The family Asteraceae are examples of plants. Class Dicotyledonous

All representatives Asteraceae family have inflorescences - baskets with small flowers. This is feature all plants belonging to Compositae. The corolla of their flower consists of petals soldered together. There are inflorescences formed by reed flowers, like those of a dandelion, or tubular, like those of a bodyak. At certain types composite plants tubular flowers are found only in the center of the basket, and along the edges are funnel-shaped, like a cornflower, or reed, like a chamomile. The cup is replaced by a tuft of films or hairs. Also, the flower has five fused stamens, one carpel, from which the fruit is formed - the achene.

Many plants from Asteraceae family used in agriculture. Among them it is necessary to highlight vegetable plants(chicory, lettuce), medicinal (dandelion, chamomile), fodder (ground pear), oilseeds (sunflower). There are also many ornamental plants among the Compositae. But there are also those that cause damage to crops of vegetable and fodder crops. These are weeds - thistle, burdock, thistle, cornflower, thistle.

Other members of the Compositae family. The most common plants in the Asteraceae family are sow thistle field and thistle field. These are the weeds with which the workers Agriculture and gardeners are waging a stubborn uncompromising struggle. Representatives of these species reach a height of more than a meter. Violet-red flowers bloom during the blooming period, while sow thistles have yellow ones. These weeds disperse 5,000 to 6,000 seeds per summer from each plant. Their fecundity exceeds that of the dandelion. In addition, the roots of these plants have many adventitious buds from which a new plant can develop. Therefore, in order to get rid of these weeds in the fields and gardens, a long-term constant struggle is being waged with them.

However, not only weeds belong to the Compositae family. From useful cultivated plants it is necessary to mention Jerusalem artichoke or earthen pear. Outwardly, this plant resembles a sunflower. The structure of the stem, leaves, inflorescences is similar. But the main difference between Jerusalem artichoke is the presence of underground tubers.

Many Compositae are ornamental plants. In gardens and parks, you can see representatives of this family, such as asters, dahlias, daisies, chrysanthemums. Among the wild wildflowers, chamomile, cornflowers, cat paws, which also belong to Compositae.

Compositae family(Compositae) - the most extensive of all families of flowering plants. It unites more than 800 genera and more than 15 thousand plant species. Phylogenetically, this family is considered one of the youngest families in the period of enhanced speciation.

Compositae is herbaceous plants, more often with alternate, less often with opposite leaves. Leaves without stipules, flowers are collected in baskets, surrounded by an involucre. The inflorescence - a basket, seems to be a simple flower, but in reality it consists of many small flowers, which is why the name "composite" came about. The calyx of bleaching small flowers is absent or instead of it there are films, bristles or a tuft of feathery or simple hairs that remain with the fetus. The corolla was formed from a pair of petals fused into a tube (tubular flowers) or into a tongue (reed flowers). Various plants of this family contain in baskets either only reed flowers (thistle, dandelion), or only tubular (wormwood), or both (sunflower). There are five stamens in each flower. They grow together with anthers into a tube, and their threads are loosely attached to the corolla tube. Anthers open inside the tube with cracks, and a lot of pollen accumulates in it. The column passes through the anther tube, and ends at the top with a bipartite stigma. The ovary is unilocular, the fruit is an achene, often supplied with a fly.

Compositae are divided into the following groups:

Lingual, in which all the flowers in the basket are true-lingual (with five cloves). These include sow thistles (Sonchus), dandelions (Taraxacum), hawksbill (Hieraceum), chicory, etc.

Disc-bearing, in which the marginal flowers of the basket are false-lingual (with three cloves), and the middle flowers are tubular. These include: sunflowers (Helianthus), yarrow (Achillea schillefolium) (Fig. 1, I), leucanthemum (Fig. 1, II), chamomile (Matgicargia) (Fig. 1, III).

Tubular, in which all the flowers in the basket are tubular or median tubular, and the marginal funnel. The latter include thistles (Cirsium), cornflowers (Centaurea) (Fig. 1, VI), burdocks (Lappa), thistles (Carduus), etc.

Fig.1. Compositae.
I - yarrow: 1 - flowering plant; 2 - flower; 3 - false-lingual flower; 4 - tubular flower; 5 - stigma. II - nivyanik. III - pharmaceutical camomile. IV - coltsfoot. V - tansy. VI - blue cornflower: 1 - part of the plant; 2 - basket; 3 - marginal flower; 4 - middle flower; 5,6 - expulsion of pollen by the stigma; 7 - stigma; 8 - achene with tuft (enlarged).

Of the many Compositae, we will describe only the following.

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) (Fig. 2) is a tall annual plant cultivated mainly as an oilseed. Achenes of varieties of Academician V.S. Pustovoit contain up to 50% oil. The main areas of sunflower cultivation include the North Caucasus, Kuban, the central black earth zone, Ukraine, Moldova, and the Volga region. Sunflower cake is used as a concentrated feed for livestock.

Fig.2. Compositae.
Sunflower : 1 - top part plants; 2 - root; 3 - inflorescence - basket (in section); 4, 5, 6 - structure and successive phases of tubular flower development; 7 - seed-fruit.

By the time of flowering, a well-developed sunflower has thick stems up to 1.2-2.5 m high, sometimes branched at the top. The stems are covered with stiff hairs. The leaf arrangement is alternate. The leaves are large, petiolate, heart-shaped, serrated, retinal. Inflorescences are large baskets, of which the middle one, sitting on the main stem, reaches the largest size (sometimes 30 cm in diameter). Each basket has a flat or slightly convex receptacle, on which many flowers sit. The basket is surrounded by green pointed, ciliated, ovate-pointed leaves of a tiled wrapper, of which the outer ones are especially wide and bent down, while the inner ones are narrower and membranous. The flowers in the basket are of two genera: the outer flowers are large, reed, bright yellow, barren, the inner ones are small, tubular, with stamens and pistils. Each tubular flower has a white lower ovary. Corolla tube yellowish, somewhat swollen at base; and ends with five cloves at the top. The style is long, with a brush of hairs and a two-lobed stigma at the end. At the base of the column there is a nectary. adapted for pollination internal surfaces stigmas, pollen are brought by insects either from other baskets, or from other flowers of the same basket.

Of the other cultivated plants belonging to the Compositae, it is necessary to name the ground pear (Helianthus tuberosus), chicory (Cichorgium inthybus), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), etc.

Field sow thistle, or yellow (Sonchus arvensis) (Fig. 3), is an extremely harmful weed. Height up to 1.5 m, perennial, propagated by root offspring. The main root goes deep into the soil up to 50 cm. The stems are hollow, hard. top leaves with a heart-shaped base, sessile, amplexicaul, entire and notched-pinnately lobed, with triangular, backward-facing incisions. The lower leaves are petiolate, with round ears at the base. The plant is stiff because of the hairs. Baskets are large (up to 2.5 cm), with bright yellow reed flowers, sitting in a rare corymbose panicle. The leaflets are imbricate. The fruits are achenes with a fly of simple snow-white hairs; up to 10-15 thousand fruits ripen on one plant. Sow thistle contains white milky juice.

Fig.3. Compositae.
I - field sow thistle (yellow): 1 - stem with leaves and the apical part of the shoot; 2 - inflorescence - basket; 3 - true reed flower; 4 - achene with a fly. II - field thistle, or pink thistle: 5 - the upper part of the shoot; 6 - root and root offspring; 7 - achene with a fly.

Garden sow thistle (Sonchus oleraceus), in contrast to the field one, has a branched stem to the base, light yellow small baskets, sharp ears at the base of the leaves. Clogs mainly vegetable crops.

Field thistle, or pink thistle (Cirsium arvense) (Fig. 3, II), is an extremely harmful weed. It multiplies rapidly both by abundant shoots from adventitious buds and by deep root development. The plant is perennial, up to 1.2 m high. The stem is straight, branched, with cobweb hairs. The leaves are all over the stem. They are oblong-lanceolate, entire or notched-notched, narrowed towards the base, descending to the stem, covered with ciliated spines along the edge. baskets medium size, up to 1 cm, ovate, in a rare inflorescence, purple flowers, tubular. The hairs of the tuft are feathery.

Reproduction of the bodyak occurs both by underground organs and by achenes. Seeds have high germination and germinate on the surface of moist soil at 25-30o. The roots of thistle penetrate the soil to a depth of 4-6 m. The lateral roots of reproduction stretch to a depth of 15-30 cm. They give abundant shoots.

Of the other weeds belonging to the Compositae, especially harmful are: thistle (Carduus crispus), dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), small-flowered weed (Erigeron canadensis), mustard (Picris hieraciodes), cornflower (Centaurea cyanus), coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara) and many others.

Some of the Compositae are important: in medicine - chamomile (Matricaria chammomilla), arnica (Arnica montana), wormwood (Artemisia absinthium), tansy (Tanaceum vulgare), etc.; in floriculture - dahlia (Dahlia variabilis), aster (Aster chinensis), daisy (Bellis perennis), chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum indicum), etc.; in the fight against harmful insects - " dalmatian chamomile» (Chrysanthemum cineraria folium), feverfew pink(Pyrethrum roseum); as rubber plants - kok-saghyz (Taraxacum kok-saghyz), guayule (Parthenium argentatum), goldenrod (Solidago leavenwogtii), etc.

Numerous species of wormwood (Artemisia) are common in the steppe and semi-steppe zones, where they are landscape plants having nutritional value.

Family Compositae, or Asteraceae (composites,Asteraceae) — includes 11-13 families, about 1000 genera and more than 28000 species, widely distributed throughout the globe. Most Compositae are herbaceous plants, but among them there are also many semishrubs, shrubs, and low trees are less common.

Structure

Leaves of aster simple whole or in various ways dissected, without stipules, located alternately in most species. Some species have lactifers or resin canals in the roots, stems and leaves. Flowers small, collected in inflorescence basket, surrounded by a wrapper of modified upper leaves. The main functions of the wrapper are to protect the flowers from the adverse effects of the environment. The calyx is strongly modified into a tuft or tuft, which contributes to the spread of fruits. Corolla joint-petal tubular, reed, pseudo-reed, two-lipped or funnel-shaped (Fig. 121).

Tubular flowers are bisexual, regular, their corolla is formed by 5 petals fused in the form of a tube. Reed flowers consist of 5 petals fused in one plane, noticeable by the teeth. These flowers are bisexual and often completely form inflorescences. In pseudolingual flowers, the lower lip of 3 fused petals ends with 3 teeth and looks like a tongue, and the upper lip is reduced. False-lingual flowers are most often located along the edge of the inflorescence, and tubular in the center (chamomile, sunflower). The funnel-shaped flowers are zygomorphic and asexual, usually marginal in the inflorescence ( cornflower). There are 5 stamens in the Asteraceae flower, they are attached to the corolla tube, the filaments are free, and the anthers are glued together. Gynoecium of two carpels, the style ends with a two-lobed stigma. Lower tie. The fruit is a seed. Seeds without endosperm.

Classification

The Asteraceae family is divided into two subfamilies: Aster (Asteroideae), which includes 11 - 12 tribes and Lettuce (Lactucoidae), or Chicory (Cichorioideae), which include only one tribe. material from the site

Representatives

Subfamily Asteraceae characterized by the obligatory presence of tubular, or less often two-lipped flowers in the baskets and the absence of milky juice. It includes tribes: Sunflower (Heliantheatae), Asteraceae (Astereae), Umbilical (Anthemideae), Cruciformes (Senecioneae), Calendula (calenduleae) and etc.

At subfamily Chicoryaceae or Lettuce all the flowers in the basket are reed, and it is also characterized by the presence of lactiferous passages in the roots, stems and leaves. Representatives of this subfamily grow mainly in the Northern Hemisphere.

This is one of the largest families, with about 20,000 species. Compositae are ubiquitous, from tropical forests to the arctic.

Most often these are herbaceous plants, but there are also shrubs, and even trees, for example, the famous rosette tree - the Kilimanjar ragwort in Africa, reaching 8 m in height:

Other Compositae on Kilimanjaro grow almost on bare stones (lithophytes), forming peculiar pillows:

In our latitudes, there is a huge variety of herbaceous asters, many of which are grown as ornamentals: cornflowers, calendula, chamomile, asters, etc.

The flower of Compositae has a double perianth. The calyx is usually not developed, or looks like a tuft (cornflower), or hairs (dandelion). There are 5 petals fused into a tube, 5 stamens and 1 pistil. Flower formula * L (5) T (5) P1.

There are four types of flowers: tubular, reed, pseudo-reed and two-lipped
in the form of a funnel (funnel-shaped). The flowers are small and collected in an inflorescence - a basket. On the edges of the basket is surrounded by a wrapper. In flowers located along the edges of the basket, often three of the five fused petals are elongated in the form of a tongue (false-lingual). Inside the basket are tubular flowers. Thanks to this, the basket becomes like not an inflorescence, but one big flower more attractive to insects. (large flowers tend to have more nectar). Because of this, the family got its name "composite".

The fruit is an achene, in many Compositae, volatile (dandelion).

Conclude:

For check

Laboratory work No. 27 "The structure of the flower and fruit of a plant of the Compositae family"

1. Consider the structure of the plant given to you. (Chamomile have reed flowers)

2. Consider a flower.

5. What perianth: simple or double? (calyx does not develop, presented in the form of hairs)

6. Count the number of sepals. (N0)

7. Count the number of petals. Consider a whisk.

8. Do the petals grow together? (Yes grow together)

9. Count the number of stamens. (stamens (5))

10. Write the formula of the flower. (CH0L (5) T (5) P1

3 .

Medicinal

weeds

Decorative

Sunflower

Chamomile officinalis,

Field calf

dahlias

earthen pear

marigold medicinal

Cornflower field

chrysanthemums

Jerusalem artichoke

Three-part sequence).

asters

Laboratory work No. 27 "The structure of the flower and fruit of a plant of the Compositae family"

1. What type is it root system?

2. What is the stem of the plant?

3. How are the leaves arranged on the stem?

4. What is the venation of the leaves?

2. Consider a flower.

1. What perianth: simple or double?

2. Count the number of sepals.

3. Count the number of petals. Consider a whisk. Do the petals grow together?

4. Count the number of stamens.

5. Write the flower formula.

3 . Make a table by writing down the plants of the Asteraceae family known to you:

Medicinal

weeds

Decorative

Conclude:

Laboratory work No. 27 "The structure of the flower and fruit of a plant of the Compositae family"

1. Consider the structure of the plant given to you. (The wild goat has tubular flowers)

1. What type is its root system? (rod)

4. What is the venation of the leaves? (mesh)

2. Consider a flower.

3 . Make a table by writing down the plants of the Asteraceae family known to you:

Medicinal

weeds

Decorative

Sunflower

Chamomile officinalis,

Field calf

dahlias

earthen pear

marigold medicinal

Cornflower field

chrysanthemums

Jerusalem artichoke

Three-part sequence).

asters

Conclude:

Laboratory work No. 27 "The structure of the flower and fruit of a plant of the Compositae family"

1. Consider the structure of the plant given to you. (Chamomile have reed flowers)

1. What type is its root system? 2. What is the stem of the plant?

3. How are the leaves arranged on the stem?

4. What is the venation of the leaves?

2. Consider a flower.

1. What perianth: simple or double?

2. Count the number of sepals.

3. Consider the sepals, do they grow together?

4. Count the number of petals. Consider a whisk. Do the petals grow together?

5. Count the number of stamens.

6Write the flower formula.

3 . Make a table by writing down the plants of the Asteraceae family known to you:

Medicinal

weeds

Decorative

Conclude:

For check

Laboratory work No. 27 "The structure of the flower and fruit of a plant of the Compositae family"

1. Consider the structure of the plant given to you. (Chamomile have reed flowers)

1. What type is its root system? (rod)

2. What is the stem of the plant? (upright)

3. How are the leaves arranged on the stem? (next leaf arrangement)

4. What is the venation of the leaves? (mesh)

2. Consider a flower.

1. What perianth: simple or double? (calyx does not develop, presented in the form of hairs)

2. Count the number of sepals. (N0)

3. Count the number of petals. Consider a whisk. Do the petals grow together? (Yes grow together)

5. Count the number of stamens. (stamens (5))

6Write the flower formula. (CH0L(5)T(5)P1

3 . Make a table by writing down the plants of the Asteraceae family known to you:

Medicinal

weeds

Decorative

Sunflower

Chamomile officinalis,

Field calf

dahlias

earthen pear

marigold medicinal

Cornflower field

chrysanthemums

Jerusalem artichoke

Three-part series

asters

Laboratory work No. 27 "The structure of the flower and fruit of a plant of the Compositae family"

Consider the structure of the plant you are given.

(The wild goat has tubular flowers)

1. What type is its root system?

2. What is the stem of the plant?

3. How are the leaves arranged on the stem?

4. What is the venation of the leaves?

2. Consider a flower.

1. What perianth: simple or double?

2. Count the number of sepals.

3. Count the number of petals. Consider a whisk. Do the petals grow together?

4. Count the number of stamens.

5. Write the flower formula.

3 . Make a table by writing down the plants of the Asteraceae family known to you:

Medicinal

weeds

Decorative

Conclude:

Laboratory work No. 27 "The structure of the flower and fruit of a plant of the Compositae family"

1. Consider the structure of the plant given to you. (The wild goat has tubular flowers)

1. What type is its root system? (rod)

2. What is the stem of the plant? (upright)

3. How are the leaves arranged on the stem? (alternately)

4. What is the venation of the leaves? (mesh)

2. Consider a flower.

1. What perianth: simple or double? (calyx does not develop, presented in the form of hairs)

2. Count the number of sepals. (N0)

3. Count the number of petals. Consider a whisk. Do the petals grow together? (Yes grow together)

4. Count the number of stamens. (stamens (5))

5.Write the flower formula.(CH0L(5)T(5)P1

3 . Make a table by writing down the plants of the Asteraceae family known to you:

Medicinal

weeds

Decorative

Sunflower

Chamomile officinalis,

Field calf

dahlias

earthen pear

marigold medicinal

Cornflower field

chrysanthemums

Jerusalem artichoke

Three-part sequence).

asters