Record of being in outer space. space records

space history, as everyone knows, begins about half a century ago. During this period, a lot of interesting record data was recorded. In this article, we will present seven major records of the cosmic plan. So stay with us, read the article to the end.

The farthest space flight

The furthest distance to this moment reached the well-known Voyager 1. He was sent to endless expanses, and he traveled an incredibly long distance during his long journeys. This device was created for the purpose of research solar system and its surrounding areas. It was launched back in 1977, on September 5, and for such long time of his flight, namely almost 40 years, he managed to move away from the Sun at a distance of more than 19 trillion. km.

Longest stay in orbit

In view of the appearance of orbital stations, mankind has been given the opportunity to send people into space for periods of more than six months. Sergey Konstantinovich Krikalev, who is a Russian cosmonaut, managed to stay in orbit the longest and became the record holder in this regard. He made his legendary first flight in 1988. After that, he flew five more times to the stars. In total, he spent 803 days 9 hours 42 minutes outside the Earth. However, this is still not a record at the moment, because in 2015 it was beaten by Gennady Padalka, but this remains the property of Russia in terms of space exploration.

Longest stay in open space

New achievement relay Soviet Union was discovered by Alexei Leonov, who is a Soviet pilot who went outside the spacecraft during his first flight back in 1965. After that, there were already many exits into outer space, called extravehicular activities. There are over 370 of them in total, and Anatoly Solovyov became the winner here in terms of long stay. He managed to carry out 16 acts of extravehicular activity and eventually broke the record for the duration of being in outer space. It was 82 hours 22 minutes. Anatoly at that moment was in the middle of a vacuum and an eternally cold environment and was performing all kinds of experiments and maintenance work with station equipment.

Kommunalka in orbit

In 1975, for the first time ever, it was possible to dock international spacecraft with astronauts on board. Over forty years of activity, they managed to build all kinds of modules in which the astronauts had the opportunity to conduct experiments within the framework of international cooperation.

Although there was a Soviet program called Interkosmos, as well as its counterparts from the United States, the first permanent project of the international plan actually turned out to be the MIR station. In addition to cosmonauts from Russia, shuttle expeditions flew to her, on which there were representatives different countries. But now the record for the number of visits is broken by the international space station. Since 1998, 216 people have visited the laboratories, some of whom have visited the station twice or even three times.

Record holder of astronauts by age

When the first members of the space detachment were still being recruited, the most stringent selection rules were in force for all sorts of restrictions: that and health, and weight, height, and even age. Scientists then only assumed and did not know exactly what awaits the pioneers of space, so it was logical to send young pilots there. For example, Yuri Gagarin was only 27 years old at the time of his flight, and the youngest was German Titov, who is Yuri's understudy, because he was only almost 26 years old during takeoff. But over time, the astronauts seem to get older and older. In 1988, John Glenn flew into space, whose statistics are very, very impressive, right from the time he was the first from the United States to make an orbital flight. He is the first who managed to cross the line of 90 years. At the last flight, he was 77 years old.

Heavyweight

As the space industry developed, there was a need to increase the number and mass of launch vehicles, and subsequently the development of superheavy launch vehicles arose. Many ideas, so to speak, have sunk into oblivion for some inexplicable reason. For example, there was such a Soviet launch vehicle as Energia. He was capable of launching a payload of 100 tons into orbit, but the USSR collapsed, and this creation was out of work. At the same time, it is worth remembering the past and paying attention to the time of the space race between the two superpowers. It's worth taking a look at the baby. lunar program USA under the name "Saturn-5". For the flight to the Moon of modules capable of returning to Earth, an extremely huge power was needed, and the Wernher von Braun apparatus had a carrying capacity of 140 tons, which gave it the right to be called a champion in terms of heavyweight.

The fastest people

A school physics course tells us that in order for an object to leave the orbit of another body, it is necessary to reach the second cosmic velocity, which can provide an opportunity to overcome gravity gravitational force. The American program for the exploration of the moon assumed that it was necessary to achieve the second earth space velocity. If in order to fly to the ISS it is necessary to gain speed of 8 km/s, to send to the Moon it will be necessary to reach 11 km/s. During the period of the Apollo 10 mission, three astronauts could move through space at a speed of 39,897 km/h relative to the Earth. Their names were John Young, Thomas Stafford and Eugene Senan. They managed to reach even 11082 m/s at the time of their return to the planet. To understand how much this is, one should imagine the time required to travel from Moscow to St. Petersburg. The distance between these great cities is 634 km, and it follows that the astronauts would fly from one city to another in 58 seconds.

Such interesting records, it turns out, were made by humans in terms of space exploration. These are truly magnificent results, although even greater ones can now be achieved. But still, they remained in history as one of the main records for the entire period of space exploration, which can serve as a reason for pride.

The first cosmonaut of the planet was a citizen of the USSR Yuri Gagarin. On April 12, 1961, he was launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome on the Vostok-1 spacecraft-satellite. During the flight, which lasted 1 hour 48 minutes (108 minutes), Gagarin made one orbit around the Earth.

After Gagarin, American astronauts Alan Shepard Jr. made suborbital flights on spacecraft. - 15 minutes 22 seconds (May 5, 1961 on the Mercury MR-3) and Virgil Grissom - 15 minutes 37 seconds (July 21, 1961 on the Mercury MR-4).

First female astronaut

The first woman in the world to fly into space was Valentina Tereshkova (USSR) - on June 16-19, 1963, she flew on the Vostok-6 spacecraft (2 days 22 hours 51 minutes).

During this time, the ship made 48 orbits around the Earth, flying a total distance of about 1.97 million km.

Tereshkova is not only the first female cosmonaut, but also the only woman to have made a solo space flight.

The youngest and oldest astronaut at the time of launch

The youngest is German Titov (USSR). He went on his first flight at the age of 25 years 10 months 26 days. The flight took place on August 6-7, 1961 on the Vostok-2 spacecraft.

The oldest astronaut is John Glenn Jr. (USA). At the time of the launch of the Discovery shuttle on October 29, 1998 (the flight continued until November 7, 1998), he was 77 years old, 3 months, 11 days old.

Among women, the youngest is Valentina Tereshkova (USSR). At the time of launch into space on June 16, 1963, she was 26 years old 3 months 11 days.

The oldest is US astronaut Barbara Morgan. Started flying on August 8, 2007 at the age of 55 years 8 months 12 days. She was a member of the crew of the shuttle Endeavor ("Endeavour"), the flight continued until August 21.

First multi-seat spacecraft

The first multi-seat spaceship was "Voskhod" (USSR), on which on October 12-13, 1964 (24 hours 17 minutes) a crew of three cosmonauts flew - Vladimir Komarov, Konstantin Feoktistov, Boris Yegorov.

Records in outer space

The first spacewalk in history was made on March 18, 1965 by the USSR pilot-cosmonaut Alexei Leonov, who flew on the Voskhod-2 spacecraft together with Pavel Belyaev. Spent 12 minutes 9 seconds outside the ship.

The first woman to go into outer space was Svetlana Savitskaya (USSR). The exit was made on July 25, 1984 from the Salyut-7 station and took 3 hours 34 minutes.

The longest exit in the history of world astronautics - 8 hours 56 minutes - on March 1, 2001 was performed by American astronauts James Voss and Susan Helms from the International Space Station.

The largest number of exits - 16 - belongs to Russian cosmonaut Anatoly Solovyov. In total, he spent 78 hours and 48 minutes in outer space.

Among women, Sunita Williams (USA) was the most spacewalker - she made 7 spacewalks (50 hours 40 minutes).

First docking of manned spacecraft

On January 16, 1969, the first docking of two manned spacecraft (carried out in manual mode) was carried out - the Soviet Soyuz-4 (launched on January 14, 1969; pilot - Vladimir Shatalov) and Soyuz-5 (January 15, 1969; crew - Boris Volynov, Evgeny Khrunov, Alexei Eliseev). The ships were docked for 4 hours and 35 minutes.

Lunar records

The first person to walk on the moon on July 21, 1969 was American astronaut Neil Armstrong. After 15-20 minutes, Edwin Aldrin followed him out of the lander.

Armstrong stayed on the lunar surface for about 2.5 hours, Edwin Aldrin for about 1.5 hours. Each astronaut traveled a distance of about 1 km, the greatest distance from the lunar module was 60 m.

The moon landing was carried out during the American lunar expedition July 16-24, 1969, the crew, in addition to Armstrong and Aldrin, included Michael Collins.

The longest exit to the surface of the Moon (7 hours 36 minutes 56 seconds) was made on December 12, 1972 by US astronauts Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt. They were part of the crew of Apollo 17 ("Apollo 17"), the flight took place on December 7-19, 1972.

First space station in orbit

On April 19, 1971, the first space station, the Soviet Salyut-1, was launched into orbit. The launch was carried out from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by a Proton-K carrier rocket.

The station was in orbit at a height of 200-222 km for 174 days - until October 11, 1971 (it was deorbited, most of it burned up in the dense layers of the atmosphere, some of the debris fell into the Pacific Ocean).

The International Space Station is a "long-liver" among space orbital projects; it has been in orbit since November 20, 1998, that is, more than 17 years.

The largest crew

The largest crew of the spacecraft is the 9th flight of the Challenger shuttle ("Challenger") with a crew of 8 astronauts in October-November 1985.

Longest flights

The longest flight (437 days 17 hours 58 minutes 17 seconds) in the history of cosmonautics was carried out by Russian cosmonaut Valery Polyakov in January 1994 - March 1995, while working at the Russian station Mir.

The longest flight by a woman (199 days 16 hours 42 minutes 48 seconds) belongs to Samantha Cristoforetti (Italy), who worked at the International Space Station from November 2014 to June 2015.

Most people in orbit

The largest number of people simultaneously in orbit - 13, was recorded on March 14, 1995. Among them - three people from the Russian Mir station (at that time the Soyuz TM-20 manned spacecraft was docked to it), seven from the American Endeavor (Endeavour, 8th shuttle flight March 2-18, 1995) and three from the Soyuz TM-21 spacecraft (launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome on March 14, 1995).

Flight record holders

The world record for the total duration of a person's stay in orbit belongs to the Russian cosmonaut Gennady Padalka - 878 days 11 hours 29 minutes 36 seconds (for 5 flights). It was registered by the International Aviation Federation (FAI, FAI) in September 2015.

By the maximum number of flights - 7 - the record holders are American astronauts Franklin Chang-Diaz (total duration - 66 days 18 hours 24 minutes) and Jerry Ross (58 days 54 minutes 22 seconds).

Among women in space the largest number time spent by Peggy Whitson (USA) - 376 days 17 hours 28 minutes 57 seconds (for two flights).

The maximum for women is 5 flights. Several representatives of the United States flew so many into space, among them Shannon Lucid (total flight time - 223 days 2 hours 57 minutes 22 seconds), Susan Helms (210 days 23 hours 10 minutes 42 seconds), Tamara Jernigan (63 days 1 hour 30 minutes 56 seconds), Marsha Ivins (55 days 21 hours 52 minutes 48 seconds), Bonnie Dunbar (50 days 8 hours 2 4 minutes 41 seconds), Janice Voss (49 days 3 hours 54 minutes 26 seconds).

Leading countries by number of flights

More American astronauts flew into space - 335, followed by Russia (including the USSR) - 118 cosmonauts (this number does not include Alexei Ovchinin, who is still in flight).

In total, since the beginning of manned flights, 542 people (including 59 women) have been in space - representatives of 37 states (36 currently existing and Czechoslovakia). Two more people are currently making their first flights: Englishman Timothy Peak has been on the ISS since December 2015, Russian Alexei Ovchinin since March 19, 2016.

TASS-Dossier/Inna Klimacheva

1. January 12 - 18, 1986 as a flight specialist for the shuttle Columbia STS-61C.
2. October 18 - 23, 1989 as a flight specialist for the Atlantis STS-34 shuttle.
3. July 31 - August 8, 1992 as a flight specialist for the Atlantis STS-46 shuttle.
4. February 3 - 11, 1994 as a flight specialist for the Discovery STS-60 shuttle.
5. February 22 - March 9, 1996 as a flight specialist for the Columbia STS-75 shuttle.
6. June 2 - 12, 1998 as a flight specialist for the Discovery STS-91 shuttle.
7. June 5 - 19, 2002 as a flight-2 (MS-2) specialist of the Endeavor STS-111 shuttle.

Jerry Lynn Ross

Number of flights - 7
Flight duration - 58 days 1 hour 1 minute 24 seconds.
Number of spacewalks - 9
The duration of work in outer space is 58 hours 14 minutes.
Status - Astronaut Manager (Management Astronaut) NASA

1. November 27 - December 3, 1985 as a flight specialist for the Atlantis STS-61B shuttle.
2. December 2 - 6, 1988 as a flight specialist for the Atlantis STS-27 shuttle.
3. April 5 - 11, 1991 as a flight specialist for the Atlantis STS-37 shuttle.
4. April 26 - May 6, 1993 as a flight specialist for the Columbia STS-55 shuttle.
5. November 12 - 20, 1995 as a flight specialist for the Atlantis STS-74 shuttle.
6. December 4 - 16, 1998 as a flight specialist for the shuttle Endeavor STS-88.
7. April 8 - 19, 2002 as a flight specialist for the Atlantis STS-110 shuttle.

John Watts Young

Number of flights - 6
Flight duration - 373 days 18 hours 22 minutes 51 seconds.

The duration of work in outer space is 22 hours 44 minutes.
Status - NASA Active Astronaut

1. March 24 - April 2, 1992 as a flight specialist for the Atlantis STS-45 shuttle.
2. April 8 - 17, 1993 as a flight specialist for the Discovery STS-56 shuttle.
3. February 3 - 11, 1995 as a flight specialist for the Discovery STS-63 shuttle.
4. May 15 = October 6, 1997 Of these, since May 17 - as a flight engineer-2 as part of the 23rd and 24th expeditions at the Mir station. Arrived at the station on the shuttle Atlantis STS-84, returned to Earth on the shuttle Atlantis STS-86.
5. December 20 - 28, 1999 as a flight-4 (MS-4) specialist of the Discovery STS-103 shuttle.
6. October 18, 2003 - April 30, 2004 as the ISS Expedition 8 crew commander. Start and landing on the Soyuz TMA-3 spacecraft as a flight engineer.

Number of flights - 6
Flight duration - 53 days 10 hours 4 minutes 45 seconds.
Number of spacewalks - 4
The duration of work in open space is 25 hours 52 minutes.
Status - NASA astronaut

1. April 4 - 9, 1983 as a flight specialist for the Challenger STS-6 shuttle.
2. July 29 - August 6, 1985 as a flight specialist for the Challenger STS-51F shuttle.
3. November 23 - 28, 1989 as a flight specialist for the Discovery STS-33 shuttle.
4. November 24 - December 1, 1991 as a flight specialist for the Atlantis STS-44 shuttle.
5. December 2 - 13, 1993 as a flight specialist for the shuttle Endeavor STS-61. During the flight he performed three spacewalks:
6. November 19 - December 7, 1996 as a flight specialist for the Columbia STS-80 shuttle.

James Donald Wetherbee

Number of flights - 6
Flight duration - 66 days 10 hours 30 minutes 15 seconds.
Status - former astronaut (Former Astronaut) NASA

1. January 9 - 20, 1990 as pilot of Columbia STS-32 shuttle.
2. October 22 - November 1, 1992 as the crew commander of the shuttle Columbia STS-52.
3. 3 - February 11, 1995 as the commander of the crew of the shuttle Discovery STS-63.
4. September 26 - October 6, 1997 as crew commander of the Atlantis STS-86 shuttle.
5. March 8 - 21, 2001 as crew commander of the Discovery STS-102 shuttle.
6. November 24 - December 7, 2002 as the crew commander of the shuttle Endeavor STS-113.

About records in space for 60 years, influence breastfeeding on intelligence, mushroom superpower and solar eclipse in our review of science news.

50 years ago, Soviet cosmonaut Alexei Leonov became the first person to go out into the open. space: On March 18, 1965, he, together with cosmonaut P.I. Belyaev flew into space on the Voskhod-2 spacecraft as a co-pilot. For the first time in the world, Leonov went into outer space, retired from the ship at a distance of up to 5 m, spending 12 minutes in open space. After the flight, the shortest report in the history of cosmonautics was heard at the state commission: "It is possible to live and work in outer space."

The records of the first years of space exploration paved the way for new achievements and discoveries, allowing humanity to step far beyond the limits of the Earth and human capabilities.

oldest man in space
The oldest person to orbit is U.S. Senator John Glenn, who flew aboard the shuttle Discovery into space in 1998. Glenn was one of the so-called first seven American astronauts, he was the first American astronaut to make an orbital space flight on February 20, 1962. Therefore, Glenn holds the record for the longest period between two space flights.

The youngest astronaut
Cosmonaut German Titov was 25 full years when he went into space on the Vostok 2 spacecraft on August 9, 1961. He became the second person to orbit the Earth, completing 17 orbits around the planet in a 25-hour flight. Titov also became the first person to sleep in space and the first to experience space sickness (loss of appetite, dizziness, headache).

longest space flight
Russian cosmonaut Valery Polyakov holds the record for the longest stay in space. From 1994 to 1995, he spent 438 days at the Mir station. He also holds the record for the longest solo stay in space.

The shortest flight
On May 5, 1961, Alan Sheppard became the first American to leave Earth in a suborbital space flight. He also holds the record for the shortest flight into space, which lasted only 15 minutes. During this quarter of an hour, he flew to a height of 185 km. It splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean 486 km from the launch site. In 1971, Sheppard landed on the moon, where the 47-year-old astronaut became the oldest person to set foot on the moon's surface.

The furthest flight
The record for the maximum distance of astronauts from the Earth was set by the Apollo 13 team, which in April 1970 flew over the invisible side of the Moon at an altitude of 254 km, finding itself at a record distance of 400,171 km from the Earth.

Longest in space
Cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev spent the longest time in space, spending more than 803 days in space during six flights. Among women, this record belongs to Peggy Whitson, who spent more than 376 days in orbit.

Krikalev also owns another, unofficial record: the last person who lived under the USSR. In December 1991, when the USSR disappeared, Sergei was on board the Mir station, and in March 1992 he returned to Russia.

Longest inhabited spacecraft
This record, which is increasing every day, belongs to the ISS. The $100 billion station has been continuously manned since November 2000.

Longest shuttle mission
The Space Shuttle Columbia launched into space on November 19, 1996. Initially, the descent was scheduled for December 5, but weather delayed the landing of the ship, which spent 17 days and 16 hours in orbit.

Longest on the Moon
Harrison Schmitt and Eugene Cernan were on the moon longer than other astronauts - 75 hours. During the landing, they made three long walks with a total duration of more than 22 hours. This was the last manned mission to the Moon and beyond Earth orbit to date.

The fastest flight
The fastest people on Earth and beyond were members of the Apollo 10 mission, the last preparatory flight before landing on the moon. Returning to Earth on May 26, 1969, their ship reached a speed of 39,897 km/h.

Most flights
Most often, the Americans flew into space: Fraanklin Chang-Diaz and Jerry Ross flew into space seven times as part of the space shuttle crews.

Maximum number of spacewalks
Cosmonaut Anatoly Solovyov during five space flights in the 80-90s made 16 spacewalks outside the station, spending 82 hours in outer space.

Longest spacewalk
On March 11, 2001, astronauts Jim Voss and Susan Helms spent almost nine hours outside of the Discovery shuttle and the ISS, preparing the station for the arrival of the new module. Before today that space walk remains the longest in history.

The most representative company in space
13 people gathered in space at once in July 2009, when the shuttle Endeavor landed on the ISS, where there were six astronauts. This meeting became the most massive stay in space of people at the same time.

most expensive spaceship
The International Space Station began to be assembled in 1998, and it was completed in 2012. In 2011, the cost of its creation exceeded $100 billion. The station became the most expensive single technical facility ever built and the largest spacecraft. 15 countries took part in its construction, its dimensions today are almost 110 m. The volume of its living quarters is equivalent to the volume of the passenger compartment of a Boeing 747.

www.gazeta.ru

Breastfeeding affects the child's intelligence

A long-term study by Brazilian scientists led by Bernardo Lessa Horta of the University of Pelotas found that people who were breastfed for longer in infancy had, on average, more high performance intellect. The scientists described the results of the study in an article published in the journal The Lancet Global Health.

As part of the study, researchers tracked nearly 3,500 children. Most of them were breastfed by their mothers - some for less than a month, some for more than a year. The main comparisons were made between these two groups. The researchers emphasize that the sample contains children from families belonging to different social classes.

In addition to the level of intelligence (it was assessed using the Wechsler test), a relationship was also found with the average level wages and level of education. All these parameters were assessed approximately 30 years after birth.

The researchers emphasize that the duration of breastfeeding is not the only factor that affects the level of intelligence. Although, as part of the study, they tried to exclude the influence of factors such as mother's education, family income and birth weight of the child.

The purpose of the study was not to explain the nature of such a connection, but Horta suggests that the matter may be in those nutrients mother's milk, which have an important impact on the development of the child's brain.

scientificrussia.ru

The help of insects for reproduction is used not only by plants, but also by fungi.

The bioluminescent mushrooms that live near the roots of palm trees in the Amazon jungle glow for a reason. A recent study showed that by doing so, they attract insects that help in the spread of spores.

Neonothopanus gardneri is considered one of the champions in the field of bioluminescence - in the dark it shines brighter than any other of the 71 species of mushrooms capable of glowing. It was discovered back in the middle of the 19th century, but since then researchers have not come across it until 2011, when this rare mushroom was finally discovered again.

After that, he became one of the most attractive objects of biological research, and, of course, scientists were especially interested in his unique abilities for bioluminescence. And recently, an unusual experiment was set up to study the evolutionary foundations of this "superpower".

The researchers made exact plastic replicas of the fruiting bodies of the fungus and placed them in their usual habitat - closer to the roots of trees in the Brazilian jungle. Some of them were left like that, while others were illuminated in the dark by built-in greenish LEDs. Traps located right there were waiting for insects that flocked to these and other plastic mushrooms.

As scientists expected, luminous hats attracted them much more: in five nights, non-luminous copies attracted a total of 12 insects, and luminous ones - 42. For what purpose the mushrooms need insects, it remains to be established exactly, but the authors of the experiment make a quite reasonable assumption: for reproduction. Of course, mushrooms are not plants, and you don’t need to pollinate them, but winged creatures are quite capable of spreading spores.

naked-science.ru

The day of the eclipse has come

On Friday, March 20, the inhabitants of our planet are waiting for a rare event - a total solar eclipse. At 12:06 Moscow time, the Moon will begin to obscure the Sun from the western side, at 13:13 it will cover it as much as possible, and at 14:21 it will leave from the northeastern edge. The eclipse parameters were calculated by the Laboratory of Astronomical Yearbooks of the Institute of Applied Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences, to whose press service TASS.

It will not be possible to see the complete closure of the solar disk by the Moon passing in front of it on the territory of Russia. For example, in Moscow only about 65% of the surface of the heavenly body will be closed, in St. Petersburg - 78%, in Murmansk - 89%.

The total eclipse will be visible in a strip of only 200 kilometers in the northern part of Atlantic Ocean. Its maximum duration will be 2 minutes 47 seconds off the coast of Iceland, and the width of the shadow will reach 462 kilometers. Of the Russian territories in this strip, only the Svalbard archipelago is located, where an expedition of Russian astronomers is now located.

Full solar eclipses- the phenomenon itself is rare, besides, the complete closure of the Sun is always visible only from certain territories of our planet. In August 2008, the inhabitants of Russia were lucky, the next time such a chance will appear only in 2061. So for those who want to watch full eclipse before you have to specially go to the desired point on the planet. For example, the current eclipse can be seen from a plane that will take off from Murmansk, fly to the point best view and will return back.

Experts remind you that you can only watch the Sun through tinted glass, otherwise there is a risk of serious eye damage - you can take several pairs of dark glasses, or hold the glass over a candle to get "dark glass", in general, take something not completely transparent.

In low Earth orbit, the sun sets and rises every 90 minutes, which deprives a person of good sleep due to the absence of the usual cycles of day and night. To avoid this, on the ISS, administrators set up astronaut schedules for 24 hours and, as far as possible, try to maintain the Earth schedule.

2. You will get taller

In the absence of gravity, the spine stretches, making you taller. As a rule, astronauts grow 5-8 cm. Unfortunately, extra growth can cause complications such as lower back pain and mental problems.

3. You can stop snoring

Studies have shown that astronauts who snored on the ground slept silently in space. Gravity plays a dominant role in the generation of sleep apnea and, consequently, snoring. Of course, there are astronauts who snore in space, but the effect of weightlessness greatly reduces snoring.

4. Some seasonings require water to be added to them before use.

In space, bulk seasonings like salt and pepper can only be consumed in liquid form. Astronauts cannot sprinkle food with salt or pepper, any grit immediately rises into the air, which creates the danger of their falling into ventilation system and then into the eyes, nose and mouth of the crew.

5. The longest human stay in space was 438 days

Russian astronaut Valery Polyakov spent 438 days or 14 months aboard the Mir station during the 1995 expedition. At the moment, this is an absolute record.

6. 3 famous astronauts died in space

The crew of the Soyuz 11 spacecraft, Georgy Dobrovolsky, Viktor Patsaev and Vladislav Volkov, died after undocking from the Salyut-1 space station. Their ship's valve was open after the module was undocked.

7. Almost every astronaut is familiar with space sickness

In the absence of gravity, the signals from the vestibular apparatus and pressure are erroneous. This effect usually leads to disorientation: many astronauts suddenly begin to feel upside down, or cannot determine the position of their arms and legs, etc. Disorientation is the main cause of the so-called space adaptation syndrome. More than half of space travelers suffer from a disease of space, which brings with it headaches, absent-mindedness, nausea and vomiting. Usually, problems disappear after a few days - this means that the astronaut has adapted.

8. The most difficult thing upon returning from space is to get used to the fact that the objects you let go fall again.

After returning from space, astronauts undergo readaptation. A number of Russian astronauts who have been in space for a long time say that some time after their return, they are sincerely surprised by the fact that a mug or other object released in the air falls to the floor.

9. Instead of a bath, a wet wipe

Despite the fact that the Mir station was equipped with a shower cabin, most astronauts used a damp towel or wet wipes. This method significantly reduces the level of water consumption. Each astronaut also has a toothbrush, toothpaste, razor and other personal care products.

10 Cosmic Radiation Makes You See Blinding Flashes

Looking out of their capsules, the astronauts saw strange flashes. Cosmic radiation acts on the human eye, causing a false signal that the brain interprets as flashes of light. As it turned out, such radiation adversely affects the health of the eyes. At least 39 former astronauts suffer from some form of cataract.

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