Any person who is thinking about building a home, among the naturally arising questions, also has this question - how to make a floor in a house? This is one of the most important points, since not only the heat in the rooms, but also the durability of the entire structure will depend on the quality of the work performed and the chosen method. Therefore, before choosing the type of future floor, you need to carefully consider and calculate everything.
Both in a wooden and a brick house, the floors of the first floor can be done in different ways, and much in this choice will depend on the height of the basement of the building. So, the floor can be arranged with:
Concrete screed made in an already built house or before the walls were erected;
Log and floor beams with plank or plywood flooring;
Dry screed of the desired thickness;
Complex construction, when a wooden coating or a dry screed is laid on a concrete base.
In addition, you need to know that the screed can be made in different ways, taking into account which decorative coating will be laid on top of it, as well as whether any work will be carried out on its additional insulation. Therefore, all options must be considered.
Such a base is made immediately after the strip foundation hardens. Such a screed is designed for the fact that the floor will be insulated in the future, otherwise it will remain cold, which means that the temperature in the house will be uncomfortable.
The convenience of installing a concrete base in this case lies in the freedom of action. When the walls have not yet been raised, you can freely level the soil inside the frozen foundation and bring the material for backfilling pillows under the screed. In addition, you can also order a ready-made mortar from a company engaged in the manufacture and delivery of building materials, and it will be possible to bring it to the right place, pour it and distribute it without any problems. This will save you from the long and laborious work on the independent production of large volumes of concrete.
Another advantage of this approach to pouring the screed can be considered a good strengthening of the foundation and further convenience in the construction of walls.
When the base is ready, you can build walls and do roofing, and further work on the flooring and insulation of the real floor is carried out after installing windows and doors.
If the house is built, and the flooring is left as the last final stage before finishing the walls, the base for the screed is prepared a little differently.
They also make waterproofing from ordinary polyethylene, but you only need to choose a material that has a large thickness. But this is not the best option, since the polyethylene film becomes brittle over time from interaction with cements, and waterproofing will not be highly reliable.
In any case, the waterproofing must be airtight, so the sheets are overlapped by 10-15 cm and glued together - polyethylene - with adhesive tape, and roofing material with bituminous mastic, heating it with a gas burner.
Sheets of material are lifted onto the walls and fixed. The waterproofing layer should be raised to a height slightly higher than the future screed.
It is not recommended to cut the waterproofing material in the corners - it must be carefully folded and also fixed.
The most popular backfill option is expanded clay of the largest fraction. If the underground is deep enough and thermal insulation is carried out with expanded clay, it is laid in layers. Additional waterproofing layers can be laid between the layers.
Another backfill method may be an option similar to that used when laying before the walls are erected. Pillows of sand and gravel are laid on the waterproofing, their thickness will depend on the height of the basement walls. A polyethylene film is laid on top of these compacted layers, on top of which expanded clay is poured, which acts as a heater.
Usually, a plank floor is laid in a wooden house, but if desired, it can also be made in a brick or panel building. Again, there are several options for arranging a wooden floor on logs.
1. The basis for wooden flooring is sometimes made immediately upon completion of work on the foundation.
This option can be applied if the rooms in the house are not designed to be too wide. Another way could be so-called, "floating floor".
2. The design features of the "floating" floor are that for the floor beams, the support is not the foundation walls, but brick or concrete columns that are installed on the ground in the underground space.
3. The next way to lay boards or plywood on logs is a structure, the basis for which will be a concrete screed.
With the help of a dry screed, floors can be made both on the ground and on a concrete base. Installation of a dry screed floor is quite simple and done quickly enough.
"Dry screed" will be an excellent base for any floor finish
The article was only a brief overview of some of the existing types of flooring in the house. After learning how to do this and choosing the most optimal, it is worth studying in detail the technology of its installation and strictly follow the sequence of steps and follow all the recommendations. If you do everything right, then, even without experience in arranging the floor, you can do this work yourself.
The foundation is poured, the walls are raised, the roof is mounted and windows with doors are installed. You can also start laying the floors in a wooden house with your own hands. The stage of work is not difficult, but requires a careful approach to details.
Proper laying of the floor cake is the key to its long service life. A small mistake with waterproofing is enough and you will have to re-lay the entire coating in a few years. Lack of ventilation of the subfloor will lead to the same result. And without insulation, you will not only have to walk around the house in warm slippers, but also fork out for additional heating costs.
It is important to protect a wooden house from moisture - rotting makes building elements unusable very quickly. Therefore, you should not cut logs into the first crown of the log house, even if they are made of larch and treated with an antiseptic - in any case, they will have to be changed sometime. It is optimal to lay the logs on the foundation and fix them after the walls have been raised.
It is also important to ensure good ventilation of the subfloor by organizing air ducts of sufficient size in the basement or foundation. According to the regulations, in a subfield without forced ventilation, the area of the vents should correspond to 1:400 of the subfloor area. Otherwise, regardless of the waterproofing measures, the picture under the house will be unpleasant.
When the flooring is ready, you can start warming. But before laying the insulation, it is worth resolving the issue of its protection from moisture - after all, wet mineral wool not only does not retain heat, but also contributes to the formation of fungus and mold on adjacent wood.
Waterproofing protects materials from direct ingress of water, and vapor barrier prevents the penetration of wet fumes. Thus, all waterproofing films are laid on the outside, and vapor barriers on the inside. Everything is clear with the walls. But how and what to put on the floor?
Under the hygroscopic insulation on the rough flooring of the first floor, it is better to lay any vapor-tight films, even simple polyethylene ones. They will protect expanded clay or basalt slabs from fumes rising directly from wet ground. At the same time, expensive membranes that remove moisture to the outside will not be useful here - all evaporation still rises. But, given the ventilated subfloor, they are increasingly returning to the time-tested glassine as a “breathable” material.
But on top of the insulation, it is imperative to lay vapor-permeable films that remove possible moisture. To do this, leave a special ventilation gap (at least 5 cm). If the lag boards are not high enough, a counter-rail is nailed along them, over the membrane, on which the finishing floor is laid.
Even schoolchildren know the principle of convection - warm air rises. According to this logic, an uninsulated floor cannot release heat from the house in any way. In fact, heat loss in a cold field reaches 20%!
All because of the same convection - the air from the underground rises into the house, cooling it, and the energy resource is also spent on heating the air in an unheated basement or underground.
Each type of insulation has its own advantages and disadvantages:
Bulk heaters are laid on a solid flooring, slabs and mats can be placed on a sparse subfloor, one has only to properly lay the waterproofing and protect the insulation from rodents.
Depending on the desired interior design, almost any floor can be laid in a wooden house:
Wooden floors are great for living rooms. The main thing is to put a good waterproofing to protect the insulation. But it is better to lay tiles in the kitchen and in the bathroom - places with high humidity.
In addition, there are variations with the installation of warm wooden floors and even a concrete screed along the logs. So the choice depends only on building skills and design preferences.
Underfloor heating is comfortable, economical and extremely functional. Especially when you have to dry winter overalls, jackets and mittens of three children after winter games on the street. And so the entire floor area turns into a capacious battery - it's a sin not to use this!
In a wooden house, a warm floor in a concrete screed is difficult to make, but quite possible:
If the floor joists aren't strong enough to support the weight of the concrete slab, don't fret! After all, you can make a dry warm floor with water heating. To do this, you need boards with grooves for pipes, and foil is used as a heat-reflecting layer. The laminate is on top. The whole process is presented in detail in the video:
The construction of a private house is a rather lengthy process that requires a certain amount of time and considerable effort. Many owners of suburban areas want to save on construction by doing some of the work with their own hands. To figure out how to make wooden floors in a private house, you should take care of the preparation of materials, as well as the choice of the necessary tools.
Before starting work, you should select the type of floor construction. Among the most common are the following varieties:
The choice of a particular design is based on the features of the building in which the floor will be laid. The main factor influencing such a decision is the nature of the operation of the house. When choosing a single design, it should be borne in mind that it is only suitable for summer houses or summer cottages. The device of such a floor in a house with year-round living is unacceptable.
The boardwalk in this case is simply laid on the logs. The thermal insulation of such a floor is very low. For the construction of such foundations, it is not necessary to prepare a lot of material. Work on the installation of a single floor is carried out quite quickly.
If you decide to build a capital private house in which you can live at any time, you should start building a double floor. This design is more insulated than a single version. The main layers of such a floor are the rough and finish coatings. Between them are placed layers of hydro and thermal insulation. Such a floor device is able to protect the entire structure of the house from destruction.
Often the draft layer of a double floor in a country house is made of unedged boards. Fine finish is made of grooved board. All stages of work can be carried out independently. Thermal insulation is usually made of expanded clay.
Another option for creating a floor in a private house is a concrete base. Such structures are carried out by pouring concrete screed. If you follow all the requirements when creating such such a floor, it will turn out to be durable and strong. It can also be finished with any coating.
A wooden floor for creating a coating in private homes is chosen quite often. This is due to its environmental friendliness. Many people want to have a quality wood flooring. Such floors have a number of significant advantages.
With careful processing, wooden flooring can last for decades without changing its appearance and physical characteristics. In addition, wooden floors have high thermal insulation properties. They create comfort in the house. In addition, the installation of wooden flooring is done by hand. For work, you will need to prepare a standard set of tools.
Before you make a floor in a private house, you should take care of choosing the type of wood. It should be selected according to the type of building. The floor is arranged from several layers. It must have thermal and waterproofing. The subfloor acts as an air gap. Due to it, wooden elements will not be exposed to moisture. They will not develop mold or fungus.
The floor covering is constantly under mechanical stress during operation. That is why the wood that will be chosen for the floor must have good technical performance. Boards must be dried before coating. The moisture content of wooden elements should not exceed 12%.
It is also worth visually inspecting the elements of the future floor. They should not have chips or cracks. Otherwise, it may affect the quality of the coating. Also, before laying, wooden elements are treated with antiseptics and fire retardants. This will extend the life of such products.
Installation of a wooden floor is carried out in the following sequence:
Solid wood boards are used for the finishing floor. Sheets of plywood can also be used. They are much easier to attach. However, their appearance leaves much to be desired. For this reason, it is better to choose grooved boards. Plywood can be covered with various decorative finishes. The floor of the boards is usually varnished. This allows you to protect the coating from various influences. Also, thanks to the use of varnish, the aesthetic properties of a wooden floor can be emphasized. You can build a warm floor with your own hands in the case of constructing a concrete screed.
Creating a concrete base requires some preparation. First, the site on which it is planned to create a floor must be cleared of debris. You also need to remove the top layer of soil. The earth must be rammed. Gravel is poured on top. The concrete floor structure must be thermally insulated. The gravel layer is covered with sand. As soon as it is rammed, you can lay a plastic wrap. It will become a reliable waterproofing.
Then the work is carried out according to the standard scheme. Reinforcement bars are placed on the waterproofing layer and concrete mortar is poured. Concrete screed in this case is performed similarly to the one that is equipped in the apartment. To make the floor even, you need to set the beacons. As soon as the concrete dries, they should be removed. The solution is leveled using the rule. Work is carried out from the wall towards the doorway.
In the process of pouring concrete mortar, it is better to do the work according to certain rules. For example, the mixture must be fresh. Also, in the process of its preparation, cement of a certain brand is used. It must be at least M300. In addition, water and sand screening are added to the solution. Plasticizers increase the strength of concrete.
If the screed is more than 5 cm, reinforcement should be laid. For this purpose, a ready-made mesh is usually purchased. It is laid on a waterproofing film. When creating a floor heating system in a country house, the use of plasticizers and reinforcement is mandatory.
Once the concrete has gained strength, you can pull out the beacons and fill the resulting voids with concrete mortar. Completely hardening of concrete takes about a month. A warm floor in a private house will require the installation of heating elements either during the execution of the screed or after its construction.
Drying the floor is carried out according to certain rules. The base should be covered with plastic wrap. Within three days, the concrete must be wetted. If the screed has a floor heating system, it is forbidden to turn it on until the solution has completely hardened. Otherwise, the floor will crack.
Laying the finish coat is quite simple. Decorative elements are mounted independently. The choice of finishing depends on the tastes of the owner of the house. It is also worth considering the features of the operation of the floor.
There are several options. The most common of these is boardwalk. The finished floor in this case does not need to be additionally closed. When choosing this option, a rather beautiful and practical coating is obtained. In addition, floor boards will last for decades if properly processed. They are usually impregnated with special compounds and varnished. This allows you to protect the floor from the effects of dirt and various chemicals.
The concrete floor in a country house is usually performed taking into account the laying of the finish coating. For its decoration, parquet is usually chosen. However, such a floor will be quite expensive. It is characterized by high environmental friendliness and an excellent degree of thermal insulation. It is impractical to carry out a parquet floor in a country house, because permanent residence is not planned in it. However, for a capital structure, such coverage will be optimal.
Among other materials for the floor, it is worth highlighting carpet, laminate, tile and linoleum. Laminate is laid in the living room and bedrooms. Linoleum is suitable only for the floor in the hallway and kitchen. Tiles are also used for flooring in the kitchen and hallway. For the bedroom, you should also use carpet.
The variety of modern colors and flooring materials allows you to choose the most optimal flooring option for yourself. Floors with different patterns look very nice. Natural stone and wood look spectacular.
To figure out which types of flooring are more suitable for a private house, you should know the features of the operation of the building. For example, for a country house, you do not need to equip the floor in several layers. It also does not need to be insulated. Such buildings are used only in the warm season. Also, the installation of floors in a private house is usually performed using wood. Such material has a low price, and is also simply and quickly mounted.
For capital buildings, a more complex structure will have to be equipped. At the same time, the wooden floor must have several layers, including hydro and thermal insulation. Before installing such a floor, you need to carefully prepare. You will also have to choose high-quality materials. Before deciding what type of flooring to make in a private house, you should familiarize yourself with the features of each type of floor.
The concrete base is carried out in stages. It is chosen only if necessary to create a reliable and durable floor.
The simplicity of the construction of the boardwalk is apparent. And it's not just that the ultimate load must be taken into account; for example, for the floors of the basement floor of a private house and the attic, it is different. Wood is a material, although malleable in processing, but “capricious” in its own way, as it easily undergoes deformation when humidity and temperature change. In addition, there is a specificity of its laying, depending on the type of base (floor). It is realistic to mount a high-quality wooden floor with your own hands, only having dealt with all the nuances of this work.
A wooden floor is a somewhat vague concept. Basically, when it comes to such a design of the lower part of the room, it means laying boards on the supporting structure. But if further, “finishing” finishing with other material (laminate, parquet board or something else) is supposed, then mainly products (slabs, sheets) based on wood are used - multilayer plywood, chipboard, OSV, MDF.
The main purpose of such flooring is maximum leveling and ensuring sufficient surface strength. But there is no need to talk about a wooden field in a private house as such in such cases; this is his intermediate version, "finishing".
How to choose the right boards? When arranging a wooden floor in a private house, it is definitely not worth saving on them. Otherwise, such problems will arise (cracks, grooves in the flooring, deformation of individual floorboards) that subsequent repairs (taking into account the complexity of the work associated, among other things, with the need to free the room from everything) will be much more expensive.
Board type. Only grooved. Do-it-yourself processing at home is a very complex process, requiring practical skills, appropriate tools (which are not available in every home), time and a separate room.
There is another option - from the glue beam. But this lumber is used, as a rule, in rooms of a private house with an increased load on the floor, since it is not cheap.
If this factor is not decisive, larch, fir, cedar or pine are perfect for floors.
What lags are used? Here you need to understand that during operation, any materials (even if visually imperceptible) change their geometry. Consequently, the integrity of the structure also depends on how much the coefficients of deformation of its elements coincide. For the installation of a wooden floor, metal profiles (although it is more convenient to work with them) are not suitable, only lumber. The recommended timber parameters are 100 x 100. This is a universal choice for floors in any room. Smaller samples (for example, 50 x 50) will have to be tightly “fastened” to the screed (otherwise the flooring will “play”), and this is not always possible or rational.
When should you do wood flooring? Experts consider the best period to be the end of March - the beginning of April, that is, before the end of the heating period. There are several justifications.
As an option - in the summer. But the arrangement of the wooden floor should be started if weather forecasters guarantee stable dry weather for at least the next 10 days.
Further - all stages, regardless of the specifics of the premises in a private building. What needs to be done in relation to the features of a particular room (location in the house, size, degree of arrangement, etc.) is easy to understand.
This can be both a floor and a ground, if the floors are arranged on the basement floor. In any case, there are a number of activities.
In relation to the ground, it is carefully leveled, compacted (the simplest rammer is easy to make with your own hands), and a sand cushion is arranged (the recommended layer thickness is about 20 cm). It performs two main functions - more accurate planning (leveling) and mitigation of the possible deformation of the upper levels when the load changes.
If the base is soil, then it is advisable to immediately cover it with a film. Depending on the size of the room, you can either buy a membrane that will completely cover the floor (it will be more expensive), or make its original analogue by fastening several canvases by welding (you will need a special tool) or with adhesive tape, laying them with an overlap. The nuance is that the edges of the film should be bent up, approximately to the level of the intended installation of skirting boards. They will also close the excess waterproofing.
This is a separate and rather large topic (composition of the mixture, ratio of components, kneading rules - there are enough nuances). Therefore, only the main points.
Materials are selected based on the financial capabilities of the owner of a private house and the type of surface. If we are talking about overlapping, then the screed is made thin, with leveling compounds. For a soil base, it is advisable to pour expanded clay on the waterproofing.
The advantages of this solution:
The recommended layer thickness (in mm) is from 40 to 100. You should focus on the size of the "pebbles"; the larger they are, the more layer is required, since gaps are formed between them, increasing heat loss. Small granules are stacked quite tightly, therefore the layer can be made smaller.
Advice. Costs can be optimized if you purchase expanded clay of different fractions. Then its thickness will be no more than 50 - 70. But only well-dried granules should be laid; they will begin to draw excess moisture "on themselves" (that is, absorb), additionally protecting the tree from dampness.
It is advisable to install the beacons and level them immediately, before pouring the solution. After leveling it, you will have to wait for the screed to dry completely (at least 4 weeks, and then, under favorable conditions in the house). This largely explains why experts recommend certain periods for organizing wooden floors in a private house.
It is impossible to accelerate this process artificially (with the help of technical devices in the form of heaters, heat guns, and so on). Such rationalization will result in the fact that the screed will dry out unevenly over the entire depth. The top layer will set quickly and literally clog the surface. This will drastically reduce the rate of evaporation of moisture from the lower levels. As a result, a decrease in the strength of such a base and the appearance of cracks.
In a private house, they can be laid directly on the base, without arranging a screed (for example, in the basement). In this case, it is advisable to prepare small brick racks. Here the main attention is on the upper sections of such supports. They must be in the same (horizontal) plane. To prevent the beam from moving, a metal pin or wooden insert is placed in the center of each post. It is not difficult to guess how to fix the lag in this or that case.
If the logs are laid directly on the ground or screed, then it is desirable to treat the lower planes of the timber with tar. The work is easy, and it does not require money. The advantage of this solution is the additional protection of wood from absorbing moisture from a damp surface.
Sometimes, a supporting frame (crate) is preliminarily mounted on the supports, to which the logs are “fastened” with self-tapping screws. As a rule, this is done when laying them directly on the ground or slab, since the pillow may not provide perfect alignment.
The recommended interval between lags is about half a meter. If more, the strength of the flooring decreases; less - increases the consumption of materials and the load on the floor. In addition, there will be problems with the installation of a heat-insulating layer.
Do it or not worth it - it's up to the owner. This largely depends on the specifics of the room. But if it is unheated, or residential, located on the lower floor, then additional thermal insulation in the form of expanded clay and the boards themselves are clearly not enough. The best choice for warming a wooden floor is mineral wool. It is sold in various modifications, but products with the prefix "eco" are considered the best for a private home.
The material is elastic, therefore, even if the lag axial lines do not coincide (the "cells" are curved), it is quite easy to lay the mats; they compress slightly and are easy to fit into place. And after straightening, they are securely held between the lags, while there are no gaps along the beam-insulation line. Therefore, gap sealing is not required.
When choosing mineral wool in thickness, you need to focus on the fact that after installing the mats (plates) between the lags, they are slightly lower than their upper cut. This is necessary to form a small space under the wooden floor, through which air can circulate freely. Natural ventilation helps to remove excess moisture from under the flooring, thereby protecting the boards and insulation from moisture.
It is carried out in 1 or 2 rows. A single-row floor is arranged, as a rule, in utility rooms, country houses, sheds and the like. For most of the rooms in a residential building - only if a thick board is chosen or a "finish" lining with parquet or laminate is supposed.
With a double plank field, the boards are taken thinner (the main thing here is the total thickness of the flooring). The advantage is that cheap lumber is suitable for the first level; and this gives some savings. Sometimes the owners of private houses lay a film between the rows, which also partially reduces heat loss and increases the degree of waterproofing.
First, the extreme boards are fixed on the logs. All the rest, in turn, fit between them simultaneously from both directions. Naturally, in the center of the room there will be difficulties; the last floorboards will not lie exactly in place. They are put in a “house”, and then they are pressed down, standing on his “horse”.
The last stage is screwing all the boards to the joists at pre-designated points. Beforehand, a chamfer is made in each of them so that the head of the fastener is completely “drowned” in the tree.
It turns out that when installing a wooden floor in a private house, it is quite possible to do without the services of professionals. Following the above recommendations, all stages of work are easy to do with your own hands.
From the author: hi all! As you know, all people are divided into two types - those who like to live in apartments and lovers of private houses. So, my friend Ivan belongs to the second, for which he paid the price. When he and his wife bought a living space for themselves, he did not understand anything about repairs, but the building needed improvement, and there was no money for professional builders.
I had to learn a lot, but now Ivan can do all the construction work and even lay the floors in a private house with his own hands. He learned most of the useful information from his best friend (that is, me). If you also want to equip your home on your own and save on the wages of workers, then you have come to the right place. Let's get started.
During the construction of housing, the question always arises: “Which flooring is better to do?”. After all, under any circumstances, it must meet such requirements as the creation of healthy living conditions and safe operation. The floor must above all be: level, durable, hygienic and non-slip. There are several types of floor coverings:
Before choosing one of these coatings, I recommend getting to know each one better.
It is really possible to build a wooden floor even without the help of specialists, for this it is enough to familiarize yourself with the technology of laying it on different types of bases. The wooden covering happens in one and two layers (with a subfloor). If we talk about the advantages of wood flooring, we would like to note environmental friendliness and ease of installation. Aesthetically pleasing, practical and durable, wood flooring can brighten up any home.
The second name for this installation is "floating floor". This type of coating is produced mainly when the connection of walls with lags is impossible. The work takes place according to the following scheme:
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If you still decide to make two-layer floors, then you must immediately lay the floorboards on the beams, and completely fill the underground with expanded clay sand, while leaving no more than 10 cm between the layers.
The draft floor can be mounted in several ways. The method is selected depending on the insulation material used in the work. If either slag, then the coating must be made continuous, from floorboards that are attached to the lower cut of the beams.
How to make a draft floor you can see clearly in the video:
Installation of wooden coverings can be carried out not only on support pillars, but also on the ground. However, the scheme of work here will look different:
If a screed acts as a base under a wooden covering, you can lay logs directly on it. When the floor needs to be raised by 10-20 cm, it is laid on threaded studs. Do not try to save on lags - the reliability of the entire coating and the duration of its operation depend on them.
I’ll immediately note such a moment - there must be a rough coating on a concrete base. But, this should not scare you anymore, because we already figured it out earlier. So, the installation is carried out according to the following scheme:
It is not at all difficult to install logs on a concrete screed, especially if you have all the necessary equipment.
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