Kitten animate or inanimate. Animate and inanimate nouns

This is an independent part of speech that denotes an object and answers the questions who? what?
The value of the object expressed nouns, combines the names of a wide variety of objects and phenomena, namely: 1) the names of specific cabbage soup and objects (house, tree, notebook, book, briefcase, bed, lamp); 2) the names of living beings (man, engineer, girl, youth, deer, mosquito); 3) the names of various substances (oxygen, gasoline, lead, sugar, salt); 4) names of various phenomena of nature and social life (storm, frost, rain, holiday, war); 5) the names of abstract properties and signs, actions and states (freshness, whiteness, blueness, illness, expectation, murder).
initial form noun- nominative singular.
Nouns are: own (Moscow, Russia, Sputnik) and common nouns (country, dream, night), animate (horse, elk, brother) and inanimate (table, field, dacha).
Nouns belong to the masculine (friend, youth, deer), feminine (girlfriend, grass, dry land) and middle (window, sea, field) gender. Names nouns change in cases and numbers, that is, they decline. Three declensions are distinguished for nouns (aunt, uncle, Maria - I declension; horse, gorge, genius - II declension; mother, night, silence - III declension).
In a sentence nouns usually act as a subject or object, but can be any other members of the sentence. For example: When the soul in chains, in the soul screams yearning, and the heart longs for boundless freedom (K. Balmont). I was lying in the scent of azaleas (V. Bryusov)

Proper and common nouns

Proper nouns- These are the names of individuals, single objects. Proper nouns include: 1) names, surnames, nicknames, nicknames (Peter, Ivanov, Sharik); 2) geographical names (Caucasus, Siberia, Central Asia); 3) astronomical names (Jupiter, Venus, Saturn); 4) names of holidays (New Year, Teacher's Day, Defender of the Fatherland Day); 5) the names of newspapers, magazines, works of art, enterprises (Trud newspaper, Resurrection novel, Enlightenment publishing house), etc.
Common nouns they call homogeneous objects that have something in common, the same, some kind of similarity (a person, a bird, furniture).
All names own are written with a capital letter (Moscow, Arctic), some are also taken in quotation marks (cinema "Cosmos", the newspaper "Vechernyaya Moskva").
In addition to differences in meaning and spelling proper nouns have a number of grammatical features: 1) they are not used in the plural (except for the cases of designation of different objects and persons that are called the same: We have two Ira and three Olya in the class); 2) are not combined with numerals.
Proper nouns can become common nouns, and common nouns- in own, for example: Narcissus (the name of a handsome young man in ancient Greek mythology) - narcissus (flower); Boston (city in the USA) - boston (wool), boston (slow waltz), boston (card game); work - the newspaper "Trud".

Animate and inanimate nouns

Animated nouns serve as the names of living beings (people, animals, birds); answer the question who?
Inanimate nouns serve as the names of inanimate objects, as well as objects of the plant world; answer the question what? Initially, in the Russian language, the category of animation-inanimateness developed as a semantic (semantic) category. Gradually, with the development of the language, this category became grammatical, so the division of nouns into animated And inanimate does not always coincide with the division of everything that exists in nature into living and non-living.
An indicator of the animateness or inanimateness of a noun is the coincidence of a number of grammatical forms. Animated and inanimate nouns differ from each other in the form of the accusative plural. At animate nouns this form is the same as the genitive case, and inanimate nouns- with the nominative case, for example: no friends - I see friends (but: no tables - I see tables), no brothers - I see brothers (but: no lights - I see lights), no horses - I see horses (but: no shadows - I see shadows), no children - I see children (but: no seas - I see seas).
For masculine nouns (except for nouns ending in -а, -я), this difference is preserved in the singular, for example: there is no friend - I see a friend (but: there is no home - I see a house).
TO animate noun may include nouns that should be considered by value inanimate, for example: "our nets dragged a dead man"; discard a trump ace, sacrifice a queen, buy dolls, paint matryoshkas.
TO inanimate noun may include nouns that, according to the meaning they express, should be attributed to animated, for example: to study pathogenic microbes; neutralize typhoid bacilli; observe the embryo in its development; collect silkworm larvae, believe in your people; Gather huge crowds, arm armies.

Concrete, abstract, collective, real, singular nouns

According to the features of the expressed meaning, nouns can be divided into several groups: 1) specific nouns(chair, suit, room, roof), 2) abstract, or abstract, nouns(struggle, joy, good, evil, morality, whiteness), 3) collective nouns(beast, foolishness, foliage, linen, furniture); 4) real nouns(cycle: gold, milk, sugar, honey); five) singular nouns(pea, grain of sand, straw, pearl).
Specific nouns are called, which denote phenomena or objects of reality. They can be combined with cardinal, ordinal and collective numbers and form plural forms. For example: boy - boys, two boys, second boy, two boys; table - tables, two tables, the second table.
abstract, or abstract, are nouns that denote some abstract action, state, quality, property or concept. Abstract nouns have one form of number (only singular or only plural), do not combine with cardinal numbers, but can be combined with words many, few, how many, etc. For example: grief - a lot of grief, little grief. How much grief!
Collective nouns are called, which denote a set of persons or objects as an indivisible whole. Collective nouns have the form of only the singular and are not combined with numerals, for example: youth, old people, foliage, birch forest, aspen. Wed: The old people talked for a long time about the life of the young and the interests of the youth. - Whose are you, old man? The peasants, in essence, always remained owners. In no country in the world has the peasantry ever been truly free. On the first of September all children will go to school. - The children gathered in the yard and expected the arrival of adults. All students successfully passed the state exams. - Students take an active part in the work of charitable foundations. Nouns old people, peasantry, children, students are collective, the formation of plural forms from them is impossible.
real nouns are called, which denote a substance that cannot be divided into its component parts. These words can name chemical elements, their compounds, alloys, drugs, various materials, types of food and crops, etc. Real nouns have one form of number (only singular or only plural), are not combined with cardinal numbers, but can be combined with words that name units of measure kilogram, liter, ton. For example: sugar - a kilogram of sugar, milk - two liters of milk, wheat - a ton of wheat.
singular nouns are a variety real nouns. These nouns name one instance of those items that make up the set. Compare: pearl - pearl, potato - potato, sand - grain of sand, pea - pea, snow - snowflake, straw - straw.

gender of nouns

Genus- this is the ability of nouns to be combined with the forms of agreed words defined for each generic variety: my house, my hat, my window.
By sign gender nouns divided into three groups: 1) masculine nouns(house, horse, sparrow, uncle), 2) feminine nouns(water, earth, dust, rye), 3) neuter nouns(face, sea, tribe, gorge).
In addition, there is a small group common nouns, which are able to serve as expressive names for both male and female persons (cry-baby, touchy, good fellow, upstart, grabber).
The grammatical meaning of gender is created by the system of case endings of a given noun in the singular (thus, noun gender distinguished only in the singular).

Masculine, feminine and neuter nouns

TO masculine include: 1) nouns with a base on a hard or soft consonant and a zero ending in the nominative case (table, horse, reed, knife, crying); 2) some nouns ending in -а (я) like grandfather, uncle; 3) some nouns ending in -o, -e such as saraishko, bread, house; 4) noun apprentice.
TO feminine applies: 1) most nouns with the ending -а (я) (grass, aunt, earth) in the nominative case; 2) part of nouns with a base in a soft consonant, as well as in w and w and a zero ending in the nominative case (laziness, rye, silence).
TO neuter include: 1) nouns ending in -o, -e in the nominative case (window, field); 2) ten nouns per -mya (burden, time, tribe, flame, stirrup, etc.); 3) the noun "child".
The nouns doctor, professor, architect, deputy, guide, author, etc., naming a person by profession, occupation, are masculine. However, they can also refer to females. The coordination of definitions in this case is subject to the following rules: 1) an unseparated definition must be in the form of the masculine gender, for example: A young doctor Sergeev appeared on our site. A new version of the article of the law was proposed by the young deputy Petrova; 2) a separate definition after a proper name should be put in the feminine form, for example: Professor Petrova, already known to the trainees, successfully operated on the patient. The predicate should be put in the feminine form if: 1) there is a proper name in the sentence before the predicate, for example: Director Sidorova received a prize. Guide Petrova led the students through the oldest streets of Moscow; 2) the form of the predicate is the only indicator that we are talking about a woman, and it is important for the writer to emphasize this, for example: The principal of the school turned out to be a good mother. Note. Such constructions should be used with great care, since not all of them correspond to the norms of book and written speech. General nouns Some nouns with the endings -а (я) can serve as expressive names for both male and female persons. These are nouns of the general gender, for example: crybaby, touchy, sneak, slob, quiet. Depending on the gender of the person they designate, these nouns can be assigned either to the feminine or to the masculine gender: a little crybaby - a little crybaby, such a wretch - such a wretch, a terrible slob - a terrible slob. In addition to such words, nouns of the general gender can include: 1) invariable surnames: Makarenko, Malykh, Defier, Michon, Hugo, etc.; 2) colloquial forms of some proper names: Sasha, Valya, Zhenya. The words “doctor”, “professor”, “architect”, “deputy”, “tour guide”, “author”, which name a person by profession, type of activity, do not belong to nouns of the general gender. They are masculine nouns. General nouns are emotionally colored words, have a pronounced evaluative meaning, are used mainly in colloquial speech, therefore they are not characteristic of scientific and official business styles of speech. Using them in a work of art, the author seeks to emphasize the colloquial nature of the statement. For example: - You see how it is, on the other side. She turns everything shameful with us. Whatever he sees - everything is not right, everything is not like mom's. So right? - Oh, I don't know! She's a crybaby, and that's all! Aunt Enya laughed a little. Such a kind laugh, light sounds and unhurried, like her gait. - Well, yes! You are our man, knight. You won't shed tears. And she is a girl. Tender. Mom's dad (T. Polikarpova). Gender of indeclinable nouns Foreign common nouns indeclinable nouns are distributed by gender as follows: The masculine gender includes: 1) names of male persons (dandy, maestro, porter); 2) names of animals and birds (chimpanzee, cockatoo, hummingbird, kangaroo, pony, flamingo); 3) the words coffee, penalties, etc. The feminine gender includes the names of females (miss, frau, lady). The middle gender includes the names of inanimate objects (coats, mufflers, necklines, depots, metro). Indeclinable nouns of foreign origin denoting animals and birds are usually masculine (flamingos, kangaroos, cockatoos, chimpanzees, ponies). If, according to the conditions of the context, it is required to indicate the female of the animal, the agreement is carried out according to the feminine gender. The nouns kangaroo, chimpanzee, pony are combined with the past tense verb in the feminine form. For example: Kangaroo carried a kangaroo in a bag. The chimpanzee, apparently a female, was feeding the cub a banana. The mother pony was standing in a stall with a small foal. The noun tsetse is an exception. Its gender is determined by the gender of the word fly (feminine). For example: Tsetse bit a tourist. If it is difficult to determine the gender of an indeclinable noun, it is advisable to refer to a spelling dictionary. For example: haiku (Japanese three-line) - cf., takku (Japanese five-line) - f.r., su (coin) - cf., flamenco (dance) - cf., taboo (prohibition) - cf. .R. Some indeclinable nouns are fixed only in dictionaries of new words. For example: sushi (Japanese dish) - cf., taro (cards) - pl. (genus not defined). The gender of indeclinable foreign place names, as well as the names of newspapers and magazines, is determined by the generic common word, for example: Po (river), Bordeaux (city), Mississippi (river), Erie (lake), Congo (river), Ontario (lake), "Humanite" (newspaper). The genus of indeclinable abbreviated words in most cases is determined by the genus of the stem word of the phrase, for example: Moscow State University (university - m.r.) MFA (academy - f.r.). The gender of complex nouns written with a hyphen The gender of complex nouns written with a hyphen is usually determined: 1) by the first part, if both parts change: my chair-bed - my chair-bed (cf. ), a new amphibious aircraft - a new amphibious aircraft (m.r.); 2) for the second part, if the first does not change: a sparkling firebird - a sparkling firebird (female), a huge swordfish - a huge swordfish (female). In some cases, the gender is not determined, since the compound word is used only in the plural: fabulous boots-walkers - fabulous boots-walkers (plural). Number of nouns Nouns are used in the singular when talking about one subject (horse, stream, crack, field). Nouns are used in the plural when talking about two or more objects (horses, streams, cracks, fields). According to the features of the forms and meanings of the singular and plural, the following are distinguished: 1) nouns that have forms of both the singular and the plural; 2) nouns that have only the singular form; 3) nouns that have only the plural form. The first group includes nouns with a concrete-objective meaning, denoting counted objects and phenomena, for example: house - houses; street - streets; person people; city ​​dweller - city dwellers. The nouns of the second group include: 1) the names of many identical objects (children, teachers, raw materials, spruce forest, foliage); 2) names of objects with a real value (peas, milk, raspberries, porcelain, kerosene, chalk); 3) the names of a quality or attribute (freshness, whiteness, dexterity, melancholy, courage); 4) names of actions or states (mowing, felling, delivery, running around, surprise, reading); 5) proper names as names of single objects (Moscow, Tambov, St. Petersburg, Tbilisi); 6) the words burden, udder, flame, crown. The nouns of the third group include: 1) the names of compound and paired items (scissors, glasses, watches, abacus, jeans, trousers); 2) names of materials or waste, residues (bran, cream, perfume, wallpaper, sawdust, ink, 3) names of time intervals (holidays, days, weekdays); 4) names of actions and states of nature (troubles, negotiations, frosts, shoots, twilight); 5) some geographical names (Lyubertsy, Mytishchi, Sochi, Carpathians, Sokolniki); 6) the names of some games (blind-seek, hide-and-seek, chess, backgammon, money). The formation of plural forms of nouns is mainly done with the help of endings. In some cases, there may also be some changes in the basis of the word, namely: 1) softening of the final consonant of the stem (neighbor - neighbors, devil - devils, knee - knees); 2) alternation of final consonants of the stem (ear - ears, eye - eyes); 3) adding a suffix to the plural stem (husband - husband\j\a], chair - chair\j\a], sky - heaven, miracle - miracle-es-a, son - son-ov \j\a]) ; 4) loss or replacement of formative suffixes in the singular (master - gentlemen, chicken - chickens, calf - tel-yat-a, bear cub - cubs). For some nouns, plural forms are formed by changing the stem, for example: person (singular) - people (plural), child (singular) - children (plural). For indeclinable nouns, the number is determined syntactically: a young chimpanzee (singular) - a lot of chimpanzees (plural). Case of nouns A case is an expression of the relationship of an object called a noun to other objects. In Russian grammar, six cases of nouns are distinguished, the meanings of which are generally expressed using case questions: The nominative case is considered direct, and all the rest are indirect. To determine the case of a noun in a sentence, you need to: 1) find the word to which this noun refers; 2) put a question from this word to a noun: to see (whom? what?) a brother, to be proud (of what?) of success. Homonymous endings are often found among the case endings of nouns. For example, in the forms of the genitive case from the door, the dative case to the door, the prepositional case about the door, there is not the same ending -i, but three different homonym endings. The same homonyms are the endings of the dative and prepositional cases in the forms around the country and about the country. Declension types of nouns Declension is a change of a noun in cases and numbers. This change is expressed using a system of case endings and shows the grammatical relationship of this noun to other words in the phrase and sentence, for example: School\a\ is open. The construction of the school\s\ is completed. Graduates send greetings to schools \ e \ According to the peculiarities of case endings in the singular, a noun has three declensions. The type of declension can only be defined in the singular. Nouns of the first declension The first declension includes: 1) feminine nouns with the ending -а (-я) in the nominative singular (country, land, army); 2) masculine nouns, denote people, with the ending -а (я) in the nominative singular (uncle, young man, Petya). 3) nouns of general gender with the endings -а (я) in the nominative case (cry-baby, sleepyhead, bully). Nouns of the first declension in indirect cases of the singular have the following endings: It is necessary to distinguish between the forms of nouns in -ya and -iya: Marya - Maria, Natalya - Natalia, Daria - Daria, Sophia - Sofia. Nouns of the first declension in -iya (army, guard, biology, line, series, Maria) in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases end in -и. In writing, confusion of the endings of nouns of the first declension into -ey and -iya often causes errors. Words ending in -ey (alley, battery, gallery, idea) have the same endings as feminine nouns with a soft consonant stem such as earth, will, bath, etc. Nouns of the second declension The second declension includes: 1) nouns masculine with a zero ending in the nominative singular (house, horse, museum); 2) masculine nouns ending in -о (-е) in the nominative singular (domishko, saraishko); 3) neuter nouns ending in -o, -e in the nominative singular (window, sea, gorge); 4) noun apprentice. Masculine nouns of the second declension have the following endings in oblique singular: In the prepositional singular of masculine nouns, the ending -e predominates. The ending -у (у) is accepted only by inanimate masculine nouns if: a) they are used with prepositions в and на; b) have (in most cases) the character of stable combinations denoting the place, state, time of action. For example: an eyesore; stay in debt on the edge of death; grazing; go about; boil in their own juice; be in good standing. But: to work in the sweat of your brow, in the sunshine; grammatical structure; in a right angle; in some cases, etc. It is necessary to distinguish between the forms of nouns: -ie and -e: teaching - learning, treatment - treatment, silence - silence, torment - torment, radiance - radiance. Nouns of the second declension ending in -й, -е in the prepositional case have the ending -и. Words on -ey (sparrow, museum, mausoleum, hoarfrost, lyceum) have the same endings as masculine nouns with a base on a soft consonant such as horse, elk, deer, fight, etc. Nouns of the third declension The third declension includes names feminine nouns with a zero ending in the nominative singular (door, night, mother, daughter). Nouns of the third declension in the indirect cases of the singular have the following endings: The words mother and daughter, related to the third declension, when changed in all cases, except for the nominative and accusative, have the suffix -er- in the stem: Declension of plural nouns In case endings plural differences between individual types of declension of nouns are insignificant. In the dative, instrumental and prepositional cases, the nouns of all three declensions have the same endings. In the nominative case, the endings -i, -ы and | -а(-я) predominate. The ending -e is less common. You should remember the formation of the genitive plural of some nouns, where the ending can be zero or -ov. This includes words that name: 1) paired and compound objects: (no) felt boots, boots, stockings, collars, days (but: socks, rails, glasses); 2) some nationalities (in most cases, the stem of words ends in n and r): (no) English, Bashkirs, Buryats, Georgians, Turkmens, Mordvins, Ossetians, Romanians (but: Uzbeks, Kirghiz, Yakuts); 3) some units of measurement: (five) amperes, watts, volts, arshins, hertz; 4) some vegetables and fruits: (kilogram) apples, raspberries, olives (but: apricots, oranges, bananas, tangerines, tomatoes, tomatoes). In some cases, plural endings perform a meaningful function in words. For example: dragon teeth - saw teeth, tree roots - fragrant roots, sheets of paper - tree leaves, scratched knees (knee - “joint”) - complex knees (knee - “dance technique”) - pipe knees (knee - “ joint at the pipe"). Variable nouns Variable nouns include: 1) ten nouns per -mya (burden, time, udder, banner, name, flame, tribe, seed, stirrup, crown); 2) noun path; 3) noun child. Variable nouns have the following features: 1) the ending -i in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases of the singular - as in the III declension; 2) the ending -em in the instrumental case of the singular as in the second declension; 3) the suffix -en- in all forms, except for the nominative and accusative cases of the singular (only for nouns in -mya). The word way has case forms of the third declension, with the exception of the instrumental case of the singular, which is characterized by the form of the second declension. Wed: night - nights, way - ways (in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases); the steering wheel - the steering wheel, the way - the way (in the instrumental case). The noun child in the singular retains the archaic declension, which is currently not actually used, and in the plural it has the usual forms, except for the instrumental case, which is characterized by the ending -mi (the same ending is characteristic of the form people). Indeclinable nouns Indeclinable nouns do not have case forms, these words do not have endings. The grammatical meanings of individual cases in relation to such nouns are expressed syntactically, for example: drink coffee, buy cashews, Dumas novels. Indeclinable nouns include: 1) many nouns of foreign origin with final vowels -о, -е, -и, -у, -ю, -а (solo, coffee, hobby, zebu, cashew, bra, Dumas, Zola); 2) foreign-language surnames denoting females ending in a consonant (Michon, Sagan); 3) Russian and Ukrainian surnames ending in -o, -ih, -y (Durnovo, Krutykh, Sedykh); 4) complex abbreviated words of an alphabetic and mixed character (Moscow State University, Ministry of Internal Affairs, head of the department). The syntactic function of indeclinable nouns is determined only in context. For example: The walrus asked the Kangaroo (R.p.): How can you stand the heat? I'm shivering from the cold! - Kangaroo (I.p.) said to Walrus. (B. Zakhoder) Kangaroo is an indeclinable noun, denotes an animal, masculine, in a sentence it is an object and subject. Morphological analysis of a noun Morphological analysis of a noun includes the allocation of four permanent features (proper-common, animate-inanimate, gender, declension) and two inconstant (case and number). The number of constant features of a noun can be increased by including such features as concrete and abstract, as well as real and collective nouns. Scheme of morphological analysis of a noun.

Animated nouns include the names of persons and animals: man, daughter, son, Vera, Petrov, Dima, duty officer, cow, goat, goose, starling, carp, spider, etc. These are mostly masculine and feminine nouns. Nouns of the middle gender are not numerous: a child, a creature (meaning "living organism"), a person (meaning "man"), words in -ische (monster, scarecrow, e), substantiated adjectives and participles (animal, insect, mammal). As a defining feature of animate nouns, the ability of the “objects” they call to move independently, to move, which inanimate objects do not possess, is often noted.
This semantic classification does not coincide with the scientific division of everything that exists in nature into living and non-living: in the science of nature, plants also belong to the living. It does not fit into the framework of the "everyday" understanding of the living and non-living. So, the words dead man, dead man, it would seem, contrary to logic, belong to animated nouns. (Boiled) duck, (roasted) goose in the grammar are also animate. This also includes a doll, a ball (in the language of billiard players), an ace, a trump card, a jack, etc. - words that have nothing to do with the living world. The category of inanimate includes nouns denoting a set of living beings (people, crowd, platoon, flock, swarm, group, etc.), as well as collective nouns such as youth, peasantry, children, proletariat, etc., denoting a set of persons.
The division of nouns into animate and inanimate is built not only on semantic grounds, but also on grammatical ones. The accusative plural of animate nouns is the same as the genitive, and for inanimate nouns it is the same as the nominative. Wed:
I see trees, mountains, rivers, clouds, I see people, cows, birds, insects,
flock of geese
buy cucumbers, notebooks, buttons buy sheep, pigeons, dolls
ate tangerines, ate oranges, chickens, crayfish
filed (fried) eggplant served (fried) partridge
In the singular, the distinction between animate and inanimate nouns is consistently expressed morphologically in masculine words. Wed:
animated nouns I will cook a goose, a rooster we see off a friend to put a guest
inanimate nouns
I will cook soup, broth we see off the steamer to plant potatoes
An exception is masculine words ending in -a. For them, as for feminine nouns, the accusative case does not coincide with either the genitive or the nominative. Wed: I. - a young man, a girl; R. - boys, girls; V. - a young man, a girl.
In animate neuter nouns, as well as inanimate ones, in the singular the form of the accusative case coincides with the form of them. case. For example: Oh, how I love this empty creature \ - groaned Pavel Petrovich (Turgenev). The same is observed for feminine nouns with a zero ending in them. fall: see lynx0, mouse0.
A deviation from the basic norm of expressing the meaning of animation is the formation of wine forms. pad. pl. h. with a preposition in nouns - the names of persons expressing attitudes towards a particular social group: student, nanny, livestock breeder, etc. In constructions with the meaning "become (do) what" these words form the form of wines. pad. as inanimate nouns: promote to general, elect to academician, candidate for deputy, etc.
The names of microorganisms fluctuate between animate and inanimate nouns: microbe, bacillus, ciliate, bacterium, amoeba, etc. They have two forms of the accusative case: (study) microbes and microbes (examine) viruses and viruses (under a microscope); (destroy) bacilli i bacilli. In the professional language, such words are usually used as animate nouns, and in the non-professional sphere as inanimate ones.
One and the same noun in one of its meanings can refer to animate, in another - to inanimate. So, the names of fish in direct meanings are animated nouns: (catch) crucian. Used as the names of foods, they act as inanimate nouns: (eat) sprats, etc.
Animation / inanimateness is peculiarly manifested in the words blockhead, idol, idol, idol, etc., which figuratively denote people. In the meaning of “statue”, these words clearly gravitate to inanimate, and in the figurative meaning of a person, to animate nouns. True, this feature is expressed inconsistently. Compare: From shaving his beard, he creates an idol for himself (Saltykov-Shedrin) and ... make an idol out of this old useless person (L. Tolstoy).
The names of works of art based on their heroes act as animated nouns. Wed: call Rudin and read "¦ Rudin", etc.
Wed See also: see a snake, let (launch) a snake, I make a snake.
The names of the ancient gods are animate nouns, and the names of the luminaries homonymous with them are inanimate: to anger Mars, I look at Mars, honor Jupiter and see Jupiter, etc. ~
They are used as inanimate nouns such as image, character, acting as the names of characters in works of art: to create a strong character; characterize negative types and positive images. Compare: list the characters of the novel, the heroes of the fairy tale, the characters of the fable, but: bring out a comic character.

Since elementary school, you have an idea about living and inanimate nature. Nouns are also called objects of animate and inanimate nature. And nouns are divided into animate and inanimate. But not everything is so simple. Many interesting linguistic discoveries await you as you learn to distinguish between animate and inanimate nouns.

All common nouns in Russian are divided into two categories: animate and inanimate. Animate nouns answer the question “who?”, and inanimate nouns answer the question “what?”

For example, "who?" - boy, dog, bird; "what?" - book, stone, earth.

1. Category of animation - inanimateness - grammatical category

It seems that everything is simple: the category of animation - inanimateness is based on the distinction between the living and the inanimate. However, in Russian there are cases when grammar contradicts common sense. It is enough to remember the synonyms corpse And dead man.

The noun "corpse" is inanimate, and the noun "dead" is animate. The difference is found only in the form of B.p. unit: I see a dead person - I see a corpse, compare: I see an elephant - I see a chair.

Animated nouns have the same plural forms V.p. and R.p. (and for nouns m.r. of the 2nd declension and forms V.p. and R.p. singular), but for inanimate ones - no. Inanimate nouns have the same forms I.p. and V.p. plural.

I see (who?) Elephants, there are no (who?) Elephants; I see (who?) mice, there are no (who?) mice.

I see (what?) books, there are no (what?) books; see (what?) at homé, no (what?) houses.

Animated nouns include the names of people, animals, insects, etc., that is, living beings. Inanimate nouns are the names of objects, phenomena of reality that are not classified as living beings.

2. Should pay attention

Note:

• the names of chess and card pieces and the nouns "dead man", "dead man", as well as the names of dolls ( parsley, marionette) and the word “doll” itself are animated nouns;
• and the words that name the totality of living beings: army, people, crowd, flock, students, mankind etc. are inanimate nouns.

Basically, animate nouns include masculine and feminine nouns. There are few animate neuter nouns in Russian. This includes several nouns with the suffix -ische ( monster, bogeyman), individual nouns (formed from adjectives or participles): mammal, insect, animal And

nouns child, face(meaning "person").

3. Typical mistakes

Errors in the use of the category of animation - inanimate nouns can be divided into two groups:

First- the use of inanimate nouns as animate ones, for example: Everyone looked at him like ghost. Let's check by the formula “V.p. plural = R.p. plural ": (I see) ghosts- (No) ghosts. The endings don't match, hence the noun ghost - inanimate, so the sentence, according to the grammatical norms of the Russian language, should look like this: Everyone looked at him like ghost.

Second- the use of animate nouns as inanimate ones. For example: When he carried securities, two people were given to accompany him. Right: When he carried securities, he was given as an escorttwo people.

Remember: in constructions with compound numbers ending in two three four, V.p. numeral retains the Im.p. form, regardless of the category of animation. For example: The driver had to deliver twenty three athlete.

Bibliography

1. Russian language. Grade 6 / Baranov M.T. and others - M .: Education, 2008.
2. Babaitseva V.V., Chesnokova L.D. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 cells - M.: Bustard, 2008.
3. Russian language. 6 cells / Ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta. - M.: Bustard, 2010.

1. Terver.ru ().
2. Hi-edu.ru ().

Homework

Exercise 1.

Write the words in 2 columns - animate nouns and inanimate nouns:

Creature, janitor, monster, tin, journalism, youth, insect, engine, coal, corpse, warmth, stubbornness, student, hazel grouse, mushroom, doll, peddler, midge, infantryman, spirit, Sakhalin, children, detachment, steel, coal, poverty, cap, infantry, small fry, general, herd, canned food, table, larva, aluminum, snake, red tape, crow, fox, humanity, relatives, boyar, Karakum, horse, young, genius, youth, bell, milk, chick, silk, scarecrow, pea, tentacle, pea, comrade, cooking, oil, dishes, cement, poor, relative, sugar, tea, honey, kettle, yeast, tea leaf, herd, whiteness, pity, stubborn, hero, furniture, radiance, delight, heroism, running, journalist, walking, pearls, generals, pearl, freshness, crow.

Exercise #2

Read the tale of L. Uspensky:

A raft floats on the river. A fat lazy cat sits motionless on the shore. The raft asks the Cat:

Are you alive?

What can you prove?

I'm moving.

I swim and you sit.

I want to - I will move.

I am a great raft, alive, and cats are inanimate. You are a thing and I exist.

The cat thought and said:

I will prove to you grammatically exactly who is who, and what is what. I'll kill you with the accusative case. Your nominative will not stand against my accusative.

Help the cat, prove that he is right. Using the elements of the essay-reasoning, complete the fairy tale.

Nouns have a constant morphological sign of animation.

The sign of animateness of nouns is closely connected with the concept of living / inanimate. Nevertheless, animation is not a rank in meaning, but a proper morphological feature.

All morphological features are characterized by the fact that they have a typified formal expression - they are expressed by formative morphemes (endings or formative suffixes - see morphemic). Morphological features of words can be expressed

1) intra-word - formative morphemes of the word itself ( table-Ø - tables),

2) extra-verbal - formative morphemes of agreed words ( new coat - new coat),

Both of these means of expression can be presented together. In this case, one grammatical meaning is expressed several times in a sentence - both intra-verbally and extra-verbally ( new table-Ø - new tables).

Animation as a morphological feature also has formal means of expression. Firstly, animateness / inanimateness is expressed by the endings of the noun itself:

1) animated nouns have the same plural endings. numbers V. p. and R. p., and for nouns husband. genus, this also applies to units. number;

2) inanimate nouns have the same plural endings. numbers V. p. and I. p., and for nouns husband. genus, this also applies to units. number.

Nouns are presented in Russian with hesitation in animation: their V. p. can coincide with both I. p. and R. p., for example, (I see) micro-s / micro-s, describe character-i / character-s, creatures-o / creatures-Ø;

Feminine and neuter nouns that have only singular forms do not formally express animation ( youth, students), they are not formally characterized by animation.

Animation has extraverbal expression: the ending of an adjective or participle agreed with the noun in V. p. differs depending on the animateness or inanimateness of the noun, cf .: (I see) new students, but new tables.

The out-of-word expression of the animation of nouns is more universal than the intra-word one: it expresses animation even if the noun is immutable: (I see) beautiful madam, but nice coat.

The animacy of most nouns reflects a certain state of affairs in extralinguistic reality: animate nouns are mainly called living beings, and inanimate - inanimate objects, however, there are cases of violation of this pattern:

Animation, as already mentioned, is a constant feature of a noun. At the same time, it must be borne in mind that different meanings of one word can be differently designed according to animation, for example: I see genius(person) - appreciate genius-Ø (mind).

Gender as a morphological feature of a noun

Nouns have a constant morphological gender and are masculine, feminine or neuter.

The main expression of the morphological gender is extra-verbal - the endings of adjectives that agree with the noun, participles in the position of the attribute and words with a non-permanent sign of the gender in the position of the predicate, primarily the verb in the past tense or conditional mood, as well as a short adjective or participle.

The masculine, feminine and neuter gender includes words with the following compatibility:

Male

new student has arrived-Ø

Female

a new student has arrived

Middle

big window open

Some nouns ending in - but, denoting signs, properties of persons, in I. p. have a double characterization by gender, depending on the sex of the designated person:

is yours-Ø the ignoramus has come-Ø,

your-I'm ignorant came-a.

Such nouns are general kind.

There are nouns in Russian that designate the name of a person by profession, which, when designating a male person, act as masculine words, that is, they attach agreed words with masculine endings; when they denote a female person, the definition is used in the masculine gender, and the predicate is used in the feminine gender (mainly in colloquial speech):

the new doctor has arrived-Ø (male),

new doctor came(female).

These words are “candidates” for a common gender, their gender is sometimes called transitional to a common one, but in dictionaries they are characterized as masculine words.

In Russian, there are about 150 words with a hesitation in gender, for example: coffee- masculine / neuter gender, shampoo- masculine / feminine.

Plural only nouns ( cream, scissors) do not belong to any of the genders, since in the plural formal differences between nouns of different genders are not expressed (cf .: desks - tables).

Thus, the main expression of the gender is extra-verbal. Intra-word gender is consistently expressed only for nouns - substantiated adjectives and participles: watch, ice cream, canteen: in the singular forms, these words have endings that unambiguously indicate their generic affiliation. For nouns of the second declension of the masculine gender and the third declension of the feminine gender, the whole system of their endings is specific, but as for the endings of individual case forms, they may not be indicative, cf. table-Ø - night-Ø.

For all inanimate nouns (and there are about 80% of such nouns in the language), the gender is conditional, in no way connected with extralinguistic reality.

Among animate nouns - the names of persons or animals, the gender is often associated with the gender of the designated creature, cf .: mom - dad, son - daughter, cow - bull. However, it is necessary to understand the difference between the grammatical attribute of gender and the non-grammatical attribute of gender. So, in Russian there are animate nouns of the middle gender ( child, animal), in nouns - the names of animals, male and female individuals are often called the same ( dragonfly, crocodile), among the words - names of persons, there is also not always a correspondence between gender and gender. Yes, the word individual feminine, although it can denote both a woman and a man (see, for example, A. S. Pushkin: Someone wrote to him from Moscow that a famous person should soon enter into a legal marriage with a young and beautiful girl.).

A certain difficulty is the definition of the gender of compound words (abbreviations) and indeclinable nouns. They have the following rules.

Generic characteristic abbreviations depends on what type the given compound word belongs to.

The genus of abbreviations formed by adding the initial parts ( supply manager), the initial part of the first word with the uncontracted second ( savings bank) and the beginning of the first word with the beginning and/or end of the second ( trade mission → trade mission), is determined by the generic affiliation of the main word in the original phrase: good organizational work, Russian trade mission, new savings bank.

A genus of abbreviations consisting of initial sounds ( GUM) or letters ( Moscow State University), as well as abbreviations of a mixed type, in which the initial part of the first word is connected with the first letters or sounds of other words ( head office), is ambiguous. Initially, they also acquire the gender of the main word in the original phrase, for example, Bratsk HPP. However, in the process of use, the original generic characteristic is consistently preserved only by abbreviations from the first letters of the original phrase. Abbreviations, consisting of the first sounds, behave differently. Some of them acquire a generic characteristic in accordance with the appearance of the word. Yes, the words BAM, university, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, NEP, registry office and some others became masculine words and acquired the ability to decline according to the second declension, like nouns of the type House. Other abbreviations ending in a consonant with a stem word of the middle and feminine gender may have fluctuations: they can have a generic characteristic in accordance with the gender of the main word and at the same time not be inclined ( in our ZhEK) or, leaning, used as masculine words ( in our Housing Office). Abbreviations ending in a vowel are not inflected and are predominantly neuter ( our RONO - district department of public education).

Indeclinable nouns, getting into the Russian language or being formed in it, should acquire a generic characteristic, which will manifest itself only when choosing adjectives, participles and verbs that agree with the noun.

There are the following patterns in the choice of generic characteristics by such nouns: the gender depends either on the meaning of the word, or on the gender of another Russian word, which is considered as a synonym or as a generic name for this unchangeable word. Different criteria are leading for different groups of nouns.

If a noun denotes an object, then it usually acquires the characteristics of a neutral gender: coat, muffler, subway. However, feminine avenue(because the outside), kohlrabi(because it cabbage), coffee- with hesitation - masculine / neuter, masculine - penalty, euro.

If a noun denotes an animal, then it usually refers to the masculine gender: chimpanzee, cockatoo. Exceptions: iwashi, tsetse- feminine gender (because herring, fly).

If a noun denotes a person, then its gender depends on the gender of this person: words monsieur, couturier masculine, as they denote men; words madam, mademoiselle feminine, because they denote women, and the words vis-a-vis, incognito common gender, as they can denote both men and women.

If a noun denotes a geographical object, then its gender is determined by the gender of the Russian word, which denotes the type of object: Tbilisi masculine, because city(masculine), Mississippi feminine, because river, Lesotho neuter, as it state. All of the above applies only to indeclinable words, therefore Moscow- a noun is not masculine, but feminine, although it is a city, since it is changeable.

Since elementary school, you have an idea about living and inanimate nature. Nouns are also called objects of animate and inanimate nature. And nouns are divided into animate and inanimate. But not everything is so simple. Many interesting linguistic discoveries await you as you learn to distinguish between animate and inanimate nouns.

All common nouns in Russian are divided into two categories: animate and inanimate. Animate nouns answer the question “who?”, and inanimate nouns answer the question “what?”

For example, "who?" - boy, dog, bird; "what?" - book, stone, earth.

1. Category of animation - inanimateness - grammatical category

It seems that everything is simple: the category of animation - inanimateness is based on the distinction between the living and the inanimate. However, in Russian there are cases when grammar contradicts common sense. It is enough to remember the synonyms corpse And dead man.

The noun "corpse" is inanimate, and the noun "dead" is animate. The difference is found only in the form of B.p. unit: I see a dead person - I see a corpse, compare: I see an elephant - I see a chair.

Animated nouns have the same plural forms V.p. and R.p. (and for nouns m.r. of the 2nd declension and forms V.p. and R.p. singular), but for inanimate ones - no. Inanimate nouns have the same forms I.p. and V.p. plural.

I see (who?) Elephants, there are no (who?) Elephants; I see (who?) mice, there are no (who?) mice.

I see (what?) books, there are no (what?) books; see (what?) at homé, no (what?) houses.

Animated nouns include the names of people, animals, insects, etc., that is, living beings. Inanimate nouns are the names of objects, phenomena of reality that are not classified as living beings.

2. Should pay attention

Note:

• the names of chess and card pieces and the nouns "dead man", "dead man", as well as the names of dolls ( parsley, marionette) and the word “doll” itself are animated nouns;
• and the words that name the totality of living beings: army, people, crowd, flock, students, mankind etc. are inanimate nouns.

Basically, animate nouns include masculine and feminine nouns. There are few animate neuter nouns in Russian. This includes several nouns with the suffix -ische ( monster, bogeyman), individual nouns (formed from adjectives or participles): mammal, insect, animal And

nouns child, face(meaning "person").

3. Typical mistakes

Errors in the use of the category of animation - inanimate nouns can be divided into two groups:

First- the use of inanimate nouns as animate ones, for example: Everyone looked at him like ghost. Let's check by the formula “V.p. plural = R.p. plural ": (I see) ghosts- (No) ghosts. The endings don't match, hence the noun ghost - inanimate, so the sentence, according to the grammatical norms of the Russian language, should look like this: Everyone looked at him like ghost.

Second- the use of animate nouns as inanimate ones. For example: When he carried securities, two people were given to accompany him. Right: When he carried securities, he was given as an escorttwo people.

Remember: in constructions with compound numbers ending in two three four, V.p. numeral retains the Im.p. form, regardless of the category of animation. For example: The driver had to deliver twenty three athlete.

Bibliography

1. Russian language. Grade 6 / Baranov M.T. and others - M .: Education, 2008.
2. Babaitseva V.V., Chesnokova L.D. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 cells - M.: Bustard, 2008.
3. Russian language. 6 cells / Ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta. - M.: Bustard, 2010.

1. Terver.ru ().
2. Hi-edu.ru ().

Homework

Exercise 1.

Write the words in 2 columns - animate nouns and inanimate nouns:

Creature, janitor, monster, tin, journalism, youth, insect, engine, coal, corpse, warmth, stubbornness, student, hazel grouse, mushroom, doll, peddler, midge, infantryman, spirit, Sakhalin, children, detachment, steel, coal, poverty, cap, infantry, small fry, general, herd, canned food, table, larva, aluminum, snake, red tape, crow, fox, humanity, relatives, boyar, Karakum, horse, young, genius, youth, bell, milk, chick, silk, scarecrow, pea, tentacle, pea, comrade, cooking, oil, dishes, cement, poor, relative, sugar, tea, honey, kettle, yeast, tea leaf, herd, whiteness, pity, stubborn, hero, furniture, radiance, delight, heroism, running, journalist, walking, pearls, generals, pearl, freshness, crow.

Exercise #2

Read the tale of L. Uspensky:

A raft floats on the river. A fat lazy cat sits motionless on the shore. The raft asks the Cat:

Are you alive?

What can you prove?

I'm moving.

I swim and you sit.

I want to - I will move.

I am a great raft, alive, and cats are inanimate. You are a thing and I exist.

The cat thought and said:

I will prove to you grammatically exactly who is who, and what is what. I'll kill you with the accusative case. Your nominative will not stand against my accusative.

Help the cat, prove that he is right. Using the elements of the essay-reasoning, complete the fairy tale.