Poetry of the 19th century about native nature.
Russian poets of the 19th century about their native nature. n The presentation was prepared by n Razmashkina N.V., teacher of Russian language and literature, Municipal Educational Institution “Secondary School No. 14” n senior. Novotroitskaya Izobilnensky district, Stavropol Territory.
F. I. Tyutchev (1803 -1873) n n n Tyutchev’s early poetic experiments were noticed by Pushkin, and Turgenev became the publisher of the first collection. The nature of Tyutchev's genius is deeply tragic. No matter how traditional the themes of his poetry are, be it a picture of nature, love or philosophical meditations, in art world his lyrics always fight the hostile principles of the universe and the human soul: Chaos and Space, day and night, tender love feeling and sizzling passion. For the reader, this feature of Tyutchev’s worldview is especially close and understandable.
A. K. Tolstoy (1817 -1875) n The genre nature of A. K. Tolstoy’s poetry is diverse. It contains landscape and love lyrics coexists with sharp social satire, the dramatic poem “Don Juan” - with the tragedies “Tsar Boris”, “The Death of Ivan the Terrible”, fantastic ballads - with historical epics and songs. Tolstoy was a constant admirer of the muse of history: the poet saw the epic past of the Russian land as that “golden age,” when powerful and free heroes, at the call of their hearts, performed heroic deeds, defending their homeland from the invasion of enemies.
The works of A.K. Tolstoy. n His works are unusually musical, his images are sublime and bright. Tchaikovsky, Rimsky. Korsakov and Mussorgsky wrote music for A. K. Tolstoy’s poems; the romance “Among a noisy ball, by chance...” is especially popular and famous.
Ya. P. Polonsky (1919 -1898) § Distinctive feature Polonsky's poetry - inner musicality. The folk songs were “My fire is shining in the fog”, “Challenge”, “Recluse”, the comic poem “The Grasshopper-Musician”, highly appreciated by I. S. Turgenev, became widely popular. The critic Strakhov called many of Polonsky’s poems “pure gold of poetry.”
“On the way from the Caucasus. » Ya. P. Polonsky § ...The heights of the mountains, immersed in the clouds, § Make way! – The freedom of the villages – § Green steppes spread out – § I see no boundaries to the space. § And the soul breaks out into the open § From under the power of the Caucasian communities - § The bell rings... § The young man’s horses rush to the north...
A. A. Fet (1820 -1892) A soulful lyricist and a brilliant master of poetic form, an expert on ancient culture, a translator of poetry ancient Rome. P. I. Tchaikovsky put his poetic masterpieces “on par with the highest that is lofty in art.”
“I came to you with greetings...” I came to you with greetings To tell you that the sun has risen, That it fluttered with hot light Through the sheets; Tell me that the forest has woken up, The whole forest has woken up, every branch, every bird has roused itself, And is full of spring thirst; Tell me that with the same passion As yesterday, I came again, That my soul is still happy And ready to serve you; To tell me that joy is blowing at me from everywhere, That I myself don’t know what I will sing, but only the song is ripening.
The range of creative quests of A. N. Maykov is wide: creator of lyrical dramas, poet, translator of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”. n The poet was deeply imbued with the charm of his native nature. He dedicated many heartfelt lines to her quiet beauty. n n Spring! The first frame is exposed - And noise burst into the room, And the good news of the nearby temple, And the talk of the people, and the sound of the wheel. n n There was a breath of life and will in my soul: There, the blue distance is visible... And I want to go to the field, to the wide field, Where, walking, spring showers flowers!
I. S. Nikitin (1824 -1861) n The poet enriched the treasury of lyric poetry with picturesque paintings of the Russian landscape. I. A. Bunin noted “the elusive artistic precision and freedom, which is guided only by an artist who knows nature with his whole being.”
p p p p Under the big tent Blue skies“I see that the distance of the steppes is turning green.” And on their edges, Above the dark clouds, Chains of mountains stand like giants Across the steppes into the seas Rivers roll, And paths lie in all directions... It is you, my sovereign Rus', My Orthodox homeland!
A. N. Pleshcheev (1825 -1893) l The name of this poet is often placed next to the name of Nekrasov. They are united by the pathos of openly professed citizenship. The call to struggle, self-sacrifice in the name of future happiness is the leading motive of Pleshcheev’s poems.
V. S. Solovyov (1853 -1900) l Creator original system philosophical idealism, a passionate publicist, Solovyov did not consider his poetic experiments serious. But the small number of poems he created turned out to be the aesthetic and philosophical core around which Russian poetry arose and flourished “ silver age» .
Lyrics by V. Solovyov. l l l l *** Mistress Earth! I bowed my forehead to you, And through your fragrant cover I felt the flame of my dear heart, I heard the thrill of world life. In the midday rays, the grace of the shining heavens descended with such tenderness, And the melodious brilliance was greeted by both the free river and the noisy forest. And in an obvious mystery I again see the combination of the Earthly soul with an unearthly light, And from the fire of love, everyday suffering is carried away like fleeting smoke.
Native nature in Russian poems poets of the 19th century century Lyrics is one of the three types of literature, the main content of which is thoughts, feelings and experiences lyrical hero. These experiences can be caused by various reasons: unrequited love, homesickness, the joy of meeting friends, philosophical thoughts, contemplation of pictures of nature. Images of nature are most often found in the poems of Russian poets. And these motives are always colored by love, admiration, admiration for the forces of the surrounding world. Thus, the poem by Ya. P. Polonsky “There are two gloomy clouds on the mountains...” paints a picture of the beginning of an evening thunderstorm. Nature is strong and powerful: lightning is bright, thunder is strong. Everything around trembles before the elements, even the rock sighs pitifully. The poet uses the technique of personification, endowing the clouds and the rock with human traits (the clouds wander, the rock groans and dies). In this way he revives nature. Despite the depiction of a formidable element, the lyrical hero has no fear of it, but has admiration for its strength and power. F. I. Tyutchev’s poem “Reluctantly and carried it shallowly...” also describes a summer thunderstorm. And again nature is endowed human qualities: the sun is looking, the earth is frowning. The earth is in front of us and we are waiting for the elements. She, like a person, worries, trembles, waits for the inevitable. The poem is very bright: everything but the circle is painted in green, white, and blue. It’s as if we smell grass, dusty earth, the first drops of rain, hear distant rumbles of thunder, the howl of the wind. The poem is characterized by a fast pace and swiftness. Here a stream of blue lightning broke through from behind a cloud - A white and volatile flame bordered its edges. The lyrical hero is not afraid of the elements, but admires its power, admires its strength. No less expressive is the poem by I. S. Nikitin “The twinkling of stars is bright...”. Before us is a quiet, light night. You can distinguish all the sounds: the rustling of a horse in the gravel, the singing of a corncrake, the rustling of reeds. Sound writing with the help of the consonant “l” gives the poem melodiousness, smoothness, and viscousness. The Sleepy Forest looks into the mirror of the bay; In the thicket of silent darkness lies. The sound "r", on the contrary, allows you to hear the crackling of branches burning in a fire. Laughter and conversation can be heard between the bushes; It's hot with mowers. A fire has been lit. The lyrical hero seems to be hiding and watching nightlife nature. He is careful and careful, does not want to disturb the silence of the night. It is at such moments that inspiration strikes the poet. All poems by Russian poets about nature are unusually lyrical, melodious and beautiful. Contemplation of landscapes generates only the best feelings in the poetic soul.
Literature in the 19th century was, perhaps, the only form expressing the opinions and aspirations of the common people. That is why it has incorporated politics, philosophy, ethics and aesthetics. Writers and poets became spiritual mentors, leaders, protectors ordinary people. It is no coincidence that E. Yevtushenko asserted that “a poet in Russia is more than a poet.”
The golden age of poetry began its countdown with the poems of V. Zhukovsky and K. Batyushkov, uniting the names of E. Baratynsky and N. Nekrasov. It is traditionally believed that this century ended with the work of F. Tyutchev. But central figure A.S. Pushkin always remains.
For the first time, the lyrical hero was subjected to deep psychological analysis; poets sought not just to describe the feelings of their hero, but literally to bare their soul.
On the other hand, poetry, even more than prose, becomes a conductor of socio-political ideas. Already in the 40s of the century, critical realism was acquiring more and more distinct forms. Populist poets appear, expressing the protest of the humiliated and insulted, advocating radical changes in society.
Poets of the "Golden Age" of Russian literature
E. A. Baratynsky, V. A. Zhukovsky
ABOUT founders of the romantic movement in Russian poetry, who made a huge contribution to the development of such poetic genres as ballads, elegies, and epistles. Their work served as a good school for educating a whole galaxy of Russian poets, including such geniuses as Pushkin, Lermontov and Nekrasov.
E. A. Baratynsky
Selected Poem:
V. Zhukovsky
Selected Poem:
A.S. Pushkin- an incredible value, rightfully occupying a leading place among the galaxy genius poets. It is Pushkin who is considered the founder of Russian literary language, it was his bold experiments with words and forms of lyrical work that gave real masterpieces to world culture. Mixing language styles, masterfully combining different genres, Pushkin became the forerunner of the development of realistic art.
They say that Pushkin opened a window to the world for poetry. No, it was discovered before him. But it was Pushkin who erased all the barriers that separated poetry from ordinary life. From now on, everything that surrounds ordinary person, becomes a theme for poems: desires and love, nature and seasons, fairy tales and proverbs, historical events and, most importantly, the man himself, with his understanding of beauty, boundless love for his native land and deepest patriotism.
Selected poems:
M. Yu. Lermontov...Perhaps one of the most mysterious and mystical personalities in the history of Russian literature. In Lermontov's lyrics, the features of romanticism are clearly visible; his lyrical hero is full of experiences, thoughts and aspirations, is always in a spiritual search, full of despair and suffers from loneliness. It can be said that Lermontov’s work prepared a smooth transition from the traditions of romanticism to a realistic depiction of the lyrical hero. At the same time, Lermontov’s poetry is permeated through and through with symbols, half-hints, and prophecies. It is no coincidence that it was Lermontov’s work that served as the starting point for such a literary movement as symbolism.
Selected poems:
A. N. Pleshcheev- Russian poet, whose work occurred in the 40s of the 19th century. He is considered one of the founders of revolutionary poetry, since his poems were literally permeated with revolutionary democratic ideas. On the other hand, A. Pleshcheev’s contribution to the development of Russian poetry as a translator is invaluable. Thanks to his translations, the Russian public became acquainted with Stendhal and Zola, Heine and Beranger. Together with Pushkin and Nekrasov, A. Pleshcheev is also considered the founder of literature for children.
Selected poems:
I. Z. Surikov — the brightest representative so-called "peasant" literature. One of the first people from the people who managed to publish his poetry collection during his lifetime. He helped other poets and writers a lot.
Selected poems:
I.S. Nikitin- Russian poet, in whose work social themes and lyrical themes were harmoniously intertwined. He wrote about everything: about the difficult existence of peasants, about the beauty of Russian nature, about love. Many of his poems are set to music.
Selected poems:
A.A. Fet- one of the founders of the direction " pure art"in Russian literature. A. Fet's lyrics are far from social ideas, from reality. The poet knew how to completely immerse himself in the world of emotions and experiences, and brilliantly described Russian nature. In more late creativity The poet devoted an important place in his lyrics to philosophical issues.
Selected poems:
A.N. Maikov and A.K. Tolstoy
Poets who worked at approximately the same time as I. Nikitin and A. Fet. The work of both clearly depicts historical themes. Only A. Maikov was more drawn to the history of Byzantium and Greece, and A. K. Tolstoy was in love with Russian history. By the way, it was A.K. Tolstoy who was one of the creators of the satirical image of Kozma Prutkov.
Selected poems:
ON THE. Nekrasov- a great Russian poet who was the first to completely devote all his work to the people - “I dedicated the lyre to my people.” It was in his poems that for the first time the voice of the people sounded so loudly; in his lyrics, the entire horror of the existence of the “little man” was shown mercilessly and without embellishment.
Nekrasov’s work marked the beginning of a new stage in Russian literature - folk, about the people and for the people.
Selected poems:
F.I. Tyutchev- Russian poet, whose work is often contrasted with the work of A. Pushkin. Tyutchev's poems are the same odes and poems of Pushkin, but in an incredibly compressed version, which is why they seem so dynamic and rich to us. The nature of the image of the lyrical hero has also changed. If Pushkin's hero is hot, fiery and ebullient, then Tyutchev's hero is, on the contrary, outside of reality and above the ordinary. Tyutchev's work marked the transition from the traditions of realistic art to new, decadent moods and the emergence of the Silver Age of Russian poetry.
Selected poems:
Thus, in Russian poetry XIX century, how two main directions coexisted: realistic - with a strong civic position and a clear attachment to the realities of the day. The main representatives of this direction were N. Nekrasov, I. Nikitin, A. Pleshcheev. The second direction adhered to the concept of “pure art” - this is the work of poets immersed in philosophy and psychology: A. Fet, A. Maykov, A. Tolstoy and F. Tyutchev.
Both directions continued to develop in the 20th century, giving rise to many literary movements and forming the basis for the emergence of the “Silver Age” of Russian poetry.
Native nature in the poems of Russian poets of the 19th century
Lyrics are one of three types of literature, the main content of which is the thoughts, feelings and experiences of the lyrical hero. These experiences can be caused by various reasons: unrequited love, homesickness, the joy of meeting friends, philosophical thoughts, contemplation of pictures of nature.
Images of nature are most often found in the poems of Russian poets. And these motives are always colored by love, admiration, admiration for the forces of the surrounding world.
Thus, the poem by Ya. P. Polonsky “There are two gloomy clouds on the mountains...” paints a picture of the beginning of an evening thunderstorm.
Nature is strong and powerful: lightning is bright, thunder is strong. Everything around trembles before the elements, even the rock sighs pitifully. The poet uses the technique of personification, endowing the clouds and the rock with human traits (the clouds wander, the rock groans and dies). In this way he revives nature.
Despite the depiction of a formidable element, the lyrical hero has no fear of it, but has admiration for its strength and power.
F. I. Tyutchev’s poem “Reluctantly and carried shallowly...” also describes a summer thunderstorm. And again nature is endowed with human qualities: the sun looks, the earth frowns. The earth is in front of us and we are waiting for the elements. She, like a person, worries, trembles, waits for the inevitable. The poem is very bright: everything but the circle is painted in green, white, and blue. It’s as if we smell grass, dusty earth, the first drops of rain, hear distant rumbles of thunder, the howl of the wind. The poem is characterized by a fast pace and swiftness.
Here a stream of blue lightning broke through from behind a cloud -
A white and volatile flame bordered its edges.
The lyrical hero is not afraid of the elements, but admires its power, admires its strength.
No less expressive is the poem by I. S. Nikitin “The twinkling of stars is bright...”. Before us is a quiet, light night. You can distinguish all the sounds: the rustling of a horse in the gravel, the singing of a corncrake, the rustling of reeds. Sound writing with the help of the consonant “l” gives the poem melodiousness, smoothness, and viscousness.
The Sleepy Forest looks into the mirror of the bay;
In the thicket of silent darkness lies.
The sound “r”, on the contrary, allows you to hear the crackling of branches burning in a fire.
Laughter and conversation can be heard between the bushes;
It's hot with mowers. A fire has been lit.
The lyrical hero seems to be hiding and watching the night life of nature. He is careful and careful, does not want to disturb the silence of the night. It is at such moments that inspiration strikes the poet.
All poems by Russian poets about nature are unusually lyrical, melodious and beautiful. Contemplation of landscapes generates only the best feelings in the poetic soul.
During the lesson, students will consider the question of the view of art on nature (painting, music, literature); they will read poems by poets of the 19th century about nature (F.I. Tyutchev, V.A. Zhukovsky, A.A. Fet, A.K. Tolstoy); will conduct research on funds artistic expression, which poets use as artists when creating a landscape poetic canvas.
Subject:You are my land, my dear land!
Lesson: Poems about the native nature of Russian poets of the 19th century
Nature is an inexhaustible, fertile source of poetry, painting, music, and art in general. The landscape is often in tune with the feelings and moods of a person. Our native nature is familiar to us, but not everyone is able to see its beauty. People of art can see the beautiful, new, and unusual in the familiar. The famous Russian composer P.I. Tchaikovsky wrote the beautiful music “The Seasons”, in which you can hear the ringing bells of a troika running along a frosty road, and autumn sadness, experience the awakening of nature in spring and a hot summer day.
Rice. 1. Forest edge. Hood. I. Levitan ()
Artists use brushes and paints to convey the beauty of their native nature (Fig. 1).
Landscape (French Paysage, from pays - country, area) - genre visual arts(as well as individual works of this genre), in which the main subject of the image is pristine nature, or nature transformed to one degree or another by man.
From the word " scenery" originated the name lyric genre - landscape. Poets using different visual arts language, describe nature in different times of the year. However, in poetry, autumn, winter, spring and summer have long always meant more than ordinary seasons. For example, spring is associated with the awakening and flourishing of vitality.
Rice. 2. Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev ()
Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev (1803-1873)(Fig. 2)
He is rightfully considered a singer of nature. He was a subtle master of poetic landscapes. But in his inspired poems there is no thoughtless admiration of nature. For him, nature is the same animated, “intelligent” being as man.
“She has a soul, she has freedom,
There is love in it, there is language in it,” the poet wrote.
In the famous poem " Spring waters"Streams - the first messengers of spring - announce the arrival of the holiday of the awakening of nature (Fig. 3).
Rice. 3. Big water. Hood. I. Levitan ()
Spring waters
The snow is still white in the fields,
And in the spring the waters are noisy -
They run and wake up the sleepy shore,
They run and shine and shout...
They say all over:
"Spring is coming, spring is coming!
We are the messengers of young Spring,
She sent us ahead!"
Spring is coming, spring is coming,
And quiet, warm May days
Ruddy, bright round dance
The crowd cheerfully follows her!..
As we read the poem, we hear the sounds of nature. The waters are flowing, waking up the sleepy shore, saying: “Spring is coming, spring is coming!”
In the last lines, the image of a round dance evokes an association with a national holiday.
Alliteration is the repetition of identical or homogeneous consonants in a poem, giving it a special sound expressiveness.
In landscape poetry, alliteration is of great importance, since it can be used to convey the sounds of nature. Here, for example, is how Tyutchev describes a thunderstorm:
Spring thunderstorm
I love the storm in early May,
When spring, the first thunder,
As if frolicking and playing,
Rumbling in the blue sky.
Young peals thunder,
The rain is splashing, the dust is flying,
Rain pearls hung,
And the sun gilds the threads.
Rice. 4. Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky ()
Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky (1783-1852)
V.A. depicted the arrival of spring in his own way. Zhukovsky (Fig. 4).
Elegy (Greek elegeia, from elegos - plaintive song) is a type of lyric that describes an ideal landscape or the lyrical hero’s reasoning about the meaning of life.
The heyday of elegy occurs in the era of romanticism. In Russia, the founder of elegies was V.A. Zhukovsky, his elegies “Rural Cemetery”, “Evening”, “Slavyanka” consist of two parts: the first describes nature, and the second - a reasoning inspired by landscapes.
The arrival of spring
The greenery of the fields, the babbling of the groves,
There is a thrill in the sky of the lark,
Warm rain, sparkling waters, -
Having named you, what should I add?
How else can I glorify you?
Life of the soul, spring is coming?
In a few lines in simple words Zhukovsky created a delightful picture of spring nature. We saw fields and groves covered with young greenery. We heard birds singing. And most importantly, we felt a surge of strength and joy. The poet compares the arrival of spring with the life of the soul. The human soul comes alive in spring along with nature.
Rice. 5. Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet ()
Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet (1820-1892)
No less inspired, but again in his own way, Afanasy Fet writes about spring (Fig. 5).
The main wealth of the creative heritage of the wonderful Russian poet A.A. Feta composes landscape lyrics. Nature, with its constant variability, inspired Fet to create hundreds of poems and entire cycles dedicated to the seasons: “Spring”, “Summer”, “Autumn”, “Snow”.
These landscape paintings are based on impressions from the Oryol region, the beauty of the Ukrainian steppes and the gloomy appearance of the Baltic coast, where he served, the landscapes of the Kursk province, where he spent last years life. But this is not the main thing in Fet’s poems. The main thing is how the poet perceives and recreates the world around him.
The poet, like an artist, scatters on the canvas of his poem bright colors, admires the effect of light and movement.
Rice. 6. Blue spring. Hood. V. Baksheev ()
This morning, this joy,
This power of both day and light,
This blue vault
This cry and strings,
These flocks, these birds,
This talk of the waters
These willows and birches,
These drops - these tears,
This fluff is not a leaf,
These mountains, these valleys,
These midges, these bees,
This noise and whistle,
These dawns without eclipse,
This sigh of the night village,
This night without sleep
This darkness and heat of the bed,
This fraction and these trills,
This is all spring.
Please note that in the text of this poem there is not a single verb. However, this does not prevent the author from conveying the sounds, smells of nature, and the movement of spring. We see flocks of birds returning from the south. We hear their cheers. We see running streams and hear their murmur. We hear the buzzing of awakened midges and bees. The world is full of sounds and movement. And for the poet, spring is the time of love. And the whole night passes without sleep, dreaming of something bright, joyful and beautiful.
Sentences that do not have a predicate are called denominative, and Fet masterfully uses them in his landscape lyrics:
Whisper, timid breathing,
The trill of a nightingale,
Silver and sway
Sleepy stream,
Night light, night shadows,
Endless shadows
A series of magical changes
Sweet face.
There are purple roses in the smoky clouds,
The reflection of amber
And kisses and tears,
And dawn, dawn...
L.N. Tolstoy said about this poem this way: “There is not a single verb in it. Every expression is a picture." Nominative sentences make the poem melodic, specifically pointing to objects and phenomena that concern the poet. With their help, writers and poets concisely and accurately depict the time and place of action, setting, and landscape.
Rice. 7. Alexey Konstantinovich Tolstoy ()
Alexey Konstantinovich Tolstoy (1817-1875)
For many poets, the theme of nature is inextricably linked with the theme of the homeland. As in the poem by A.K. Tolstoy " You are my land, my dear land!»
A.K. Tolstoy (Fig. 7) - poet, prose writer, playwright of the 19th century. He was born near St. Petersburg into a landowner family, spent his childhood in Krasny Rog (in the Bryansk region), returned to these places, rich in forests, several times in adulthood, and was buried here.
You are my land, my dear land,
Horse racing in the wild
Goy, my homeland!
Goy you, dense forest!
The midnight nightingale's whistle,
Wind, steppe and clouds!
Notice how much breadth and spaciousness there is in the words of this poem.
Assonance [fr. assonance of letters. consonance] - Technique of sound expressiveness: repetition of vowels or groups of vowels in an artistic (usually poetic) text.
With the help of vowels, Tolstoy creates the feeling that you are standing among these open spaces and breathing with your whole chest, and joyfully shouting into the distance: “Hey, you, my homeland!”
A.K. Tolstoy often had to be away from his native places. The feelings he experienced formed the basis of the poem "". Before we start reading, let’s clarify the meanings of some words:
Blagovest - from the words good (good) news - bell ringing before the church service.
Blessed - pacifying, bringing good.
Repent - confess your sins.
I renounce - I refuse.
Rice. 8. Blagovest ()
Among the oak groves
Shines with crosses
Five-domed temple
With bells.
Their call is calling
Through the graves
It hums so wonderfully
And so sad!
He pulls towards himself
Irresistibly
Calls and beckons
He is in his native land,
I pray and repent
And I cry again
And I renounce
From an evil deed;
Traveling far
A wonderful dream,
Through spaces I
I'm flying heavenly,
And my heart is happy
Trembling and melting
While the ringing is blissful
Doesn't freeze...
The ringing of bells awakens the image of the lyrical hero native land. Wherever the hero is, when he hears this ringing, he always remembers his homeland.
So, artists, composers, and poets sought in their work to show the beauty of their native nature, to convey a deep feeling of love for the Motherland. There is no ostentatious beauty in our Russian nature, it is modest and simple, but full of calm and freedom, sedateness and grandeur. That is why F.I. Tyutchev wrote about Russia and his love for it:
You can't understand Russia with your mind,
The general arshin cannot be measured:
She will become special -
You can only believe in Russia.
- Korovina V.Ya. Didactic materials on literature. 7th grade. — 2008.
- Tishchenko O.A. Homework on literature for grade 7 (for the textbook by V.Ya. Korovina). — 2012.
- Kuteinikova N.E. Literature lessons in 7th grade. — 2009.
- Korovina V.Ya. Textbook on literature. 7th grade. Part 1. - 2012.
- Korovina V.Ya. Textbook on literature. 7th grade. Part 2. - 2009.
- Ladygin M.B., Zaitseva O.N. Textbook-reader on literature. 7th grade. — 2012.
- Kurdyumova T.F. Textbook-reader on literature. 7th grade. Part 1. - 2011.
- Phonochrestomathy on literature for the 7th grade for Korovina’s textbook.
- FEB: Dictionary of literary terms ().
- Dictionaries. Literary terms and concepts ().
- Dictionary Russian language ().
- F. I. Tyutchev. Biography and creativity ().
- V. A. Zhukovsky. Biography and creativity ().
- A. A. Fet. Biography and creativity ().
- A.K. Tolstoy ().
- Remember what means of artistic expression you know. Define the concepts: metaphor, comparison, epithet, personification (if difficult, see the dictionary of literary terms).
- Find examples of personification in the poems discussed in class. What role does personification play in landscape poetry?