Facade inspection. Assessment of technical and operational characteristics of the state of the facade of the building End facade of the building

>> Chapter VIII. Maintenance of facades of buildings in the city.

Article 33

1. Owners must maintain the facades of buildings and structures in proper condition, timely carry out work on the restoration, repair and painting of facades and their individual elements (balconies, loggias, drainpipes, information plates, commemorative plaques, portals of arched passages, roofs, porches, fences and security grilles, awnings, awnings, windows, front doors, gates, exterior stairs, bay windows, cornices, joinery, shutters, drainpipes, lamps, flagpoles, wall-mounted air conditioners and other equipment attached to or built into walls, license plates houses).

2. Entrances, shop windows, signboards of shops, offices and shopping centers must be illuminated in the evening (dark) time of the day, the illumination must be placed taking into account the illumination of sidewalks adjacent to non-residential premises.

The facades of buildings, structures (including the basement) should not have local damage to the cladding, plaster, textured and paint layers (painted surfaces should be smooth, without blots, stains and damaged places), cracks, chipping of mortar from the seams of the cladding, brick and small-block masonry, destruction of sealing joints of prefabricated buildings, damage or wear of metal coatings on protruding parts of walls, destruction of drainpipes, wet and rusty spots, streaks and efflorescence, etc.

3. The owners are obliged to: clean and wash the facades (at least once a year) or as needed; clean the internal and external surfaces of windows, doors of balconies and loggias, entrance doors in entrances (at least twice a year, in spring and autumn) or as needed; regular maintenance and overhaul of facades.

4. Works on current and major repairs, finishing and painting, reconstruction and restoration of facades of buildings and structures are allowed to be carried out if there is a facade color scheme passport issued in the manner prescribed by a resolution of the City Administration.

5. The works specified in clause 4.4 are carried out on the basis of the following documents:

a) facade color scheme passports;

b) a scheme of traffic organization agreed in accordance with the established procedure and a document confirming the rights to use the land plot for the period of organization of the construction site (if it is necessary to install fences on the roadway or sidewalk).

6. Changing the facades of capital construction projects and structures, duly classified as objects of cultural heritage (monuments of history and culture), is allowed if there is a special project agreed with the relevant body for the protection of cultural heritage objects.

7. When reconstructing, repairing the facades of buildings (structures), it is necessary to ensure the safety of the points of the urban geodetic network laid in the walls, foundations of buildings, structures and embedded parts of the contact network of passenger transport. The transfer of geodetic points to another place must be agreed upon in the prescribed manner.

8. If an emergency condition of balconies, bay windows, loggias, canopies, other structural elements of the facades of buildings and structures is detected, the use of these elements is prohibited. To eliminate the threat of a possible collapse of the protruding facade structures, protective measures must be immediately taken (installation of fences, nets, dismantling of the destructive part of the element, etc.).

Repairs in case of an emergency condition of the facade of a building (structure) must be carried out immediately upon detection of this condition. The preservation of the structural elements of the facades of buildings and structures is mandatory. Changing the type, form, materials is possible only if the impossibility of preservation is justified.

The issuance of a conclusion on the emergency condition of the facade of a building (structure) and the performance of repair work are carried out by specialized organizations.

9. The owners ensure the installation of signs (full houses) with the name of the street and the number of the house, and on the corner houses - the name of the intersecting streets, which should be illuminated after dark.

10. Unauthorized change of the facades of buildings and their structural elements, which violates the external architectural appearance of the building, as an element of urban development, is prohibited; installation of air conditioners on the main facades of buildings that are objects of cultural heritage (monuments of history and culture), installation of communication cables, power lines, attachments without the consent of the relevant body for the protection of cultural heritage objects.

Expert assessment of the state of facades

In accordance with the provisions of SP 13-102-2003 "Rules for the inspection of load-bearing building structures of buildings and structures", depending on the number of defects and the degree of damage, the technical condition of building structures is assessed in the following categories (see Chapter 3 "Terms and definitions" of the SP 13-102-2003).

The technical condition of the load-bearing walls of a ceramic brick building in areas with cracking, delamination of the finishing layer and wetting in accordance with the provisions of SP 13-102-2003 is assessed as a limited working condition.

Conclusions of the façade survey

In accordance with the provisions of SP 13-102-2003, as a result of a visual-instrumental examination, no factors indicating the onset of an emergency state of the building envelope were recorded.

To prevent further destruction of the walls, it is necessary:

• carry out measures to strengthen the brickwork in places where cracks form in accordance with the technology of concreting (Fig. 2) or injection of brickwork with polymer-cement compositions or compositions based on liquid glass.
• conduct constant monitoring of the condition of the outer walls by installing beacons.
• in case of detection of progressive destruction of walls under the influence of the difference in deformations of enclosing structures and ceilings, it is necessary to carry out large-scale work to strengthen the outer walls. Work should be carried out in accordance with the developed project.
• work should be carried out to restore the plaster and protective layer of the parapet.
• it is necessary to carry out work to restore the plaster layer and the decorative coating of the basement.

Technical expertise of cracks

The result of the technical survey - cracks and destruction of brickwork and plaster layer in the corners of the building at the level of intermediate floors

Commentary of the expertise on the inspection of buildings - to compensate for the difference in vertical deformations of the outer and inner layers of the outer walls, as well as the frame of the building, horizontal expansion joints must be made. Their absence or poor-quality execution leads to the destruction of the brick of the front layer at the level of the floors, as well as the destruction of the finishing layer of the floors.

Technical inspection comment - horizontal expansion joints are either missing or of poor quality.

Surveys of the quality of plastering works

The result of the technical survey is the destruction of the plaster layer and waterproofing of the walls of the parapet (photo 26-29)

Commentary of the technical examination expert - the destruction of the plaster layer and waterproofing occurred as a result of the poor quality of the plaster mixture and the work performed.

Technical expertise masonry

The result of the technical survey - during the technical survey, areas of soaking brickwork at the level of the parapet were identified

Inspection of building facades expert review

The soaking of the walls occurs as a result of their getting wet. The main reason for getting wet is the unsatisfactory quality of the seams and, as a result, their poor sealing. When the masonry is moistened, its frost destruction occurs. For a thin face layer of hollow bricks, this is especially dangerous. In the case of formation of cracks and chips in the facing layer of the masonry, atmospheric moisture also penetrates there.

Soaking of enclosing structures is a violation of the requirements of SNiP 31-02-2001 "Single-apartment residential houses", Chapter 10:

“10.4. Structures and parts must be made of materials that are resistant to moisture, low temperatures, aggressive environments, biological and other adverse factors.

In necessary cases, appropriate measures must be taken to prevent the penetration of rain, melt, groundwater into the thickness of the supporting and enclosing structures of the house, as well as the formation of an unacceptable amount of condensation moisture in the external enclosing structures by adequately sealing the structures or ventilating closed spaces and air gaps.

In accordance with the requirements of the current regulatory documents, the necessary protective compositions and coatings must be applied.

• Brickwork Quality - Building Brick Wetting Areas at Parapet Level
• Quality of plaster work - The destruction of the plaster layer and waterproofing occurred as a result of the poor quality of the plaster mixture and the work performed.
• Construction expertise of the facade of the building - Construction expertise of a residential apartment building. Construction survey to determine the technical condition of the facade of the house
• Through cracks - Numerous through cracks and destruction in the corners of bay windows at the level of the parapet and technical floor.
• Construction expertise of the house - The expert made an external inspection of the object, with selective fixation on a digital camera, which meets the requirements of SP 13-102-2003 clause 7.2. The basis of the preliminary examination is the inspection of the building or structure and individual structures using measuring instruments and devices (binoculars, cameras , tape measures, calipers, probes, etc.).
• Cracks on the facade of the building - To compensate for the difference in vertical deformations of the outer and inner layers of the outer walls, as well as the frame of the building, horizontal expansion joints must be made. Their absence or poor-quality execution leads to the destruction of the brick of the front layer at the level of the floors, as well as the destruction of the finishing layer of the floors.

Research Group "Safety and Reliability"

Construction expertise, Building inspection, Energy audit, Land management, Design

Inspection of the facades of buildings is carried out in order to identify the condition of the facades. Also, the inspection of the facades of buildings is carried out in the emergency condition of the building. The methodology for examining the facades of buildings is reflected in GOST. Various methods are used to inspect building facades.

Construction expertise is a study of certain objects in order to establish their technical condition, identify and display in the conclusion the presence of defects and various kinds of damage.

In the course of such studies, a survey of the facades of buildings can be carried out. This involves examining the outer walls of the building. At the same time, the examination of facades is carried out through the use of a number of special techniques.

A façade survey results in concrete and clear conclusions about whether the building's façade needs to be repaired and, if so, how extensive such repairs should be.

Why is it necessary to inspect building facades?

As a rule, the examination of the walls of buildings and structures is associated with the presence of any controversial issues, the resolution of which is impossible without an expert opinion. Often such disputes are at the judicial stage, and the conclusion of the expert depends on what decision the court will make on the claim.

Such a procedure as an inspection of the facade of the building may be required in the following cases:

• Recognition of a house as emergency is impossible without a construction expertise, within the framework of which the inspection of the facade is carried out. At the same time, its condition, the ability to withstand loads and withstand external influences are clarified;
• When the house receives damage as a result of domestic fires or mechanical impact. In this case, an inspection of the facade is necessary to find out how serious the damage is and what work will be required to fix it. This procedure provides for an assessment of the degree of damage and the necessary costs;
• With structural changes in the structure. The subsidence of the foundation of the building, the impact of groundwater on it or the breakthrough of communications, the detection of its inclination and other similar circumstances require determining the degree of criticality of the changes. To do this, you need to examine the facade and take all the necessary measurements.

In any case, these events serve one purpose - to establish and fix changes in the facade. It may have general deformation as well as damage.

Such damage can be expressed in the form of cracks, chips, the absence of certain fragments, and so on.

At the same time, it is necessary to understand that when resolving disputes related to compensation for harm caused, confirmation of such harm and its extent is always required. Only a survey of the facade can answer these questions and determine the specific conclusions of the city authority or the court. The findings will be presented in the appropriate expert opinion.

How is this survey done?

In expert practice, there are two ways to conduct a survey of facades:

1. Through its visual inspection. In this case, the use of photo and video fixation is mandatory. This will preserve the image of damage to the building and will be useful in preparing the report. In addition, these materials are in all cases attached to the conclusion and serve as confirmation of the objectivity and validity of the expert conclusions.

Despite the apparent primitiveness, a visual examination is important, since it is according to its results that attention is drawn to certain problem areas of the facade;

2. Using special equipment and tools. Thus, measurements of the length, width and depth of mechanical damage - cracks, chips or swelling are carried out. With the help of devices, the structural condition of the walls is assessed, their suitability for further operation.

For example, by means of a sclerometer, the condition and strength qualities of concrete and brickwork are measured. The study is carried out using pulses that are emitted by this equipment.

In general, a survey of facades in relation to construction expertise is necessary to resolve questions about the suitability of residential buildings for human habitation, the need for their demolition or repair, the degree of deterioration of buildings, and the level of damage caused. The data obtained in the course of such a survey serve as the basis for further calculations and determine the conclusions of the expert.

During the technical operation of the facade, it is necessary to pay attention to the reliability of fastening of architectural and structural details (cornices, parapets, balconies, loggias, bay windows, etc.).

plinth is the most humidified part of the building due to the impact of atmospheric precipitation, as well as moisture penetrating through the capillaries of the foundation material. This part of the building is constantly exposed to adverse mechanical stress, which requires the use of durable and frost-resistant materials for the basement.

Cornices, the crowning part of the building, divert rain and melt water from the wall and perform an architectural and decorative function. The facades of the building may also have intermediate cornices, belts, sandriks, performing functions similar to those of the main crowning cornice.

The reliability of the enclosing structures of the building depends on the technical condition of the cornices, corbels, pilasters and other protruding parts of the facade.

Part of the outer wall that continues above the roof - parapet. The upper plane of the parapet is protected by galvanized steel or factory-made concrete slabs to avoid destruction by atmospheric precipitation.

The architectural and structural elements of the facade are also balconies, loggias, bay windows, which contribute to improving the performance and appearance of the building.

Balconies are in conditions of constant atmospheric action, moisture, alternate freezing and thawing, therefore, before other parts of the building fail, collapse. The most critical part of the balconies is the place where slabs or beams are embedded in the wall of the building, since during operation the place of embedding is subjected to intense temperature and humidity effects. Figure 2 shows the connection of the balcony slab with the outer wall.

Figure 2 Pairing a balcony slab with an outer wall

1 balcony slab; 2-cement mortar; 3-lining; 4-insulation; 5-mortgage metal element; 6-gasket; 7-insulation; 8 anchor.

Loggia- a platform surrounded on three sides by walls and a fence. In relation to the main volume of the building, the loggia can be built-in and remote.

Overlapping loggias should provide water drainage from the outer walls of the building. To do this, the floors of the loggias must be made with a slope of 2-3% from the plane of the facade and located 50-70 mm below the floor of the adjacent premises. The floor surface of the loggia is covered with waterproofing. The junctions of the balcony and loggia slabs with the facade wall are protected from leakage by placing the edge of the waterproofing carpet on the wall, covering it with two additional layers of waterproofing 400 mm wide and closing it with a galvanized steel apron.

Fences of loggias and balconies should be high enough in order to comply with safety requirements (at least 1 - 1.2 m) and made mainly deaf, with railings and flower beds.

Bay window- the part of the premises located beyond the plane of the facade wall can serve to accommodate vertical communications - stairs, elevators. The bay window increases the area of ​​the premises, enriches the interior, provides additional insolation, improves lighting conditions. The bay window enriches the shape of the building and serves as an architectural means of shaping the scale of the composition of the facade and its articulation.

During the technical operation of the facade elements, sections of the walls located next to drainpipes, trays, and receiving funnels are subject to thorough inspection.

All damaged sections of the finishing layer of the wall must be beaten off and, after identifying and eliminating the cause of damage, restored. In case of weathering, crumbling of the fillings of vertical and horizontal joints, as well as destruction of the edges of panels and blocks, it is necessary to inspect the faulty places, fill the joints and restore the broken edges with appropriate materials.

The facades of buildings are often faced with ceramic tiles, natural stone materials. With poor-quality fastening of the lining with metal staples and cement mortar, they fall out. The reasons for the flaking of the cladding are the ingress of moisture into the seams between the stones and behind the cladding, alternate freezing and thawing.

If tile defects are found, the surface of the entire facade is tapped, weakly adhering tiles are removed and restoration work is carried out.

Facade defects are often associated with atmospheric pollution, which leads to the loss of the original appearance, sooting and tarnishing of their surface.

Facades of buildings should be cleaned and washed within the time limits established depending on the material, the condition of the surfaces of buildings and operating conditions.

The facades of wooden non-plastered buildings must be periodically painted with vapor-permeable paints or compounds to prevent decay and in accordance with fire regulations. Improving the appearance of the building can be achieved by their high-quality plastering and painting.

Drainage devices of external walls must have the necessary slopes from the walls to ensure the removal of atmospheric water. With a slope from the walls, steel fasteners are placed. On parts that have a slope to the wall, galvanized steel cuffs should be installed tightly adjacent to them at a distance of 5-10 cm from the wall. All steel elements fixed to the wall are regularly painted and protected from corrosion.

It is necessary to systematically check the correct use of balconies, bay windows, loggias, avoiding the placement of bulky and heavy things on them, clutter and pollution.

During operation, it becomes necessary to restore the facade plaster. Defects in the plaster are due to the poor quality of the mortar, work at low temperatures, excessive moisture, etc. In the case of minor repairs to the plaster, the cracks are expanded and puttied, with significant cracks, the plaster is removed and re-plastered, paying special attention to ensuring adhesion of the plaster layer to the bearing elements.

The main causes of damage to the appearance of buildings are:

The use in the same masonry of materials that are heterogeneous in strength, water absorption, frost resistance and durability (silicate brick, cinder blocks, etc.);

Different deformability of load-bearing longitudinal and self-supporting end walls;

The use of silicate bricks in rooms with high humidity (baths, saunas, swimming pools, showers, washrooms, etc.);

Weakening of the bandage;

Thickening of seams;

Insufficient support of structures;

Freezing of the solution;

Moistening of cornices, parapets, architectural details, balconies, loggias, wall plasters;

Violations of technology during winter laying, etc.

It is necessary to clean the glazing of skylights after a heavy snowfall.

The minimum duration of effective operation of window and door fillings is 15-20 years.

Topic number 7. Determining the technical condition of the facade of the building.

During the technical operation of the facade, it is necessary to pay attention to the reliability of fastening of architectural and structural details (cornices, parapets, balconies, loggias, bay windows, etc.).

plinth is the most humidified part of the building due to the impact of atmospheric precipitation, as well as moisture penetrating through the capillaries of the foundation material. This part of the building is constantly exposed to adverse mechanical stress, which requires the use of durable and frost-resistant materials for the basement.

Cornices, the crowning part of the building, divert rain and melt water from the wall and perform an architectural and decorative function. The facades of the building may also have intermediate cornices, belts, sandriks, performing functions similar to those of the main crowning cornice.

The reliability of the enclosing structures of the building depends on the technical condition of the cornices, corbels, pilasters and other protruding parts of the facade.

Part of the outer wall that continues above the roof - parapet. The upper plane of the parapet is protected by galvanized steel or factory-made concrete slabs to avoid destruction by atmospheric precipitation.

The architectural and structural elements of the facade are also balconies, loggias, bay windows, which contribute to improving the performance and appearance of the building.

Balconies are in conditions of constant atmospheric action, moisture, alternate freezing and thawing, therefore, before other parts of the building fail, collapse. The most critical part of the balconies is the place where slabs or beams are embedded in the wall of the building, since during operation the place of embedding is subjected to intense temperature and humidity effects. Figure 2 shows the connection of the balcony slab with the outer wall.

Figure 2 Pairing a balcony slab with an outer wall

1 balcony slab; 2-cement mortar; 3-lining; 4-insulation; 5-mortgage metal element; 6-gasket; 7-insulation; 8 anchor.

Loggia- a platform surrounded on three sides by walls and a fence. In relation to the main volume of the building, the loggia can be built-in and remote.

Overlapping loggias should provide water drainage from the outer walls of the building. To do this, the floors of the loggias must be made with a slope of 2-3% from the plane of the facade and located 50-70 mm below the floor of the adjacent premises. The floor surface of the loggia is covered with waterproofing. The junctions of the balcony and loggia slabs with the facade wall are protected from leakage by placing the edge of the waterproofing carpet on the wall, covering it with two additional layers of waterproofing 400 mm wide and closing it with a galvanized steel apron.

Fences of loggias and balconies should be high enough in order to comply with safety requirements (at least 1 - 1.2 m) and made mainly deaf, with railings and flower beds.

Bay window- the part of the premises located beyond the plane of the facade wall can serve to accommodate vertical communications - stairs, elevators. The bay window increases the area of ​​the premises, enriches the interior, provides additional insolation, improves lighting conditions. The bay window enriches the shape of the building and serves as an architectural means of shaping the scale of the composition of the facade and its articulation.

During the technical operation of the facade elements, sections of the walls located next to drainpipes, trays, and receiving funnels are subject to thorough inspection.

All damaged sections of the finishing layer of the wall must be beaten off and, after identifying and eliminating the cause of damage, restored. In case of weathering, crumbling of the fillings of vertical and horizontal joints, as well as destruction of the edges of panels and blocks, it is necessary to inspect the faulty places, fill the joints and restore the broken edges with appropriate materials.

The facades of buildings are often faced with ceramic tiles, natural stone materials. With poor-quality fastening of the lining with metal staples and cement mortar, they fall out. The reasons for the flaking of the cladding are the ingress of moisture into the seams between the stones and behind the cladding, alternate freezing and thawing.

If tile defects are found, the surface of the entire facade is tapped, weakly adhering tiles are removed and restoration work is carried out.

Facade defects are often associated with atmospheric pollution, which leads to the loss of the original appearance, sooting and tarnishing of their surface.

Facades of buildings should be cleaned and washed within the time limits established depending on the material, the condition of the surfaces of buildings and operating conditions.

The facades of wooden non-plastered buildings must be periodically painted with vapor-permeable paints or compounds to prevent decay and in accordance with fire regulations. Improving the appearance of the building can be achieved by their high-quality plastering and painting.

Drainage devices of external walls must have the necessary slopes from the walls to ensure the removal of atmospheric water. With a slope from the walls, steel fasteners are placed. On parts that have a slope to the wall, galvanized steel cuffs should be installed tightly adjacent to them at a distance of 5-10 cm from the wall. All steel elements fixed to the wall are regularly painted and protected from corrosion.

It is necessary to systematically check the correct use of balconies, bay windows, loggias, avoiding the placement of bulky and heavy things on them, clutter and pollution.

During operation, it becomes necessary to restore the facade plaster. Defects in the plaster are due to the poor quality of the mortar, work at low temperatures, excessive moisture, etc. In the case of minor repairs to the plaster, the cracks are expanded and puttied, with significant cracks, the plaster is removed and re-plastered, paying special attention to ensuring adhesion of the plaster layer to the bearing elements.

The main causes of damage to the appearance of buildings

are:

The use in the same masonry of materials that are heterogeneous in strength, water absorption, frost resistance and durability (silicate brick, cinder blocks, etc.);

Different deformability of load-bearing longitudinal and self-supporting end walls;

The use of silicate bricks in rooms with high humidity (baths, saunas, swimming pools, showers, washrooms, etc.);

Weakening of the bandage;

Thickening of seams;

Insufficient support of structures;

Freezing of the solution;

Moistening of cornices, parapets, architectural details, balconies, loggias, wall plasters;

Violations of technology during winter laying, etc.

Topic No. 8. Protection of buildings from premature wear.

The impact of an aggressive environment on building structures can lead to corrosion of concrete, reinforcement, embedded parts, as well as premature wear of stone and concrete structures, can cause destruction and decay of wooden elements and, as a result, a decrease in the bearing capacity of building structures as a whole. Therefore, during the operation of buildings, it is necessary to determine the areas of corrosion damage to concrete, reinforcement, the nature and extent of these damages, as well as to establish the degree of wear of stone structures, etc.

Corrosion is the destruction of materials of building structures under the influence of the environment, accompanied by chemical, physico-chemical and electrochemical processes. Depending on the nature of the corrosion process, chemical and electrochemical corrosion are distinguished. Chemical corrosion is accompanied by irreversible changes in the material of structures as a result of interaction with an aggressive environment. Electrochemical corrosion occurs in metal structures under conditions of unfavorable contacts with the atmospheric environment, water, wet soils, and aggressive gases.

During the operation of buildings, when inspecting structures, it is necessary to establish the degree and type of corrosion damage.

The degree of damage to metals is uniform and local (ulcerative).

Reinforcement corrosion is determined visually by the appearance of longitudinal cracks and rust spots on the surface of the concrete protective layer, as well as by the electrical method.

Corrosion of underground structures, which affects pipelines, embedded parts and reinforcement of underground reinforced concrete structures, is associated with the presence of moisture, with dissolved aggressive substances in the soil and soils. The process of corrosion and destruction of metal structures proceeds under conditions of insufficient aeration, which causes local corrosion damage. Sections of structures that are poorly supplied with oxygen are destroyed faster.

To protect against underground corrosion, protective coatings are used, the soil and water environments are treated to reduce their corrosive activity.

At least 2 times a year, metal structures must be cleaned of dust and dirt using compressed air.

The factors causing corrosion of concrete and reinforced concrete structures include: alternate freezing and thawing of concrete, moistening and drying, which is accompanied by shrinkage and swelling deformations, deposition of soluble salts, etc.

The external factors that determine the intensity of corrosion of concrete and reinforced concrete include:

Type of medium and its chemical composition;

Temperature and humidity conditions of the building.

The internal factors that determine the resistance of the material include:

Type of binder in concrete or mortar;

Its chemical and mineral composition;

Chemical composition of aggregates;

Density and structure of concrete;

Type of reinforcement, etc.

All corrosion processes in concrete structures can be divided into three types.

In the case of type I concrete corrosion, the leading factor is the leaching of soluble constituents of the cement stone and the corresponding destruction of its structural elements. Most often, this type of corrosion occurs when fast-flowing waters act on concrete (leaks in the roof or from pipelines) or when filtering waters with low hardness.

With intensive development of type II corrosion in concrete, the leading process is the interaction of aggressive solutions with the solid phase of cement stone during cation exchange and the destruction of the main structural elements of cement stone. This type includes the processes of concrete corrosion under the action of acid solutions, magnesia salts, ammonium salts, etc.

The main factors in type III corrosion are the processes that occur in concrete when it interacts with an aggressive environment and is accompanied by crystallization of salts in capillaries.

An essential role in ensuring the reliability and durability of reinforced concrete structures is played by the state of their reinforcement.

Corrosion of steel in concrete occurs as a result of a violation of its passivity, caused by a decrease in alkalinity to pH ≤ 2 when carbonizing or corroding concrete. Cracks in concrete facilitate the flow of moisture, air and aggressive substances from the environment to the surface of the reinforcement, as a result of which its passive state at the locations of the cracks will be violated. In this case, it is necessary to immediately carry out repairs or reinforcement, not allowing the bearing capacity of the structure to be exhausted.

During the operation of reinforced concrete structures, it is often necessary to protect the reinforcement from corrosion processes. Reliable protection of reinforcement is the use of shotcrete. It is necessary to clean the damaged areas of the protective layer of the structure, partially or completely expose the reinforcement, remove rust, attach it to a bare wire mesh of 2-3 mm in diameter with cells of 50-50 mm in size, rinse the damaged areas under pressure and perform shotcrete on a wet surface. If the protective layer of concrete is insufficient to protect the reinforcement from corrosion, polyvinyl chloride materials (varnishes, enamels) are applied to the leveled concrete surface. The leveling of the surface is carried out with shotcrete with a layer thickness of at least 10 mm.

The impact of high temperature on reinforced concrete structures leads to a sharp decrease in the adhesion of reinforcement to concrete. When heated to 100°C, the adhesion of smooth reinforcement to concrete decreases by 25%, at 450°C it is completely broken.

During operation, it is necessary to ensure sufficient ventilation of the premises to remove aggressive gases, protect building elements from moisture from atmospheric precipitation and groundwater, increase the corrosion resistance of concrete and reinforced concrete structures by surface and volume treatment with surfactants, and install anti-corrosion coatings.

Despite the durability of wood, wooden structures are also subject to biological destruction, which occurs as a result of its decay, which is the result of the vital activity of wood-destroying fungi, and is also caused by wood-destroying insects. The greatest damage is caused by rotting wood.

Decay is a biological process that proceeds slowly at temperatures from 0° to 40°C in a humid environment.

Infection of wooden structures with spores of wood-destroying fungi occurs everywhere - one ripened fruiting body releases tens of billions of spores. Direct destruction is carried out by mushroom threads 5-6 mm thick, invisible to the naked eye, penetrating into the thickness of the wood. There are more than 1000 varieties of wood-destroying mushrooms. In buildings, the most common are: real house mushroom and porcini mushroom.

All these fungi, which destroy the dead wood of the wooden building elements of the building, cause destructive rot, which is characterized by the appearance of longitudinal and transverse cracks on the affected surfaces.

To avoid rotting wood, you must:

Protect wood from direct moisture from precipitation and groundwater;

Ensure sufficient thermal insulation (on the cold side) and vapor barrier (on the warm side) of walls, coatings and other enclosing structures of heated buildings to prevent their freezing and condensation moisture;

Ensure systematic drying of wood and aggregates by creating a drying temperature and humidity regime.

In this regard, the following constructive protective measures are necessary:

Bearing wooden structures should be designed open, well ventilated, accessible for inspection, placed entirely either within the heated room or outside it, since condensate forms in elements with variable temperature along their thickness or length; it is not allowed to embed support nodes, belts, ends of the lattice elements of load-bearing structures into the thickness of walls, non-attic coverings and attic floors;

Do not use non-attic wooden coverings over rooms with a relative humidity of more than 70%;

Do not use wooden floors in sanitary facilities and other wet areas of stone buildings.

Wooden floors above the underground must be protected from decay by ventilation. The wooden parts must be separated from the masonry with waterproofing materials.

Premature wear of wooden elements can also be caused by the destructive action of insects, mainly beetles (weevils, grinders), as well as hymenoptera (horntails), lepidoptera (butterflies) and pseudoretinoptera (termites), crustaceans (marine crustacean, wood lice).

In most cases, insects, having completed their development cycle in wet wood, do not populate it again after drying. The main pests of wood are not insects themselves, but their larvae, which feed on wood, gnaw through passages of various sizes in it, turning it into dust.

For pest control:

Carry out a careful selection of wood for wooden structures coming from the warehouse;

To produce accelerated uprooting of stumps in cutting areas;

Remove burnt trees and windbreak in time;

Water supply system- this is a set of measures to provide water to various consumers - the population, industrial enterprises; a complex of engineering structures and devices that provide water supply (including the receipt of water from natural sources, its purification, transportation and supply to consumers).

Distinguish between a hot water system and a cold water system.

Water network- this is a set of water lines (pipelines) for supplying water to places of consumption; one of the main elements of the water supply system.

The technical operation of the engineering equipment of buildings and structures is to ensure reliable, safe and trouble-free operation of all elements of the engineering equipment of buildings and structures and their uninterrupted supply of heat, cold, hot water and air.

To ensure the operation of engineering equipment, the operating organization must have technical documentation for long-term storage and documentation that is replaced due to its expiration.

As part of long-term storage technical documentation

Site plan on a scale of 1:1000 - 1:2000 with residential and public buildings and structures located on it;

Design estimates and executive drawings for each building;

Acts of the technical condition of buildings;

Schemes of intra-house networks of water supply, sewerage, waste disposal, central heating, heat, gas, electricity, etc.;

Passports of boiler facilities, boiler books;

Passports of the elevator industry;

Passports for each residential building, apartment, public building and land plot;

Executive drawings of ground loops (for buildings,

grounded).

Long-term storage technical documentation is adjusted as the technical condition changes, fixed assets are revalued, major repairs or reconstruction are carried out.

In the composition of the documentation replaced due to the expiration of the term

her actions include:

Estimates, inventories of work for current and major repairs;

Acts of technical inspections;

Journals of applications of residents;

Protocols for measuring the resistance of electrical networks;

measurement protocols

Maintenance of engineering equipment includes work on control (scheduled and unscheduled inspections) of the state of engineering equipment, maintaining its serviceability, performance, adjusting and regulating engineering systems.

There are the following types of scheduled inspections of engineering equipment of buildings:

General, during which the inspection of engineering equipment as a whole is carried out;

Partial - inspections that include inspection of individual elements of engineering equipment.

General inspections are carried out 2 times a year: in spring and autumn (before the start of the heating season).

After heavy rains, hurricane winds, heavy snowfalls, floods and other natural phenomena that cause damage to individual elements of buildings, as well as in case of accidents on external communications or when deformation of structures and malfunction of engineering equipment are detected that violate the conditions of normal operation, extraordinary (unscheduled ) inspections.

The results of inspections should be reflected in special documents for recording the technical condition of buildings: magazines, passports, acts.

The system of technical inspection of the condition of engineering equipment includes the following types of control, depending on the objectives of the inspection and the period of operation:

Instrumental acceptance control of the technical condition of the overhauled (reconstructed) engineering equipment of buildings and structures;

Instrumental control of the technical condition of engineering equipment of buildings and structures in the process of scheduled and extraordinary inspections (preventive control), as well as continuous technical inspection;

Technical inspection of engineering equipment of buildings and structures for the design of major repairs and reconstruction;

Technical examination (examination) of engineering equipment of buildings and structures in case of damage to elements and accidents during operation.

Instrumental control of engineering equipment should be carried out on systems connected to external networks operating in operational mode.

Checking heating systems in the summer is carried out by filling the systems and testing them with pressure, as well as for heating with water circulation in the system.

After assessing the state of the DHW and cold water systems, the results are presented in the following form:

Results of the survey of the DHW system:

1. Type of system (one-pipe or two-pipe, top-pipe or bottom-pipe, etc.)

2. Type of heated towel rails

3. Thermal mechanical equipment of the DHW system installed at the thermal input (heat point)

4. System defects.

The results of the inspection of the cold water system:

1. System type

2. Equipment (water metering units, pumping units, regulators)

3. System defects.

Before commissioning, after all installation and repair work has been completed, water supply systems are tested by the hydrostatic or manometric method in compliance with the requirements of GOST, GOST and SNiP 3.01.01-85.

Tests are carried out as follows. A pressure gauge of at least 1.5 accuracy class and a hydraulic press or compressor are connected to the control and drain valve to create pressure in the system. The internal network is filled with water, all valves are opened, all leaks are eliminated and air is removed through the highest draw-off points. After performing these operations, the pressure rises to the required value. Cold and hot water supply networks are tested with a pressure exceeding the working pressure by 0.5 MPa (5 kgf / cm2), but not more than 1 MPa (10 kgf / cm2) for 10 minutes; in this case, a decrease in pressure is allowed by no more than 0.1 MPa (1 kgf / cm2).

Systems are considered to have passed the test if, within 10 minutes of being under test pressure with the hydrostatic method, no pressure drop of more than 0.05 MPa (0.5 kgf / cm2) and drops in welds, pipes, threaded joints, fittings, as well as leaks water through flushing devices.

Hydrostatic and manometric tests of cold and hot water supply systems are carried out before the installation of water fittings.

Upon completion of the hydrostatic test, it is necessary to release water from the internal cold and hot water supply systems.

Manometric tests of the internal cold and hot water supply system are carried out in the following sequence: the system will be filled with air with a test overpressure of 0.15 MPa (1.5 kgf / cm2); if mounting defects are found by ear, the pressure should be reduced to atmospheric pressure and the defects should be eliminated; then fill the system with air at a pressure of 0.1 MPa (1 kgf/cm2), hold it under test pressure for 5 minutes.

The system is recognized as having passed the test if, when it is under test pressure, the pressure drop does not exceed 0.01 MPa (0.1 kgf/cm2).

In winter, the test is carried out only after the heating system has been put into operation.

In the case when it is difficult to carry out hydrostatic tests, a manometric test is carried out.

During the operation of cold and hot water supply systems, the flow of cold and hot water must be ensured based on the established norms of SNiP. The full rules are given in appendix. 3 SNiP 2.04.01-85*.

The quality of water supplied to the hot water supply systems of a residential building must meet the requirements of GOST and SanPiN. The temperature of the water supplied to the water points (faucets, mixers) must be at least 60 ° C in open hot water supply systems and at least 50 ° C in closed ones. The water temperature in the hot water supply system must be maintained using an automatic regulator, the installation of which in the hot water supply system is mandatory.

Water heaters and pipelines must be constantly filled with water. The main valves and valves designed to turn off and regulate the hot water supply system must be opened and closed 2 times a month. Opening and closing of said fittings is done slowly.

During operation, it is necessary to monitor the absence of leaks in risers, connections to shut-off and control valves and water fittings, eliminate the causes that cause their malfunction and water leakage.

The operation of automatic temperature and pressure regulators of hot water supply systems is checked at least once a month.

In the conditions of the modern economy, there is a need for a more rational use of resources.

Therefore, in practice, resource metering devices-flowmeters are now used. Their use, as experience shows, can reduce the cost of energy, energy and water. So the use of water meters allows you to reduce the consumption of cold and hot water by an average of 30-50%.

The main function of the water meter is to determine the amount of water flowing through the pipeline during the accounting period, and provide this amount in digital form.

A variety of water meters are currently being produced. They differ in the measurement method, metrological characteristics, structural and functional features, installation and operation conditions, price and other parameters.

During the operation of water supply systems, various situations arise that do not meet the requirements of water consumers, therefore, various installations are used in practice.

1. Pump installations.

Pumping units are used for pumping water in systems of cold water supply. They carry out uninterrupted water supply to the consumer, subject to the specified pressure in the water supply network in accordance with the actual water consumption regime and taking into account the need to minimize energy costs.

During the operation of pumping units, it must be ensured

a) maintenance of the set operating mode of the installation and minimum power consumption;

b) monitoring the status and operating parameters of the main pumping stations
units, hydromechanical devices (gate valves, gate valves, check valves), hydraulic communications, electrical equipment, instrumentation, automation equipment
and dispatching control, as well as building structures;

c) prevention of malfunctions and emergency
situations, and in case of their occurrence - taking measures to eliminate and eliminate accidents;

d) compliance with the rules of safety and labor protection;

e) maintenance of proper sanitary and fire-fighting condition in the premises of the pumping unit

f) timely carrying out of planned audits, current and major repairs of equipment, as well as repairs of equipment damaged during accidents.

2. water tanks used to create a water pressure necessary in the event of a decrease in pressure in the external water supply network, during pump shutdown hours with a constant lack of pressure, with increased salvo water flows, as well as when it is necessary to create the required flow rates in internal water supply networks.

During the operation of water tanks, the quality of water supplied from the city water supply may deteriorate due to dust entering through loosely closed tank covers and the accumulation of iron oxide. In addition, there are large losses of water during overflow. In case of insufficient thermal insulation, water overheats in summer, and condensation occurs in winter. Since water tanks are made of steel, over time, the destruction of the anti-corrosion coating and corrosion of the tank are possible. In the absence of thermal insulation, the room for the installation of tanks must be warm and ventilated.

In water tanks intended for storing drinking water, in order to avoid deterioration of water quality, it is necessary to ensure the exchange of all water for no more than 2 days. At an air temperature of more than 18 ° C and no more than 3-4 days. At air temperature less than 18°С.

When operating water tanks, personnel must:

a) control the quality of incoming and outgoing
water;

b) monitor water levels;

c) monitor the serviceability of shut-off and control valves,
pipelines, manholes, thermal insulation, pallet;

d) periodically flush the tanks, clean their bottoms from precipitation;

e) monitor water leaks from the tank.

When repairing, in order to preserve the quality of water and the durability of the tanks, it is necessary to use water-resistant and anti-corrosion coatings approved by the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision.

Measures for the adjustment of sanitary fittings.

After testing the systems, the system is adjusted to ensure the estimated water flow through the water fittings.

The regulation begins with setting the pressure regulator, then during the hours of maximum water consumption, the valves at the base of the risers regulate the water pressure in the riser so that at the top of the riser it does not exceed 0.05 MPa.

After pressure regulation, the water flow through the water fittings of the upper floor is determined. The flow rate with fully open valves should not exceed the standard value given in SNiP 2.04.01.85*.

The regulation of flushing tanks is carried out during the hours of minimum water consumption. During this period, the pressure in the water supply network has a maximum value.

In the hot water supply system, temperature control is carried out, which begins with setting the temperature and pressure regulators. The temperature regulators on the water heater are adjusted so that the temperature of the water leaving the water heater is 60-65°C. The regulators on the circulation risers and mains are adjusted to a temperature of 35-40°C. The pressure regulator is adjusted to the design pressure.

Major faults in plumbing systems.

The main malfunctions in cold water supply systems are:

Long or short breaks in the water supply;

Excess water loss from the system;

Insufficient pressure in the system;

Noise during system operation;

Formation of condensate on the surface of pipelines;

Overgrowing of pipes with deposits and blockages;

System hardware malfunctions.

The cause of insufficient pressure in the system is most often a decrease in pressure in the external water supply network. This leads to the fact that the inhabitants of the upper floors do not receive water in the required quantity and under the required pressure, or do not receive it at all. In this case, the pressure at the entrance to the building is checked against the pressure gauge for compliance with the design value. With insufficient pressure, all valves in the well and at the entrance to the building, as well as the pressure regulator (if any), open completely.

Equipment malfunctions in the system include malfunctions of pipeline fittings, a pumping unit and a water meter unit.

Pipeline fittings in the cold water supply system include shut-off, safety, control and water fittings. Shut-off and control valves of various types have a certain direction of water passage, which is indicated by an arrow on the valve body. If installed incorrectly, the passage of water in the opposite direction leads to a breakdown of the fittings and a decrease in the flow area. Valve failure can be detected by the differential pressure determined by pressure gauges installed before and after the valve. If a malfunction is detected, the valve is repaired or replaced.

The pumping unit of the water supply system includes pumps (working and standby) and fittings. In the event of a malfunction of the pumping unit, it is necessary to determine which element of it is faulty. The malfunction of the pumping unit is determined by the indication of the pressure gauge. The reading of this pressure gauge is compared with the reading of the pressure gauge installed at the entrance to the building. If the readings differ slightly, then the pumping unit is out of order. In a pumping installation, pumps or a non-return valve most often fail. The faulty fittings of the pumping unit are disassembled, cleaned of dirt and deposits, and repaired if necessary.

The water meter assembly consists of valves and a water meter. Most often, a water meter is faulty in a water meter unit, which can be determined visually or by meter readings. If the meter needle does not move or the difference in the meter readings is small, then it is faulty. The cause of the malfunction of the meter may be its clogging and jamming of the impeller or turbine. After repair, the water meter must be verified in the appropriate organization, and a verification certificate is drawn up.

Clogging of pipelines is determined by comparing the pressure in different areas, measured by a union pressure gauge, which is worn on the valve spout. A large pressure drop indicates a clogged pipeline. The location of the blockage can also be determined using a leak detector during the hours of maximum water consumption.

Blockages in pipelines are eliminated by flushing and cleaning. Blockages in the fittings are also eliminated by flushing.

When water freezes in pipelines, pipes are heated with hot water or electric current. The use of an open flame is not recommended. To prevent re-freezing of pipes in this area, thermal insulation is used.

Water losses are made up of leaks and unproductive costs. They are determined by the readings of the water meter as the excess of the actual water consumption over the calculated one. Water leaks are permanent losses that occur as a result of a violation of the tightness of pipelines, fittings and joints. With water losses over 10-15%, maintenance is carried out, during which pipelines, fittings and joints are inspected. Water leaks are determined by wetting the pipe or by the presence of drops, streams of water and sweating on the valve bodies. Water leaks are eliminated by repairing and, if necessary, replacing individual sections of pipelines and fittings.

It is quite difficult to determine water leaks during hidden laying of pipelines. In this case, the visible parts of the pipes are periodically inspected for the appearance of water leaks on them.

The location of a water leak in the risers can be determined at night using a leak detector. To do this, first turn off all the risers, and then open them one by one. The riser that makes the most noise has a water leak.

Leakage in the main pipeline is determined using a cylinder with compressed air, while air is supplied through the control and drain valve of the water metering unit. Leakage is determined by the release of air through the damage site along with water.

The leakage of water in the system is also determined by the readings of the water meter, while it must be ensured that all water fittings are closed.

To reduce unproductive water consumption, it is advisable to install stabilizers and pressure regulators or diaphragms, while unproductive costs are reduced as much as possible when they are installed on the connections to the apartment. Under operating conditions, it is more convenient to diaphragm the water fittings; when clogged, the diaphragm is easily cleaned.

In areas with excess pressure, as well as in multi-storey buildings, to reduce pressure and reduce unproductive water consumption, it is recommended to install:

At constant water flow rates - disk diaphragms with a central hole;

Noise in pipelines appears for the following reasons:

The speed of water movement is higher than the calculated values ​​(3 m/s);

High speeds of water movement in narrowed sections;

Poor fastening of pipelines to building structures.

Narrowing of pipe sections can occur when clogged, in places where pipes are welded and poor-quality threaded and flanged connections, under union nuts. To eliminate these sources of noise, it is necessary to clean the pipes and sort out the connections, eliminating defects.

The causes of noise during the operation of the pumping unit may be the wear of the bearings of pumps and electric motors, as well as the wear of the coupling, rotating parts, shock absorbers, flexible connectors and as a result of misalignment of the shafts of the electric motor and pump. The characteristics of the pump are checked, in case of deviation, the operating mode of the pumps is adjusted, if necessary, the pump is replaced with another one with design characteristics at which the noise is below the permissible limits.

The formation of condensate on the surface of pipelines, fittings and flushing cisterns occurs with high humidity in the room and low temperature on the surface. Humidity reduction can be achieved through effective ventilation. At low surface temperatures of the pipes and the constant formation of condensate, the pipes are insulated with a layer of thermal insulation.

The main malfunctions in DHW systems:

Malfunctions in hot water systems are similar to malfunctions in cold water systems. In addition, in hot water systems, malfunctions are:

rupture of the water heater due to an increase in pressure in excess of the calculated one;

hot water temperature difference at the water fittings

Hot water leaks

Corrosion of system elements;

Violation of water circulation in the system;

· the water heater does not provide the required hot water temperature at the design temperature of the heating medium.

The rupture of the water heater is determined visually by the presence of water on its outer surface. A rupture can occur due to a missing or defective safety valve. The safety valve must operate at the design pressure specified in the water heater's passport.

The reasons for the difference in hot water temperatures can be blockages in the lower part of the risers and air pockets in their upper part. In addition, unadjusted risers of dead-end systems can lead to this phenomenon. To prevent heat loss, hot risers and main pipelines must be thermally insulated.

Water leaks in the system can occur through hidden sections of risers, through hidden risers in walls and panels, and through fittings.

Leaks of hot water through fittings are detected and eliminated in the same way as in cold water systems.

Leakage of hot water into a cold water supply or vice versa occurs at different pressures in the systems and defects in the partitions or mixer gaskets. To detect a malfunction, close the valve on the cold water supply and open the cold water valve head on the mixer. In the event of a malfunction, hot water flows from the mixer.

Leaks in hot water pipelines due to corrosion occur more often than in cold water supply systems. The most significant factors in the occurrence of corrosion of the elements of the system are the temperature of the water, the presence of oxygen and air pockets in the water.

The presence of air pockets leads to a violation of the circulation of water in the system. The rate of corrosion increases with increasing water temperature. In the most unfavorable conditions, supply risers and connections to water fittings work. In this regard, it is necessary to limit the water temperature using temperature controllers. To eliminate air bags in the pipelines of the hot water supply system, the water pressure must be 5-7 m greater than the geometric height of the system.

The reasons for insufficient temperature at water fittings are:

Reducing the heat transfer of water heater surfaces due to scale and dirt deposits;

Violation of circulation in the system due to its deregulation;

Violation of the circulation pumps;

Blockages in the supply and circulation risers;

Flow of cold water into the hot water supply system.
Decreasing the temperature below 40°C leads to an increase

water and heat consumption. The deterioration of heat transfer is associated with the overgrowth of the water heater tubes, their sagging and sticking together. In this case, it is necessary to clean the water heater. At normal temperature at the inlet to the water heater, the thermal automation is inspected and adjusted.

In case of violation of circulation, the system is regulated by closing the valves on the circulation risers between the water heater and the place where the temperature drops. Regulation is carried out during hours of minimum water consumption.

Violation of the pumps is eliminated in the same way as in cold water supply systems.

Blockages in the supply risers are determined similarly to blockages in the risers of cold water supply systems. Blockages are removed by cleaning or flushing.

Interruptions in the supply of water in the hot water supply system during the normal operation of the cold water supply system are mainly associated with overgrowth of pipelines and clogging of them as a result of corrosion and deposits. Detection of blockages and overgrowth in hot water supply systems is carried out similarly to cold water supply systems. In circulation systems, when installing high-power circulation pumps, interruptions in the water supply to the upper floors may also occur. In this case, you create an increased circulation flow in the main pipelines and risers, which leads to an increase in pressure losses and a decrease in pressure at the end points of the main pipelines and risers. To eliminate this malfunction, it is necessary to reduce the circulation flow by shutting off the pump valve or replacing it with a pump of lower power.

Malfunctions of elements of cold and hot water supply systems in accordance with GOST are eliminated in time (from the moment they are discovered or applications from consumers):

Leaks in water taps and flush cisterns - within 1 day;

Malfunctions of pipelines and their connections (with fittings, fittings and sanitary appliances) of an emergency order - immediately;

Malfunctions of metering devices for cold and hot water - within 5 days.

For special types of engineering and technological equipment for communal and socio-cultural facilities, the deadlines for troubleshooting are established by the relevant ministries and departments.

Terms of current and major repairs

Maintenance is carried out at intervals that ensure the efficient operation of engineering equipment for cold and hot water supply systems from the moment of commissioning (or overhaul) until the moment it is put into operation for the next overhaul (reconstruction). At the same time, natural and climatic conditions, design solutions, technical condition and mode of operation of a building or object are taken into account.

Current repairs are carried out according to five-year (with the distribution of buildings by years) and annual plans.

The frequency of inspections of engineering equipment of cold and hot water supply systems is 1 time in 3-6 months.

During the production of current repairs of engineering equipment of cold and hot water supply systems, the following work is performed:

1) sealing joints, eliminating leaks, insulating, strengthening pipelines, replacing individual sections of pipelines, fittings, restoring destroyed thermal insulation of pipelines, hydraulic testing of the system;

2) replacement of individual taps, mixers, showers, valves;

3) insulation and replacement of fittings for water tanks in attics, their cleaning and washing;

4) replacement of individual sections and lengthening of outdoor water outlets for watering yards and streets;

5) replacement of internal fire hydrants;

6) repair and replacement of individual pumps and low power electric motors;

7) replacement of individual components or water heaters for baths, strengthening and replacement of smoke outlet pipes, cleaning water heaters and coils from scale and deposits;

8) anti-corrosion coating, marking;

9) repair or replacement of control valves;

10) flushing of water supply systems;

11) replacement of instrumentation;

12) descaling of stop valves;

13) adjustment and adjustment of automatic control systems for engineering equipment.

Overhaul of engineering equipment of water supply systems is carried out with physical wear and tear of 61% or more, and depending on the duration of operation before overhaul.

During the overhaul, all worn-out elements are eliminated, they are restored or replaced with more durable and economical ones that improve the performance of systems, equipment for cold and hot water supply systems. At the same time, economically viable modernization of engineering equipment of systems can be carried out: automation and dispatching of engineering equipment, replacement of existing and installation of new technological equipment, equipping with missing types of engineering equipment that ensure energy saving, measurement and regulation of heat consumption for hot water supply, consumption of cold and hot water.

After performing the current and major repairs of the internal cold and hot water supply system, the tests described above are carried out.

Topic No. 2. Technical operation of water branch and waste disposal systems.

Methodology for assessing the technical condition of water branching and waste disposal systems.

To ensure the technical operation of water branch and waste disposal systems, it is necessary to assess the technical condition of these systems.

The following parameters are checked in wastewater and waste disposal systems:

Structures and measured parameter	Scope of measurements	Methods and means of control
System sewers, domestic gutters, garbage disposal
Pipeline slopes	In control apartments	Level (inclinometer)
sewers	and premises, in the technical underground
Verticality of risers	In control apartments	Steel plumb line
and trunks of garbage chutes	and premises, in technical	building
	underground, in stairwells	GOST 7948-80
Extraction height	On the roof	Ruler GOST 427-75,
risers and trunk		tape measure GOST 7502-80

The test results are presented as follows:

1. Design features of the system

2. System defects

After installation and overhaul of the sewerage system, internal drains and garbage chutes, they are checked for compliance with the project and requirements:

in water disposal systems: