Water structural chemical formula. What is water

Water is the main component of all life on Earth. It is both the habitat of organisms and the main element in their structure, and, consequently, the source of life. It is used in all industries. Therefore, it is very difficult to imagine life without water.

What is included in the water

Everyone is well aware that water is made up of hydrogen and oxygen. It really is. But in addition to these two elements, water in its composition also has a huge list of chemical components.

What is water made of?

It tends to be transformed, while passing through the hydrological cycle: evaporation, condensation and precipitation. In the course of these phenomena, water comes into contact with many compounds of organic nature, with metals, gases, as a result of which the liquid is supplemented with various elements.

The elements that make up water are divided into 6 categories:

1. Ions. These include: cations Na, K, Mg, Ca, anions: Cl, HCO 3 and SO 4. These components are found in water in the largest amount compared to others. They enter the liquid from soil layers, natural minerals, rocks, and also as elements of the decay of products of industrial activity.
2. Dissolved gases: oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide and others. The amount of each gas in water directly depends on its temperature.
3. biogenic elements. The main ones are phosphorus and nitrogen, which enter the liquid from precipitation, sewage and agricultural waters.
4. Microelements. There are about 30 types of them. Their indicators in the composition of water are very small and range from 0.1 to micrograms per 1 liter. These include: bromine, selenium, copper, zinc, etc.
5. Organic substances dissolved in water, and nitrogen-containing substances. These are alcohols, carbohydrates, aldehydes, phenols, peptides, etc.
6. Toxins. These are mainly heavy metals and refined petroleum products.

water molecule

So, what molecules does water consist of?

The formula for water is trivial - H 2 O. And it shows that the water molecule consists of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. A stable connection has been established between them.

What does a water molecule look like in space? To determine the shape of a molecule, the centers of atoms are connected with straight lines, as a result of which a three-dimensional figure emerges - a tetrahedron. This is the structure of water.

The shape of a water molecule can change depending on its state of aggregation. For the gaseous state, the angle between the atoms of oxygen and hydrogen is 104.27 o, for the solid state - 109.5 o, for the liquid - 105.03 o.

Those molecules that make up water occupy a certain volume in space, while their shells are covered with an electron cloud in the form of a veil. The type of water molecule considered in the plane is compared with the X-shaped chromosome, which serves to transfer genetic information, and, therefore, gives rise to a new life. From this form, an analogy is drawn between the chromosome and water as sources of life.

In space, a molecule looks like a three-dimensional triangle, a tetrahedron. This form is very stable and changes only due to the influence of external physical factors on the water.

What is water made of? Of those atoms that are subject to the influence of van der Waals forces, the formation of hydrogen bonds. In this regard, random associates and clusters are formed between oxygen and hydrogen of neighboring molecules. The former are unordered structures, the latter are ordered associates.

In the usual state of water, the number of associates is 60%, clusters - 40%.

Hydrogen bridges can form between neighboring water molecules, which contribute to the formation of various structures - clusters.

Clusters are able to interact with each other through hydrogen bonds, and this leads to the appearance of structures of a new order - hexagons.

The electronic structure of the water molecule

Atoms are what water is made of, and each atom has its own electronic structure. So, the graphical formula of electronic levels looks like this: 8 O 1s 2 2s 2 2p 4, 1 H 1s 1.

When the water molecule is formed, the electron clouds overlap: two unpaired oxygen electrons overlap with 1 unpaired hydrogen electron. As a result of the overlap, an angle between the atoms of 104 o is formed.

Aggregate state of water

As already mentioned, water molecules are dipoles, and this fact affects unusual ones. One of these properties is that water can be present in nature in three states of aggregation: liquid, solid and vapor.

The transition from one state to another is due to the following processes:

1. Boiling - from liquid to vapor.
2. Condensation - the transition of their vapor into a liquid (precipitation).
3. Crystallization - when a liquid turns into ice.
4. Melting is the process of melting ice and obtaining liquid.
5. Sublimation is the transformation of ice into a vapor state.
6. Desublimation is the reverse reaction of sublimation, that is, the transition of steam to ice.

The structure of its molecular lattice also depends on the state of water.

Conclusion

Thus, we can say that water is with a simple structure, which can change depending on its state. And it became clear to us what molecules water consists of.

Water is one of the most common substances in nature (the hydrosphere occupies 71% of the Earth's surface). Water plays an important role in the geology and history of the planet. Living organisms cannot exist without water. The fact is that the human body is almost 63% - 68% water. Almost all biochemical reactions in every living cell are reactions in aqueous solutions ... In solutions (mainly aqueous), most technological processes take place in the chemical industry, in the production of medicines and food products. And in metallurgy, water is extremely important, and not only for cooling. It is no coincidence that hydrometallurgy - the extraction of metals from ores and concentrates using solutions of various reagents - has become an important industry.

Water, you have no color, no taste, no smell,
you cannot be described, you are enjoyed,
without knowing what you are. Can't say
what is necessary for life: you are life itself.
You fill us with joy
which cannot be explained by our feelings.
With you, strength returns to us,
which we have already said goodbye.
By your grace, we begin again
boil the dry wells of our hearts.
(A. de Saint-Exupery. Planet of people)

I wrote an essay on the topic "Water is the most amazing substance in the world." I chose this topic because it is the most relevant topic, since water is the most important substance on Earth without which no living organism can exist and no biological, chemical reactions, and technological processes can take place.

Water is the most amazing substance on Earth

Water is a familiar and unusual substance. The well-known Soviet scientist Academician I. V. Petryanov called his popular science book about water "the most extraordinary substance in the world." And "Entertaining Physiology", written by Doctor of Biological Sciences B.F. Sergeev, begins with a chapter on water - "The substance that created our planet."
Scientists are absolutely right: there is no substance on Earth that is more important for us than ordinary water, and at the same time there is no other such substance, in the properties of which there would be as many contradictions and anomalies as in its properties.

Almost 3/4 of the surface of our planet is occupied by oceans and seas. Solid water - snow and ice - covers 20% of the land. The planet's climate depends on water. Geophysicists say that the Earth would have cooled down long ago and turned into a lifeless piece of stone, if not for water. She has a very high heat capacity. When heated, it absorbs heat; cooling down, gives it away. Terrestrial water both absorbs and returns a lot of heat and thus "levels" the climate. And the Earth is protected from cosmic cold by those water molecules that are scattered in the atmosphere - in clouds and in the form of vapors ... you cannot do without water - this is the most important substance on Earth.
The structure of the water molecule

The behavior of water is "illogical". It turns out that the transitions of water from a solid state to a liquid and gaseous state occur at temperatures much higher than they should. An explanation has been found for these anomalies. The water molecule H 2 O is built in the form of a triangle: the angle between the two oxygen-hydrogen bonds is 104 degrees. But since both hydrogen atoms are located on the same side of oxygen, the electric charges in it disperse. The water molecule is polar, which is the reason for the special interaction between its different molecules. The hydrogen atoms in the H 2 O molecule, having a partial positive charge, interact with the electrons of the oxygen atoms of neighboring molecules. Such a chemical bond is called a hydrogen bond. It combines H 2 O molecules into unique spatial polymers; the plane in which the hydrogen bonds are located is perpendicular to the plane of the atoms of the same H 2 O molecule. The interaction between water molecules primarily explains the irregularly high temperatures of its melting and boiling. Additional energy is needed to loosen and then break the hydrogen bonds. And this energy is very significant. That is why, by the way, the heat capacity of water is so high.

What bonds does H 2 O have?

The water molecule has two polar H-O covalent bonds.

They are formed due to the overlap of two one-electron p - clouds of an oxygen atom and one-electron S - clouds of two hydrogen atoms.

The oxygen atom in the water molecule has four electron pairs. Two of them are involved in the formation of covalent bonds, i.e. are binding. The other two electron pairs are non-bonding.

There are four poles of charges in a molecule: two are positive and two are negative. Positive charges are concentrated at hydrogen atoms, since oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen. Two negative poles fall on two non-bonding electron pairs of oxygen.

Such an idea of ​​the structure of the molecule makes it possible to explain many properties of water, in particular the structure of ice. In the crystal lattice of ice, each of the molecules is surrounded by four others. In a planar image, this can be represented as follows:

The diagram shows that the connection between molecules is carried out through a hydrogen atom:
The positively charged hydrogen atom of one water molecule is attracted to the negatively charged oxygen atom of another water molecule. Such a bond is called a hydrogen bond (it is denoted by dots). In terms of strength, a hydrogen bond is approximately 15–20 times weaker than a covalent bond. Therefore, the hydrogen bond is easily broken, which is observed, for example, during the evaporation of water.

The structure of liquid water resembles that of ice. In liquid water, the molecules are also connected to each other through hydrogen bonds, but the structure of water is less "rigid" than that of ice. Due to the thermal motion of molecules in water, some hydrogen bonds are broken, others are formed.

Physical properties of H 2 O

Water, H 2 O, odorless, tasteless, colorless liquid (bluish in thick layers); density 1 g / cm 3 (at 3.98 degrees), t pl \u003d 0 degrees, t kip \u003d 100 degrees.
There are different types of water: liquid, solid and gaseous.
Water is the only substance in nature that, under terrestrial conditions, exists in all three states of aggregation:

liquid - water
solid - ice
gaseous - steam

The Soviet scientist V. I. Vernadsky wrote: “Water stands apart in the history of our planet. There is no natural body that could be compared with it in terms of its influence on the course of the main, most grandiose geological processes. There is no terrestrial substance - a rock mineral, a living body, which would not contain it. All terrestrial matter is permeated and embraced by it.

Chemical properties of H 2 O

Of the chemical properties of water, the ability of its molecules to dissociate (decompose) into ions and the ability of water to dissolve substances of different chemical nature are especially important. The role of water as the main and universal solvent is determined primarily by the polarity of its molecules (the displacement of the centers of positive and negative charges) and, as a result, its extremely high dielectric constant. Opposite electric charges, and in particular ions, are attracted to each other in water 80 times weaker than they would be attracted in air. The forces of mutual attraction between the molecules or atoms of a body immersed in water are also weaker than in air. In this case, it is easier for thermal motion to separate the molecules. That is why dissolution occurs, including many hardly soluble substances: a drop wears away a stone ...

Dissociation (disintegration) of water molecules into ions:
H 2 O → H + + OH, or 2H 2 O → H 3 O (hydroxyl ion) + OH
under normal conditions is extremely insignificant; on average, one molecule out of 500,000,000 dissociates. It must be borne in mind that the first of the above equations is purely conditional: a proton H devoid of an electron shell cannot exist in an aqueous medium. It immediately combines with a water molecule, forming a hydroxide ion H 3 O. Consider even that the associates of water molecules actually break up into much heavier ions, such as, for example,
8H 2 O → HgO 4 +H 7 O 4 , and the reaction H 2 O → H + +OH - is only a greatly simplified scheme of the real process.

The reactivity of water is relatively low. True, some active metals are able to displace hydrogen from it:
2Na+2H 2 O → 2NaOH+H 2 ,

and in an atmosphere of free fluorine, water can burn:
2F 2 +2H 2 O → 4HF+O 2 .

Ordinary ice crystals also consist of similar molecular associates of molecular compounds. The "packing" of atoms in such a crystal is not ionic, and ice does not conduct heat well. The density of liquid water at a temperature close to zero is greater than that of ice. At 0°C, 1 gram of ice occupies a volume of 1.0905 cm 3 , and 1 gram of liquid water - 1.0001 cm 3 . And the ice floats, that's why the reservoirs do not freeze through, but are only covered with an ice cover. This is another anomaly of water: after melting, it first contracts, and only then, at the turn of 4 degrees, with a further process, it begins to expand. At high pressures, ordinary ice can be turned into the so-called ice - 1, ice - 2, ice - 3, etc. - heavier and denser crystalline forms of this substance. The hardest, densest and most refractory so far is ice - 7 - obtained at a pressure of 3 kilo Pa. It melts at 190 degrees.

The water cycle in nature

The human body is permeated with millions of blood vessels. Large arteries and veins connect the main organs of the body with each other, smaller ones braid them from all sides, the thinnest capillaries reach almost every single cell. Whether you are digging a hole, sitting at a lesson or sleeping blissfully, blood constantly flows through them, linking the brain and stomach, kidneys and liver, eyes and muscles into a single system of the human body. What is the blood for?

Blood carries oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the stomach to every cell in your body. Blood collects waste products from all, even the most secluded corners of the body, freeing it from carbon dioxide and other unnecessary, including hazardous substances. Blood carries throughout the body special substances - hormones that regulate and coordinate the work of different organs. In other words, blood connects different parts of the body into a single system, into a well-coordinated and efficient organism.

Our planet also has a circulatory system. The blood of the Earth is water, and the blood vessels are rivers, rivulets, streams and lakes. And this is not just a comparison, an artistic metaphor. Water on Earth plays the same role as blood in the human body, and as scientists have recently noticed, the structure of the river network is very similar to the structure of the human circulatory system. "The charioteer of nature" - this is how the great Leonardo da Vinci called water, it was she who, passing from soil to plants, from plants to the atmosphere, flowing along rivers from the continents to the oceans and returning back with air currents, connecting various components of nature with each other, turning them into a single geographic system. Water does not just pass from one natural component to another. Like blood, it carries a huge amount of chemicals with it, exporting them from the soil to plants, from land to lakes and oceans, from the atmosphere to earth. All plants can consume the nutrients contained in the soil only with water, where they are in a dissolved state. If it were not for the influx of water from the soil into the plants, all herbs, even those growing on the richest soils, would die "of hunger", like a merchant who starved to death on a chest of gold. Water supplies nutrients to the inhabitants of rivers, lakes and seas. Streams flowing merrily from fields and meadows during spring snowmelt or after summer rains collect chemicals stored in the soil along the way and carry them to the inhabitants of reservoirs and the sea, thereby connecting the land and water areas of our planet. The richest "table" is formed in those places where nutrient-bearing rivers flow into lakes and seas. Therefore, such sections of the coasts - estuaries - are distinguished by a riot of underwater life. And who disposes of the waste generated by the various geographic systems? Again, water, and as an accelerator, it works much better than the human circulatory system, which only partially performs this function. The cleansing role of water is especially important now, when a person is poisoning the environment with waste from cities, industrial and agricultural enterprises. The body of an adult contains approximately 5-6 kg. blood, most of which circulates continuously between different parts of his body. And how much water serves the life of our world?

All the waters on earth that are not part of the rocks are united by the concept of "hydrosphere". Its weight is so great that it is usually measured not in kilograms or tons, but in cubic kilometers. One cubic kilometer is a cube with the size of each edge of 1 km, constantly occupied by water. The weight of 1 km 3 of water is equal to 1 billion tons. The entire earth contains 1.5 billion km 3 of water, which is approximately 15000000000000000000 tons in weight! For each person, there is 1.4 km 3 of water, or 250 million tons. Drink, I don’t want to!
But unfortunately, everything is not so simple. The fact is that 94% of this volume is the waters of the oceans, which are not suitable for most economic purposes. Only 6% is land water, of which only 1/3 is fresh, i.e. only 2% of the total volume of the hydrosphere. The bulk of this fresh water is concentrated in glaciers. Significantly less of them are found under the earth's surface (in shallow underground, water horizons, in underground lakes, in soils, as well as in atmospheric vapors. Very few fall on the share of rivers, from which people mainly take water - 1.2 thousand km 3. The total volume of water contained in living organisms at a time is absolutely negligible. So there is not so much water that a person and other living organisms can consume on our planet. But why does it not end? After all, people and animals they constantly drink water, plants evaporate it into the atmosphere, and rivers carry it into the ocean.

Why doesn't the earth run out of water?

The human circulatory system is a closed circuit through which blood flows continuously, carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide, nutrients and waste products. This stream never ends, because it is a circle or a ring, and, as you know, "the ring has no end." The water network of our planet is arranged according to the same principle. Water on Earth is in constant circulation, and its loss in one link is immediately replenished due to the flow from another. The driving force behind the water cycle is solar energy and gravity. Due to the water cycle, all parts of the hydrosphere are closely united and interconnect other components of nature. In its most general form, the water cycle on our planet is as follows. Under the influence of sunlight, water evaporates from the surface of the ocean and land and enters the atmosphere, and evaporation from the land surface is carried out both by rivers and reservoirs, and by soil and plants. Part of the water immediately returns with rain back to the ocean, and part is carried by winds to land, where it falls in the form of rain and snow. Getting into the soil, water is partially absorbed into it, replenishing the reserves of soil moisture and groundwater, partially flows down the surface into rivers and reservoirs, soil moisture partially passes into plants, which evaporate it into the atmosphere, and partially flows into rivers, only at a slower rate. Rivers, fed by water from surface streams and groundwater, carry water to the World Ocean, replenishing its loss. Water evaporates from its surface, re-enters the atmosphere, and the cycle closes. The same movement of water between all the components of nature and all parts of the earth's surface occurs constantly and continuously for many millions of years.

It must be said that the water cycle is not completely closed. Part of it, getting into the upper atmosphere, decomposes under the influence of sunlight and goes into space. But these insignificant losses are constantly replenished due to the flow of water from the deep layers of the earth during volcanic eruptions. Due to this, the volume of the hydrosphere gradually increases. according to some calculations, 4 billion years ago, its volume was 20 million km 3, i.e. was seven thousand times smaller than the modern one. In the future, the amount of water on the Earth, apparently, will also increase, given that the volume of water in the Earth's mantle is estimated at 20 billion km 3 - this is 15 times more than the current volume of the hydrosphere. Comparing the volume of water in separate parts of the hydrosphere with the inflow of water into them and neighboring links of the cycle, it is possible to determine the activity of water exchange, i.e. the time during which the volume of water in the World Ocean, in the atmosphere or soil can be completely renewed. The slowest renewal of water is in the polar glaciers (once every 8,000 years). And the fastest is the river water, which in all the rivers on Earth changes completely in 11 days.

Water hunger of the planet

"Earth is a planet of amazing blueness"! - enthusiastically reported returning from outer space after landing on the moon, American astronauts. And how could our planet look different if more than 2/3 of its surface is occupied by seas and oceans, glaciers and lakes, rivers, ponds and reservoirs. But then, what does the phenomenon whose name is in the headlines mean? What kind of "hunger" can there be if there is such an abundance of water bodies on Earth? Yes, there is more than enough water on Earth. But we must not forget that life on planet Earth, according to scientists, first appeared in water, and only then came to land. Organisms have maintained their dependence on water in the course of evolution for many millions of years. Water is the main "building material" of which their body consists. This can be easily verified by analyzing the numbers in the following tables:

The last number of this table indicates that in a person weighing 70 kg. contains 50 kg. water! But there is even more of it in the human embryo: in a three-day period - 97%, in a three-month period - 91%, in an eight-month period - 81%.

The problem of "water hunger" is the need to incontinence a certain amount of water in the body, as there is a constant loss of moisture during various physiological processes. For a normal existence in a temperate climate, a person needs to receive about 3.5 liters of water per day with food and drink, in the desert this rate increases to at least 7.5 liters. Without food, a person can exist for about forty days, and without water, much less - 8 days. According to special medical experiments, with a loss of moisture in the amount of 6-8% of body weight, a person falls into a semi-conscious state, with a loss of 10%, hallucinations begin, with 12%, a person can no longer recover without special medical care, and with a loss of 20%, inevitable death. Many animals adapt well to a lack of moisture. The most famous and striking example of this is the "ship of the desert," the camel. He can live for a very long time in a hot desert, without consuming drinking water and losing up to 30% of his original weight without compromising his performance. So, in one of the special tests, a camel worked under the scorching summer sun for 8 days, losing 100 kg. from 450 kg. its starting weight. And when they brought him to the water, he drank 103 liters and regained his weight. It has been established that a camel can get up to 40 liters of moisture by converting the fat accumulated in its hump. Desert animals such as jerboas and kangaroo rats do not use drinking water at all - they have enough moisture that they get from food and water that is formed in their body during the oxidation of their own fat, just like camels. Even more water is consumed for their growth and development of plants. A head of cabbage "drinks" more than one liter of water per day, one tree on average - more than 200 liters of water. Of course, this is a rather approximate figure - different tree species in different natural conditions consume very, very different amounts of moisture. So the saxaul growing in the desert spends the minimum amount of moisture, and the eucalyptus, which in some places is called the "pump tree", passes through itself a huge amount of water, and for this reason its plantations are used to drain swamps. Thus, the marshy malarial lands of the Colchis lowland were turned into a prosperous territory.

Already, about 10% of the world's population lacks clean water. And if we take into account that 800 million households in rural areas, where about 25% of all mankind lives, do not have running water, then the problem of "water hunger" becomes truly global. It is especially acute in developing countries, where about 90% of the population uses bad water. The lack of clean water is becoming one of the most important factors limiting the progressive development of mankind.

Purchasable Water Conservation Questions

Water is used in all areas of human economic activity. It is almost impossible to name any production process that does not use water. Due to the rapid development of industry, the growth of the population of cities, water consumption is increasing. Of paramount importance are the issues of protecting water resources and sources from depletion, as well as from pollution by sewage. Everyone knows the damage that sewage causes to the inhabitants of reservoirs. Even more terrible for a person and all life on Earth is the appearance in river waters of pesticides washed off from the fields. So the presence in the water of 2.1 parts of the pesticide (endrin) per billion parts of water is enough to kill all the fish in it. A huge threat to humanity is the untreated sewage of settlements discharged into the rivers. This problem is solved by understanding such technological processes in which waste water is not discharged into reservoirs, but after cleaning it returns to the technological process again.

Currently, great attention is paid to the protection of the environment and, in particular, natural reservoirs. Given the importance of this problem, in our country they do not adopt a law on the protection and rational use of natural resources. The constitution says: "Citizens of Russia are obliged to protect nature, protect its riches."

Types of water

Bromine water - a saturated solution of Br 2 in water (3.5% by weight of Br 2). Bromine water is an oxidizing agent, a brominating agent in analytical chemistry.

Ammonia water - It is formed when raw coke oven gas comes into contact with water, which is concentrated due to gas cooling or is specially injected into it to wash out NH3. In both cases, so-called weak, or scrubbing, ammonia water is obtained. By distillation of this ammonia water with water vapor and subsequent reflux and condensation, concentrated ammonia water (18 - 20% NH 3 by mass) is obtained, which is used in the production of soda, as a liquid fertilizer, etc.

# 7732 · 11-15-2018 at 17:18 Moscow time · ip address recorded · ·
thanks, for the report will go)

Peptides, or short proteins, are found in many foods - meat, fish, and some plants. When we eat a piece of meat, the protein is broken down during digestion into short peptides; they are absorbed into the stomach, small intestine, enter the blood, cells, then into DNA and regulate the activity of genes.

It is advisable to periodically use the listed drugs for all people after 40 years for prevention 1-2 times a year, after 50 years - 2-3 times a year. Other drugs - as needed.

How to take peptides

Since the restoration of the functional ability of cells occurs gradually and depends on the level of their existing damage, the effect can occur both 1-2 weeks after the start of taking peptides, and 1-2 months later. It is recommended to conduct a course within 1-3 months. It is important to take into account that a three-month intake of natural peptide bioregulators has a prolonged effect, i.e. works in the body for another 2-3 months. The effect obtained lasts for six months, and each subsequent course of administration has a potentiating effect, i.e. amplification effect already obtained.

Since each peptide bioregulator has a focus on a specific organ and does not affect other organs and tissues in any way, the simultaneous administration of drugs with different effects is not only not contraindicated, but is often recommended (up to 6-7 drugs at the same time).
Peptides are compatible with any drugs and biological supplements. Against the background of taking peptides, it is advisable to gradually reduce the doses of simultaneously taken drugs, which will positively affect the patient's body.

Short regulatory peptides do not undergo transformation in the gastrointestinal tract, so they can be safely, easily and simply used in encapsulated form by almost everyone.

Peptides in the gastrointestinal tract decompose to di- and tri-peptides. Further breakdown to amino acids occurs in the intestine. This means that peptides can be taken even without a capsule. This is very important when a person for some reason cannot swallow capsules. The same applies to severely weakened people or children, when the dosage needs to be reduced.

Peptide bioregulators can be taken both prophylactically and therapeutically.

For prevention violations of the functions of various organs and systems are usually recommended 2 capsules 1 time per day in the morning on an empty stomach for 30 days, 2 times a year.

For medicinal purposes, for the correction of violations functions of various organs and systems in order to increase the effectiveness of complex treatment of diseases, it is recommended to take 2 capsules 2-3 times a day for 30 days.

Peptide bioregulators are presented in encapsulated form (natural Cytomax peptides and synthesized Cytogene peptides) and in liquid form.

Efficiency natural(PC) 2-2.5 times lower than encapsulated. Therefore, their intake for medicinal purposes should be longer (up to six months). Liquid peptide complexes are applied to the inner surface of the forearm in the projection of the course of the veins or on the wrist and rubbed until completely absorbed. After 7-15 minutes, the peptides bind to dendritic cells, which carry out their further transport to the lymph nodes, where the peptides make a "transplant" and are sent with the blood flow to the desired organs and tissues. Although peptides are protein substances, their molecular weight is much smaller than that of proteins, so they easily penetrate the skin. The penetration of peptide preparations is further improved by their lipophilization, that is, the connection with a fatty base, which is why almost all peptide complexes for external use contain fatty acids.

Not so long ago, the world's first series of peptide drugs appeared for sublingual use—

A fundamentally new method of application and the presence of a number of peptides in each of the preparations provide them with the fastest and most effective action. This drug, getting into the sublingual space with a dense network of capillaries, is able to penetrate directly into the bloodstream, bypassing absorption through the mucosa of the digestive tract and metabolic primary deactivation of the liver. Taking into account direct entry into the systemic circulation, the rate of onset of the effect is several times higher than the rate when the drug is taken orally.

Revilab SL Line- these are complex synthesized preparations containing 3-4 components of very short chains (2-3 amino acids each). In terms of peptide concentration, this is the average between encapsulated peptides and PC in solution. In terms of speed of action, it occupies a leading position, because. absorbed and hits the target very quickly.
It makes sense to introduce this line of peptides into the course at the initial stage, and then switch to natural peptides.

Another innovative series is a line of multicomponent peptide preparations. The line includes 9 preparations, each of which contains a range of short peptides, as well as antioxidants and building materials for cells. An ideal option for those who do not like to take many drugs, but prefer to get everything in one capsule.

The action of these new generation bioregulators is aimed at slowing down the aging process, maintaining a normal level of metabolic processes, preventing and correcting various conditions; rehabilitation after serious illnesses, injuries and operations.

Peptides in cosmetology

Peptides can be included not only in drugs, but also in other products. For example, Russian scientists have developed excellent cellular cosmetics with natural and synthesized peptides that affect the deep layers of the skin.

External skin aging depends on many factors: lifestyle, stress, sunlight, mechanical irritants, climatic fluctuations, dieting hobbies, etc. With age, the skin becomes dehydrated, loses its elasticity, becomes rough, and a network of wrinkles and deep grooves appears on it. We all know that the process of natural aging is natural and irreversible. It is impossible to resist it, but it can be slowed down thanks to the revolutionary ingredients of cosmetology - low molecular weight peptides.

The uniqueness of peptides lies in the fact that they freely pass through the stratum corneum into the dermis to the level of living cells and capillaries. Restoration of the skin goes deep from the inside and, as a result, the skin retains its freshness for a long time. There is no addiction to peptide cosmetics - even if you stop using it, the skin will simply age physiologically.

Cosmetic giants create more and more "miraculous" means. We trustfully buy, use, but a miracle does not happen. We blindly believe the inscriptions on the banks, not suspecting that this is often just a marketing ploy.

For example, most cosmetic companies are in full production and advertising anti-wrinkle creams with collagen as the main ingredient. Meanwhile, scientists have come to the conclusion that collagen molecules are so large that they simply cannot penetrate the skin. They settle on the surface of the epidermis, and then washed off with water. That is, when buying creams with collagen, we are literally throwing money down the drain.

As another popular active ingredient in anti-aging cosmetics, it is used resveratrol. It really is a powerful antioxidant and immunostimulant, but only in the form of microinjections. If you rub it into the skin, a miracle will not happen. It has been experimentally proven that creams with resveratrol practically do not affect the production of collagen.

NPCRIZ, in collaboration with scientists from the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, has developed a unique peptide series of cellular cosmetics (based on natural peptides) and a series (based on synthesized peptides).

They are based on a group of peptide complexes with different application points that have a powerful and visible rejuvenating effect on the skin. As a result of application, skin cell regeneration, blood circulation and microcirculation are stimulated, as well as the synthesis of the collagen-elastin skeleton of the skin. All this manifests itself in lifting, as well as improving the texture, color and moisture of the skin.

Currently, 16 types of creams have been developed, incl. rejuvenating and for problematic skin (with thymus peptides), for the face against wrinkles and for the body against stretch marks and scars (with bone and cartilage tissue peptides), against spider veins (with vascular peptides), anti-cellulite (with liver peptides), for eyelids from edema and dark circles (with peptides of the pancreas, blood vessels, bone and cartilage tissue and thymus), against varicose veins (with peptides of blood vessels and bone and cartilage tissue), etc. All creams, in addition to peptide complexes, contain other powerful active ingredients. It is important that the creams do not contain chemical components (preservatives, etc.).

The effectiveness of peptides has been proven in numerous experimental and clinical studies. Of course, to look beautiful, some creams are not enough. You need to rejuvenate your body from the inside, using from time to time various complexes of peptide bioregulators and micronutrients.

The line of cosmetic products with peptides, in addition to creams, also includes shampoo, mask and hair balm, decorative cosmetics, tonics, serums for the skin of the face, neck and décolleté, etc.

It should also be borne in mind that the appearance is significantly affected by the sugar consumed.
Through a process called glycation, sugar is destructive to the skin. Excess sugar increases the rate of collagen degradation, leading to wrinkles.

glycation belong to the main theories of aging, along with oxidative and photoaging.
Glycation - the interaction of sugars with proteins, primarily collagen, with the formation of cross-links - is a natural for our body, permanent irreversible process in our body and skin, leading to hardening of connective tissue.
Glycation products - A.G.E particles. (Advanced Glycation Endproducts) - settle in cells, accumulate in our body and lead to many negative effects.
As a result of glycation, the skin loses its tone and becomes dull, it sags and looks old. This is directly related to lifestyle: reduce your intake of sugar and flour (which is good for normal weight) and take care of your skin every day!

To counter glycation, inhibit protein degradation and age-related skin changes, the company has developed an anti-aging drug with a powerful deglycing and antioxidant effect. The action of this product is based on stimulating the deglycation process, which affects the deep processes of skin aging and helps to smooth out wrinkles and increase its elasticity. The drug includes a powerful complex to combat glycation - rosemary extract, carnosine, taurine, astaxanthin and alpha-lipoic acid.

Peptides - a panacea for old age?

According to the creator of peptide drugs V. Khavinson, aging largely depends on lifestyle: “No drugs will save if a person does not have a set of knowledge and the right behavior - this is the observance of biorhythms, proper nutrition, physical education and the intake of certain bioregulators.” As for the genetic predisposition to aging, according to him, we depend on genes by only 25 percent.

The scientist claims that peptide complexes have a huge reduction potential. But to elevate them to the rank of panacea, to attribute non-existent properties to peptides (most likely for commercial reasons) is categorically wrong!

Taking care of your health today means giving yourself a chance to live tomorrow. We ourselves must improve our lifestyle - play sports, give up bad habits, eat better. And of course, to the extent possible, use peptide bioregulators that help maintain health and increase life expectancy.

Peptide bioregulators, developed by Russian scientists several decades ago, became available to the general public only in 2010. Gradually, more and more people around the world learn about them. The secret to maintaining the health and youthfulness of many famous politicians, artists, scientists lies in the use of peptides. Here are just a few of them:
UAE Minister of Energy Sheikh Saeed,
President of Belarus Lukashenko,
President of Kazakhstan Nazarbayev,
King of Thailand
academician Zh.I. Alferov, pilot-cosmonaut G.M. Grechko and his wife L.K. Grechko,
artists: V. Leontiev, E. Stepanenko and E. Petrosyan, L. Izmailov, T. Povaliy, I. Kornelyuk, I. Viner (rhythmic gymnastics coach) and many, many others...
Peptide bioregulators are used by athletes of 2 Russian Olympic teams - in rhythmic gymnastics and rowing. The use of drugs allows us to increase the stress resistance of our gymnasts and contributes to the success of the national team at international championships.

If in youth we can afford to do health prevention periodically, when we want, then with age, unfortunately, we do not have such a luxury. And if you don’t want to be in such a state tomorrow that your loved ones will be exhausted with you and will wait impatiently for your death, if you don’t want to die among strangers, because you don’t remember anything and everything around you seems to be strangers in fact, you should take action from today and take care not so much about themselves as about their loved ones.

The Bible says, "Seek and you will find." Perhaps you have found your own way of healing and rejuvenation.

Everything is in our hands, and only we can take care of ourselves. No one will do this for us!

Whereas, it is likely that you remember that for all other substances, their solid phase is heavier than the liquid phase.

Accordingly, it's good that ice is lighter than water - and this is also the main property of water, thanks to which life in its current form is possible.

Well, if this property of water did not exist, we would have to develop on the basis of, for example, ammonia. That's more fun 🙂

Now let's focus on the fact that water can evaporate when boiling. But this is not the main property of water - since almost any substance evaporates during boiling, and there is nothing shameful in this. The important thing is that water evaporates and just in a liquid state, and even from the surface of the ice. Why is this property more important than boiling evaporation? Here's why.

The fact that water can evaporate not only when boiling is the main property of water, because it is possible water cycle in nature. Which is definitely good, since water does not accumulate in one place, but more or less evenly diverges throughout the planet. That is, roughly speaking, in the Sahara Desert it is not as hot and dry as it could be, because in Antarctica water evaporates from the surface of glaciers. Well, the oceans play an important role in this.

Accordingly, without the water cycle in nature, life would sit near a couple of oases, and the rest of the places would be an arid desert, where there is not a drop of moisture.

And therefore the property of water to evaporate is the main property of water.

Naturally, not only water can evaporate without boiling. Most aromatic compounds (alcohols, ethers, chloroform, etc.) do not evaporate when boiled. But water has one important plus, one more main property - water is not toxic to living organisms. Whereas alcohols and ethers are toxic. By the way, more about the toxicity (and how to deal with it) of ethyl alcohol, that is, vodka, in the article “ Positive properties of structured vodka“.

Of course, in modern conditions, even water can become toxic. But it's handled for water, and it's not a big problem to deal with.

So, another main property of water is that it is non-toxic.

Otherwise, we would, again, be different 🙂

And, finally, the main property of water, which is important not only for life, but also for industry: water heats up rather slowly and cools down slowly (that is, can absorb a lot of heat). This property protects people and other animals, and the Earth, from overheating. And hypothermia. That is why living organisms can survive at -50 degrees Celsius and at + 50 degrees. If we were built on the basis of another substance, such a range of temperatures would not be within our reach.

In addition, it must be taken into account that warm and cold water have different weights Warm water is lighter, cold water is heavier. Accordingly, in the ocean there is a stratification of water - both in salinity and in temperature. And in the ocean such life as it is now organized is possible. Well, since we all came out of the ocean, if it were not for this property of water, then we would also be completely different.

And finally, the property of water to absorb heat and be on the surface in a heated state allows the existence of such things as warm currents - and in particular, the Gulf Stream. Which heats the whole of Europe, and without which in place of Europe there would be tundra with taiga, and not vineyards.

Perhaps you can name some other basic properties of water, but those listed above, in my opinion, are truly fundamental, since the existence of life on the planet depends on them in the form in which life exists. I hope this information will be useful to you when you need to answer the questions of curious children 🙂

And here is the promised presentation on the topic "Basic properties of water" for download: http://festival.1september.ru/articles/513123/

So, the main properties of water are the properties due to which we are all alive!

And we have the look and shape that we have 🙂

other substances are completely insoluble in water

The most important substance of our planet, unique in its properties and composition, is, of course, water. After all, it is thanks to her that life exists on Earth, while it does not exist on other objects of the solar system known today. Solid, liquid, in the form of steam - it is necessary and important for any. Water and its properties are the subject of study of an entire scientific discipline - hydrology.

The amount of water on the planet

If we consider the indicator of the amount of this oxide in all states of aggregation, then it is about 75% of the total mass on the planet. In this case, bound water in organic compounds, living beings, minerals and other elements should be taken into account.

If we take into account only the liquid and solid state of water, the figure will drop to 70.8%. Consider how these percentages are distributed, where the substance in question is contained.

1. Salt water in the oceans and seas, saline lakes on Earth is 360 million km 2.
2. Fresh water is distributed unevenly: in the glaciers of Greenland, the Arctic, and Antarctica, 16.3 million km 2 are encased in ice.
3. In fresh rivers, swamps and lakes, 5.3 million km 2 of hydrogen oxide are concentrated.
4. Groundwater is 100 million m 3 .

That is why astronauts from far outer space can see the Earth in the form of a blue ball with rare patches of land. Water and its properties, knowledge of structural features are important elements of science. In addition, in recent years, mankind has begun to experience a clear shortage of fresh water. Perhaps such knowledge will help in solving this problem.

The composition of water and the structure of the molecule

If we consider these indicators, then the properties that this amazing substance exhibits will immediately become clear. Thus, a water molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, therefore it has the empirical formula H 2 O. In addition, the electrons of both elements play an important role in the construction of the molecule itself. Let's see what the structure of water and its properties are.

Obviously, each molecule is oriented around the other, and together they form a common crystal lattice. It is interesting that the oxide is built in the form of a tetrahedron - an oxygen atom in the center, and two pairs of its electrons and two hydrogen atoms around it asymmetrically. If you draw lines through the centers of the nuclei of atoms and connect them, then you get exactly a tetrahedral geometric shape.

The angle between the center of the oxygen atom and the hydrogen nuclei is 104.5 0 C. The length of the O-H bond is 0.0957 nm. The presence of oxygen electron pairs, as well as its higher electron affinity compared to hydrogen, ensure the formation of a negatively charged field in the molecule. In contrast, hydrogen nuclei form the positively charged part of the compound. Thus, it turns out that the water molecule is a dipole. This determines what water can be, and its physical properties also depend on the structure of the molecule. For living beings, these features play a vital role.

Basic physical properties

These include the crystal lattice, boiling and melting points, and special individual characteristics. We will consider all of them.

1. The structure of the crystal lattice of hydrogen oxide depends on the state of aggregation. It can be solid - ice, liquid - basic water under normal conditions, gaseous - steam when the water temperature rises above 100 0 C. Ice forms beautiful patterned crystals. The lattice as a whole is loose, but the connection is very strong, the density is low. You can see it on the example of snowflakes or frosty patterns on glass. In ordinary water, the lattice does not have a constant shape, it changes and passes from one state to another.
2. The water molecule in outer space has the correct shape of a ball. However, under the influence of the earth's gravity, it is distorted and in a liquid state takes the form of a vessel.
3. The fact that the structure of hydrogen oxide is a dipole determines the following properties: high thermal conductivity and heat capacity, which can be traced in the rapid heating and long cooling of a substance, the ability to orient around itself both ions and individual electrons, compounds. This makes water a universal solvent (both polar and neutral).
4. The composition of water and the structure of the molecule explain the ability of this compound to form multiple hydrogen bonds, including with other compounds that have unshared electron pairs (ammonia, alcohol, and others).
5. The boiling point of liquid water is 100 0 C, crystallization occurs at +4 0 C. Below this indicator - ice. If you increase the pressure, the boiling point of water will rise sharply. So, at high atmospheres, lead can be melted in it, but at the same time it will not even boil (over 300 0 C).
6. The properties of water are very significant for living beings. For example, one of the most important is surface tension. This is the formation of the thinnest protective film on the surface of hydrogen oxide. We are talking about liquid water. It is very difficult to break this film by mechanical action. Scientists have found that it will take a force equal to a weight of 100 tons. How to notice it? The film is evident when the water drips slowly from the faucet. It can be seen that it is as if in some kind of shell, which is stretched to a certain limit and weight and comes off in the form of a round drop, slightly distorted by gravity. Due to surface tension, many objects can float on the surface of the water. Insects with special adaptations can move freely along it.
7. Water and its properties are anomalous and unique. According to organoleptic parameters, this compound is a colorless liquid, odorless and tasteless. What we call the taste of water is the minerals and other components dissolved in it.
8. The electrical conductivity of hydrogen oxide in the liquid state depends on how much and what kind of salts are dissolved in it. Distilled water, which does not contain any impurities, does not conduct electricity.

Ice is a special state of water. In the structure of this state, the molecules are connected to each other by hydrogen bonds and form a beautiful crystal lattice. But it is quite unstable and can easily split, melt, that is, deform. There are many voids between the molecules, the dimensions of which exceed the dimensions of the particles themselves. Due to this, the density of ice is less than that of liquid hydrogen oxide.

This is of great importance for rivers, lakes and other fresh water bodies. Indeed, in winter, the water in them does not freeze completely, but is only covered with a dense crust of lighter ice that floats up. If this property were not characteristic of the solid state of hydrogen oxide, then the reservoirs would freeze through. Life underwater would be impossible.

In addition, the solid state of water is of great importance as a source of a huge amount of fresh drinking supplies. These are glaciers.

The phenomenon of the triple point can be called a special property of water. This is a state in which ice, vapor and liquid can exist simultaneously. This requires conditions such as:

• high pressure - 610 Pa;
• temperature 0.01 0 С.

The transparency of water varies depending on foreign impurities. The liquid can be completely transparent, opalescent, cloudy. Waves of yellow and red colors are absorbed, rays of violet penetrate deeply.

Chemical properties

Water and its properties are an important tool in understanding many life processes. Therefore, they are very well studied. So, hydrochemistry is interested in water and its chemical properties. Among them are the following:

1. Rigidity. This is such a property, which is explained by the presence of calcium and magnesium salts, their ions in solution. It is divided into permanent (salts of the named metals: chlorides, sulfates, sulfites, nitrates), temporary (hydrocarbonates), which is eliminated by boiling. In Russia, water is chemically softened before use for better quality.
2. Mineralization. A property based on the dipole moment of hydrogen oxide. Due to its presence, molecules are able to attach to themselves many other substances, ions and hold them. This is how associates, clathrates and other associations are formed.
3. redox properties. As a universal solvent, catalyst, associate, water is able to interact with many simple and complex compounds. With some, it acts as an oxidizing agent, with others - vice versa. As a reducing agent, it reacts with halogens, salts, some less active metals, and with many organic substances. The last transformations are studied by organic chemistry. Water and its properties, in particular its chemical properties, show how versatile and unique it is. As an oxidizing agent, it reacts with active metals, some binary salts, many organic compounds, carbon, and methane. In general, chemical reactions involving a given substance require the selection of certain conditions. It is from them that the outcome of the reaction will depend.
4. biochemical properties. Water is an integral part of all biochemical processes of the body, being a solvent, catalyst and medium.
5. Interaction with gases with the formation of clathrates. Ordinary liquid water can absorb even chemically inactive gases and place them inside the cavities between the molecules of the internal structure. Such compounds are called clathrates.
6. With many metals, hydrogen oxide forms crystalline hydrates, in which it is incorporated unchanged. For example, copper sulfate (CuSO 4 * 5H 2 O), as well as ordinary hydrates (NaOH * H 2 O and others).
7. Water is characterized by compound reactions in which new classes of substances (acids, alkalis, bases) are formed. They are not redox.
8. Electrolysis. Under the action of an electric current, the molecule decomposes into constituent gases - hydrogen and oxygen. One way to get them is in the laboratory and industry.

From the point of view of the Lewis theory, water is a weak acid and a weak base at the same time (ampholyte). That is, we can say about a certain amphotericity in chemical properties.

Water and its beneficial properties for living beings

It is difficult to overestimate the importance that hydrogen oxide has for all living things. After all, water is the very source of life. It is known that without it a person could not live even a week. Water, its properties and significance are simply colossal.

1. It is a universal, that is, capable of dissolving both organic and inorganic compounds, a solvent that acts in living systems. That is why water is the source and medium for the flow of all catalytic biochemical transformations, with the formation of complex vital complex compounds.
2. The ability to form hydrogen bonds makes this substance universal in maintaining temperatures without changing the state of aggregation. If this were not so, then at the slightest decrease in degrees, it would turn into ice inside living beings, causing cell death.
3. For a person, water is the source of all basic household goods and needs: cooking, washing, cleaning, taking a bath, bathing and swimming, and so on.
4. Industrial plants (chemical, textile, engineering, food, oil refineries and others) would not be able to carry out their work without the participation of hydrogen oxide.
5. From ancient times it was believed that water is a source of health. It was used and is used today as a medicinal substance.
6. Plants use it as their main source of nutrition, due to which they produce oxygen, the gas that makes life possible on our planet.

There are dozens more reasons why water is the most widespread, important and necessary substance for all living and artificially created objects. We have given only the most obvious, the main ones.

Hydrological water cycle

In other words, this is her cycle in nature. A very important process that allows you to constantly replenish vanishing water supplies. How does it happen?

There are three main participants: underground (or ground) waters, surface waters and the oceans. The atmosphere, which condenses and gives out precipitation, is also important. Also active participants in the process are plants (mainly trees) that can absorb a huge amount of water per day.

So the process goes like this. Groundwater fills underground capillaries and flows down to the surface and the World Ocean. The surface water is then taken up by plants and transpired into the environment. Evaporation also occurs from vast areas of the oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and other bodies of water. Once in the atmosphere, what does water do? It condenses and spills back as precipitation (rain, snow, hail).

If these processes had not occurred, then the water supply, especially fresh water, would have ended long ago. That is why people pay great attention to the protection and normal hydrological cycle.

The concept of heavy water

In nature, hydrogen oxide exists as a mixture of isotopologues. This is due to the fact that hydrogen forms three types of isotope: protium 1 H, deuterium 2 H, tritium 3 H. Oxygen, in turn, also does not lag behind and forms three stable forms: 16 O, 17 O, 18 O. It is thanks to Therefore, there is not just ordinary protium water of the composition H 2 O (1 H and 16 O), but also deuterium and tritium.

At the same time, it is deuterium (2 H) that is stable in structure and form, which is included in the composition of almost all natural waters, but in small quantities. That's what they call heavy. It is somewhat different from the usual or easy in all respects.

Heavy water and its properties are characterized by several points.

1. Crystallizes at a temperature of 3.82 0 C.
2. Boiling is observed at 101.42 0 C.
3. The density is 1.1059 g/cm 3 .
4. As a solvent, it is several times worse than light water.
5. It has the chemical formula D 2 O.

When conducting experiments showing the effect of such water on living systems, it was found that only certain types of bacteria are able to live in it. It took time for the colonies to adapt and acclimatize. But, having adapted, they completely restored all vital functions (reproduction, nutrition). In addition, steels are very resistant to the effects of radioactive radiation. Experiments on frogs and fish did not give a positive result.

Modern fields of application of deuterium and the heavy water formed by it are nuclear and nuclear power engineering. Such water can be obtained under laboratory conditions by electrolysis of ordinary water - it is formed as a by-product. Deuterium itself is formed by repeated distillation of hydrogen in special devices. Its application is based on the ability to slow down neutron synthesis and proton reactions. It is heavy water and hydrogen isotopes that are the basis for creating a nuclear and hydrogen bomb.

Experiments on the use of deuterium water by people in small quantities have shown that it does not linger for long - a complete withdrawal is observed after two weeks. It is impossible to use it as a source of moisture for life, but the technical significance is simply enormous.

Melt water and its application

Since ancient times, the properties of such water have been identified by people as healing. It has long been observed that when snow melts, animals try to drink water from the puddles formed. Later, its structure and biological effects on the human body were carefully studied.

Melt water, its signs and properties are in the middle between ordinary light and ice. From the inside, it is formed not just by molecules, but by a set of clusters formed by crystals and gas. That is, inside the voids between the structural parts of the crystal are hydrogen and oxygen. In general terms, the structure of melt water is similar to the structure of ice - the structure is preserved. The physical properties of such hydrogen oxide change slightly in comparison with the usual one. However, the biological effect on the body is excellent.

When water is frozen by the first fraction, the heavier part turns into ice - these are deuterium isotopes, salts and impurities. Therefore, this core should be removed. But the rest is pure, structured and healthy water. What is the effect on the body? The scientists of the Donetsk Research Institute named the following types of improvements:

1. Acceleration of recovery processes.
2. Strengthening immunity.
3. After inhalation of such water, children recover and cure colds, cough, runny nose and so on.
4. Improves breathing, the condition of the larynx and mucous membranes.
5. The general well-being of a person, activity increase.

Today, there are a number of supporters of the treatment with melt water, who write their positive reviews. However, there are scientists, including physicians, who do not support these views. They believe that there will be no harm from such water, but there will be little benefit.

Energy

Why can the properties of water change and be restored upon transition to different states of aggregation? The answer to this question is as follows: this connection has its own information memory, which records all changes and leads to the restoration of the structure and properties at the right time. The bioenergy field through which part of the water passes (the one that comes from outer space) carries a powerful charge of energy. This pattern is often used in treatment. However, from a medical point of view, not every water is able to have a beneficial effect, including information.

Structured water - what is it?

This is water that has a slightly different structure of molecules, the arrangement of crystal lattices (such as that observed in ice), but it is still a liquid (thaw also belongs to this type). In this case, the composition of water and its properties, from a scientific point of view, do not differ from those characteristic of ordinary hydrogen oxide. Therefore, structured water cannot have such a wide healing effect that esotericists and supporters of alternative medicine attribute to it.