Yes, you know what. Interesting Facts

The St. Petersburg Collection (1846), published jointly with Belinsky, included four poems by Nekrasov: “It is gratifying to see what he finds ...”, “Lullaby (Imitation of Lermontov)”, “The Drunkard”, “On the Road”. According to the memoirs of the memoirist, after reading the poem “On the Road” to Belinsky, the critic’s “eyes sparkled, he rushed to Nekrasov, hugged him and said almost with tears in his eyes:

Do you know that you are a poet - and a true poet?

Belinsky's "perfect delight" was also caused by the poem "Motherland". It was in these works, already reflecting the original talent of the poet, that a new “subject” and a new “hero” of his poetry were identified. Nekrasov himself later spoke about this very accurately: “Yes, I increased the material processed by poetry, the personalities of peasants ... Millions of living beings were never depicted in front of me! They asked for a loving look! And whatever a person is, then a martyr, whatever life is, then a tragedy!

"On the Road" reveals the tragedy of serfs: a coachman who works out quitrent in the capital city, and his wife Grusha, who quietly fades away among peasant labors beyond her strength. But the stories of the coachman and the sufferer Grusha are presented not only as typical manifestations of the common folk share, imprinted in the songs composed by the people. It may seem so only at the beginning: a gentleman prone to reflection, relying on the legendary “daring” of the coachman, hopes (partly deliberately falling into self-deception) with his help to “disperse” mental anxiety, “boredom” (“Song, or something, buddy, binge / About recruiting and separation; / What a tall tale...”). In return, he learns from the interlocutor-peasant a very personal, unique in its concreteness, worldly reality.

The composition of the poem - "with a frame" - is a "story within a story". And from this, as H.H. Skatov, “suffering itself ... is felt doubly or even triple: it comes from the grief of a peasant who was crushed by the “villainous wife”, and from the grief of the unfortunate Pear, and from the general grief of the people's life. And although the culprit of the misfortune of Grusha and her husband is precisely indicated (the gentlemen, out of a whim, raised Grusha in a noble manner, together with a young lady, and then again sent her to a serfdom: “The gentlemen killed her, / And there would be a dashing woman”), the content of the poem is irreducible to some one, even the most undoubted conclusion. The reader, thanks to the author's all-penetrating gaze, is able to understand both the involuntary guilt of the coachman, who is not aware of the depth of the tragedy taking place nearby, and the impersonal, but still guilt of the "bored" gentleman, powerless to change anything, hastily interrupting the interlocutor's naive confession: "Ah, listen , beat - so almost never beat, / Unless it was under a drunken hand ... ".

Nekrasov's contemporaries unanimously noted that in the verses, where the poet's lyrical "I" comes into contact with peasant life, really folk, lively speech sounds: "he composes neither speech nor sympathy" (A.A. Grigoriev). For Nekrasov, it was natural to enter the people's world through the exact, literal reproduction of peasant dialects. It is them that he attracts in the poem "On the Road." Dialectisms are scattered everywhere here:

You understand, a hundred, sew and knit

Otherwise, a folk flavor is created in another "amazing song" by Nekrasov - "The Gardener" (1846). In this lyrical narration about the short-lived love of the "master's daughter" and a simple peasant, the same thought sounds as in the poem "On the Road" - the thought of the incompatibility of human happiness with the unnatural relations of social inequality. But in "Ogorodnik" the painful thought is softened by song intonation, leaving the impression of freedom with a four-foot anapaest. This is Nekrasov's first lyrical experience in mastering folklore. K.I. Chukovsky noted the techniques that the poet uses in an effort to recreate the folk song flavor: “There are also negative parallelisms:

I did not walk with a flail in a dense forest,

I did not lie in the ditch in the impenetrable night ...

Here are the double words characteristic of the song style: “I gave, didn’t give”, “untwisted-braided”, “chubby-white-faced”, “kissed-pardoned”, “muzhik-vahlak”, etc. ... Here and such folklore constant epithets as “clear eyes”, “white hand”, “golden ring”, “violent head”, “curls - combed flax”, “beauty girl”, “like a falcon I look”, etc.” .

The lyrics of Nekrasov in the future constantly show an attraction to oral folk art. In this regard, the poet manages to achieve artistic perfection ("Duma", "Green Noise", "Orina's mother is a soldier", the cycle "Songs", etc.). But even in poems that are far from the peasant theme, one way or another, the popular speech so beloved by Nekrasov enters. Even at the time of a fatal illness, folklore helps the poet to talk about his state of mind:

I am an example of the Russian people Veren: “To live in grief -

Nekruchinnu to be "-

And, the patient working for six months,

I work hard to alleviate my illness ...

As K.I. Chukovsky, Nekrasov's own style so often passed into the folk style and vice versa that it is almost impossible to distinguish between them. This feature manifested itself even more clearly in the pre-reform 50s.

«Vladimir KLIMENKO Russia: a dead end at the end of the tunnel? Do you know what Russia is? An icy desert, and a dashing person is grooming it. TO. ..."

Vladimir KLIMENKO

Russia: dead end at the end of the tunnel?

Do you know what Russia is?

ice desert,

and a dashing person caresses her.

K. P. Pobedonostsev

The great powers do not think about their last hour and do not know it. Western

The Roman Empire fell suddenly, before Aetius had yet forgotten the triumph of the Catalaunian fields, where the flow of barbarians was stopped and, it seemed, forever turned

back. The British Empire That Really Never Set Over

The Sun emerged victorious from the biggest war in history to quietly descend into oblivion for the next quarter of a century. How quickly and imperceptibly the British view of the world had to change, so that the proud nation, which once conquered entire continents, experienced a keen sense of triumph, having defended a fragment of the desert Antarctic tundra in the summer of 1982. However, hardly anything can be more convincing than the testimony of a contemporary of the era of decline, who has no instinct for what awaits his country around the next turn of history.

Here are the lines of one amazing document: “You, O king, live beyond the borders of many seas; nevertheless, moved by a humble desire to contribute to the good of our civilization, you sent a mission with your loyal message ... I found in it a noble self-abasement, deserving of high praise. Considering the fact that your Ambassador and representative have come a long way with the memorandum and gifts, I did them the highest honor by allowing them to attend the reception.

To show them my favor, I arranged a dinner in their honor and generously gave them gifts... As for your request to accredit them to my heavenly Court in order to control trade with China, it is contrary to the practice of my Dynasty and is hardly feasible.. Even if, as you claim, reverence for our Divine Dynasty instills in you a desire to get acquainted with our civilization, then our ceremonies and laws are so different from yours that even if your messenger learns any of them, you still will not you can graft them on your foreign soil for us. Therefore, no matter how learned your messenger is, nothing will come of it. In governing the whole world, I pursue one goal, namely, to maintain good government and fulfill my duty to the State. Alien and expensive goals do not interest me. If I ordered to accept the gifts sent by you, oh king, then I did it only because they were sent from afar.

VV Klimenko - Doctor of Technical Sciences, Head of the Laboratory of the Institute for the Problems of the Safe Development of Atomic Energy of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

The royal virtue of our Dynasty has penetrated all the countries of the Celestial Empire, and the kings of all peoples send us their gifts by land and sea. We have everything, and your ambassador can testify to that. I do not attach much importance to things exotic or primitive, and we do not need the goods of your country.

It is inconceivable that this message, bordering on contempt and filled with a sense of overwhelming superiority, was sent by Emperor Jianglong of the Qing Dynasty to the British King George III just a few decades before the horrific defeat of China in a series of wars against England and other Western powers that broke out in the middle of the 19th century. The collapse of an empire is always sudden on a historical time scale, with devastating consequences. Of course, a disaster is something that happens unexpectedly, but the scale of destruction can still be reduced if one is prepared for the inevitable.

Within the framework of the humanities, ideas about the cyclical nature of the historical process have long been developed (Ibn Khaldun, D. Viko, A. Toynbee, L. Gumilyov, P. Kennedy), which means that the most difficult - psychological - obstacle to predicting dramatic moments missing in history.

Prediction in its strict sense means the possibility of quantitative prediction, and this raises a serious problem. The fact is that historical science, having accumulated an enormous amount of factual material, operates with a very small amount of measured data, precisely those that make it possible for quantitative analysis and forecasting. The current situation largely resembles the situation in the natural sciences at the beginning of the 17th century, when, for example, the concepts of temperature, pressure, concentration existed, but there were no reliable means of measuring them. The construction of modern industrial and post-industrial civilizations became possible only after the methods of measurement, quantitative analysis and prediction of the behavior of objects of human activity, natural or artificial, appeared.

The current century has made it possible to significantly expand the natural-science knowledge base and now enough information has been accumulated to subject grandiose objects on the scale of countries, geopolitical regions and, finally, the planet as a whole in a rather long historical retrospection to a thorough scientific analysis. Now, for the first time in the history of history, there is a real opportunity to synthesize the intuitive guesses of outstanding predecessors regarding the models of historical development, with a huge rational knowledge, to revise the fundamental historical ideas in full accordance with a strict scientific ritual, which implies the selection of those provisions that are most consistent with data of objective observations, and the rest to be gratefully placed in the pantheon of the history of scientific thought. The ambitiousness of the goal set can compete with its inaccessibility, but since even the longest road begins with the first step, I will try, after a rather long but absolutely necessary introduction, to proceed to a natural-scientific analysis of the history of Russia in the last two centuries.

First of all, it should be noted that such an analysis is possible so far only for a limited period of time, for which there is comprehensive climatic, geographical, demographic and economic information.

In this regard, it would be useful to recall that the systematic collection of statistical data necessary for my research began on the scale of individual countries in the 17th-18th centuries, on the scale of the planet - only from the second half of the 20th century. Thus, air temperature measurements for meteorological purposes began in England in 1659 (a more or less dense network of meteorological stations appeared only by 1900), the last continent was discovered in 1819 (the area and topography of the territory of individual states is still being clarified), the world's first census was conducted in the United States in 1790, W hite AF China and Foreign Powers. London, 1927, p. 41.

and, finally, statistics on the production and consumption of energy, which is the basis of industrial society, appear in England and France in 1800 (rather complete information for all countries of the world has been available only since 1950). Thus, we can conclude that for some countries the natural science base extends in time no further than the last two centuries and practically coincides with the period usually called the New History or the era of industrial society.

The analysis of natural science data during the period of the existence of an industrial society allowed me to formulate a number of fundamental laws that have the form of experimentally verified quantitative ratios2:

1) specific energy consumption (per capita) in an industrial society is growing, reaching some limit value over time. Stable specific energy consumption is an indicator of the transition to the post-industrial (information) stage of society development;

2) the maximum level of specific energy consumption in different countries is not the same and is determined only by their climatic and geographical conditions. The colder the climate and the larger the territory of the country, the higher the level of specific energy consumption, which provides the inhabitants of this country with acceptable living conditions;

3) at present, there are about 40 medium and large states in the world with a population of over 1 million people each, which have entered the phase of post-industrial development, i.e., those in which the specific energy consumption has reached the saturation level;

4) the patterns obtained are universal, i.e. they describe with acceptable accuracy the behavior of all states without exception, differing in natural conditions, economic structure, political structure, ethnic, racial and confessional characteristics. This provision allows us to conclude that in the space of material culture a single type of consumer civilization has formed, following the stereotypes established or imposed by the Western Christian (according to Toynbee) civilization.

Now that I have given ideas about the fundamentally new factual basis of the analysis proposed below and outlined the main philosophical concepts, I can go directly to the discussion of the topic indicated in the title of the article and give my vision of the situation in which Russia found itself at the end of the 20th century, and also make a quite confident forecast of the future fate of our state.

Mankind is very willing to engage in myth-making, and in this sense Russia is no exception, but in the ability to turn a myth into a great messianic idea and cultivate it over the centuries, our country, perhaps, has no equal. It is easy to guess that we are now talking about the doctrine of Philotheus, a monk of the Pskov Eleazarov Monastery, expressed almost 500 years ago: “Two Romes fall, the third stands, and there will not be a fourth.” It is interesting that this fundamental idea was also introduced into the mass Russian consciousness from abroad, since in the time of Philotheus Pskov was an independent state with republican rule and a real alternative to choosing between Catholic Lithuanian Rus and Orthodox Muscovy. It is also worth adding that the method of state structure of the Pskov Republic was undoubtedly closer to the Polish-Lithuanian one, where, after the privileges of 1413, 1447, 1492 and 1506, the state, in essence, turned into a gentry republic3. Nevertheless, even then there were a fair number of people, See Klimenko VV Influence of climatic and geographical conditions on the level of energy consumption. Reports of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 1994, vol. 339, no. 3; his own. Energy, climate and historical perspective of Russia. "Social Sciences and Modernity", 1995, No. 1.

See 3 emts o in B. N. Where did ... Russian civilization come from. "Social Sciences and Modernity", 1994, No. 4.

who preferred a firm imperial order to dubious democratic liberties, which was soon clearly confirmed by the Pskovites by the heroic defense of the city from Stefan Batory. So the doctrine of Philotheus appeared in a non-random place and at a non-random time and, of course, is one of the great ideas, because despite all the vicissitudes of the historical development of Russia, it remained and remains the central state idea for almost five centuries.

The idea of ​​the messianic role of Russia, its ability to captivate and lead other countries and peoples, claims to participate in resolving all world conflicts without exception, wherever they occur, and finally, constant declarations of its own greatness, or, at least, of imminent the revival of this greatness - all this is a great unifying idea, the only one that, of course, binds all the rulers of Russia, past and present, acting or claiming power. Five centuries of continuous propaganda, in which the masters of thought of the scale of N. Gogol, F. Dostoevsky, L. Tolstoy, V. Bryusov took part and whose strength increased even more in the 20th century with the advent of new media, have led us to a situation where the mission of the global leader is not removed from Russia under any circumstances.

However, sooner or later all great ideas lose their power, because there is no truth outside of time and space. Being impeccable for the beginning of the heroic 16th century and regularly fulfilling its task until the expulsion of Napoleon, the messianic idea of ​​Philotheus finally broke the once great state, turning into an absolutely unbearable burden for it today.

The break occurred on the eve of the 19th century, with the beginning of the industrial era, to which Russia was at least a century late. Even the three wars lost in a row against the industrial countries of the West and East did not shake the ground under the feet of the national great power, which again significantly strengthened during the era of communist rule. This idea is being exploited even now, forgetting that it belongs to a bygone historical era.

Finally, let us ask ourselves a simple question: what are the criteria for the greatness of the state and how are they measured? The answer must be preceded by the remark that different eras give different ideas of greatness. For the pre-industrial era, I see no other criteria than demographic and territorial, that is, the most powerful powers of their time were certainly considered those that controlled the largest territory and collected the maximum number of people on it. This applies equally to the Roman Empire, the Arab Caliphate, the Ottoman Empire or the Habsburg Empire. In the industrial era, the role of extensive demographic and territorial factors is weakening, and a certain generalized factor of material well-being comes to the fore, I have shown in several works that this factor is nothing more than the relative specific energy consumption, no matter how boring it may sound 4.

If a country consumes as much energy per capita as its specific natural conditions (climate, territory, relief) prescribe, then it has no problems either with the maintenance of the army or the administrative apparatus, or with pension or medical care - in a word, the mechanism of the state is functioning properly. The problem is that for large states with a cold climate, much more energy is required - which is why for Japan three tons of oil per year per person is enough, and for Russia even 10 tons is not enough, and we never had them.

Now, it seems, the origin of the strategically incorrect assessment of the position of Russia in the modern world should become clear: it comes from the application of the criteria of the 16th century to the state on the threshold of the 21st. It is also interesting Sm. Klimenko VV Energy, climate and historical perspective of Russia.

Table I Population of the ten largest countries in the world in 1900 and 2005 (millions) 1900* 2005** 1 China 475 1 China 1362 2 British India 293 2 India 1106 3 Russia 133 3 USA 286 4 USA 76 4 Indonesia 232 5 Germany 57 5 Brazil 184 6 Austria-Hungary 46 6 Pakistan 176 7 Japan 45 7 Nigeria 171 8 Great Britain 42 8 Bangladesh 161 9 France 41 9 Russia 151 10 Indonesia 38 10 Japan 130 * See Mc Evedy C., J ones R. Atlas of World Population History. London, 1978.

**CM. World Population Prospects. The 1992 revision. new. Work, 1993.

to trace the drift in the position of our state over the next century - for clarity, I will do this in terms of extensive (pre-industrial) and modern, relating to the era of global transition to a post-industrial society.

Let us first turn to pre-industrial criteria - population size and territory (see Tables 1, 2). Russia, which in 1900 occupied the 3rd place in terms of population in the world and far ahead, by the way, of the United States and the German Empire, which then included almost twice as much land as it does now, at the beginning of the 21st century will be in a distant ninth place, and in it will be home to only 2% of the world's population compared to 7% in 1900. The area of ​​Russia de jure has decreased by almost a quarter over the course of a century, and although it is still the first in this indicator, this should not please us too much. More than two thirds of our territory (11.57 out of 17.08 million km2) are lands that are not adapted for permanent human habitation (with the exception of extremely small groups of autochthonous populations that have adapted to extreme conditions over millennia of slow evolutionary survival).

These are lands where the average annual air temperature is below -2 ° C, or located above 2000 m above sea level. In the ten thousand years that have passed since the end of the last ice age, man has not been able to sustainably gain a foothold in these areas with extremely harsh natural conditions. Yes, this cannot be demanded from the descendants of one of the species of the African fauna, for which snow and ice are the rarest and most terrible event, but by no means the norm of life5. By the way, Russia is the only country in the world where large cities with a population of over 100,000 are located in the zone of extreme natural conditions.

residents: Vorkuta, Inta, Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, Norilsk, etc. Almost all of them arose in the era of strengthening imperial power and a renewed messianic idea.

Now we are witnessing the natural process of the mass exodus of the inhabitants of the Russian North in full accordance with the objective laws of nature.

Sooner or later, the North will again become what it, in fact, is:

a pantry of enormous wealth or a cold cellar of the planet, but in any case it is clear that a person still cannot live all his life in a pantry or cellar.

Returning to Table 2 and operating on the already “effective” area of ​​the country, I have repeatedly observed real panic, which is accompanied by the collapse of the transport system, heat and energy supply and covers residents of even developed countries, as soon as the thermometer drops below -5- for several days. 10°C.

Table 2 Territory of the ten largest countries of the world in 1900 and 1995 (million km2) de jure “effective” *

–  –  –

The effective area is understood as the territory suitable for long-term permanent habitation. A specially conducted study of the density of population distribution over the surface of the globe showed that the population is practically absent in territories where the average annual air temperature is less than -2 ° C or the height exceeds 2000 m above sea level. Thus, “effective” is the part of the territory of the state, located, if we are talking about the Northern Hemisphere, to the south of the average annual isotherm Ta = -2 ° С and below the isohypse Н = 2000 m. In the Southern Hemisphere, the isotherm Ta = -2 ° С is located in the ocean surrounding Antarctica, and the territory lying below the isohypse H = 2000 m is effective.

taking into account all the considerations just expressed, we will be surprised to find that Russia is not at all the largest country in the world, but only the fifth in terms of territory, and that in the 20th century we lost with Finland, Poland, Ukraine, the Baltic states and other countries, in fact, half (!) its effective area.

Consideration of tables 1 and 2 leads to the obvious conclusion: the shares of the population and usable area of ​​Russia in relation to the world during the 20th century decreased, respectively, by 3.5 and 2 times and reached, I will add, a new historical minimum that has not been observed since the end of the 16th century . The circle has closed, and even according to medieval criteria, which even now many voluntarily or involuntarily operate, we are now there again, from the court began our campaign under the banner of the Philotheic idea of ​​Great Russia.

Let us remember, however, that we are living at the end of the 20th century, and now other criteria of the power of the state must also be used - in particular, specific energy consumption (see Table 3.). If we use absolute numbers, then our position looks simply brilliant: we are ahead of Germany, France, Japan and all other developed countries, except for the USA and Australia (to these we must add Canada and the northern countries, for which information is not given here). The insidiousness of absolute numbers leads to a simple conclusion: we are quite well provided with energy, but, probably, it is not used very rationally and efficiently. It remains to find a universal means by which it will be possible to eliminate the inefficient use of energy, for example, the Western model of development, and, after a short transition period, become an equal member of the club of developed industrial countries, and for starters, at least a member of the Big Seven. These dreams dissipate like smoke if the real criterion is the relative, i.e. normalized with regard to actual natural conditions, energy consumption. It turns out that from Table 3 Energy consumption per capita in some countries of the world in 1900 and 1993

–  –  –

* A ton of reference fuel is a measure of energy equal to 7 billion calories, or 29.3 billion joules.

Corresponds approximately to the amount of heat released during the combustion of one ton of high-quality coal or 0.7 tons of oil.

"The data is 1994.

due to its vast territory and extremely cold climate6, Russia consumes only about 40% of the energy it really needs and, according to this indicator, is at the end of the first hundred of 152 countries of the world with a population of more than 1 million people each, far behind not only developed countries, but also many developing ones ( Zimbabwe, Paraguay, Jordan).

This means that in order to achieve the level of prosperity of modern developed countries, Russia needs - even with zero population growth - to increase energy consumption from the current 1.1 billion tce per year to 2.8 billion tce per year. To do this, you will need to find and develop two more such oil and gas provinces as the West Siberian! In the history of industrial civilization there is Russia - the coldest country in the world with an average annual temperature Ta = -5.5 ° C. For comparison, in Canada Ta = -5.1 ° C, but the northernmost city with a population of over 100 thousand people (Edmonton) lies there at the latitude of Minsk and Orel, in Iceland Ta \u003d + 0.9 ° С, Finland (“our northern neighbor”) Ta \u003d + 1.5 ° С.

the only country that has experienced such an energy leap is the United States of America, which took about 80 years to accomplish this daunting task. Only an unbridled optimist can assume that we will go through this path faster - most likely, Russia, which is on the decline, will never pass it, because the time of large states has expired and it is time for us to return home.

The goal of any science is prediction. The social sciences, whose factual basis is extremely subjective and poor in objective quantitative indicators, and, moreover, is strongly influenced by the dominant ideology, have a very peculiar attitude towards the main mission. They clothe their predictions in the polyvariant form of the so-called "scenarios", shifting the responsibility for making a decision to those who apply for a forecast, that is, to a non-professional. Is it not for this reason that in the field of public administration we are everywhere confronted with a manifestation of astonishing incompetence, which in many other areas would cost its owner a career? In the natural sciences, with the exception of only some exotic areas generated by the 20th century, predictions appear in the form of a clear forecast based on the establishment and correct extrapolation of quantitative patterns. Since this article is based on natural science methodology, the forecast below is quite definite and allows only minor (compared to the scenario approach) deviations.

If the established patterns are true throughout the entire period of modern history, and it cannot end before the completion of demographic, energy and, consequently, environmental stabilization, which will take at least 200 years, Russia will never be a developed state. No matter how well, correctly and for a long time reforms have been carried out in it (remember how many of them have already been since the beginning of the industrial era!), We will invariably find a dead end at the end of the reform tunnel.

In full accordance with the real opportunities given to us by nature, we can turn from a semi-colony into an empire or vice versa.

Now the process is going in the opposite direction, and with astonishing speed: we already have all the classic signs of a semi-colonial regime:

a colossal volume of exports of raw materials 7, a gigantic income gap between the rich and the poor, the formation of a stratum of compradors along with an extensive criminal class, and finally, the country's transformation into a source of fabulously cheap labor for neighboring states. In this light, the process of pushing science, education and culture to the margins of society looks completely natural - we are apparently doomed to have a biased science serving the compradors and obedient authorities, a profaned cynical education focused on getting a quick income, a corrupt mass culture with the morality of a drug dealer .

It seems to me that I am not exaggerating, especially since we are talking about real processes that are visible to any unbiased observer. It is only important to emphasize that we are not dealing with the realization of some villainous intent, but with the implementation of natural historical trends, aggravated, of course, by what is called “inadequate ambitions” in social psychology.

And yet, I don't want to leave either myself or the reader in a state of complete hopelessness, especially since objective patterns indicate a very real historical way out through breaking the vicious dichotomy "colony - empire". We live in the era of the decline of the empire and persist in our delusion Energy exports in 1995 exceeded 31% of their production - this is 1.8 times higher than the peak reached in the early 80s. The current transformations are much more in need of doping than the imperial policy of twenty years ago.

regarding the true status of the country now and in the near future, it means to become like Emperor Jianglong, with whose letter I began this article.

We need to forget about "Great Russia", about its revival, which will never come - this is irresponsible demagoguery, which is not supported by any actual data. Great Russia is today a subject for study by historians and culturologists, but no longer an object that really exists. We must, like the Roman Empire after Trajan, put ourselves on the defensive and, like Theodosius the Great, have the courage to lose half of what we have conquered in order to keep the other half for a thousand years.

In practical terms, this means:

1. Rejection of the geopolitical concept of the “zone of strategic interests”

(Transcaucasia, Baltic, Central Asia). We will have to leave anyway, and therefore Russia's interests should end at the current border, within which it is still possible to create a truly commonwealth of states speaking the same language. We must be prepared for the fact that within the current border the process of the formation of new states will not end until the great idea of ​​the consumer society that has taken possession of the world is replaced by another philosophy.

The dispassionate statistics that I have show that all countries of the world want to assimilate consumption stereotypes nurtured in the depths of Western Christian civilization, but the fact is that this can only be done in a certain natural (climatic, geographical, demographic) environment.

2. It is necessary to achieve the status of a developing country for Russia. Potential admission to the G7 is a completely clear, extremely cynical move by the Western powers, which hope to acquire an obedient and disenfranchised supplier of raw materials (primarily energy) and human resources in this way. All G7 countries (with the exception of Canada, and even then only in the last 20 years) are the largest net energy importers, taking together more than half of the world's energy exports. Our simple-minded leadership would do well to wonder why we are called to the G7, and not, say, Brazil, which already surpasses Russia in population and by far in terms of gross national product and economic growth. The answer to this question is so obvious that it does not require a lengthy formulation.

3. It is necessary to lay down the role of the bearer of the messianic idea. Russia carried this burden for too long, and in the end the nation and the country broke under its unbearable weight, but is it so surprising? Never before have great civilizational ideas come from countries with short summers and eight-month winters. On the contrary, history shows that only “dashing people” came from these countries during periods of climatic optimums and local population explosions, capable only of violence and senseless destruction and, at best, of dissolving in a more favorable environment (Normans in the Mediterranean, Hungarians in Pannonia, Mongols in China). This is a rather radical point of view, but it only recalls what the great Arab historian Ibn Khaldun wrote about back in the 14th century: “... one cannot expect success in science and crafts from the inhabitants of such countries, since too much strength to resist the hostile forces of nature" 8.

The heroic epic of Russia is over, and whoever wants to can be proud that we are one of the states where it lasted so long. The world has long been dominated by other "great ideas" (more precisely, their surrogates), in particular, falsely understood personal independence and individual well-being (on the principle of "here and now"). These ideas turned out to be extremely attractive and now I b n - K h a l d o u n A. Mukaddamat. Vol. 1. Paris, 1863, p. 68.

are dominant, involving in their orbit all the new countries, following the path of development, marked or imposed by the Western states. While a handful of intellectuals tried to discern and cultivate in society the germs of a new civilizational idea, people united around the "great idea" of mass consumption, which now occupies in the minds of the very place where the new ecumenical religion should have been located. The universality of the consumption stereotype, quite clearly imprinted in the single planetary nature of the use of energy, shows that the objective laws of the material culture of modern society really exist. Destroying the wall that separates us from the outside world, we surrender ourselves to the power of these laws, which are senseless and unsafe to resist - after all, to support what is doomed by history means to jeopardize the future.
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Composition

Yes, do you know that you
a poet - and a true poet?
V. Belinsky

The poetic world of Nekrasov is surprisingly rich and diverse. The talent generously bestowed upon him by nature, and his extraordinary diligence helped the poet to create such a polyphonic and melodious lyric.
Let's talk about the political, civil lyrics of Nekrasov. The meeting with V. G. Belinsky played a big role not only in life, but also in the work of Nekrasov. The poet has no personal life without creativity, they are always interconnected. One is reflected in the other, influencing and interacting with each other. Under the direct influence of the democratic ideas of Belinsky, the poet created wonderful poems: “Motherland”, “Troika”, “Before the rain”, “I am driving along a dark street at night ...”, “Yesterday, at six o'clock ... »
The poem "Motherland" is largely autobiographical. The author, depicting the true events of life, which he was a witness, creatively rethinks them. This poem is inspired by childhood memories of life in Greshnev. It denounces serfdom, despotism, and the complete downtroddenness of the peasants. The poet describes the estate:

Where is the swarm of depressed and trembling slaves
I envied the life of the last lordly dogs.
And only the one who crushed everyone with himself.
Freely and breathed, and acted, and lived ...

The theme of exposing serfdom and autocracy, love for the common man, sympathy for the offended and oppressed runs like a red thread through all of Nekrasov's work. The poet managed to reflect all the horror and lawlessness of autocratic Russia in a very short, but surprisingly capacious poem:

Yesterday, at six o'clock.
I went to Sennaya;
They beat a woman with a whip,
A young peasant woman.
Not a sound from her chest.
Only the whip whistled while playing.

Nekrasov, as we have already noted, does not have purely love lyrics. It is all imbued with civic feeling. In the poem "The Poet and the Citizen" Nekrasov puts an equal sign between these two words, calling on the poet to wake up from negligence and inaction, to join the struggle for the good of the people.

It's a shame to sleep with your talent.
Even more ashamed in the hour of grief
The beauty of valleys, skies and seas
And sing sweet caresses ...

The poem is written in the form of a dialogue - a dispute between a citizen and a poet, who calls on a talented poet to raise his voice in defense of the destitute, the poor, the orphans. He will fulfill his duty if he alleviates the fate of at least one, but the poet is able to help thousands, he should not be silent:

And you, the poet, the chosen one of heaven,
Herald of the truths of the ages,
Do not believe that the one who does not have bread
Not worth your prophetic strings.

The poet doubts the power of his forces, the possibility of manifesting these forces for the good of the Motherland. But the citizen inspires him to a feat in the name of the public good:

You may not be a poet.
But you have to be a citizen.

What is a citizen? This is a person who is responsible for everything that happens in the Motherland, experiences failures and rejoices in the achievements of the country. He wears her sores as his own. The poet dedicated many poems to specific people, true fighters for the happiness of Russia: “In Memory of Belinsky”, “Russian Writer”, “Turgenev”, “Prophet”, dedicated to Chernyshevsky.

Many of Nekrasov's poems are devoted to the description of folk, village life. Nekrasov grew up on the Volga. The image of the great Russian river is constantly found in his works. Nekrasov's connection with his native land throughout his life constantly influenced his work:

And there, in the depths of Russia -
There is eternal silence.
Only the wind does not give peace
To the tops of roadside willows,
And arched,
Kissing mother earth
Ears of endless fields...

The poem "Elegy" adequately completes Nekkrasov's lyrics. In it, the poet says that the folk theme cannot become obsolete as long as there are unfortunate and destitute people, position cannot turn away from this theme, not see it.

I dedicated the lyre to my people.
Perhaps I will die unknown to him.
But I served him - and my heart is calm.
Let not every warrior harm the enemy,
But everyone go to battle! And fate will decide the battle ...

It is impossible to grasp the immensity. And Nekrasov's lyrics are full of water, like a river. We have touched on only a small part of it. Nekrasov, on the other hand, reflected in his work all the diversity and complexity of life. His poetry is inexhaustible, like folk wisdom, and beautiful, like Russia, which he served, on the altar of which he laid down his talent and life.

Sow reasonable, good, eternal.
Sow! Thank you heartily
Russian people...-

the poet calls on those who follow him. This is a kind of testament to the descendants of the great Russian poet.

The ingenious physicist Lev Landau was jokingly called "Skinny Lion" by his friends, and he himself began to say that he had "not a physique, but a body subtraction."

That in the time of Peter the Great, all foreigners were called Germans. Because the outdated meaning of this word is any foreign-speaking, “dumb in Russian”, person.

"... the countess, with a changed face, runs to the pond."
It turns out that this phrase was not invented: it was taken from the telegraph correspondence of a capital journalist who was present at the Astapovo station in November 1910. By the way, there were the following words: “I learned a few details of the assassination of the countess: without reading the letter, the stunned countess changed her face, runs to the pond"

In the 19th century, there was a saying in Moscow that, they say, all the coachmen in the city were drunkards, except for two. These were the statues that crowned the Arc de Triomphe and the building of the Bolshoi Theatre.

In one of the books by the ironic English science fiction writer Terry Pratchet, the protagonist summons spirits from the book "Mallificarum Sumpta Diabolicite Occulars Singularum", which literally translates as "Guide to the Malicious Little One-Eyed Devil". MS DOS.

How did the word "kangaroo" come about? To the sailors' question "What is this strange animal with a big tail and a bag on its stomach?" the natives, who did not understand anything, asked "Ken gu ru?", which translates as "What do white people want?"

Do you know why the favorite and traditional meat dishes in Ukraine have been prepared from pork for a long time? Because during the attack of the Tatars or Turks, the herds of pigs could not be stolen for two reasons: firstly, for Muslims a pig is an unclean animal, and secondly, you cannot run far and quickly on short legs.

Knitting was invented by men three thousand years ago in the hot deserts of the East. In medieval Europe, where the first Christian preachers brought this, women were also not allowed to do this. Many knights were engaged in this, and it was possible to get into the closed guild of professionals only after six years of study and the strictest exam. Times are changing: men have long forgotten about this and consider it entirely a female prerogative.

One of the most highly qualified and highly paid categories of scientific workers in America bears the strange slang name "professional idiots." They are software testers. When checking programs, they must anticipate all the most idiotic mistakes that a user can make, and determine the reaction of programs to them. If he couldn't do it, then he's an idiot, but unskilled, unprofessional.

In the 19th century, the thickness of the walls of cans reached 3 mm! Housewives of the last century had to use a hammer and chisel from time to time, and they did this in accordance with a specially attached instruction.

By decree of Peter I, after December 31, 7207 from the creation of the world, consider January 1 as the beginning of the year 1700 from the birth of Christ.

The American magazine "Time" annually determines the "person of the year". In 1983, the result of the survey was unexpected. The editorial computer rejected the nominations of a famous politician, a movie star, and even a charming alien, the hero of a sensational film. It was a computer.

Where did the word "restaurant" come from? In 1765, a new dish appeared in the Boulanger tavern in Paris: congee. The decoction was considered an indispensable means of restoring strength. That is why the Boulanger tavern received a new name "Restaurant", from the French. /restauer/ - "restore, restore".

At the famous Peter's assemblies, the most distinguished were awarded with an additional portion of sweets. Because of this extra piece, whole battles sometimes flared up, and therefore the participants in the assembly brought whole squads of their people with them to protect them. The award process was called "dissertation".

At the beginning of the 20th century, the Orthodox Church gave the following recommendation: "When naming a newborn, it should be borne in mind that Saints Inna and Rimma were men."

At the end of the 19th century, the Parliament of England legislated left-hand traffic, based primarily on the interests of pedestrians. So the parliamentarians wanted to protect their fellow citizens from whips, because the transport was horse-drawn, and the drivers were mostly right-handed.

The introduction of a vow of celibacy was caused by completely non-religious reasons. Celibacy was introduced by Pope Gregory VII in the 11th century, and was practically established in the 13th century. The reason is the desire of the church, as the largest feudal lord, to keep land property intact, preventing its division among heirs.

1. Over the past 50 years, humanity has destroyed 70% of the world's forests.

2. More than half of the world's population has never seen snow.

3. The heart of a white whale is the size of a Volkswagen Beetle.


4. If you collect all the iron contained in the human body, you get only a small screw for women's watches.

5. Abroad, everyone is sure that Cheburashka is SHE


6. In Creskill, New Jersey, all cats and cats must wear 3 bells so that the birds are always aware of their location.

7. If you fill a teaspoon with the substance of which neutron stars are composed, then its weight will be = approximately 110 million tons.

8. Pipidastres - shaggy multi-colored things that girls from the support group of sports teams beautifully wave.


9. Only women and horses have hymens.

10. Female pigeons cannot lay eggs alone. They definitely need to see a dove for this. In captivity, they can be fooled with a mirror.

11. The rubber armrest of the subway escalator moves at a different speed so that the passenger does not fall asleep on the escalator.


12. Sharks can be dangerous even before they are born. So, scientist Stuart Springer was bitten by an embryo while he was examining the insides of a pregnant shark.


13. To free yourself from the jaws of the crocodile, press your thumbs on his eyeballs. He will let you go immediately.

14. The tongue of a chameleon is twice as long as its body.


15. Michael Jordan was rejected from the basketball team in his second year of college due to his small stature.
By the way, yesterday he celebrated his 50th birthday!

16. In Kenya, bribes account for one third of the household budget.

17. The runner is able to get ahead of the race car in the first 10 meters from the start.


18. Acne can be removed with a mixture of crushed tablets of any antibiotic, aspirin and suprastin (one at a time), with the addition of a drop of water.

19. Hummingbird is the only bird that can fly backwards.


20. Giant Komodo lizards even attack deer and wild boar.

21. Every fourth American was shown on TV.


22. Half of the men do not wash their hands after using the toilet.

23. If a yellow canary is fed red pepper, the color of its feathers will turn bright orange.

24. To accurately maintain balance and aerodynamic properties, the eagle, when a feather falls out of one wing, loses the same feather from the other wing.

25. In the 18th century. soldiers who fought against the armies of Frederick brought cockroaches to Moscow and St. Petersburg. Before that, there were no cockroaches.

26. To crack a nut, just put it in hot water for 48 hours.


27. It is impossible to stick a blade between the plates of the pyramid of Cheops.

28. There is a wife dragging championship in Finland. The winner receives a quantity of beer equivalent to the weight of the spouse.

29. Eagles mate in flight.

30. Drivers kill more deer than hunters.

31. Some types of tapeworms eat themselves in the absence of food. However, they can eat up to 95% of their body.

32. There are no penguins at the North Pole, contrary to popular stereotype.


33. No one has been able to tame the African Elephant yet. Only the Indian elephant can be trained.

34. A rat can fall off a five-story building without any damage.


35. Even a small drop of alcohol placed on a scorpion drives him crazy. The scorpion stings itself to death.

36. The most common language is Chinese. And the second most common is Spanish. English gets an honorary bronze.

37. The average life expectancy of Japanese women is 84 years; while life expectancy for women in Botswana is only 39 years.

38. Same-sex sexual activity is illegal in more than 70 countries. In nine, including Afghanistan, Iran and Saudi Arabia, they are punishable by death.


39. More than 70 percent of the world's population has never heard a phone ring. In Africa, only one in 40 people has a telephone.

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