Fire pumps, fire lines, faucets and hoses. Fixed fire extinguishing systems Open the valve on one of the launch cylinders

24 "Bulkhead deck" is the uppermost deck, to which transverse watertight bulkheads are brought.

25 "Deadweight" is the difference (in tons) between the ship's displacement in water of 1.025 density at the load waterline corresponding to the assigned summer freeboard and the ship's light displacement.

26 "Light displacement" is the ship's displacement (in tons) without cargo, fuel, lubricating oil, ballast, fresh and boiler water in tanks, ship's stores, as well as without passengers, crew and their property.

27 "Combination vessel" is a tanker designed to carry oil in bulk or dry cargo in bulk.

28 "Crude oil" is any oil naturally occurring in the earth's interior, whether or not processed to facilitate its transportation, including:

1 crude oil from which some distillation fractions may have been removed; And

2 crude oil to which some distillation cuts may have been added.

29 "Dangerous goods" are goods referred to in regulation VII/2.

30 "Chemical tanker" is a tanker constructed or adapted and used for the carriage in bulk of any liquid flammable product specified:

1 in chapter 17 of the International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk, hereinafter referred to as the International Bulk Chemical Code, adopted by resolution MSC.4(48) of the Maritime Safety Committee, as amended by the Organization; or

2 in chapter VI of the Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk, hereinafter referred to as "The Bulk Chemical Code", adopted by resolution A.212(VII) of the Assembly of the Organization, as amended by or may be adopted by the Organization

whichever is applicable.

31 "Gas carrier" is a tanker constructed or adapted and used for the carriage in bulk of any liquefied gas or other flammable products specified:

1 in chapter 19 of the International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk, hereinafter referred to as the International Gas Carrier Code, adopted by resolution MSC.5(48) of the Maritime Safety Committee, as amended by the Organization; or

2 in chapter XIX of the Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk, hereinafter referred to as the LNG Carrier Code, adopted by resolution A.328 DX) of the Assembly of the Organization, as amended by the Organization as may be or may be adopted, as applicable.

32 "Cargo area" is the part of a ship containing cargo tanks, slop tanks and cargo pump-rooms, including pump-rooms, cofferdams, ballast rooms and void spaces adjacent to cargo tanks, as well as deck areas throughout the length and breadth of the ship. above the said premises.

33 For ships constructed on or after 1 October 1994, the following definition shall apply instead of the definition of main vertical zones provided in paragraph 9:

the main vertical zones are zones into which the hull, superstructure and deckhouses of the ship are divided by "A" class divisions, the average length and width of which on any deck does not, as a rule, exceed 40 m,"

34 "Ro-ro passenger ship" means a passenger ship with ro-ro cargo spaces or special category spaces as defined in this regulation.

34 Code of Fire Test Procedures means the International Code for the Application of Fire Test Procedures adopted by the Organization's Maritime Safety Committee in resolution MSC.61(67). as amended by the Organization, provided that such amendments are adopted, come into force and operate in accordance with the provisions of Article VIII of this Convention relating to the procedures for the adoption of amendments applicable to the Annex other than Chapter I.

Rule 4

Fire pumps, fire lines, faucets and hoses

(Paragraphs 3.3.2.5 and 7.1 of this regulation apply to ships constructed on or after 1 February 1992)

1 Every ship shall be provided with fire pumps, fire mains, faucets and hoses complying, as far as applicable, with the requirements of this regulation.

2 Fire pump performance

2.1 The required fire pumps must be capable of supplying fire-fighting water at the pressure specified in paragraph 4 in the following quantities:

1 pumps on passenger ships - not less than two thirds of the amount provided by bilge pumps when pumping water from the holds; And

2 pumps in cargo ships, other than any emergency pump, not less than four thirds of the quantity supplied by each independent bilge pump under regulation II-1/21 when pumping water from holds in a passenger ship of the same dimensions; however, it is not necessary that the total required capacity of fire pumps on any cargo ship exceed 180 m/h.

2.2 The capacity of each of the required fire pumps (other than any emergency pump required by paragraph 3.3.2 for cargo ships) should be not less than 80% of the total required capacity divided by the minimum number of fire pumps required, but in any case not less than 25 m^3 /h each such pump must in any case provide at least two jets of water. These fire pumps must supply water to the fire main under the required conditions. If the number of pumps installed exceeds the required minimum number, the capacity of the additional pumps shall be to the satisfaction of the Administration.

3 Measures related to fire pumps and fire mains

3.1 The ships shall be provided with fire pumps with independent drives in the following quantity:

		passenger			at least 3
			capacity
	4000 reg. tons and more
		passenger			at least 2
			capacity
	less than 4000 registered tons and
	freight
	with a capacity of 1000 tons and
	on cargo ships gross				in accordance with the requirements
	with a capacity of less than 1000				Administrations

3.2 Sanitary, ballast, and bilge or general purpose pumps may be considered fire pumps, provided they are not normally used for fuel transfer, and if occasionally used for fuel transfer or transfer, appropriate switching devices must be provided.

3.3 The location of receiving kingstones, fire pumps and their power sources should be such that:

1 in passenger ships of 1,000 gross tonnage and upwards, a fire in any of the compartments could not disable all fire pumps;

2 in cargo ships of 2,000 gross tonnage and upwards, if a fire in any of the compartments would put all pumps out of action, another means is available, consisting of a fixed emergency pump, independently driven, which shall provide two jets of water in accordance with the requirements Administration. This pump and its location must meet the following requirements:

2.1 the pumping capacity must be not less than 40% of the total fire pumping capacity required by this regulation and in any case not less than 25 m^3/h;

2.2 if the pump delivers the amount of water required by paragraph 3.3.2.1, the pressure at any tap must not be less than the minimum pressure specified in paragraph 4.2;

2.3 Any diesel-powered power source feeding the pump should be capable of being easily started manually from a cold state, down to a temperature of 0°C. If this is not practicable, or if lower temperatures are expected, consideration should be given to the installation and operation of heating means acceptable to the Administration to ensure rapid starting. If manual starting is not practicable, the Administration may authorize the use of other means of starting. These means must be such that the diesel driven power source can be started at least 6 times within 30 minutes and at least twice during the first 10 minutes;

2.4. Any service fuel tank shall contain sufficient fuel to operate the pump at full load for at least 3 hours; outside the main machinery room, there must be sufficient fuel supplies to ensure the operation of the pump at full load for an additional 15 hours.

2.5 Under conditions of list, trim, roll and pitch which may occur during operation, the total suction head and net positive suction head of the pump shall be such that the requirements of paragraphs 3.3.2, 3.3.2.1, 3.3.2.2 and 4.2 of this regulations;

2.6 the structures surrounding the space containing the fire pump should be insulated to a structural fire protection standard equivalent to that required by regulation II-2/44 for the control station;

2.7. No direct access from the engine room to the space containing the emergency fire pump and its power source is allowed. In cases where this is not practicable, the Administration may allow an arrangement whereby access is by a vestibule, both doors of which are self-closing, or a watertight door, which can be operated from the emergency fire pump room and which is not likely to will be cut off in the event of a fire in these premises. In such cases, a second means of access to the space containing the emergency fire pump and its source of power must be provided;

2.8 ventilation of the room in which an independent source of energy for the emergency fire pump is located should be

to prevent, as far as practicable, the possibility of smoke entering or being drawn into that space in the event of a fire in the machinery space;

2.9 ships constructed on or after 1 October 1994 shall, in lieu of the provisions of paragraph 3.3.2.6, comply with the following requirements:

The space containing the fire pump shall not be adjacent to the boundaries of category A machinery spaces or those spaces containing the main fire pumps. Where the above is not practicable, the common bulkhead between these two spaces should be insulated to a structural fire protection standard equivalent to that required for control stations in regulation 44.

3 in passenger ships of less than 1,000 gross tonnage and cargo ships of less than 2,000 gross tonnage, if a fire in any of the compartments would put all pumps out of action, other means of supplying fire-fighting water to the satisfaction of the Administration shall be provided;

3.1 For ships constructed on or after 1 October 1994, the alternative provided in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 3.3.3 shall be an independently powered emergency fire pump. The power source of the pump and the kingston of the pump must be located outside the engine room.

4 in addition, in cargo ships where other pumps, such as general purpose, bilge, ballast, etc., are located in the machinery space, measures shall be taken to ensure that at least one of these pumps, having performance and pressure required by paragraphs 2.2 and 4.2, could supply water to the fire main.

3.4 Measures to ensure the constant availability of water supply should:

1 for passenger ships of 1,000 gross tonnage and upwards, be such that at least one effective jet of water can be immediately supplied from any fire hydrant in the interior spaces and that a continuous supply of water is ensured by automatically starting the required fire pump;

2 for passenger ships of less than 1,000 gross tonnage and for cargo ships, to the requirements of the Administration;

3 for cargo ships when their machinery spaces are periodically unattended or when only one person is required to keep watch, provide an immediate supply of water from the fire main at an appropriate pressure, or by remote start of one of the main fire pumps from the navigation bridge and

from control room for fire extinguishing systems, if any, or by continuously pressurizing the fire main by one of the main fire pumps, unless the Administration may waive this requirement in cargo ships of less than 1,600 gross tonnage if the location of access is in

engine room makes this redundant;

4 for passenger ships, if their machinery spaces are periodically unmanned in accordance with regulation II-1/54, the Administration should determine requirements for a fixed water fire-extinguishing system for such spaces equivalent to those for machinery spaces with a normal watch.

3.5 If fire pumps are capable of generating pressures in excess of the pressure for which piping, faucets and hoses are designed, all such pumps must be equipped with relief valves. The location and adjustment of such valves should help prevent excessive pressure from building up in any part of the fire main.

3.6 On tankers, in order to preserve the integrity of the fire main in the event of a fire or explosion, shut-off valves shall be installed in the bow of the poop in a protected place and on the deck of cargo tanks at intervals of not more than 40 m.

4 Fire main diameter and pressure

4.1 The diameter of the fire main and its branches must be sufficient to effectively distribute water with the maximum required supply of two simultaneously operating fire pumps; however, on cargo ships it is sufficient that this diameter provides only 140 m^3 /h.

4.2 If two pumps simultaneously supply through the nozzles specified in paragraph 8 the quantity of water specified in paragraph 4.1 through any adjacent taps, the following minimum pressure must be maintained at all taps:

passenger ships:
gross tonnage
	reg.t and more
gross tonnage
	reg.t and more,
but less than 4000 registered tons
gross tonnage		in accordance with the requirements of the Administration
less than 1000 registered tons
cargo ships:
gross tonnage
	reg.t and more
gross tonnage
	reg.t and more,

4.2.1 Passenger ships built on 1 October. 1994 or after that date, instead of the provisions of paragraph 4.2, must meet the following requirements:

if two pumps simultaneously supply water through the shafts and taps specified in paragraph 8 to supply the quantity of water specified in paragraph 4.1, then a minimum pressure of 0.4 N/mm^2 shall be maintained at all taps for ships of 4000 gross tonnage and more and 0.3N/mm^2 for ships of less than 4000 gross tonnage.

4.3 The maximum pressure in any valve must not exceed the pressure at which effective control of the fire hose is possible.

5 Number and placement of taps

5.1 The number and placement of taps should be such that at least two jets of water from different taps, one of which is supplied through a solid hose, reach any part of the ship normally accessible to passengers or crew during navigation, as well as any part of any empty cargo space, any ro-ro cargo space, or any special category space, in the latter case, any part of it must be reached by two jets supplied through one-piece hoses. In addition, such cranes should be located at the entrances to the protected premises.

5.2 On passenger ships, the number and arrangement of cranes in accommodation, service and machinery spaces shall be such as to enable lunge the requirements of paragraph 5.1 when all watertight doors and all doors in main vertical zone bulkheads are closed.

5.3 If on a passenger ship the machinery space of category A is provided for access at the lower level from the adjacent propeller shaft tunnel, then outside the machinery space, but close to the entrance to it, two cranes shall be provided. If such access is provided from other spaces, two cranes shall be provided in one of these spaces at the entrance to the machinery space of category "A". This requirement may not apply if the tunnel or adjacent spaces are not part of the escape route.

6 Pipelines and taps

6.1 Fire mains and faucets should not be made of materials that easily lose their properties when heated, unless they are adequately protected. Pipelines and faucets should be located so that fire hoses can be easily attached to them. The location of pipelines and valves should exclude the possibility of their freezing. In ships capable of carrying deck cargo, the placement of cranes should be such as to ensure easy access to them at all times, and pipelines should be laid as far as practicable so as to avoid the risk of damage to them by the cargo. If the ship does not provide a sleeve and a stem for every crane, full interchangeability of connecting heads and stems must be ensured.

6.2 A valve shall be provided for servicing each fire hose so that any fire hose can be disconnected while the fire pumps are running.

6.3 Disconnect valves for disconnecting the section of the fire main located in the engine room containing the main fire pump or pumps from the rest of the fire main should be installed in an easily accessible and convenient place outside the engine spaces. The arrangement of the fire main shall be such that, with the shut-off valves closed, all ship's cranes, except those located in the above-mentioned machinery space, can be supplied with water from a fire pump located outside this machinery space, through pipelines passing outside it. By way of exception, the Administration may allow short sections of the suction and pressure pipes of an emergency fire pump to pass through the machinery space if it is impracticable to route them around the machinery space, provided that the integrity of the fire main can be ensured by enclosing the pipes in a strong steel casing.

7 Fire hoses

7.1 Fire hoses must be of an Administration approved durable material and be of sufficient length to carry a jet of water into any space where they may be required. Fire hoses of wear resistant material shall be provided on ships built on or after February 1, 1992 and on ships built before February 1, 1992 when replacing existing fire hoses. The maximum length of sleeves shall be to the satisfaction of the Administration. Each sleeve must be equipped with a barrel and the necessary connecting heads. The hoses referred to in this chapter as "fire hoses", together with all necessary accessories and tools, must be kept in a conspicuous place near the taps or connections and ready for use at all times. In addition, in the interior of passenger ships carrying more than 36 passengers, fire hoses must be permanently connected to taps.

7.2 Ships shall be fitted with fire hoses, the number and diameter of which shall be to the satisfaction of the Administration.

7.3 In passenger ships, each crane required in paragraph 5 shall be provided with at least one fire hose, and these hoses shall be used only for the purpose of extinguishing fire or checking the operation of fire

Rating: 3.4

Rated: 5 people

METHODOLOGICAL PLAN

conducting classes with a group of duty guards of the 52nd fire station on Fire Engineering.
Topic: "Fire pumps". Type of lesson: class-group. Allotted time: 90 minutes.
The purpose of the lesson: consolidation and improvement of personal knowledge on the topic: "Fire pumps".
1. Literature used during the lesson:
Textbook: "Fire equipment" V.V. Terebnev. Book number 1.
Order No. 630.

Definition and classification of pumps.

Pumps are machines that convert input energy into mechanical energy of a pumped liquid or gas. Various types of pumps are used in fire fighting equipment (Fig. 4.6.) Mechanical pumps are most widely used, in which the mechanical energy of a solid, liquid or gas is converted into mechanical energy of a liquid.

According to the principle of operation, pumps are classified depending on the nature of the prevailing forces, under the action of which the pumped medium moves in the pump.

There are three such forces:
mass force (inertia), fluid friction (viscosity) and surface pressure force.

Pumps dominated by the action of body forces and fluid friction (or both) are combined into a group of dynamic pumps, in which surface pressure forces predominate, constitute a group of positive displacement pumps. Requirements for pumping units of fire trucks.

Fire truck pumps are powered by internal combustion engines - this is one of the main technical features that must be taken into account when developing and operating pumps. The following basic requirements are imposed on pumping installations.

Fire truck pumps must be operated from open water sources, so no cavitation phenomena should be observed at the control suction height. In our country, the control suction height is 3 ... 3.5 m, in Western Europe - 1.5.

The pressure characteristic Q - H for fire pumps should be flat, otherwise, when the valves on the trunks are closed (feed is reduced), the pressure on the pump and in the hose lines will increase sharply, which can lead to rupture of the hoses. With a flat pressure characteristic, it is easier to control the pump using the “gas” handle and change the pump parameters if necessary.

In terms of energy parameters, fire truck pumps must match the parameters of the engine from which they operate, otherwise the technical capabilities of the pumps will not be fully realized or the engine will operate in a low efficiency mode and high specific fuel consumption.

Pumping units of some fire trucks (for example, airfield vehicles) must operate on the move when water is supplied from fire monitors. Vacuum systems of pumps of fire trucks must ensure the intake of water during the control time (40 ... 50 s) from the maximum possible suction depth (7 ... 7.5 m).

Stationary foam mixers on the pumps of fire trucks must, within the established limits, dose the foam concentrate during the operation of the foam shafts.

Pumping units of fire trucks must operate for a long time without a decrease in parameters when water is supplied at low and high temperatures.

Pumps should be as small as possible in size and weight in order to rationally use the load capacity of a fire truck and its body.

The control of the pumping unit should be convenient, simple and, if possible, automated, with a low level of noise and vibration during operation. One of the important requirements for successful fire extinguishing is the reliability of the pumping unit.

The main structural elements of centrifugal pumps are working bodies, housing, shaft supports, seals.

The working bodies are impellers, inlets and outlets.

The impeller of the normal pressure pump is made of two discs - leading and covering.
Between the discs there are blades bent in the direction opposite to the direction of rotation of the wheel. Until 1983, the blades of the impellers had a double curvature, which ensured minimal hydraulic losses and high cavitation properties.

However, due to the fact that the manufacture of such wheels is laborious and they have significant roughness, modern fire pumps use impellers with cylindrical blades (PN-40UB, PN-110B, 160.01.35, PNK-40/3). The angle of installation of the blades at the outlet of the impeller is increased to 65 ... 70?, the blades in the plan have an S-shaped shape.

This made it possible to increase the pump head by 25...30% and the flow rate by 25% while maintaining cavitation qualities and efficiency at approximately the same level.

Mass of pumps reduced by 10%.

During operation of the pumps, a hydrodynamic axial force acts on the impeller, which is directed along the axis towards the suction pipe and tends to displace the wheel along the axis, therefore, an important element in the pump is the fastening of the impeller.

The axial force arises due to the pressure difference on the impeller, since a smaller pressure force acts on it from the side of the suction pipe than from the right.

The value of the axial force is approximately determined by the formula
F = 0.6 P? (R21 - R2v),
where F is the axial force, N;
P is the pressure at the pump, N/m2 (Pa);
R1 is the radius of the inlet, m;
Rv is the radius of the shaft, m.

To reduce the axial forces acting on the impeller, holes are drilled in the drive disk through which the liquid flows from the right side to the left. In this case, the leakage rate is equal to the leakage through the target seal behind the wheel, the pump efficiency is reduced.

With wear of the elements of the target seals, fluid leakage will increase and the pump efficiency will decrease.

In two- and multi-stage pumps, impellers on the same shaft can be placed with the opposite direction of entry - this also compensates or reduces the effect of axial forces.

In addition to axial forces, radial forces act on the impeller during pump operation. The diagram of the radial forces acting on the pump impeller with one outlet is shown in fig. 4.21. It can be seen from the figure that an unevenly distributed load acts on the impeller and pump shaft during rotation.

In modern fire pumps, the unloading of the shaft and impeller from the action of radial forces is carried out by changing the design of the bends.

The outlets in most fire pumps are scroll type. In the pump 160.01.35 (conditional brand) a blade-type outlet (guide vane) is used, behind which an annular chamber is located. In this case, the effect of radial forces on the impeller and pump shaft is reduced to a minimum. Spiral outlets in fire pumps are single- (PN-40UA, PN-60) and double-volute (PN-110, MP-1600).

In fire pumps with a single-volute outlet, radial forces are not unloaded, it is perceived by the pump shaft and bearings. In double-curl bends, the action of radial forces in spiral bends is reduced and compensated.

The inlets in fire centrifugal pumps are usually axial, made in the form of a cylindrical pipe. The pump 160.01.35 has an upstream screw. This improves the cavitation properties of the pump.

The pump housing is the basic part; it is usually made of aluminum alloys.

The shape and design of the housing depends on the design features of the pump.

Shaft supports are used for built-in fire pumps. The shafts are in most cases mounted on two rolling bearings.

Design of centrifugal pumps. In our country, fire trucks are mainly equipped with normal pressure pumps of the type PN-40, 60 and 110, the parameters of which are regulated by OST 22-929-76. In addition to these pumps for heavy-duty airfield vehicles on the MAZ-543 chassis,

MAZ-7310 use pumps 160.01.35 (according to the drawing number).

Of the combined pumps on fire trucks, a pump of the PNK 40/3 brand is used.

At present, a high-pressure pump PNV 20/300 has been developed and is being prepared for production.

Fire pump PN-40UA.

The PN-40UA unified fire pump has been mass-produced since the beginning of the 80s instead of the PN-40U pump and has proven itself in practice.

Upgraded pump PN-40UA unlike PN-40U, it is made with a removable oil bath located at the rear of the pump. This greatly facilitates the repair of the pump and the manufacturing technology of the housing (the housing is divided into two parts).
In addition, the PN-40UA pump uses a new method of fastening the impeller on two keys (instead of one), which increased the reliability of this connection.

Pump PN-40UA

is unified for most fire trucks and is adapted for rear and middle location on the chassis of GAZ, ZIL, Ural vehicles.

Pump PN-40UA The pump consists of a pump housing, a pressure manifold, a foam mixer (PS-5 brand) and two gate valves. housing 6, cover 2, shaft 8, impeller 5, bearings 7, 9, sealing cup 13, tachometer worm drive 10, cuff 12, flange coupling 11, screw 14, plastic packing 15, hose 16.

The impeller 5 is fixed on the shaft with two keys 1, a lock washer 4 and a nut 3.

The cover is fastened to the pump body with studs and nuts; a rubber ring is installed to ensure the sealing of the connection.

Slotted seals (front and rear) between the impeller and the pump housing are made in the form of bronze sealing rings (Br ОЦС 6-6-3) on the impeller (pressing) and cast iron rings in the pump housing.

The sealing rings in the pump housing are fixed with screws.

The sealing of the pump shaft is achieved by using plastic packing or framed rubber seals, which are placed in a special sealing cup. The glass is attached to the pump housing with bolts through a rubber gasket.

The bolts are fixed with wire through special holes to prevent them from unwinding.

When using plastic packing PL-2 in the shaft seal, it is possible to restore the sealing of the assembly without this. This is done by pressing the packing with a screw.

When using frame seals ASK-45 for sealing the pump shaft and replacing them, it must be remembered that of the four seals, one (the first to the impeller) works for vacuum and three for pressure. To distribute the lubricant in the stuffing box, an oil distribution ring is provided, which is connected by channels to a hose and a grease fitting.

The catchment ring of the glass is connected by a channel to a drainage hole, abundant water leakage from which indicates wear on the seals.

The cavity in the pump housing between the sealing cup and the gland of the flange coupling serves as an oil bath for lubricating the bearings and the tachometer drive.

The capacity of the oil bath is 0.5 l Oil is poured through a special hole closed with a stopper. A drain hole with a plug is located at the bottom of the oil bath housing.

Water is drained from the pump by opening the valve located at the bottom of the pump housing. For convenience of opening and closing of the crane its handle is extended by the lever. On the diffuser of the pump housing there is a collector (AL-9 aluminum alloy), to which a foam mixer and two gate valves are attached.

A pressure valve is mounted inside the collector to supply water to the tank (Fig. 4.26.). Holes are provided in the collector body for connecting a vacuum valve, a pipeline to the coil of the engine additional cooling system and a threaded hole for installing a pressure gauge.

Pressure gate valves are studded to the pressure manifold. The valve 1 is cast from gray cast iron (SCH 15-32) and has an eye for a steel (StZ) axle 2, the ends of which are installed in the grooves of the body 3 made of aluminum alloy AL-9. A rubber gasket is attached to the valve with screws and a steel disc. The valve closes the through hole under the action of its own weight.

Spindle 4 presses the valve to the seat or limits its travel if it is opened by water pressure from the fire pump.

Fire pump PN-60

centrifugal normal pressure, one-stage, cantilever. Without guide apparatus.

The PN-60 pump is a geometrically similar model of the PN-40U pump, therefore, it does not structurally differ from it.

Pump body 4, pump cover and impeller 5 are cast iron. The liquid is removed from the wheel through a spiral single-volute chamber 3, ending with a diffuser 6.

The impeller 5 with an outer diameter of 360 mm is mounted on a shaft with a diameter of 38 mm at the landing site. The wheel is fastened with the help of two diametrically located keys, a washer and a nut.

The pump shaft is sealed with frame seals of the ASK-50 type (50 is the shaft diameter in mm). Seals are placed in a special glass. Oil seals are lubricated through an oiler.

To operate from an open water source, a water collector with two nozzles for suction hoses with a diameter of 125 mm is screwed onto the suction pipe of the pump.

The drain cock of the pump is located at the bottom of the pump and is directed vertically downwards (on the side of the PN-40UA pump).

Fire pump PN-110

centrifugal normal pressure, single-stage, cantilever, without guide vanes with two spiral outlets and pressure valves on them.

The main working bodies of the PN-110 pump are also geometrically similar to the PN-40U pump.

There are only some design differences in the PN-110 pump, which are discussed below.

Pump housing 3, cover 2, impeller 4, suction pipe 1 are made of cast iron (SCH 24-44).

The diameter of the pump impeller is 630 mm, the diameter of the shaft at the place where the seals are installed is 80 mm (ASK-80 glands). The drain cock is located at the bottom of the pump and is directed vertically downwards.

The diameter of the suction pipe is 200 mm, the pressure pipe is 100 mm.

The pressure valves of the PN-110 pump have design differences (Fig. 4.29).

A valve with a rubber gasket 4 is placed in the body 7. A spindle with a thread 2 in the lower part and a handwheel is installed in the cover of the body 8

9. The spindle is sealed with gland packing 1, which is sealed with a union nut.

When the spindle rotates, the nut 3 moves forward along the spindle. Two straps 6 are attached to the trunnions of the nut, which are connected to the axis of the valve 5 of the valve, so when the handwheel is rotated, the valve opens or closes.

Combined fire pumps.

Combined fire pumps include those that can supply water under normal (pressure up to 100) and high pressure (pressure up to 300 m and more).

In the 80s, VNIIPO of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR developed and manufactured a pilot series of self-priming combined pumps PNK-40/2 (Fig. 4.30.). Suction of water and its supply under high pressure is carried out by a vortex stage, and under normal pressure - by a centrifugal impeller. The vortex wheel and the impeller of the normal stage of the PNK-40/2 pump are located on the same shaft and in the same housing.

The Priluksky Design Bureau of Fire Engines has developed a combined fire pump PNK-40/3, a pilot batch of which is under test operation in the fire departments.

Pump PNK-40/3

consists of a normal pressure pump 1, which in design and dimensions corresponds to the pump PN-40UA; reducer 2, increasing speed (multiplier), high pressure pump (stage)

3. The high pressure pump has an open impeller. Water from the pressure manifold of the normal pressure pump is supplied through a special pipeline to the suction cavity of the high pressure pump and to the pressure nozzles of normal pressure. From the pressure port of the high-pressure pump, water is supplied through hoses to special pressure nozzles to obtain a fine spray jet.

Technical characteristics of the pump PNK-40/3

Normal pressure pump:
feed, l / s .............................................. .................................40
pressure, m .............................................. ..................................one hundred
frequency of rotation of the pump shaft, rpm ............................... 2700
Efficiency ............................................... .............................................0.58
cavitation reserve .............................................................. ................. 3
power consumption (in nominal mode), kW....67.7
High pressure pump (when the pumps are running in series):
feed, l / s .............................................. ...............................11.52
pressure, m .............................................. ................................. 325
rotational speed, rpm .............................................. ...... 6120
Overall efficiency .............................................................. ...................... 0.15
power consumption, kW .............................................. 67, 7

Combined operation of normal and high pressure pumps:
supply, l / s, pump:
normal pressure ................................................................ ........ 15
high pressure................................................ .............. 1.6
head, m:
normal pressure pump .............................................. 95
common for two pumps ....................................................... ...... 325
Overall efficiency .............................................................. ................................. 0.27
Dimensions, mm:
length................................................. ................................. 600
width................................................. ............................... 350
height................................................. ................................. 650
Weight, kg ............................................... ............................................... 140

Fundamentals of operation of centrifugal pumps

The operation and maintenance of fire truck pumps is carried out in accordance with the “Manual for the operation of fire fighting equipment”, manufacturer's instructions for fire trucks, passports for fire pumps and other regulatory documents.

Upon receipt of fire trucks, it is necessary to check the integrity of the seals on the pump compartment.

Before putting into combat crew, it is necessary to run the pumps when working on open water sources.

The geometrical suction height during the running-in of the pumps should not exceed 1.5 m. The suction line should be laid on two hoses with a suction grid. From the pump, two pressure hose lines with a diameter of 66 mm should be laid, each for one hose 20 m long. Water is supplied through RS-70 trunks with a nozzle diameter of 19 mm.

When running in, the pressure on the pump must be maintained no more than 50 m. The running in of the pump is carried out for 10 hours. When running in pumps and installing them in fire reservoirs, it is not allowed to direct trunks and jets of water into the reservoir.

Otherwise, small bubbles form in the water, which enter the pump through the mesh and the suction line and thus contribute to cavitation. In addition, pump parameters (head and flow) even without cavitation will be lower than under normal operating conditions.

Running-in of pumps after overhaul is also carried out for 10 hours and in the same mode, after current repairs - for 5 hours.

During the break-in, it is necessary to monitor the readings of the instruments (tachometer, pressure gauge, vacuum gauge) and the temperature of the pump casing at the place where the bearings and seals are installed.

After every 1 hour of operation of the pump, it is necessary to turn the oiler by 2 ... 3 turns to lubricate the seals.

Before running in, the oiler must be filled with special grease, and gear oil must be filled into the space between the front and rear bearings.

The purpose of the run-in is not only to run in parts and elements of the transmission and fire pump, but also to check the pump's performance. If minor faults are found during the break-in, they should be eliminated, and then further break-in should be carried out.

If defects are found during the run-in or during the warranty period, it is necessary to draw up a complaint report and present it to the fire truck supplier.

If within three days the representative of the plant did not arrive or notified by telegram of the impossibility of arrival, a unilateral act-reclamation is drawn up with the participation of a specialist of a disinterested party. It is forbidden to dismantle the pump or other components in which a defect is found until the arrival of a representative of the plant or a message that the plant has received an act of reclamation.

The warranty period for fire truck pumps in accordance with OST 22-929-76 is 18 months from the date of receipt. The service life of the PN-40UA pump until the first overhaul according to the passport is 950 hours.

The running-in of pumps should end with their test for pressure and flow at the rated speed of the pump shaft. It is convenient to carry out the test on special stands of the technical diagnostics station of the PA in the detachments (units) of the technical service.

If there are no such stands in the fire department, then the test is carried out in the fire department.

In accordance with OST 22-929-76, the decrease in pump head at nominal flow and impeller speed should not be more than 5% of the nominal value for new pumps.

The results of the pump run-in and its tests are recorded in the fire truck log.

After running in and testing the fire pump, maintenance No. 1 of the pump should be carried out. Particular attention must be paid to the work on changing the oil in the pump housing and checking the fastening of the impeller.

Every day at the changing of the guard, the driver must check:
- cleanliness, serviceability and completeness of the components and assemblies of the pump and its communications by external inspection, the absence of foreign objects in the suction and pressure pipes of the pump;
- operation of valves on the pressure manifold and water-and-foam communications;
- the presence of grease in the gland oiler and oil in the pump housing;
- lack of water in the pump;
- serviceability of control devices on the pump;
- backlight in the vacuum valve, a lamp in the ceiling light of the pump compartment;
- pump and water-foam communications for “dry vacuum”.

To lubricate the oil seals, the oiler is filled with lubricants such as Solidol-S or Pressolidol-S, TsIATI-201. To lubricate the ball bearings of the pump, general-purpose gear oils of the type: TAp-15 V, TSp-14 are poured into the housing.

The oil level must match the mark on the dipstick.

When checking the pump for “dry vacuum”, it is necessary to close all taps and valves on the pump, turn on the engine and create a vacuum in the pump using a vacuum system of 73 ... 36 kPa (0.73 ... 0.76 kgf / cm2).

The vacuum drop in the pump should be no more than 13 kPa (0.13 kgf / cm2) in 2.5 minutes.

If the pump does not withstand the vacuum test, it is necessary to pressure test the pump with air at a pressure of 200...300 kPa (2...3 kgf/cm2) or water at a pressure of 1200...1300 kPa (12...13 kgf/cm2). ). Before crimping, it is advisable to moisten the joints with soapy water.

To measure the vacuum in the pump, it is necessary to use an attached vacuum gauge with a connecting head or thread for installation on the suction pipe of the pump or a vacuum gauge installed on the pump. In this case, a plug is installed on the suction pipe.

When servicing pumps in a fire or exercise, you must:
put the machine on the water source so that the suction line is, if possible, on 1 sleeve, the bend of the sleeve is smoothly directed downwards and starts directly behind the suction pipe of the pump (Fig. 4.32.);
to turn on the pump with the engine running, it is necessary, after depressing the clutch, to turn on the power take-off in the driver's cab, and then turn off the clutch with the handle in the pump compartment;
* immerse the suction screen in water to a depth of at least 600 mm, make sure that the suction screen does not touch the bottom of the reservoir;
* check that all valves and taps on the pump and water-and-foam communications are closed before water intake;
*take water from the reservoir by turning on the vacuum system, for which you must perform the following work:
- turn on the backlight, turn the handle of the vacuum valve towards you;
- turn on the gas-jet vacuum apparatus;
-increase the rotational speed with the “Gas” lever;
- when water appears in the inspection eye of the vacuum valve, close it by turning the handle;
- use the “Gas” lever to reduce the rotational speed to idle;
- smoothly engage the clutch with the lever in the pump compartment;
- turn off the vacuum apparatus;
- bring the pressure on the pump (by pressure gauge) to 30 m using the “Gas” lever;
-slowly open the pressure valves, use the "Gas" lever to set the required pressure on the pump;
- monitor instrument readings and possible malfunctions;
- when working from fire reservoirs, pay special attention to monitoring the water level in the reservoir and the position of the suction grid;
- after every hour of pump operation, lubricate the seals by turning the oiler cap by 2...3 turns;
- after applying foam using a foam mixer, rinse the pump and communications with water from a tank or water source;
- filling the tank with water after a fire from the used water source is recommended only if there is confidence that the water does not have impurities;
- after work, drain the water from the pump, close the valves, install plugs on the nozzles.

When using pumps in winter, it is necessary to provide measures against freezing of water in the pump and in pressure fire hoses:
- at temperatures below 0°C, turn on the heating system of the pump compartment and turn off the additional engine cooling system;
- in case of a short-term interruption of the water supply, do not turn off the pump drive, keep low speed on the pump;
- when the pump is running, close the door of the pump compartment and monitor the control devices through the window;
- to prevent freezing of water in the sleeves, do not completely cover the trunks;
- dismantle the hose lines from the barrel to the pump, without stopping the water supply (in a small amount);
- when the pump is stopped for a long time, drain the water from it;
- before using the pump in winter after a long stop, turn the motor shaft and transmission to the pump with the crank, making sure that the impeller is not frozen;
- water frozen in the pump, in hose line connections should be heated with hot water, steam (from special equipment) or exhaust gases from the engine.

Maintenance No. 1 (TO-1) for a fire truck is carried out after 1000 km of total mileage (taking into account the above), but at least once a month.

On the fire pump in front of TO-1, daily maintenance is carried out. TO-1 includes:
- checking the fastening of the pump to the frame;
- check of threaded connections;
- checking the serviceability (if necessary, disassembly, lubrication and minor repairs or replacement) of valves, gate valves, control devices;
- incomplete disassembly of the pump (removal of the cover), check of the fastening of the impeller, key connection, elimination of clogging of the flow channels of the impeller;
-replacement of oil and refilling of stuffing box lubricator;
- checking the pump for “dry vacuum”;
-testing the pump for the intake and supply of water from an open water source.

Maintenance No. 2 (TO-2) for a fire truck is carried out every 5000 km of the total run, but at least once a year.

TO-2, as a rule, is performed in detachments (units) of the technical service at special posts. Before carrying out TO-2, the car, including the pumping unit, is diagnosed on special stands.

TO-2 includes the execution of the same operations as TO-1, and, in addition, provides for checking:
-correct readings of control devices or their certification in special institutions;
- head and flow of the pump at the rated speed of the pump shaft on a special stand of the technical diagnostics station or according to a simplified method with installation on an open water source and using pump control devices.

The pump flow is measured by the water meters or estimated approximately by the diameter of the nozzles on the trunks and the pressure on the pump.

The pressure drop of the pump must be no more than 15% of the nominal value at nominal flow and shaft speed;
- tightness of the pump and water-and-foam communications on a special stand with subsequent troubleshooting.

We welcome you, reader, in this article you will find all the necessary materials on fire pumps, a menu (content) was specially made to quickly find the necessary information. In addition, we have collected in the article links to all available data on pumps posted on the project pages.

User manuals:

Literature:

• Fire engineering third edition, revised and enlarged. Under the editorship of the Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor M.D. Bezborodko Moscow, 2004

Definition, classification, general arrangement, principle of operation and application in fire protection

Pumps- These are machines that convert the supply energy into mechanical energy of the pumped liquid or gas.

Purpose of pumps

Of all the variety of fire-technical equipment, pumps represent the most important and complex type of them. In fire trucks for various purposes, a diverse range of pumps operating according to various principles is used. Pumps, first of all, provide water supply for extinguishing fires, the operation of such complex mechanisms as ladders and articulated lifts. Pumps are used in many auxiliary systems, such as vacuum systems, hydraulic elevators, etc. The widespread use of pumps is due not only to their design, but also to their operating characteristics, features of their operating modes, which ensures their effective use for extinguishing fires.

The first mention of pumps refers to the III - IV centuries. BC. At this time, the Greek Ctesibius proposed a piston pump. However, it is not known exactly whether it was used to extinguish fires.

Piston fire pumps with a manual drive were manufactured in the 18th century. Fire pumps driven by steam engines were produced in Russia as early as 1893.

The idea to use centrifugal forces to pump water was proposed by Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), while the theory of a centrifugal pump was substantiated by Leonard Euler (1707-1783), a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

The creation of centrifugal pumps developed intensively in the second half of the 19th century. In Russia, the development of centrifugal pumps and fans was carried out by engineer A.A. Sablukov (1803 - 1857) and already in 1840 he developed a centrifugal pump. In 1882, a sample of a centrifugal pump was produced for the All-Russian Industrial Exhibition. He served 406 buckets of water per minute.

Soviet scientists I.I. made a great contribution to the creation of domestic hydraulic machines, including pumps. Kukolevsky, S.S. Rudnev, A.M. Karavaev and others. Fire centrifugal pumps of domestic production were installed on the first fire trucks (PMZ-1, PMG-1, etc.) already in the 30s. the last century. Research in the field of fire pumps has been carried out for many years at VNIIPO and VIPTSh. Currently, fire engines use various types of pumps. They ensure the supply of fire extinguishing agents, the operation of vacuum systems, the operation of hydraulic control systems.

The operation of all mechanically driven pumps is characterized by two processes: suction and discharge of the pumped liquid. In this case, a pump of any type is characterized by the amount of fluid supply developed by the pressure, the suction height and the value of the efficiency factor.

pump feed is the volume of liquid pumped per unit of time, Q, l/s.

By pressure pump is the difference between the specific energies of the liquid after and before the pump. Its value is measured in meters of water column, H, m.

• where e2 and e1 are the energy at the inlet and outlet of the pump;
• Р2 and Р1 – fluid pressure in the pressure and suction cavity, Pa;
• ρ is the liquid density, kg/m3;
• v2 and v1 are the fluid velocity at the outlet and inlet to the pump, m/s;
• g is the free fall acceleration, m/s.

The difference between z2 and z1 is also small, so they are neglected for practical calculations.

In accordance with the figure, the pressure developed by the pump H, must ensure the rise of water to a height H g, overcome the resistance in the suction h sun and pressure line h and provide the required pressure on the barrel H st. Then one can write

H =H G + h sun + h n + H stv

Losses in the suction and pressure lines are determined by the formula

h sun = S sun Q2 And h n = S n Q 2

• where S sun and S n - coefficients of resistance of the suction and discharge lines.

1 - pump; 2 - suction pipe; 3 - collector; 4 - pressure valve; 5 - hose line; 6 - trunk

The principle of operation of a centrifugal pump

The wheel is installed in the pump housing and rotates freely. During rotation, the blades of the wheel act on the liquid and impart energy to it, increasing pressure and speed. The flow part of the pump housing is made in the form of a spiral. The pump housing is provided with a flat removable platform “tooth”, with the help of which water is removed from the pump impeller and directed to the diffuser. As a result of the rotation of the pump wheel, a vacuum (vacuum) arises at the inlet in the suction channel, and a gauge (excess) pressure at the outlet in the diffuser. In the suction cavity of the wheel cover, flow dividers are provided to prevent its twisting. Also, the inlet part of the channel at the entrance to the pump wheel is recommended to be made in the form of a confuser, which increases the flow rate at the inlet by 15-20%. The outlet part of the spiral outlet of the housing is made in the form of a diffuser with a taper angle of 8°.

The cross sections of the diffuser are circular. It is possible to make sections other than circular, in this case the ratio of areas and lengths is chosen by analogy with a diffuser with circular cross sections. The implementation of these recommendations prevents the formation of a turbulent regime of fluid movement, reduces hydraulic losses in pumps and increases efficiency. To prevent the overflow of liquid from the pressure cavity to the suction one, gap seals are provided between the casing and the pump impeller. The design of slotted seals allows a slight flow of liquid between the cavities, including the closed cavity between the impeller and the pump housing from the side of the bearing supports. To relieve pressure in this closed cavity, through holes are provided in the pump wheel, directed to the suction cavity. The number of holes is equal to the number of wheel blades.

For the formation of a mixture of water and foam, a foam mixer is provided on the pump. Through the foam mixer, part of the water from the pressure manifold is directed to the suction cavity of the pump cover, together with the foam concentrate. The foaming agent can be supplied to the pump, both through pipelines from the tank of a fire truck, and from an external tank through a flexible corrugated hose. Dosing (proportional ratio) of foam and water is carried out through holes of different diameters of the dosing disk of the foam mixer. Shut-off valves are installed to regulate the supply of water or foam mixture to fire hoses or other consumers. If necessary, a valve with a pneumatic drive can be installed on the pump to connect devices that require remote activation, such as: fire monitors, feed combs for foam generators of airfield fire trucks, etc.

Volumetric, jet, centrifugal pumps

Positive displacement pumps

Positive displacement pumps- pumps in which the movement of liquid (or gas) is carried out as a result of a periodic change in the volume of the working chamber.

These pumps include:

• piston
• plastic
• gear
• water ring

Piston pumps

In piston pumps, the working element (piston) performs reciprocating motion in the cylinder, imparting energy to the pumped liquid.

Piston pumps have a number of advantages. They can pump various liquids, creating high heads (up to 15 MPa), have good suction capacity (up to 7 m) and high efficiency η = 0.75–0.85.

Their disadvantages are: low-speed, uneven fluid supply and the inability to regulate it.

Axial piston pumps

Axial piston pump:

1 - distributing disk; 2 - piston; 3 - drum; 4 - stock; 5 - axis; 6 - shaft; 7 - distribution disc

Multiple piston pumps 2 placed in one drum 3 , rotating on the axis of the distribution disk 1 . Piston rods 4 hinged on a disc rotating on an axle 5 . When the shaft rotates 6 the pistons move in the axial direction and simultaneously rotate with the drum. These pumps are used in hydraulic systems and pump oils.

Distribution disk 7 has two sickle-shaped windows. One of them is connected to the oil tank, and the second to the line into which the oil is supplied.

For one revolution of the drum shaft, each piston moves forward and backward (suction and discharge).

Double acting piston pumps

Pumps of this type are used as vacuum pumps in a number of fire pumps manufactured by foreign companies. Pump pistons 5 bolted together 3 into a whole. They move mounted on an axle 2 eccentric 1 by means of a slider 4 .

1 - eccentric; 2 - axis; 3 - a rod connecting the pistons; 4 - crawler; 5 - piston; 6 - outlet pipe; 7 - large membrane 8 – small membrane; 9 - suction pipe; 10 - frame; 11 - lid

The speed of the eccentric roller is the same as the speed of the pump shaft. The eccentric shaft is driven by a V-belt from the power take-off. Rotation of the eccentric 1 crawlers 4 affect pistons. 5 . They make a reciprocating motion. In the position shown in the figure, the left piston will compress the air that has previously entered the chamber. The compressed air will overcome the resistance of the cuff 7 and will be removed through the pipe 6 in atmosphere.

Simultaneously with this, a vacuum will be created in the right chamber. This will overcome the resistance of the first small cuff 8 . A vacuum will be created in the fire pump, it will gradually fill with water. When water enters the vacuum pump, it turns off.

For every half revolution of the eccentric, the pistons make a stroke equal to 2e. Then the pump flow, m3/min, can be calculated by the formula:

• where d– cylinder diameter, m;
• e is the eccentricity, m;
• n– roller rotation frequency, rpm.

At a speed of 4200 rpm, the pump fills the fire pump from a suction depth of 7.5 m in less than 20 s

Consists of their body 2 and gear wheels 1 . One of them is set in motion, the second in engagement with the first rotates freely on the axis. When the gears rotate, the fluid moves in cavities 3 teeth around the circumference of the body.

They are characterized by a constant supply of liquid and operate in the range of 500-2500 rpm. Their efficiency, depending on the speed and pressure, is 0.65–0.85. They provide a suction depth of up to 8 m and can develop a head of more than 10 MPa. The NShN-600 pump used in fire fighting equipment provides Q= 600 l/min and develops pressure H up to 80 m at n= 1500 rpm.

1 - gear wheel; 2 - body; 3 - depression

The pump flow is determined by the formula, where R And r- radii of gears along the height and cavities of the teeth, cm; b- width of gears, cm; n– shaft rotation frequency, rpm; η - efficiency. These pumps are provided with a bypass valve. At excess pressure, fluid flows through it from the discharge cavity to the suction cavity.

Vane (vane) pump

Consists of a body with a sleeve pressed from it 1 . In the rotor 2 placed steel plates 3 . The drive pulley is fixed on the rotor 2 .

Rotor 2 placed in a sleeve 1 eccentric. When it rotates the blades 3 under the action of centrifugal force, they are pressed against the inner surface of the sleeve, forming closed cavities. Suction occurs by changing the volume of each cavity as it moves from the suction port to the outlet port.

1 - sleeve; 2 - rotor; 3 - plate

Vane pumps can create heads of 16–18 MPa, provide water intake from a depth of up to 8.5 m with an efficiency of 0.8–0.85.

The vacuum pump is lubricated with oil, which is supplied to its suction cavity from the oil tank due to the vacuum created by the pump itself.

Water ring pump

Can be used as a vacuum pump. The principle of its operation can be easily understood from Fig. 2.8. When the rotor rotates 1 with blades, the liquid, under the influence of centrifugal force, is pressed against the inner wall of the pump housing 4 . When the rotor rotates from 0 to 180°, the working space 2 will increase and then decrease. With an increase in the working volume, a vacuum is formed and through the opening of the suction channel 3 air will be sucked in. When the volume decreases, it will be pushed out through the opening of the discharge channel 5 in atmosphere.

The liquid ring pump can create a vacuum up to 9 m of water column. This pump has a very low efficiency of 0.2-0.27. Before starting work, it is necessary to fill it with water - this is its significant drawback.

1 - rotor; 2 - workspace; 3 – suction channel; 4 - frame; 5 - channel hole

jet pump

Jet pumps are divided into:

• gas jet;
• water jet.

water jet pump– a fireman's hydraulic elevator is included in the fire protection kit of each fire truck. It is used to draw water from water sources with a water level exceeding the geodetic suction head of fire pumps. With its help, it is possible to take water from open water sources with swampy banks, to which the access of fire trucks is difficult. It can be used as an ejector to remove water spilled during fire fighting from premises.

The fire hydraulic elevator is an ejector-type device. Water (working fluid) from the fire pump enters through a hose connected to the head 7 , in the knee 1 and further into the nozzle 4 . In this case, the potential energy of the working fluid is converted into kinetic energy. In the mixing chamber, there is an exchange of momentum between the particles of the working and suction fluid: when the mixed fluid enters the diffuser 5 the transition of the kinetic energy of the mixed and transported liquid into potential energy is carried out. Due to this, a vacuum is created in the mixing chamber. This ensures the absorption of the supplied liquid. Then, in the diffuser, the pressure of the mixture of the working and transported fluids increases significantly as a result of a decrease in the speed of movement. This allows the injection of water.

Fire hydraulic elevator G-600A

The dependence of the performance of the hydraulic elevator on the suction height and pressure on the pump: 1 - suction height; 2 – suction range of water at a suction height of 1.5 m

Gas jet jet pump

It is used in gas-jet vacuum devices. With their help, filling of suction hoses and centrifugal pumps with water is ensured.

The working fluid of this pump is the exhaust gases of the AC internal combustion engine. They enter the high pressure nozzle, then into the chamber 3 pump housing 2 , into the mixing chamber 4 and diffuser 5 . As in the liquid ejector, in the chamber 3 a vacuum is created. The air ejected from the fire pump ensures the creation of a vacuum in it and, consequently, the filling of the suction hoses and the fire pump with water.

The pump has two nozzles: a small one 2 and a large one 4. A tube is inserted into the chamber between them connecting the jet and centrifugal pumps. When diesel exhaust gases enter along arrow a, a large nozzle creates a vacuum in chamber c and air enters it from the pump through pipe 3 and additionally sucks it out of the atmosphere (arrow b). This suction contributes to the stabilization of the jet pump. Such jet pumps are used at ACs with Ural chassis and YaMZ-236(238) engines.

Classification of centrifugal pumps

by the number of impellers: one-; two- and multi-stage;

shaft position: horizontal, vertical, inclined;

according to the developed pressure: normal up to - 100m, high - 300m or more; combined pumps simultaneously supply water under normal and high pressure;

by location on fire trucks: front, middle, back.

Schematic diagrams of fire pumps

Schematic diagrams of single (left), double (middle) and differential (right) action piston pumps.

Diagram of a vane (gate) pump.

1 - rotor, 2 - gate, 3 - variable volume, 4 - body

Schematic diagram of a liquid ring pump

1 - rotor, 2 - volume between the blades, 3 - water ring, 4 - housing, 5 - suction pipe, 6 - discharge pipe

1 - discharge cavity, 2 - driven gear, 3 - suction cavity, 4 - housing, 5 - drive gear

1 - shaft, 2 - impeller, 3 - suction pipe, 4 - pressure pipe, 5 - body, 6 - volute

Technical characteristics of pumps used in fire protection

Fire pump of normal pressure NTsPN-100/100

Designed to supply water and aqueous solutions of foaming agents with temperatures up to 303 ° K (30 ° C), with a pH value (pH) of 7 to 10.5 and a density of up to 1100 kg / m 3, a mass concentration of up to 0.5%, with their maximum size 6 mm. It is used for completing fire pumping stations, installation on fire boats and for pumping large volumes of water.

INDICATORS	FIRE PUMPS OF NORMAL PRESSURE
	NTsPN-100/100 M1 (M2)
PERFORMANCE AND OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS
Nominal flow, l/s	100
Head in nominal mode, m	100
	155 (210 HP)
Rated frequency of rotation of the drive shaft, rpm	2000
	7,5
Pump filling time from the highest geometric suction height, s	40 (no more)
Maximum pump flow at the highest geometric suction height, l/s	50 (at least)
	1…10
Number of simultaneously operating GPS-600, pcs.	16 (at 6% concentration of foam concentrate solution)
Weight, kg	360.0 (no more)
Overall dimensions, mm	930x840x1100 (no more)
Service life, years	12 (at least)

Versions of the pump NTsPN-100/100:

• M1 - equipped with two side pressure gates;
• M2 - additionally equipped with a central locking device

General view of the pumping unit NTsPV-4/400-RT and technical characteristics

• - pump flow in nominal mode - 0.004 m3 / s (4 l / s);
• - pump head in nominal mode - 400 m.a.c.;
• – power consumption in nominal mode – 35 kW (48 l/s);
• – nominal frequency of rotation of the pump shaft – 6400 rpm;
• - efficiency of the pump - 0.4;
• - cavitation (critical) reserve of the pump - 5 m;
• - overall dimensions - 420mm. x 315mm. x 400mm.;
• – weight (dry) – 35 kg;
• - the maximum size of solid particles in the working fluid - 3 mm;
• - the level of dosing of the foaming agent when working with one
• - barrel - spray type SRVD 2/300 - 3, 6, 12%.

General view of the pumping unit NTsPK-40/100-4/400V1T and technical characteristics of NTsPV-4/400

The name of indicators	Meaning of indicators
	NTsPK-40/100-4/400	NTsPV-4/400
Pump flow in nominal mode, m3/s (l/s)	40-4-15/2*	4
Pump head in nominal mode, m. Art.	100-400-100/400*	2
Power in nominal mode, h.p.	89-88-100*	36
Rated shaft speed, rpm	2700	6300
Efficiency, not less than	0,6-0,35-0,215*	0,4
Permissible cavitation reserve, m, no more	3,5	5,0
Type of vacuum system	automatic	automatic
Type of foam concentrate dosing system	automatic	manual
The largest geometric suction height, m	7,5	–
Suction time from the highest geometric suction height, s, no more	40	–
Overall dimensions, mm, not more than lengthwidthheight	800800800	420315400
Weight (dry), kg	150	50
Dosing level of foaming agent, %	6,0+/- 1,23,0+/- 0,6	6,0+/-1,23,0+/- 0,6

Centrifugal fire pump PN-40UV (left) and its modification PN-40UV.01 with built-in vacuum system (right)

Characteristics of pumps NTsPN-40/100, PN-40UA, PN-40UB;

Pump type	NTsPN- 40/100	PN-40UA	PN-40UB;
Pump flow in nominal mode, l/s	40	40	40
Pump head in nominal mode, MPa (m, w, st,)	1 (100)	1 (100)	1 (100)
Rated shaft speed, min-1	2700	2700	2700
Power consumption in nominal mode, kW	65,4	68	65; 62
Type of vacuum system	automatic	gas jet	gas jet
Geometric suction height, m	7,5	7,0	7,5
Suction time, s	40	45	40
Efficiency	0,6	0,6	0,6
Cavitation reserve, m	3	3	3
Max, pump inlet pressure, MPa	0,59	0,4	0,4
Dosing device type	manual PS-5	manual PS-5	manual PS-5
Number and nominal diameter of suction pipes, pcs/mm	1/125	1/125	1/125

Centrifugal fire pump PN-40UV.01, PN-40UV.02 (PN-60)

The pump PN-40UV is designed to supply water or aqueous solutions of a foaming agent with a temperature of up to 30 C with a pH value of pH from 7 to 10.5, a density of up to 1100 kg * m -3 and a mass concentration of solid particles up to 0.5% with their maximum size 3 mm. The pump is used for installation in closed compartments of fire trucks, in which a positive temperature is provided during operation.

• PN40-UV.01 - a pump with an autonomous water intake system.
• PN40-UV.02 - a pump with an autonomous water intake system, technical characteristics are similar to the pump PN-60

Name of indicator	PN-40UV	PN-40UV-01	PN-40UV-02 (PN-60)
Productivity, m 3 / s (l / s)	0,04 (40)	0,04 (40)	0,06 (60)
Head, m	100+5	100+5	100+5
Power, kW (hp)	62,2 (84,9)	77,8 (106)	91,8 (125)
The largest geometric suction height, m	—	7,5	7,5
Filling time from the highest geometric suction height, s	—	40	40
Shaft speed, rpm	2700	2700	2800
The largest number of simultaneously operating GPS, pieces	5	5	7
Nominal passage Du of connecting pipes:
pressure	70	70	70
suction	125	125	125
Dimensions, mm	700 x 900 x 700	700 x 900 x 700	700 x 900 x 700
Weight, kg	65	90	90

Centrifugal fire pump PN-40UVM.01, PN-40UVM.E

On fire pumps type PN-40UVM, seals made of thermally expanded graphite, designed and manufactured specifically for these pumps using nanotechnology, are installed, rolling bearings are installed that do not require lubrication during the entire life of the pump. The pump is equipped with a set of instrumentation (electronic tachometer, hour meter, pressure gauge, pressure gauge), an anti-cavitation device is installed, protected by a patent for invention No. , head - up to 120 m, efficiency - up to 70%).

At the request of the customer, a vacuum pump with a mechanical drive (PN-40UVM-01) or with an electric drive (PN-40UVM.E) can be installed on the PN40-UVM pump. The fire pump PN-40UVM.E is available in two versions: with a vacuum system, which is supplied separately from the pump, and in a monoblock design (the vacuum system is installed directly on the pump housing).

Tactical specifications PN-60 and PN-110

The name of indicators	Dimension	PN-60	PN-110
pressure	m	100	100
Innings	l/s	60	110
Rotation frequency	rpm	2500	1350
Impeller diameter	mm	360	630
efficiency	–	0,6	0,6
Power consumption	kW	98	150
Max suction lift	m
Weight	kg	180	620

Tactical specifications NCS-20/160

The NCS-20/160 pump is designed to supply water and aqueous solutions of a foaming agent with a temperature of up to 303°K (30°C), a density of up to 1100 kg/m mm.

Posters in the technical class are available on the "DOWNLOAD" button in high resolution.

Faults, symptoms, causes and remedies

Malfunctions (failures) that occur in pumping units and water-and-foam communications lead to a violation of their performance, a decrease in the efficiency of fire extinguishing and an increase in losses from them.

Failures in the operation of pumping units occur due to a number of reasons:

• firstly, they may appear as a result of incorrect actions of drivers when turning on water-and-foam communications. The probability of failures for this reason is the lower, the higher the skill level of combat crews;
• secondly, they appear due to the wear of the working surfaces of the parts. Failures for these reasons are inevitable (you need to know them, be able to evaluate them in a timely manner);
• thirdly, violations of the tightness of the joints and the associated fluid leaks from the systems, the impossibility of creating a vacuum in the suction cavity of the pump (it is necessary to know the causes of these failures and be able to eliminate them).

Malfunctions of pumping units PN.

Signs of possible malfunctions leading to failures, their causes and remedies are given in the table.

signs faults	Causes of malfunctions	Solutions
When the vacuum system is turned on, vacuum is not created in the cavity of the fire pump	Air suction:1. The drain valve of the suction branch pipe is open, the valves are not firmly seated on the saddles of the valves and gate valves, the valves and gate valves are not closed.2. Leaks in the connections of the vacuum valve and pump, foam mixer diffuser cup, vacuum system pipelines, pump glands, plug valve	1. Tightly close all taps, valves, gate valves. If necessary, disassemble them and fix the problem.2. Check the tightness of the connections, tighten the nuts, replace the gaskets if necessary. If the pump seals are worn, replace them

The fire pump first supplies water, then its performance decreases. The gauge needle fluctuates a lot	Leaks appeared in the suction line, stratification of the hose, the suction screen was clogged. Impeller channels were clogged. Leaks in the fire pump seals	Find leaks and eliminate them, replace the sleeve, clean the mesh. Disassemble the fire pump, clean the channels. Tighten the oiler cover, replace the seals
The fire pump does not create the necessary pressure	Partially clogged impeller channels. Excessive wear of sealing rings. Air leakage. Damage to impeller blades.	Disassemble the pump, clean the channels. Disassemble the pump, replace the rings. Eliminate air leakage. Disassemble the pump, replace the wheel
Foam mixer does not deliver foam concentrate	The pipeline from the tank to the foam mixer is clogged. The holes of the dispenser are clogged	Disassemble, clean the pipeline. Disassemble the dispenser, clean its holes
The gas siren does not work well, the sound is weakened	The channels of the gas distributor and the resonator are clogged. The exhaust pipeline is not completely blocked by the damper	Clean channels and resonator. Adjust rod length. Disassemble, clean the damper
Gas siren works after shutdown	The damper spring is weakened or broken. The adjustment of the length of the thrust elements is violated	Replace spring. Adjust linkage
The control valve of the fire monitor and the valve of the water and foam communications do not open when the taps on the dispenser are opened	The air pressure in the brake system is low. The connections of valves, taps, pipelines are leaking. The limiter valve is faulty	Increase the pressure in the system. Tighten the nuts of the fittings, replace the gaskets. Disassemble, fix

Malfunctions of pumping units of the monitoring station.

signs faults	Causes of malfunctions	Solutions
1. When the pump is running, the flow has decreased, the outlet pressure is below normal	1. The suction screen is clogged.2. The protective mesh at the inlet to the pump3 is clogged. Pump delivery exceeds allowable for given suction height.4. Impeller channels clogged	1. Check the suction screen.2. Check the integrity of the suction grid, if necessary, clean the protective grid at the inlet to the pump.3. Reduce the feed (number of working barrels or rotational speed).4. Clear Channels
2. When the pump is running, knocking and vibration are observed	1. Loose pump mounting bolts.2. Worn pump bearings.3. Foreign objects got into the pump cavity.4. Damaged impeller	1. Tighten the bolts. 2. Replace worn bearings with new ones. 3. Remove foreign objects.4. Replace impeller
4. Water trickles out of the drain section of the pump	1. Violation of tightness of the end seal of the shaft	1. Replace worn parts (assemblies) of the end seal
5. The handle of the dispenser does not turn	1. The appearance of crystalline deposits and corrosion products on the friction surfaces as a result of poor washing	1. Disassemble the dispenser, clean the mating surfaces from plaque
6. Large oil consumption in the oil bath of the shaft bearings	1. Wear of rubber cuffs	1. Replace cuffs
7. The pump shaft rotates, the tachometer needle is at zero	1. Breakage of electrical circuits of the tachometer	1. Detect and repair open circuits
8. When the ejector is on and the dispenser is open, the foaming agent does not enter the pump	1. The shut-off valve of the dispenser does not work due to clogging of the pipeline supplying water to the bellows control valve	1. Clean the pipeline (channel)
9. During the operation of the foam mixer, the software is not supplied to the pump or the level of its dosing is insufficient	1. Depressurization of the vacuum system control drive2. Jamming of the spool in the foam mixer valve or clogging of its cavity as a result of poor flushing	1. Detect leaks where liquid flows out, eliminate leaks, check the vacuum seal diaphragm.2. Disassemble the foam mixer valve and clean its cavity and parts from dirt
10. If there is no water supply, the “No supply” indicator does not light up	1. Breakage of power circuits.2. The LED (lamp) has burned out.3. Jamming of the falling valve in the guide.4. Faulty magneto-electric contact	1. Detect and eliminate.2. Replace the LED (bulb).3. Identify causes and eliminate jamming.4. Replace magneto-electric contact
11. When the ASD is turned on, the ASD power indicator is off, the dispenser handle does not move	1. Break in the power supply circuit "fire truck - electronic unit".2. Insufficient friction clutch dispenser drive clutch	1. Detect and repair an open circuit.2. Adjust clutch
12. When the ASD is turned on, the handle of the dispenser does not move, the ASD power indicator is on	1. Break in the electrical circuit "electronic unit - electric motor" of the dispenser2. Insufficient clutch of the friction clutch of the dispenser drive	1. Locate and repair open circuit2. Adjust couplings
13. When dosing the foam concentrate in automatic mode, the quality of the foam is unsatisfactory, the handle of the dispenser does not reach the position corresponding to the number of working foam generators	1. High hardness of pumped water	1. Using a corrector, increase the concentration of the foaming agent or switch to manual dosing
14. Increased consumption of foam agent when dosing in automatic mode, the dispenser handle stops in a position corresponding to more foam generators than actually connected	1. Contamination of the electrodes of the foam concentrate concentration sensor	1. Clean the electrodes of the concentration sensor
15. When dosing the foam concentrate in automatic mode, the handle of the dispenser reaches the stop (position "5- 6%"), and the indicator "ASD norm" does not light up, and the metering motor continues to rotate	1. The shut-off valve of the dispenser does not open due to clogging of the pipeline supplying water to the bellows control valve.2. If the fault appears only when working with a large number of GPS-600 (4- 5 pcs.), the reason is an increase in the hydraulic resistance of the foam concentrate line as a result of its clogging.3. Open circuit "electronic unit - concentration sensor"	1. Clean the pipeline (channel).2. At the next maintenance, clean the foam concentrate line, including the cavity of the dispenser. 3. Detect and repair open circuit
16. The hour counter does not work	1. Break in the power supply circuit between the primary foam generator and the electronic unit or between the electronic unit and the indicating device on the panel.2. Malfunction of the electronic block3. Faulty operating time counter	1. Detect and repair open circuit.2. Replace or repair the electronic unit. 3. Replace counter

The PTsNV-4/400 pump does not have a suction system, but its design has two valves: a bypass valve and a shut-off valve. Malfunctions in them serve as a violation of the normal operation of the pump.

Their list is given in the table:

signs faults	Causes of malfunctions	Solutions
1. Water trickles out of the pump drain	1. Violation of the tightness of the end seal	1. Disassemble the pump, replace the worn parts of the seal
2. When the pump is running, its body is very hot	1. Passage holes in the bypass and shut-off valves are clogged	1. Remove valves, disassemble and troubleshoot
3. The water supply has decreased, the pressure in the pressure manifold is normal	1. Stuck bypass valve	1. Remove valve, troubleshoot
4. With the ejector turned on, the dispenser open and the spray barrel body foaming agent does not enter the pump	1. Faulty bypass valve.2. Shutoff valve stuck	1. Remove the valves, eliminate the detected malfunctions
5. The level of dosing of the foam concentrate is below the norm	1. Blockage of the foam concentrate line, in particular, the flow cavity of the shut-off valve	1. Disassemble and clean all elements of the foam concentrate line

How to work with pumps

Since the fire pump is not self-priming, it must be filled before being put into operation. When the pump is operated from a fire truck tank, due to the fact that the liquid level in the tank is higher than the pump level, filling is possible by opening the shut-off valves, without creating a vacuum. When operating the pump from open water, initial filling with an optional vacuum pump is necessary. Therefore, before start-up, a vacuum pump is turned on. The vacuum pump sucks water into the fire pump, after which the vacuum pump is turned off and the fire pump is turned on. When the pump is full, the pump pressure gauge shows overpressure.

After the appearance of pressure, the valves on the pump are slowly opened and water enters the pressure fire hoses, until a jet without air impurities is obtained. After that, the fire pump is ready to work. The fire pump operates stably, sucking water from a height of up to 7.5 m. Further increase in suction height leads to cavitation, unstable operation of the pump and, as a rule, jet breakdown. For the normal operation of the pump, it is important to ensure the tightness of the internal working cavities. During operation, the pumps are periodically checked by vacuum for tightness. The maximum vacuum value is created and the valve between the main and vacuum pump is closed. It is considered normal if the vacuum drop in 1 minute does not exceed 0.1 kgf/cm2.

The difference between NCPV and PN

The developers have completely retained the traditional design of the pump, up to the location of the controls and all the mounting seats, but at the same time they have achieved a significant improvement in the parameters and eliminated all the known “sores” of the old design.

In particular:

• productivity increased by 1.5 times (up to 60 l/s when working from hydrants and up to 50 l/s from reservoirs);
• head increased by 20% and efficiency increased by 10%;
• according to productivity, the power of the foam mixer has been increased, which now ensures the simultaneous operation of 8 foam generators;
• the design of the dispenser (PO) has been improved, due to the built-in gearbox, it is now possible to smoothly adjust the concentration and ensure economical consumption of any type of PO;
• the gland assembly has been fundamentally redesigned, it does not require any maintenance and consumables, and has no analogues in terms of wear resistance and reliability;
• the pump is equipped with a full package of modern control and measuring instruments and a built-in vacuum system of the “ABC” type (the advantages of this vacuum system are described in detail below).

What practical benefits can these advantages bring in everyday work?

Increased productivity and pressure saves time for refueling the tank, which, under certain circumstances, helps with the localization of large fires. It also becomes possible to use more powerful fire monitors and foam installations.

Efficiency is an indicator that seems to be abstract and does not have a clearly expressed practical importance. However, it is easy to calculate that increase in efficiency pump by 10% gives fuel savings of at least 2 liters per hour of operation. And over the entire life of the pump, the funds saved on fuel and lubricants will be measured in tens of thousands of rubles. And it is no longer an abstraction.

Speaking about the economic effects, of course, one should also mention the consumption of an expensive foaming agent, which, with smooth and fine dosing in the NTsPN-40/100 pump, is carried out more rationally, as well as savings on repairs (replacements) and maintenance of the stuffing box. However, not everything is measured in rubles. An important advantage of this pump, according to the developers, is the so-called ergonomics - simplicity and ease of use. The driver who operates the pumping unit should not experience inconvenience and divert his attention to various additional operations (pressing the same stuffing box, problems with water intake, wedging the dispenser plug, etc.). Judging by the feedback from consumers, the creators of the pump managed to make significant progress in this matter.

What technical difficulties may arise during the installation of this pump at the AC? And how expensive will the described modernization of the pumping unit cost?

No technical difficulties. All dimensions and connection parameters of the NTsPN-40/100 pump completely coincide with the well-known PN-40UV. The replacement of the pump can be done directly at the fire station.

Assessing the preference of one or another pump model in terms of price, one should “bring them to a common denominator” in terms of equipment level and functionality. With this approach, we can say that the difference in the price of pumps NTsPN-40/100 and PN-40UV is quite insignificant. And taking into account the direct economic advantages mentioned earlier, the use of NTsPN-40/100 is certainly more profitable.

One of the most important elements of the pumping unit is a vacuum water filling system..

A vacuum system is used to lift water from an open body of water to a fire pump. It has very high requirements for reliability. Its readiness for work should be checked daily. That is why this element of the pumping unit is subject to modernization as a matter of priority.

What can replace the obsolete and unreliable ? Vacuum pump АВС-01Э is the best solution for water filling systems of fire pumps.

This product is fundamentally different from all known analogues (including those of foreign production) in that it operates independently of the AC drive motor and fire pump, i.e. offline. Hence its name: "ABC" - an autonomous vacuum system.

Let us consider the advantages of the AVS-01E vacuum pump in comparison with the gas-jet vacuum apparatus (GVA) used in most ACs when performing specific work operations.

• Daily readiness checks (so-called “dry vacuum”) at the changing of the guard. GVA - it is required to start and warm up the engine (often for this you have to drive the car out of the box), create the required level of vacuum in the cavity of the fire pump, operating the engine at high speeds. The procedure is so troublesome that sometimes it is neglected, in violation of established norms. ABC-01E - by pressing the button on the control panel, start the vacuum pump and after 5-7 seconds. the required vacuum level has been reached. The engine of the tanker is not involved in this case.
• . GVA - it is necessary to perform 11 operations in a clear sequence, manipulating the engine and pump controls. An inexperienced driver does not always succeed the first time. Good skills are required. And at high suction heights, GVA often turns out to be unable to create the required vacuum at all. AVS-01E - starts by pressing a button and turns off automatically at the end of water intake. The vacuuming speed is such that the rise of water from the maximum suction height occurs in 20-25 seconds, and at low heights, even the presence of leaks in the suction line is not a hindrance.
• Reliability and durability. GVA - works in an exceptionally aggressive environment, which determines a relatively short service life. AVS-01E has been mass-produced in large quantities since 2001. The results of controlled operation show a very high level of reliability. In addition, the product is equipped with electronic protection against overloads and all sorts of emergency situations.

What is the scope of the ABC-01E vacuum pump? Will it fit older tank trucks? And what is required for its installation?

This product is suitable for any pumping installations, including old tank trucks equipped with a PN-40UV pump. Installation of the product is very simple and can be done directly in parts (detailed instructions are attached to the product). All special parts required for installation of ABC-0E are included in the scope of supply.

Does the use of ABC-01E provide economic benefits?

The initial price of ABC-01E is higher than the price of GVA. However, only savings on direct costs (fuel and lubricants) allows you to get economic benefits from the use of ABC-01E in the next year or two after commissioning.

We must not forget about the human factor. It is quite obvious how much easier the work of technical personnel is when using the ABC-01E vacuum pump instead of the obsolete GVA. In addition, the indirect benefit associated with the higher reliability of ABC-01E should not be discounted. In addition to the inevitable additional costs for the repair of the GVA, it is quite possible that the failure of the GVA at the most inopportune moment can lead to an increase in damage from a fire.

Developing the topic of modernizing a fire truck by replacing special units with more advanced models, one cannot fail to mention combined pumps.

Speed ​​parallelograms on the impeller

When entering the blade and exiting the blade, each fluid particle acquires, respectively:

1. Circumferential speeds U 1 and U 2 directed tangentially to the input and
output circles of the impeller.

2. Relative velocities W 1 and W 2 directed tangentially to the surface of the blade profile.

3. Absolute velocities C 1 and C 2 obtained as a result of the geometric addition of U1,

Since the pump is a mechanism that converts the mechanical energy of the drive into energy (head) that communicates the movement of fluid in the interblade space of the impeller, its theoretical value (head) obtained during pump operation can be determined by the Euler formula:

C 2 U 2 cos α 2 – C 1 U 1 cos α 1

H t ∞ = __________________________

In view of the fact that the centrifugal pump does not have a guide vane when the fluid enters the blades, in order to avoid large hydraulic losses from fluid impacts on the blades and reduce pressure losses, the fluid inlet to the wheel is made radial (the direction of absolute velocity C 1 is radial). In this case, α 1 \u003d 90, then cos 90 - 0, therefore, the product C 1 U 1 cos α 1 \u003d 0. Thus, the basic equation for the head of a centrifugal pump, or the Euler equation, will take the form:

H t ∞ \u003d C 2 U 2 cos α 2 / g

In a real pump, there are a finite number of blades and head losses due to turbulence of fluid particles are taken into account by the coefficient φ (phi), and hydraulic resistances are taken into account by the hydraulic efficiency - ηg, then the actual head will take the form: Нд = Нt φηг

Taking into account all losses, the efficiency of a centrifugal pump is ηн 0.46-0.80.

Under operating conditions, the pressure of a centrifugal pump is determined by an empirical formula and depends on the speed of the drive motor and the diameter of the impeller:

Hn \u003d k "* n 2 * D 2,

where: k "- experimental dimensionless coefficient

n - impeller speed, rpm.

D is the outer diameter of the wheel, m.

The flow rate of the HP-1 pump is approximately determined by the diameter n of the discharge pipe:

Qn \u003d k "d 2

where: k" - for a branch pipe diameter up to 100 mm - 13-48, more than 100 mm - 20-25

d is the diameter of the discharge pipe in dm.

2. To ensure the normal and safe operation of the vessel, as well as to create the appropriate conditions for people to stay on it, ship systems serve.
The ship system is understood as a network of pipelines with mechanisms, apparatus and instruments that perform certain functions on the ship. With the help of ship systems, the following are carried out: receiving and removing ballast water, fighting fires, draining the ship’s compartments from water accumulating in them, supplying passengers and crew with drinking and washing water, removing sewage and polluted water, maintaining the necessary parameters (conditions) of indoor air. Some ships, such as tankers, icebreakers, refrigerators, etc., are equipped with special systems due to specific operating conditions. Thus, tankers are equipped with systems designed for receiving and pumping liquid cargo, heating it in order to facilitate pumping, washing tanks and cleaning them from oil residues. A large number of functions performed by ship systems determine the diversity of their structural forms and the mechanical equipment used. The ship systems include: pipelines, consisting of interconnected individual pipes and fittings (gate valves, valves, cocks), which serve to turn the system and its sections on or off, as well as for various adjustments and switching; mechanisms (pumps, fans, compressors) that impart mechanical energy to the medium flowing through them and ensure the movement of the latter through pipelines; vessels (tanks, cylinders, etc.) for storing a particular medium; various devices (heaters, coolers, evaporators, etc.) that serve to change the state of the environment; means of system management and control over its operation.
Of the listed mechanisms and devices in each given ship system, there may be only a few of them. It depends on the purpose of the system and the nature of the functions it performs.
In addition to general purpose systems, the ship has systems that serve the ship's power plant. On diesel powered ships, these systems supply the main and auxiliary engines with fuel, oil, cooling water and compressed air. Systems of ship power plants are considered in the course devoted to these installations.

3. Modern ships are the place of permanent work and residence of crew members and long-term stay of passengers. Therefore, in the residential, service, passenger and public premises of these ships in any areas of navigation, at any time of the year and under any meteorological conditions, a microclimate favorable for people should be maintained, i.e. a combination of the composition and parameters of the state of the air, as well as thermal radiation in limited indoor spaces. The microclimate in ship spaces is ensured by means of comfortable air conditioning systems and appropriate insulation of spaces, the temperature of the internal surface of which should not differ significantly (by more than 2 ° C) from the air temperature in these spaces.

Ship refrigeration plant.
1 - compressor; 2 - capacitor; 3 - expansion valve; 4 - evaporator; 5 - fan; o - refrigerator chamber; 7 - the room of the evaporation plant.

Comfort air conditioning systems designed for cleaning and heat-moisture treatment of the air supplied to the premises. At the same time, certain, predetermined conditions must be provided in the room, i.e., the parameters of the composition and state of the air: its purity, a sufficient percentage of oxygen content, temperature, relative humidity and mobility (speed of movement). These given air conditions determine the so-called comfortable conditions for people.

In different areas of navigation of vessels at different times of the year, the temperature of the outside (atmospheric) air can reach the highest (up to 40-45 ° C) and the lowest (up to -50 ° C) values. In this case, the sea water temperature can vary widely: from +35°С to -2°С, and the moisture content in 1 kg of air can vary from 24-26 to 0.1-0.5 g. the intensity of solar radiation also changes. If we take into account that ships are large metal structures with a high coefficient of thermal conductivity, it becomes clear how great the influence of external conditions is on the formation of the microclimate in the ship's premises. In addition, there are quite a lot of internal objects of heat and moisture emissions on the ship.

All this requires great flexibility (maneuverability) in operation from the ship's comfort air conditioning system. In warm regions (or in summertime) it must ensure the removal of appropriate heat and moisture surpluses from the premises, and in cold regions (or in wintertime) it must compensate for heat losses and remove excess moisture emitted mainly by people, as well as some equipment. . In summer, outdoor air usually needs to be cooled and dehumidified before being supplied to the premises, and in winter it needs to be heated and humidified (although outdoor air in winter has a high relative humidity - up to 80-90%, it contains a very small amount of moisture, not more than 1-3 g per 1 kg of air).

Air heating and humidification carried out, as a rule, with water vapor or water, and its cooling and dehumidification - with the help of refrigeration machines. Thus, refrigeration machines are an integral part of ship comfort air conditioning installations (hereinafter, for brevity, we will omit the word “comfortable”).

In addition, refrigeration machines are used on almost all ships of the sea and river fleet to maintain a stock of provisions, as well as on fishing, production and transport refrigeration vessels for processing and storing perishable goods (this function of refrigeration machines is commonly called refrigeration). In recent years, refrigeration machines have been used to dry the air in the holds of dry cargo ships and tanks of oil tankers. This prevents damage to hygroscopic cargoes (flour, grain, cotton, tobacco, etc.), damage to equipment and mechanisms carried on ships, and significantly reduces corrosion of internal metal parts of the hull and ship equipment. This air treatment of holds and tanks is commonly referred to as technical air conditioning.

The first experience of using "machine" cooling on ships dates back to the 70-80s of the last century, when almost simultaneously vapor-compressor ammonia, carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide, air and absorption refrigeration machines were created and began to spread. So, in 1876, the French engineer-inventor Charles Tellier successfully used "machine" cold for the first time on the ship "Frigorific" to transport chilled meat from Buenos Aires to Rouen. In 1877, the steamer Paraguay, equipped with an absorption refrigeration unit, delivered frozen meat from South America to Le Havre, and the meat was frozen on the same ship in special chambers. Following this, successful voyages with meat from Australia to England were carried out, in particular on the steamer Strathleven, equipped with an air refrigeration machine. By 1930, the world's refrigerated marine fleet already consisted of 1,100 vessels with a total cargo capacity of 1.5 million conventional tons.

Fire Pumps

Used as fire safety installations on tankers carrying liquefied natural gas, as well as on tankers converted to storage in oil fields and production facilities Manufacturer Ellehammer

They are usually used as backup systems that duplicate ring fire extinguishing systems when 3-4 emergency fire pumps do not allow water pressure to drop in the event of a failure of the main system.

Emergency fire pumps equipped with electric or diesel engines. The range of such pumps is very large: from pumps with a 4-cylinder engine, developing a power of 120 hp, which pump 70 m3 per hour, to huge units with a 12-cylinder engine, with a capacity of 38 liters, developing a power of 1400 hp, which are capable of pumping more than 2000 m3 per hour at a pressure of 12 bar.

Fire pumps and their kingstones should be located on board in heated

rooms below the waterline, the pumps must have independent drives and the flow of each stationary pump must be at least 80 % total flow divided by the number of pumps in the system, but not less than 25 m3/h. Fire system pumps should not be used to drain compartments that have stored petroleum products or residues of other flammable liquids.

A fixed fire pump can be used on a ship for other purposes as long as another pump is on standby for immediate action to extinguish a fire.
Total flow of stationary pumps should be increased if they serve other fire extinguishing systems simultaneously with the fire system. When determining this supply, the pressure in the systems must be taken into account. If the pressure in the connected systems is higher than in the fire system, the pump flow must be increased due to the increase in flow through the fire nozzles with increasing pressure.
Stationary emergency fire pump is provided with everything necessary for operation (energy sources for its drive, receiving kingstones) in case of failure of the main pumps and is connected to the ship's system. If necessary, it is provided with a self-priming device.

Emergency pumps located in separate rooms, and diesel-driven emergency pumps are provided with fuel at 18 h work. The supply of the emergency pump must be sufficient to operate two shafts with the largest nozzle diameter accepted for this vessel, and not less than 40% total supply of pumps, but not less than 25 m3/h.

Damn the internet is evil.
Our dear Nina, of course, the PKF itself, understands everything and displays on itself what is needed and how it should be, and will transmit it to the security post (the signal is displayed as a "malfunction" or "Accident" no matter how you call it, and

It is signaled by simple opening of dry contacts #5 and #6). From the passport to the PCF, I concluded that it can only control two power inputs (i.e. main and backup), well, if something goes wrong,

Switch the pump power from one input to another (ATS so to speak). In general, clause SP.513130.2009
12.3.5 "... It is recommended to give a short sound signal: ... , 0 .... power failure at the main and backup power supply inputs of the installation..." Done.
But I (and you, too, should be) needed a signal that the control of the power cabinet was in automatic mode in order to avoid the situation that everything was ready, only here was the "manual" mode of operation on the switchboard or

Generally "0" (disabled). Or is there no such switch on their shields? :)

You give a signal, and you (you) cuckoo with butter, the force shield will not work. We shout, we swear, what is it, but how is it, everything is already on fire, the APS gave a signal, I have already launched it 100 times! Where is WATER? I scream in convulsions

:). Of course, competent installers will not allow this and will control it, but this is already a classic in projects, to remove this signal from the shield.

I called Plasma-T. I was told that the PKF controls this (which I do not believe, I do not see from the diagrams how it does this). Let's say he's in control. Let's imagine we are sitting at the post and then a general signal comes

"FAULT". And it is not clear what is there, i.e. without decryption. In general, sit down, you see "Fault" on the CPI. And it was Uncle Fedr who did something there and switched the installation to manual mode and forgot to switch it back.

You call the service that serves you, they will come to you now, for urgency, do not cut you, but two. And all you had to do was go and turn the switch. Resigned to this, that there is a weak point in

my system. And until they convince me (where I can find an explanation myself, they will write in my passport, you will enlighten me) that he actually controls, I will refrain from using their equipment in the future.

Perhaps they answered me wrong, but I can assume that the author. the mode is controlled by the trigger circuit itself (terminals PU X4.1 and so on), and not by the PCF. That if the circuit is not broken, then everything is normal and therefore "auth.

Mode". But then a signal will come or "NOT AUTO. MODE" or "CUT LINE", twenty-five again. I don't know, now there's no time to figure it out, while the project is frozen for a while (the more urgent one forced it out). Then I'll probably call

And I'll crush the Plasma-T. And so the normal equipment.

And has anyone seen the SHAK firefighting shields, they fulfill the condition

Quote SP5.13130.2009 12.3.6
12.3.6 In the premises of the pumping station, light signaling should be provided:
...
b) on disabling the automatic start of fire pumps, metering pumps, drainage
pump;
... Did the plasma help?

--End quote------
Project do no. They will do it, then answer for them :).
After reading the documentation, I called them and arranged an interrogation with torture :) (I'm joking about torture) about the capabilities of their equipment, in general, I asked, is it possible? do it? etc. only for their equipment.

I do not like their passports, as it is written there, everything seems to be, but somehow clumsily. it is necessary to grind so that it would be read and understandable immediately. Because of her, there were questions to them.

Quote Nina 13.12.2011 18:56:31

--End quote------
But let the barbershop do the APS, I'll scratch my turnips :).

Andorra1 Not everything is so simple.
The sensor has setpoint limits of 0.7-3.0MPa. If you do not penetrate into the return zones (Max and min values), the sensor can be configured (i.e. set) to operate in the range of 0.7-3.0 MPa, i.e. your 0.3 and 0.6 MPa is something wrong here. roofing felts skis do not go, or I'm stupid. These are the return zones Min and max somehow set the range of operation accuracy. It seems like, if they set the setting to 2.3MPa, then the device, when the pressure rises, will work in some range from 2.24 to 2.5 guaranteed, and not exactly 2.3 MPa. In general, hell knows.