same or very similar lexical meaning (cf. antonyms)

It is necessary to distinguish between synonyms and nominal definitions - the latter represent complete identity. Antonyms (Greek αντί- “against” + όνομα “name”) are words of the same part of speech, different in sound and spelling, having directly opposite meanings: truth - lie, kind - angry, speak - remain silent.
Classification of synonyms
Thus, synonyms can be differentiated:
on the objects they designate [S. “buffoon - actor - comedian - actor - artist” reflect different moments in the development of theater and different attitudes towards the profession of an actor (cf. the next point)];
according to the social assessment of the designated subject (S. “salary - wages” reflect different attitudes towards the remuneration received for work);
by applicability in a particular style of speech (S. “horse - horse” are not always stylistically reversible; in the verse “Where are you galloping, proud horse?” the substitution of S. “horse” will produce a comic effect);
by etymological meaning, which can give one of the S. a special coloring (S. “brave - fearless” is associated general concept courage in the first case with “daring”, “determination”, in the second - with “lack of fear”; therefore, these S. in a certain context can be used as words of opposite meaning, as antonyms);
by presence or absence figurative meanings: so, in the famous epigram K. N. Batyushkov. Advice to the epic poet:

Antonyms according to the type of concepts expressed:

Contradictory correlates are those opposites that mutually complement each other to the point of a whole, without transitional links; they are in a relation of private opposition. Examples: bad - good, lie - truth, living - dead.
contrarian correlates - antonyms expressing polar opposites within one entity in the presence of transitional links - internal gradation; they are in a relation of gradual opposition. Examples: black (- gray -) white, old (- elderly - middle-aged -) young, large (- average -) small.
vector correlates are antonyms expressing different directions of actions, signs, social phenomena, etc. Examples: enter - exit, descend - rise, light - extinguish, revolution - counter-revolution.
Conversions are words that describe the same situation from the point of view of different participants. Examples: buy - sell, husband - wife, teach - learn, lose - win, lose - find.
enantiosemy - the presence of opposite meanings in the structure of a word. Examples: lend someone money - borrow money from someone, surround someone with tea - treat and not treat.
pragmatic - words that are regularly contrasted in the practice of their use, in contexts (pragmatics - “action”). Examples: soul - body, mind - heart, earth - sky.
According to the structure, antonyms are:
different roots (forward - back);
single-root - formed using prefixes that are opposite in meaning: enter - exit, or using a prefix added to the original word (monopoly - antimonopoly).

Anonymous (Greek) - nameless, unknown. Author of anonymous text.

The meaning of the word "anonymous" is different for various types texts. They can be anonymous literary works, and utilitarian messages - letters, libels, denunciations, etc.

Homonyms (from the Greek ὁμός - identical and ονομα - name) are words different in meaning, but identical in spelling and sound, language units (words, morphemes, etc.). The term was introduced by Aristotle. Not to be confused with homophones

Words
A scythe is on a girl’s head, a scythe is a tool for mowing, a scythe is geographical name(Curonian Spit)
The key is a musical sign, the key is a door, the key is a natural source of water.
Onion is a plant, onion is a weapon.
Pen - writing (gel, ballpoint, etc.), pen - human hand,

What are words, ontonyms and words, synonyms?

User deleted

antonyms adjectives that are directly opposite in meaning
bad-good
synonyms close in meaning adjectives

Synonym - A word that differs from another in sound or spelling, but is the same or close in meaning.
Antonym - Words with the opposite meaning of another word.

Antonyms (Greek αντί- “against” + όνομα “name”) are words of the same part of speech, different in sound and spelling, having directly opposite meanings: truth - lie, good - evil, speak - remain silent.
Synonyms in linguistics are words of the same part of speech, different in sound and spelling (cf. homonyms), but having the same or very similar lexical meaning (cf. antonyms)
Examples: cavalry - cavalry, brave - brave
They serve to increase the expressiveness of speech and help avoid monotony of speech.
It is necessary to distinguish between synonyms and nominal definitions - the latter represent complete identity.

Lyudmila

Antonyms (gr. anti - against + onyma - name) are words that are different in sound and have directly opposite meanings: truth - lie, good - evil, speak - remain silent.. Synonyms are words (more precisely, words considered in a certain meaning ), usually belonging to the same part of speech, with the same or similar meaning. For example, synonyms are the words brave and courageous, sadness and sadness, extinguish and extinguish..

Karlygash

Antonyms are words with opposite meanings: native - stranger, close - distant, good - evil.
synonyms are words that are the same or close in meaning: bed, bed, berth, couch, bunk - a place to sleep.

Such words are called antonyms.

Term of Greek origin: αntiί-- "against", onyma- "Name". Antonyms mainly belong to the same part of speech, they are different in sound and spelling and have directly opposite lexical meanings: deep – shallow; fun - sad.

Not every word has its own antonym.
If a word is polysemous, then it can have the same antonym for all its meanings: big small(table), big – small(victory), big - small(children).
But a polysemantic word can have different antonyms for its different meanings: light heavy(suitcase), light - heavy(gait), easy - difficult(exercise), light - strong(wind), light - dense(breakfast), easy - severe(punishment), etc.

Antonyms by structure

According to the structure, antonyms are:
multi-rooted (back and forth; wealth - poverty; White black);
single-rooted, which are formed using prefixes that are opposite in meaning: enter – exit or using a prefix added to the original word ( monopoly – antimonopoly; friend - foe; underground – aboveground).

Use of antonyms in fiction

Antonyms are widely used in fiction to express antithesis. Antithesis- a stylistic turn in which sharply contrasting concepts are contrasted.

What to do?.. With unskillful speech
I can't occupy your mind...
All this would be funny
If only it weren't so sad.

M.Yu. Lermontov. From the poem “Alexandra Osipovna Smirnova” (1840)

The use of antithesis in artistic or oratory speech allows you to sharply contrast concepts, positions, images, states that are interconnected general design or inner meaning. F. Petrarch has a sonnet completely built on an antithesis:

And there is no peace - and there are no enemies anywhere;
I fear - I hope, I freeze and burn;
I drag myself in the dust and soar in the skies;
Strange to everyone in the world - and ready to embrace the world.

In her captivity I don’t know;
They don’t want to own me, but the oppression is harsh;
Cupid does not destroy and does not break bonds;
And there is no end to life and no end to torment.

I am sighted - without eyes; silently - I emit screams;
And I thirst for destruction - I pray to save;
I hate myself - and I love everyone else;
Through suffering - alive; with laughter I cry;

Both death and life are cursed with sadness;
And this is to blame, oh donna, you!

Poets with rhetorical pathos especially often resorted to antithesis, for example, V. Mayakovsky:

Our strength is truth
yours - laurels ringing.
Yours is incense smoke,
ours is factory smoke.
Your power is a chervonets,
ours is a red banner.
We will take,
let's borrow
and we will win.

V. Mayakovsky “Kyiv” (1924)

Antonyms are often used in titles of works. This makes the name especially meaningful and memorable:

“War and Peace” L.N. Tolstoy;
“Thick and Thin” by A.P. Chekhov;
“The Living and the Dead” by K. Simonov;
“Hot Snow” by Yu. Bondarev;
“The Prince and the Pauper” by M. Twain.

Antonyms are often found in proverbs and sayings, phraseological units: “ from a sick head to a healthy one», « lays down softly, but sleeps hard».
Sometimes words themselves are not antonyms, but become them in a certain context. Such antonyms are called copyrighted:

They got along. Wave and stone,
Poetry and prose, ice and fire.
Not so different from each other.

A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"

One more remedy artistic expression, based on antonymy, is an oxymoron. Oxymoron(Greek oxymoron- “witty-stupid”) - a deliberate connection in artistic speech in one phrase or sentence of words that are incompatible in meaning and related to each other by subordinating dependence:

“Living Relics” by I.S. Turgenev;
“Dead Souls” N.V. Gogol;
“Distantly Close” by I.E. Repin.

That night we went crazy with each other,
Only the ominous darkness shone for us,
The irrigation ditches muttered their way,
And the carnations smelled like Asia.

A. Akhmatova

From a psychological point of view, an oxymoron is a way of resolving an inexplicable situation. Oxymorons are especially common in poetry.

S. Yesenin “Soviet Rus'”

Oxymorons are often used to describe objects that combine opposite qualities: “ courageous woman», « feminine boy».
A real oxymoron - the name of the holiday old New Year.

Antonyms- these are words with opposite lexical meanings that must belong to the same part of speech. (semantic difference). (concrete - abstract, abstract).

Individual values polysemantic words may enter into antonymic relationships. (day “part of the day” - night, day “day, date” has no antonyms. different meanings There can be different antonyms for the same word. For example, close with the meaning “located at a short distance” - distant, close “blood related” - alien, close “similar” - different. Polysemous words may have one antonym that has several meanings. For example, upper with the meanings “located at the top”, “close to the upper reaches of the river” - lower (upper step - lower, upper course - lower).

Stylistic potential of antonyms

Anton's main function. - expression of opposites. This feature can be used for various stylistic purposes:

· to indicate the limit of manifestation of a quality, property, relationship, action: “a person needs little, so that he searches and finds, so that to begin with there is only one friend and one enemy”

· to actualize a statement or strengthen an image, impression, etc.: “it was like a clear evening: neither day nor night, neither light nor darkness”

· to express evaluation opposite properties objects, actions, etc.: “..one old man, completely insignificant, was worthy of my novel than all these great people..”

Built on the sharp opposition of antonyms antithesis. It can be simple (one-term ): the powerful are always to blame for the powerless and complex: and we hate, and we don’t love. Without sacrificing anything, neither anger nor love. The antithesis can be seen in the titles of the art. works, headlines of newspaper articles.

Antonymy is at the core oxymoron- a stylistic device consisting of creating a new concept by combining words with contrasting meanings: expensive cheapness and based on a pun: where is the beginning of the end.

Using one of the antonyms when another should have been used: when you’re smart, you’re delirious. Using a word in its opposite meaning - antiphrasis.

Antonyms can be expressed when any member of a is missing from the text. couples: dark, but clean face; His height is average or less...

Typology of antonyms

Antonyms are heterogeneous in their structure. Some are of different roots (actually lexical): black - white, life - death.

Others have the same root (lexicogrammatical): calm - restless. In single-rooted Anton. the opposite meaning is due to the addition of semantically different prefixes, cat. can enter into antonymic relationships with each other. In this case, lexical antonymy is a consequence of word formation processes. single-root antonyms are found among all lexico-grammatical categories of words. Antonym verbs are especially active, because they are distinguished by the richness of prefix formations in-, for-, from-, under-, etc. single-root antonyms-adjectives and antonyms-nouns are often formed with the help of foreign language word-forming elements: a-, de-, anti, micro-, dis-, etc. Single-rooted a.:

· antonyms-enantiosemes(the meaning of the opposite is expressed by the same word). This antonymy is intraverbal. The semantic possibilities of such an antonym are realized with the help of context (lexically) or special constructions (syntactically): make a reservation (accidentally) “make a mistake” slip (intentionally) “make a reservation”.

· antonyms-euphemisms- words that express the semantics of the opposite in a restrained, gentle manner. Formed using the prefix not-.

· Converse antonyms- different root ant., words expressing the opposite in both the original and modified statements in reverse order: Peter comes to Sergei - Sergei leaves Peter.

Antonym dictionaries

For a long time there were no special dictionaries of antonyms. In 1971 2 dictionaries were published. In "Dictionary a. Russian Yaz.” L. Vvedenskaya explained 862 antonymous pairs. All interpretations are provided with numerous examples from works (fiction, scientific, newspaper and journalistic). The dictionary includes a theoretical section that covers issues related to lexical antonymy.

N. Kolesnikov’s dictionary explains more than 1,300 antonym words and various contrasts. It does not sufficiently cover single-root antonyms. Its dictionary includes many terms that exist in pairs: vocalism-consonantism.

In "Dictionary a. rus. Yaz.” M. Lvova, L. Novikova interpretation of the meanings of antonymic pairs is given through the presentation of phrases with these words and examples in the texts. The special sections of the dictionary indicate the main ways of forming single-root antons. , word-forming elements of an antonymic nature are listed. IN " School dictionary A." M Lvov explains the most common antonyms. When determining meanings, the polysemy of words is taken into account, synonymous pairs are given, and style notes are given.

Antonyms(Greek αντί- - against + όνομα - name) - these are words of the same part of speech, different in sound and spelling, having directly opposite lexical meanings, for example: “truth” - “lie”, “good” - “evil”, “ speak" - "be silent".

Lexical units of the vocabulary of a language turn out to be closely related not only on the basis of their associative connection by similarity or contiguity as lexical-semantic variants of a polysemantic word. Most words of the language do not contain a feature capable of opposition, therefore, antonymic relationships are impossible for them, however, in a figurative meaning they can acquire an antonym. Thus, in contextual antonymy, antonymic relationships between words with a direct meaning are possible, and then these pairs of words carry an emphatic load and perform a special stylistic function.

Antonyms are possible for words whose meanings contain opposite qualitative shades, but the meanings are always based on a common feature (weight, height, feeling, time of day, etc.). Also, only words belonging to the same grammatical or stylistic category can be contrasted. Consequently, words related to different parts speech or lexical levels.

Proper names, pronouns, and numerals do not have antonyms.

1Typology of antonymic relations

2Antonyms in poetry

3Sm.

Also

4Notes

5Literature

Typology of antonymic relations

Antonyms according to the type of concepts expressed:

contradictory correlates - such opposites that mutually complement each other to the whole, without transitional links; they are in a relation of private opposition. Examples: bad - good, lie - truth, living - dead.

contrarian correlates - antonyms expressing polar opposites within one entity in the presence of transitional links - internal gradation; they are in a relation of gradual opposition. Examples: black (- gray -) white, old (- elderly - middle-aged -) young, large (- average -) small.

vector correlates are antonyms expressing different directions of actions, signs, social phenomena, etc. Examples: enter - exit, descend - rise, light - extinguish, revolution - counter-revolution.

Conversions are words that describe the same situation from the point of view of different participants.

Examples: buy - sell, husband - wife, teach - study, lose - win, lose - find, young - old.

enantiosemy - the presence of opposite meanings in the structure of a word. Examples: lend someone money - borrow money from someone, surround someone with tea - treat and not treat.

pragmatic - words that are regularly contrasted in the practice of their use, in contexts (pragmatics - “action”). Examples: soul - body, mind - heart, earth - sky.

According to the structure, antonyms are:

different roots (forward - back);

single-root - formed using prefixes that are opposite in meaning: enter - exit, or using a prefix added to the original word (monopoly - antimonopoly).

From the point of view of language and speech, antonyms are divided into: linguistic (usual) - antonyms that exist in the language system (rich - poor); contextual (contextual, speech, occasional) - antonyms that arise in a certain context (to check the presence

of this type

, we need to reduce them to a language pair) - (gold - half copper, that is, expensive - cheap). They are often found in proverbs.

In terms of action, antonyms are:

Antonymsproportionate - action and reaction (get up - go to bed, get rich - get poor);

disproportionate - action and lack of action (in a broad sense) (light - extinguish, think - change your mind). - these are words of the same part of speech with opposite lexical meanings. Word antonym came from the Greek. onyma anti

Antonyms allow you to see objects, phenomena, signs by contrast.

Example:

hot ↔ cold, loud ↔ quiet, walk ↔ stand, far ↔ close

Not all words have antonyms. Words that denote specific objects (table, desk, goat) usually do not have antonyms.

Different meanings of a polysemantic word can have different antonyms.

Example:

soft (fresh) bread ↔ stale bread; soft (smooth) movements ↔ sudden movements; mild (warm) climate ↔ harsh climate.

Most antonyms are words of different roots. But they also meet single-root antonyms.

The opposite meaning in such cases is created using negative prefixes Not-,without-,anti-,counter- and etc.

Example:

experienced - inexperienced, familiar - unfamiliar, tasty - tasteless, military - anti-war, revolution - counter-revolution

Antonyms are widely used by writers and poets to enhance the expressiveness of speech.

Example:

You rich, I am very poor; You prose writer, I poet; You blushI am like the color of poppies, I am like death, and skinny and pale. (A. Pushkin)

This technique (the use of antonyms in a literary text) is called antithesis.

Phoneme(ancient Greek φώνημα - “sound”) - the minimum meaningful unit of language - (Linguistic unit of speech). The phoneme does not have an independent lexical or grammatical meaning, but serves to distinguish and identify significant units of language (morphemes and words):

when replacing one phoneme with another, you get a different word (<д>om -<т>ohm);

changing the order of phonemes will also result in a different word (<сон> - <нос>);

when you remove a phoneme, you will also get another word (i.e.<р>he is the tone).

The term “phoneme” in a close modern sense was introduced by the Polish-Russian linguists N.V. Krushevsky and I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay who worked in Kazan (after Krushevsky’s early death, Baudouin de Courtenay pointed out its priority).

The phoneme as an abstract unit of language corresponds to the sound of speech as a concrete unit in which the phoneme is materially realized. Strictly speaking, speech sounds are infinitely varied; a sufficiently accurate physical analysis can show that one person never pronounces the same sound in the same way (for example, stressed [á]). However, while all these pronunciation options allow you to correctly recognize and distinguish words, the sound [á] in all its variants will be a realization of the same phoneme<а>.

Phoneme is the object of study of phonology. This concept plays important role when solving such practical problems as developing alphabets, spelling principles, etc.

The minimal unit of sign languages ​​was previously called a chireme.