CNC machine do-it-yourself electrical circuit. Homemade machines and fixtures for the home workshop

The article describes a homemade CNC machine. The main advantage of this version of the machine is a simple method of connecting stepper motors to a computer via the LPT port.

Mechanical

Bed The bed of our machine is made of plastic 11-12 mm thick. The material is not critical, you can use aluminum, organic glass, plywood and any other available material. The main parts of the frame are attached using self-tapping screws, if desired, you can additionally decorate the attachment points with glue, if you use wood, you can use PVA glue.

Calipers and guides As guides, steel bars with a diameter of 12mm, length 200mm (on the Z axis 90mm), two pieces per axis, were used. Calipers are made of textolite with dimensions 25X100X45. The textolite has three through holes, two of them for guides and one for a nut. The guide parts are fixed with M6 screws. Supports X and Y in the upper part have 4 threaded holes for fixing the table and the Z-axis assembly.

Caliper Z The guides of the Z axis are attached to the caliper X through a steel plate, which is transitional, plate dimensions 45x100x4.

Stepper motors are mounted on fasteners, which can be made of sheet steel with a thickness of 2-3mm. The screw must be connected to the axis of the stepper motor using a flexible shaft, which can be used as a rubber hose. When using a rigid shaft, the system will not work accurately. The nut is made of brass, which is glued into the caliper.

Assembly Assembling a homemade CNC machine is carried out in the following sequence:

• First you need to install all the guide components in the calipers and screw them to the sidewalls, which were not initially installed on the base.
• We move the caliper along the guides until we achieve a smooth ride.
• We tighten the bolts, fixing the guide parts.
• We attach a caliper, a guide assembly and a sidewall to the base, we use self-tapping screws for fastening.
• We assemble the Z assembly and, together with the adapter plate, attach it to the X caliper.
• Next, install the lead screws along with the couplings.
• We install stepper motors, connecting the motor rotor and the screw with a coupling. We pay strict attention to the fact that the lead screws rotate smoothly.

Recommendations for assembling the machine: Nuts can also be made of cast iron, you should not use other materials, screws can be bought at any hardware store and cut to fit your needs. When using screws with M6x1 thread, the length of the nut will be 10 mm.

Machine drawings.rar

We turn to the second part of the assembly of the CNC machine with our own hands, namely to electronics.

Electronics

Power supply unit A 12V 3A unit was used as a power source. The unit is designed to power stepper motors. Another voltage source at 5V and with a current of 0.3A was used to power the controller microcircuits. The power supply depends on the power of the stepper motors.

We present the calculation of the power supply. The calculation is simple - 3x2x1 \u003d 6A, where 3 is the number of stepper motors used, 2 is the number of powered windings, 1 is the current in Amperes.

Control Controller The control controller was assembled on only 3 microcircuits of the 555TM7 series. The controller does not require firmware and has a fairly simple circuit diagram, thanks to this, this CNC machine can be made by a person who is not particularly versed in electronics.

Description and pin assignment of the LPT port connector.

For the experiment, a stepper motor from an old 5.25-inch was used. In the scheme, 7 bits are not used. 3 engines used. You can hang a key on it to turn on the main engine (cutter or drill).

Driver for stepper motors To control a stepper motor, a driver is used, which is an amplifier with 4 channels. The design is implemented on only 4 transistors of the KT917 type.

You can also use serial microcircuits, for example - ULN 2004 (9 keys) with a current of 0.5-0.6A.

The vri-cnc program is used for control. A detailed description and instructions for using the program can be found on the official website.

Having assembled this CNC machine with your own hands, you will become the owner of a machine capable of machining (drilling, milling) plastics. Steel engraving. Also, a home-made CNC machine can be used as a plotter, you can draw and drill printed circuit boards on it.

Based on materials from the site: vri-cnc.ru

all-he.ru

Cnc do-it-yourself drawings

Knowing that a CNC milling machine is a complex technical and electronic device, many craftsmen think that it is simply impossible to make it with their own hands. However, this opinion is erroneous: it is possible to make such equipment on your own, but for this you need to have not only its detailed drawing, but also a set of necessary tools and relevant components.

Processing of duralumin blanks on a homemade desktop milling machine

When deciding to make a homemade CNC milling machine, keep in mind that this can take a significant amount of time. In addition, certain financial costs will be required. However, not being afraid of such difficulties and having the right approach to solving all issues, you can become the owner of affordable, efficient and productive equipment that allows you to process workpieces from various materials with a high degree of accuracy.

To make a milling machine equipped with a CNC system, you can use two options: buy a ready-made kit, from which such equipment is assembled from specially selected elements, or find all the components and assemble a device with your own hands that fully meets all your requirements.

Instructions for assembling a homemade CNC milling machine

Below in the photo you can see a self-made CNC milling machine, which is accompanied by detailed instructions for manufacturing and assembly, indicating the materials and components used, accurate “patterns” of machine parts and approximate costs. The only negative is the instruction in English, but it is quite possible to understand the detailed drawings even without knowing the language.

Free download instructions for the manufacture of the machine: Homemade CNC milling machine

The CNC milling machine is assembled and ready to go. Below are some illustrations from the assembly instructions for this machine.

"Patterns" of machine parts (reduced view) Beginning of machine assembly Intermediate stage Final assembly stage

Preparatory work

If you decide that you will design a CNC machine with your own hands without using a ready-made kit, then the first thing you will need to do is to opt for the concept on which such mini-equipment will work.

Scheme of a CNC milling machine

The basis of CNC milling equipment can be taken from an old drilling machine, in which the working head with a drill is replaced with a milling head. The most complex thing that will have to be designed in such equipment is a mechanism that ensures the movement of the tool in three independent planes. This mechanism can be assembled on the basis of carriages from a non-working printer; it will ensure the movement of the tool in two planes.

It is easy to connect software control to a device assembled according to such a concept. However, its main drawback is that only workpieces made of plastic, wood and thin sheet metal can be processed on such a CNC machine. This is explained by the fact that the carriages from the old printer, which will ensure the movement of the cutting tool, do not have a sufficient degree of rigidity.

Lightweight version of the CNC milling machine for working with soft materials

In order for your homemade CNC machine to be able to perform full-fledged milling operations with workpieces from various materials, a sufficiently powerful stepper motor must be responsible for moving the working tool. It is not at all necessary to look for a stepper-type engine, it can be made from a conventional electric motor, subjecting the latter to a slight refinement.

The use of a stepper motor in your milling machine will make it possible to avoid the use of a screw drive, and the functionality and performance of home-made equipment will not worsen from this. If you still decide to use carriages from the printer for your mini-machine, then it is advisable to pick them up from a larger model of the printing device. To transfer force to the shaft of milling equipment, it is better to use not ordinary, but toothed belts that will not slip on the pulleys.

Belt drive unit

One of the most important components of any such machine is the milling mechanism. It is its manufacture that needs special attention. To properly make such a mechanism, you will need detailed drawings, which will need to be strictly followed.

CNC milling machine drawings

Drawing No. 1 (side view)

Drawing No. 2 (back view)

Drawing No. 3 (top view)

Let's start assembling the equipment

The basis of home-made CNC milling equipment can be a rectangular beam, which must be securely fixed on the rails.

The supporting structure of the machine must have high rigidity, it is better not to use welded joints during its installation, and all elements must be connected only with screws.

Unit for fastening machine frame parts by means of a bolted connection

This requirement is explained by the fact that the welds are very poorly tolerated by vibration loads, which the supporting structure of the equipment will necessarily be subjected to. Such loads will eventually lead to the fact that the frame of the machine will begin to collapse over time, and changes in geometric dimensions will occur in it, which will affect the accuracy of equipment settings and its performance.

Welds during the installation of the frame of a homemade milling machine often provoke the development of play in its nodes, as well as the deflection of the guides, which occurs under severe loads.

Installation of vertical racks

In the milling machine, which you will assemble with your own hands, a mechanism must be provided to ensure the movement of the working tool in a vertical direction. It is best to use a screw gear for this, the rotation of which will be transmitted using a toothed belt.

An important detail of the milling machine is its vertical axis, which for a homemade device can be made from an aluminum plate. It is very important that the dimensions of this axis are precisely adjusted to the dimensions of the device being assembled. If you have a muffle furnace at your disposal, then you can make the vertical axis of the machine with your own hands, casting it from aluminum according to the dimensions indicated in the finished drawing.

Top carriage assembly placed on transverse rails

After all the components of your homemade milling machine are prepared, you can begin to assemble it. This process begins with the installation of two stepper motors, which are mounted on the equipment body behind its vertical axis. One of these electric motors will be responsible for moving the milling head in the horizontal plane, and the second - for moving the head, respectively, in the vertical plane. After that, the remaining components and assemblies of home-made equipment are mounted.

The final stage of machine assembly

Rotation to all components of home-made CNC equipment should be transmitted only through belt drives. Before connecting a program control system to the assembled machine, you should check its performance in manual mode and immediately eliminate all identified shortcomings in its operation.

You can watch the process of assembling a milling machine with your own hands on a video that is easy to find on the Internet.

Stepper motors

In the design of any CNC milling machine, there are necessarily stepper motors that provide tool movement in three planes: 3D. When designing a homemade machine for this purpose, you can use electric motors installed in a dot matrix printer. Most older models of dot matrix printers were equipped with electric motors with fairly high power. In addition to stepper motors from an old printer, it is worth taking strong steel rods, which can also be used in the construction of your homemade machine.

Attaching the stepper motor to the top carriage

To make a CNC router with your own hands, you will need three stepper motors. Since there are only two of them in a dot matrix printer, it will be necessary to find and disassemble another old printing device.

It will be a big plus if the engines you find have five control wires: this will significantly increase the functionality of your future mini-machine. It is also important to find out the following parameters of the stepper motors you found: how many degrees it rotates in one step, what is the supply voltage, and also the value of the winding resistance.

You will need a separate controller to connect each stepper motor.

The drive design of a homemade CNC milling machine is assembled from a nut and a stud, the dimensions of which must first be selected according to the drawing of your equipment. To fix the motor shaft and to attach it to the stud, it is convenient to use a thick rubber winding from an electric cable. Elements of your CNC machine, such as clamps, can be made in the form of a nylon sleeve into which a screw is inserted. In order to make such simple structural elements, you will need a regular file and a drill.

Electronic filling of equipment

Your do-it-yourself CNC machine will be controlled by software, and you need to choose the right one. When choosing such software (you can write it yourself), it is important to pay attention to the fact that it is efficient and allows the machine to implement all its functionality. Such software should contain drivers for controllers that will be installed on your mini milling machine.

In a homemade CNC machine, the LPT port is mandatory, through which the electronic control system is connected to the machine. It is very important that this connection is made through the installed stepper motors.

Wiring diagram for unipolar stepper motors for a 3-axis CNC machine (click to enlarge)

When choosing electronic components for your do-it-yourself machine, it is important to pay attention to their quality, since the accuracy of the technological operations that will be performed on it will depend on this. After installing and connecting all the electronic components of the CNC system, you need to download the necessary software and drivers. Only after that, a test run of the machine follows, checking the correct operation of the machine under the control of downloaded programs, identifying shortcomings and promptly eliminating them.

All of the above actions and the listed components are suitable for making a milling machine with your own hands, not only for a coordinate boring group, but also for a number of other types. On such equipment, it is possible to process parts with a complex configuration, since the working body of the machine can move in three planes: 3d.

Your desire to assemble such a CNC-controlled machine with your own hands must be supported by the presence of certain skills and detailed drawings. It is also highly desirable to watch a number of thematic training videos, some of which are presented in this article.

Home › Equipment for metal processing › Milling machines

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DIY CNC machine / DIY / Collective blog

Today, the CNC machine has a wide range of applications. Among the main operations performed on it, one can note the manufacture of furniture, stone processing, repair, construction work, etc.

A CNC machine made in an industrial environment is a rather expensive pleasure. But it turns out that the mechanism is complex at first glance, it is very simple and affordable to make at home with your own hands.

For the first experience, it is best to opt for a machine with a moving portal. This is due to the fact that it perfectly combines simplicity and functionality.

For the manufacture of the main parts of the machine, we take MDF boards. This material is a fine dispersed fraction, which is pressed under high pressure and temperature into one plate. The main characteristics of MDF include high density. Therefore, they are great for making CNC machines with your own hands. On MDF equipment, it is possible to process plastic, wood, engrave, but metal parts cannot be processed with high accuracy. This is due to the low resistance of this material to loads.

To begin with, we will print the drawing of our machine on a printer. Then the resulting templates can be glued to the MDF. It is much easier and more convenient to cut out the details of the future machine.

The fittings that will be used in the assembly can be purchased at any hardware or hardware store.

In addition to accessories for the manufacture of the machine, the following tools will be required: a drill, a screwdriver and a hacksaw. If you have a jigsaw, then it is better to use it. This will greatly simplify the process of cutting out parts.

We proceed to the manufacture of the machine. To do this, we paste the drawings of the parts printed on the printer onto the MDF board using an adhesive stick for paper. When choosing it in the store, opt for the thickest one. This will significantly speed up the process of gluing templates.

Now you can do the direct sawing of blanks. In this model, all parts have almost straight lines and the most simple contours.

After all the templates are cut out, we proceed to drilling the holes. It should be noted that many of them have a large diameter. Therefore, in order for the surface of these holes to be neat and smooth, it is better to use crowns or grinding nozzles. Thus, you will be able to accurately bore holes to the desired diameter.

Now you can start assembling the CNC machine according to the drawings we have.

Since we plan to use the machine at home, it is imperative to install a fence. This will avoid the scattering of dust and dirt from the workpieces.

For these purposes, you can use foam, fiberglass, thin plywood, etc. Don't forget to make a small hole in the fence.

Through it it will be possible to connect the hood from the old vacuum cleaner. This will ensure maximum trapping of dust and chips. The opposite effect of using such a "dirt trap" is a lot of noise.

The next important step in assembling a CNC machine with your own hands is electronics. After all, it is important, because. with its help, the management process takes place.

In this case, two solutions can be used. The first of them is to assemble the necessary controller circuit on your own, having bought all the necessary parts.

The second way is easier - buy a ready-made controller in a store or on the radio market. Which of the proposed paths to choose is up to you. If you are not very versed in radio engineering and decide to buy a finished part, then it is recommended to opt for the TV6560.

The choice of this element is evidenced by its ability to select the necessary power depending on the stepper motors used, the presence of protection against overload and overheating, the use of many software, etc.

If you will make the controller yourself, an old scanner or MFP is perfect. A ULN2003 chip, steel rods and a stepper motor are selected from it. In addition, you will need a DB-25 connector with a wire, a socket for powering the controller itself. If you want to have a computer control of your machine, then you will need a computer to which you will connect the received equipment.

To create a controller, we take any board we have. We carefully solder the ULN2003 chip onto it with a soldering iron. In this case, do not forget about polarity.

The above diagram shows that there are two power rails. Therefore, we solder the output of the microcircuit with a negative sign to one, and with a positive sign to the other. After that, we connect pin 2 of the parallel port connector to pin 1 of the ULN2003. To pin 2 of the ULN2003 we attach pin 3 of the connector. Accordingly, we will connect the output of the ULN2003 4 circuit to the 5th output of the connector, etc. But the zero pin with the 25th pin of the parallel port, we solder to the negative bus.

The next step is soldering the stepper motor to the control device. It can be done correctly only by trial and error, because. most often there is no documentation for the output of the electric motor you have. Therefore, it is recommended to equip the motor wires with crocodile clips. Thus, the process will go faster and easier.

Our next step is to connect the wires to pins 13,14,15,16 of the ULN2003 chip. Now we will solder the wires to the power bus with a plus sign. Finally, install the power socket.

Our controller is almost ready. Now we install it on steel rods and fix it in the nests prepared earlier. In order to prevent breakage of wires during operation, it is better to fix them with hot glue.

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Drawing homemade CNC machine

You can download a drawing of a homemade CNC machine using the links at the end of the article.

The archive offered for download contains a drawing of a CNC machine for do-it-yourself assembly.

This is a fairly common type of CNC machine with a moving portal.

This drawing differs primarily in that not only is the detailing given - when each part of the machine is drawn separately and has dimensions, but also the assembly drawings of each of the nodes are given.

A CNC machine according to such a drawing can be made from almost any material. It can be duralumin plates and plywood. You can also use durable plastic or plexiglass in the design of a homemade CNC machine.

The drawings are in DXF vector format and can be scaled to any size.

In the simplest case, you can take engines from dot-matrix printers such as Epson FX1000 in A3 format, and take steel guides along with a sliding unit from the same printer.

As a lead screw in the budget version of a home-made CNC machine, a stud with an M6 or M8 thread is used. It is better to order running nuts to a turner and turn them from bronze. A bronze nut can "walk" for 5-7 years with daily use of the CNC machine for 8-10 hours.

Lead screws are consumables, and lead nuts can serve more than one home-made machine.

However, I have read more than once about how they used running nuts made of plastic or getinax.

A homemade CNC machine made from improvised means will allow you to process wood, plastics and non-ferrous metals.

For the processing of metals and steel, such a machine becomes unsuitable due to the weak rigidity of the structure.

However, it can be used for engraving or as a CNC-controlled drilling machine for metals.

But here's how milling - unlikely. When milling metals, shock loads occur - for example, when milling one groove, another groove meets and then a mechanical shock occurs, which is transmitted to the machine structure and the lead screw.

For homework, such as milling balsa model aircraft kits, this machine will easily justify the cost of making it!

You can download drawings of a homemade CNC machine here: Depositfiles or from our website

Homemade CNC machine

We will send the material to you by e-mail

With good equipment, complex technological processes become available. Specialized equipment with electric drive greatly simplifies the processing of wood blanks. But its acquisition is associated with significant investments. To solve this problem successfully, you should carefully study the materials of this article. Here is how to create functional woodworking machines for your home workshop.

Some samples of home-made equipment in terms of their consumer characteristics are no worse than factory products

Before proceeding directly to the technical equipment, a few general remarks should be made on the relevant specialized room:

• It is convenient when the workshop is located in a separate building. This implies sufficient space, the absence of unnecessary worries, the possibility of full equipment and other engineering systems.
• If the room is located in, or the basement, it must be well isolated from the living area.
• The area of ​​a standard workshop should not be less than 6-7 sq.m. Height - sufficient for free passage and the maximum level of the raised tool (from 2.5 m and more).
• High-quality systems of ventilation, heating, lighting will be useful here. Each engineering system should be considered separately to avoid excessive costs during operation.
• Make sure that there is enough electrical power for all woodworking machines for the home workshop.

Note! If the equipment has electronic components, special circuit breakers will come in handy to prevent damage by voltage surges, protective grounding. It is necessary to ensure that the network parameters correspond to the characteristics of power units (220 V, one phase; 380 V, three phases).

The use of such a source will reduce fatigue and help maintain good vision. It is preferable to install an LED fixture. It does not heat up the surrounding space like a conventional incandescent lamp. Unlike the gas-discharge analogue, it is difficult to damage it by mechanical action.

Woodworking machines for the home workshop and special fixtures: basic definitions, manufacturing techniques

• Each machine is designed to perform a limited set of work operations with workpieces of certain sizes.
• As a rule, specialized equipment is more convenient to work with compared to universal models.
• It will be easier to make a woodworking machine with your own hands if you first make an exact list of requirements for its characteristics. Excessive power is not required. The required torque can be provided using a gearbox.
• Similarly, by setting the appropriate transmission mechanism, change the speed of rotation of the working shaft. For more precise processing, smooth adjustment of this parameter in a wide range is useful.
• To reduce costs, you can use an electric motor drill with a broken body in the design, other working parts of failed equipment.
• The most complex mechanical and electronic components will have to be purchased separately. The costs of reproducing some technologies at home exceed the cost of finished products.
• The service life of electrically driven equipment will be increased if it is protected from excessive loads. In particular, it is useful to equip with automatic equipment that turns off the power when the engine overheats.

Important! Safety issues should not be neglected. Drive pulleys are covered with casings. Sheets of transparent plastic are installed in front of working tools.

For the rational use of free space, wall and ceiling shelves, racks, hooks and special holders are useful. The exact installation site of the respective ones is chosen taking into account the peculiarities of technological processes, the placement of machines and workbenches.

Related article:

Our review will help you choose and make home-made machines and fixtures for your home workshop, as well as understand the technology of their manufacture.

Creating a wood lathe for a home workshop

The technical data of the respective products, together with descriptions, can be found on the Internet.

The main part is the frame (1). Other parts of the product are attached to it. It provides not only the integrity of the power frame, but also good stability on the surface. The carpentry machine is designed for processing relatively light workpieces, so this part can be made from hardwood.

In the central part there is a support with a stand for a hand tool (2). Instead, a holder for rigid fixation of the instrument can be installed. The workpiece is fixed between the front (3) and rear (4) headstock. It is rotated by an electric motor (6). To change the torque on the axis in this design, a belt drive and a pulley (5) are used. The caliper and tailstock move horizontally along a special shaft (7), which is installed inside the frame.

Important! These drawings can be used to manufacture an existing machine. Please note that all dimensions here are in inches.

This project can be used to make a do-it-yourself wood lathe. It is only necessary to supplement it with a special device, which is designed to consistently create identical products.

To fix it in the right place, you need to make a special stand. In this example, 10 mm plywood was used, from which a platform with dimensions of 480 × 180 mm was cut. The given dimensions can be changed, taking into account the actual parameters. Holes in plywood are cut out so that fixing bolts and tools pass through them. For rigid fixation along the contour of the site, wooden bars are fixed with screws.

This design attracts with simplicity, availability of components, reasonable cost. But there are some disadvantages to be noted:

• You will have to use two hands to move the cutter. This is necessary to generate sufficient force and prevent jamming.
• The minimum radius along which the bends of parts will be created is limited by the diameter of the tool (cutter).
• To process workpieces from different types of wood, it is necessary to precisely adjust the speed of rotation of the shaft, and in this example this possibility is not provided.

This example explains that even a design that has been tested by time and practical experience can be improved upon careful study of the equipment and the technological process.

Do-it-yourself homemade wood lathe: video with instructions and comments from the author of the project

How to make an inexpensive homemade wood lathe with your own hands

With the help of this DIY woodworking kit, it will not be difficult to make it. Such a bed can be fixed on a wooden or metal base. The exact parameters of the headstock are selected taking into account the dimensions and seats of the engine mounts. More than enough will be the power parameters of the electric motor from. For carpentry equipment of this type, power from 250-300 kW is enough, if it is transferred to the shaft using a gearbox (pulley).

The last example needs to be studied in more detail. By choosing the right tool with an electric drive, you can get the necessary power, rotation speed. A standard chuck is useful for reliable and fast clamping of the workpiece. In modern technology of this type, protection against overheating, dust ingress into the case is provided. High-quality switches, effective isolation are installed here. This drawing alone is enough to understand how to make a lathe yourself.

Making cutters for a wood lathe from improvised materials

Files, saws, wrenches, and other items made from tool steel will do. It is easier to process square-shaped workpieces (in section). You should make sure that there are no cracks or other defects that reduce strength. For rigid fixation of through cutters, the machine must be equipped with a special holder.

Important components for a DIY stationary circular saw

In this equipment, the table performs the most important functions, so its parameters should be studied with special attention. It is installed with drive mechanisms, elements of the power and control circuit. It must be sized for the weight of the built-in components and wood pieces. We must not forget that during operation there will be static and dynamic loads, vibrations.

When specifying the parameters of the machine, the following factors should be taken into account:

• For this equipment, the power of the power unit must be at least 0.85 kW.
• When calculating the design, it is necessary to check the height of the protruding edge of the disk. It will determine the maximum depth of cut.
• The minimum speed of rotation of the working shaft is limited to 1.5 thousand revolutions per minute. It is desirable to increase it so that during the execution of work operations the color of the wooden blank does not change.

Description of an inexpensive circular saw from a grinder with your own hands

As in the previous example, when creating such a machine, you can simplify the solution of the problem using standard power tools.

The drive with the cutting disc is fixed on the rotary rocker. To facilitate physical effort - install a spring, or counterweight. Tool movement is only allowed in the vertical direction along an arc. This design is mobile. It can be installed indoors and outdoors on a suitable base. If necessary, the grinder can be dismantled. It is fixed with screw connecting elements on a damping wooden (rubber) gasket.

Do-it-yourself bed for an angle grinder: drawings, videos, an algorithm for manufacturing individual parts and assembly:

Advantages and process of creating a simple wood milling machine for a home workshop

This equipment is used for cutting grooves according to given dimensions and accurate drilling at different angles. With it, you can quickly remove a quarter, create a recess in a workpiece of a certain shape. Even without a detailed explanation, it is clear that such opportunities will be useful to the owner of a private house. It remains to figure out how to make a homemade milling machine for wood. Will such a solution be economically viable, or is it more profitable to purchase factory-made equipment?

The answers to the questions raised can be given after a detailed study of the relevant structures.

In the central part of the table, a power unit is installed that rotates the cutter. With the help of clamps and other devices, the workpiece is fixed in the desired position and moved along a given trajectory. Such a workplace is equipped with an operational dust removal system.

To eliminate errors during the implementation of the project, pay attention to the individual parameters of the structural elements:

• A table for performing work operations is created in a stationary version. Its dimensions and load capacity will be determined taking into account the characteristics of the processed samples.
• Experts recommend installing screw regulators in the lower parts of the supports. With their help, you can establish the exact horizontal position of the structure, even on uneven surfaces.
• The power frame can be assembled from steel pipes (rectangular profiles). For the manufacture of countertops, a high-quality and fairly thick chipboard is suitable. A thin sheet of metal will vibrate, which will degrade the processing accuracy.
• If you choose a motor with a power of 500-900 W, the cutter will only be enough to remove thin layers, creating relatively small depressions.
• When installing a 900-1900 W power unit, more complex operations are permissible. However, some difficulties are acceptable when processing hardwood blanks.
• In powerful machines (more than 2000 W), you can install cutters of any type. Such equipment belongs to the professional level. It is designed for long-term operation without overheating the motor.
• For the manufacture of a mounting plate through which the engine is attached to the tabletop, you can use a sheet of fiberglass, metal.
• To ensure good visibility in the working area, a backlight is mounted above the table.

The following table provides information on how much a manual wood milling machine costs in the domestic market.

Brand/model, photo	Power, W	Maxi- low spindle speed rpm	Price, rub.	Notes
PROMA/ SF-40	1500	24000	17500-18900	It is intended for creation of grooves, folding, milling.
Encore/ Corvette-82	1500	2400	14200-15900	Distinctive design elements: an angle stop with a scale that simplifies processing at a certain angle; side supports for holding large workpieces.
Proxxon/ MT 400	100	25000	14200-15700	Compact lightweight model with low power motor. Designed for processing small pieces of soft wood.
PROMA/TFS-120	5500	9000	175000-183000	Professional level equipment. It is connected to a three-phase network 380 V. Suitable for equipping specialized woodworking enterprises.
X-CUT/ XC-3040	800	24000	188000-196000	Compact machine with numerical control (CNC). For convenience of management it is equipped with the portable panel. Downloading new programs from a computer is permissible using a "flash drive".

The feasibility of implementing a do-it-yourself CNC milling machine project

The use of program control allows you to create large series of parts with high accuracy, to perform unique and especially careful processing. To start a new technological process, it is enough to download a new program and click the “Start” button. Simple and complex tasks will be performed by the wood milling machine automatically, without user intervention and control. This technique eliminates operator errors and ensures the highest quality.

The advantages of this class of equipment are obvious. It remains to find out whether it is possible to create a CNC machine for wood with your own hands. Below are the features of this class of equipment:

• It will be necessary to ensure the possibility of moving the cutter horizontally in all directions. This will require not only the appropriate design of the mounts, but also additional electric motors.
• Accurate positioning of the tool is provided with the help of sensors, stepper motors.
• You will need software that will control the movement of the cutter and perform control functions.

Important! Even with a detailed description and drawings, it will be very difficult to make a CNC wood router with your own hands.

How to make your own cutters for woodworking machines

To create quiet products, you will need blanks made of durable tool steel that is resistant to high temperatures and strong mechanical stress. Damaged drills, fittings, rods will do. The required shape can be created using a diamond disc, which is installed in a grinding machine. Edge sharpening is performed at an angle of 7 to 10 degrees. Too narrow a working part will quickly be damaged even when processing soft wood.

Drawings and recommendations for creating a do-it-yourself thicknessing machine

High-quality reproduction of this type of processing requires considerable effort. Therefore, it is recommended to use a three-phase electric motor with a power of 5 kW or more with a maximum rotor speed of 4.5 thousand rpm.

The shaft (1) with one or more knives is rotated by an electric motor (4), two pulleys and a belt. To press and move the workpiece, rollers (2, 3) and a manual drive with a chain mechanism are installed here. The design is assembled on a solid frame made of steel corners.

Taking into account personal preferences, it is not difficult to prepare do-it-yourself thicknesser drawings. To correct the technical characteristics, the volume of future work, the parameters of the blanks, and the size of the room are taken into account.

Making a functional thickness gauge from an electric planer with your own hands

You can quickly and inexpensively make a machine based on a standard electrically driven tool.

The picture shows that the power tool is fixed above the workpiece in a special frame. They provide the possibility of moving it in the longitudinal and transverse directions with strict preservation of the angle of 90° between them. A modern planer is equipped with a special outlet for connecting a vacuum cleaner. Therefore, there will be no problems with waste disposal.

The technology of creating a grinding machine for wood with your own hands

This equipment performs its functions using rigid shafts and flexible cloths with abrasive applied to the surface, brushes and other special tools.

For the manufacture of household-level equipment, it is recommended to choose a relatively simple one. It can be created independently after determining the required length, taking into account the exact location of the supporting rollers. The following algorithm is applied:

• The width of the tape is set from 15 to 25 cm.
• Strips are cut from a suitable grit of sandpaper.
• They are glued to a flexible base of dense material end-to-end, without large seams.
• Prevent slippage of the belt by increasing the diameter of the support rollers in the central part by a few millimeters. It is also useful to install a layer of rubber on them.

Article

For the manufacture of a three-dimensional pattern on a wooden surface, factory ones are used. It is difficult to make a similar mini-model with your own hands at home, but it is possible with a detailed study of the design. To do this, you need to understand the specifics, choose the right components and configure them.

The principle of operation of the milling machine

Modern woodworking equipment with a numerical control unit is designed to form a complex pattern on wood. The design must contain a mechanical electronic part. In combination, they will automate the work process as much as possible.

To make a desktop mini wood router with your own hands, you should familiarize yourself with the main components. The cutting element is a cutter, which is installed in a spindle located on the motor shaft. This design is attached to the frame. It can move along two coordinate axes - x; y. To fix the workpiece, it is necessary to make a support table.

The electronic control unit is connected to the stepper motors. They provide displacement of the carriage relative to the part. Using this technology, you can make 3D drawings on a wooden surface.

The sequence of operation of mini-equipment with CNC, which you can make yourself.

1. Writing a program according to which the sequence of movements of the cutting part will be performed. To do this, it is best to use special software systems designed for adaptation in home-made models.
2. Setting the workpiece on the table.
3. Program output to the CNC.
4. Turning on equipment, monitoring the implementation of automatic actions.

To achieve maximum automation of work in 3D mode, you will need to correctly draw up a diagram and select the appropriate components. Experts recommend studying factory models before making a mini.

To create complex patterns and patterns on a wooden surface, you will need several types of cutters. Some of them you can do yourself, but for fine work, you should purchase factory ones.

Scheme of a homemade milling machine with numerical control

The most difficult stage is the choice of the optimal manufacturing scheme. It depends on the dimensions of the workpiece and the degree of its processing. For home use, it is desirable to make a do-it-yourself desktop mini CNC milling machine that will have the optimal number of functions.

The best option is to make two carriages that will move along the x coordinate axes; y. It is best to use ground steel bars as a base. Carriages will be mounted on them. To create a transmission, stepper motors and screws with rolling bearings are needed.

For maximum automation of the process in a do-it-yourself wood construction, it is necessary to think over the electronic part in detail. Conventionally, it consists of the following components:

• power unit. It is necessary to supply electricity to stepper motors and the controller chip. Often use the model 12v 3A;
• controller. It is designed to give commands to electric motors. For the operation of a do-it-yourself mini CNC milling machine, a simple circuit is enough to control the functioning of three motors;
• driver. It is also an element of regulation of the operation of the moving part of the structure.

The advantage of this complex is the ability to import executable files of the most common formats. Using a special application, you can create a three-dimensional drawing of the part for preliminary analysis. Stepper motors will run at a certain stroke rate. But for this, technical parameters must be entered into the control program.

Choice of accessories for CNC milling machine

The next step is to select components for assembling homemade equipment. The best option is to use improvised means. As a basis for desktop models of a 3D machine, you can use wood, aluminum or plexiglass.

For the correct operation of the entire complex, it is necessary to develop the design of calipers. During their movement, there should be no vibrations, this can lead to inaccurate milling. Therefore, before assembly, all components are checked for compatibility with each other.

• guides. Polished steel bars with a diameter of 12 mm are used. The length for the x-axis is 200mm, for the y-axis it is 90mm;
• caliper. Textolite is the best option. The usual size of the platform is 25*100*45 mm;
• stepper motors. Experts recommend using models from a 24v, 5A printer. Unlike disk drives, they have more power;
• cutter block. It can also be made from textolite. The configuration directly depends on the available tool.

The power supply is best assembled from the factory. In self-manufacturing, errors are possible, which subsequently affect the operation of all equipment.

The procedure for manufacturing a CNC milling machine

After selecting all the components, you can make a desktop mini milling machine yourself with your own hands. All elements are preliminarily checked again, their dimensions and quality are checked.

To fix the elements of the equipment, it is necessary to use special fasteners. Their configuration and shape depend on the chosen scheme.

The procedure for assembling desktop mini CNC equipment for wood with a 3D processing function.

1. Installation of caliper guides, their fixation on the side parts of the structure. These blocks are not installed on the base yet.
2. Lapping of calipers. They must be moved along the guides until a smooth ride is obtained.
3. Tightening the bolts to fix the calipers.
4. Attaching components to the base of the equipment.
5. Installation of lead screws together with couplings.
6. Installation of drive motors. They are attached to the coupling screws.

The electronic part is located in a separate block. This helps to reduce the likelihood of malfunction during the operation of the router. Also an important point is the choice of a working surface for the installation of equipment. It must be level, since the level adjustment bolts are not provided in the design.

After that, you can start trial tests. It is recommended to set up a simple wood milling program first. During operation, it is necessary to check each cutter pass - the depth and width of processing, especially in the 3D mode.

The video shows an example of how to assemble a large do-it-yourself CNC milling machine:

Examples of drawings and homemade designs

So, you have decided to build a homemade CNC milling machine, or maybe you are just thinking about it and don't know where to start? There are many advantages to having a CNC machine. Home machines can mill and cut almost all materials. Whether you're an amateur or a craftsman, this opens up great possibilities for creativity. The fact that one of the machines might end up in your workshop is even more enticing.

There are many reasons why people want to build their own CNC router. As a rule, this happens because we simply cannot afford to buy it in a store or from a manufacturer, and this is not surprising, because the price for them is rather big. Or you can be like me and have a lot of fun doing your own work and creating something unique. You can just do it to gain experience in mechanical engineering.

Personal experience

When I first started designing, thinking about and making my first DIY CNC Router, it took about a day to complete the project. Then, when I started buying parts, I did a little research. And I found some information in various sources and forums, which led to new questions:

• Do I really need ball screws, or will regular studs and nuts work just fine?
• What is the best linear bearing and can I afford one?
• With what parameters do I need a motor, and is it better to use a stepper or a servo?
• Does the body material deform too much with a large machine size?
• Etc.

Fortunately, I was able to answer some of the questions thanks to my engineering and technical base left after my studies. However, many of the problems I would run into could not be calculated. I just needed someone with hands-on experience and information on the subject.

Of course, I received many answers to my questions from different people, many of which contradicted each other. Then I had to continue researching to find out which answers are worthwhile and which are rubbish.

Every time I had a question that I didn't know the answer to, I had to repeat the same process. For the most part, this is due to the fact that I had a limited budget and wanted to take the best of what my money can buy. The same situation is with many people who create a homemade CNC milling machine.

Do-it-yourself kits and kits for assembling CNC routers

Yes, there are kits available for manual assembly, but I haven't seen one yet that can be customized for specific needs.

It is also not possible to make changes to the design and type of the machine, and there are many of them, and how do you know which one is right for you? No matter how good the instructions are, if the design is bad, then the final machine will be bad.

That's why you need to be aware of what you're building and understand the role every detail plays!

Management

This guide aims to prevent you from making the same mistakes that I wasted my precious time and money on.

We will go over all the components down to the bolts, looking at the advantages and disadvantages of each type of each part. I will cover every aspect of design and show you how to build a DIY CNC router. I will take you through the mechanics to the software and everything in between.

Keep in mind that do-it-yourself CNC machine drawings offer few ways to solve some problems. This often results in "sloppy" design or unsatisfactory machine performance. That's why I suggest you read this guide first.

LET'S START

STEP 1: Key design decisions

The following questions need to be considered first:

1. Determination of a suitable design specifically for you (for example, if you make a woodworking machine with your own hands).
2. Required processing area.
3. Availability of the workspace.
4. Materials.
5. Tolerances.
6. Design methods.
7. Available tools.
8. Budget.

STEP 2: Base and X-Axis

The following questions are considered here:

1. Design and build the main base or base of the X axis.
2. Rigid parts.
3. Partially fixed parts, etc.

STEP 3: Gantry Y axis design

1. Design and construction of the gantry Y axis.
2. The breakdown of various structures into elements.
3. Forces and moments on the portal, etc.

STEP 4: Z Axis Assembly Diagram

The following questions are considered here:

1. Design and assembly of the Z-axis assembly.
2. Forces and moments on the Z axis.
3. Linear rails / guides and distance between bearings.
4. Choice of cable channel.

STEP 5: Linear motion system

This paragraph addresses the following questions:

1. Detailed study of linear motion systems.
2. Choosing the right system for your specific machine.
3. Design and build your own rails on a small budget.
4. Linear shaft and bushings or rails and blocks?

STEP 6: Mechanical Drive Components

This paragraph addresses the following aspects:

1. Detailed overview of drive parts.
2. Selecting the right components for your type of machine.
3. Stepper or servo motors.
4. Screws and ball screws.
5. Drive nuts.
6. Radial and thrust bearings.
7. Coupling and motor mount.
8. Direct drive or gearbox.
9. Racks and gears.
10. Calibration of propellers relative to engines.

STEP 7: Engine Selection

In this step, you need to consider:

1. A detailed overview of CNC motors.
2. Types of CNC motors.
3. How stepper motors work.
4. Types of stepper motors.
5. How servomotors work.
6. Types of servomotors.
7. NEMA standards.
8. Choosing the right motor type for your project.
9. Measurement of motor parameters.

STEP 8: Designing the cutting table

1. Design and build your own tables on a small budget.
2. Perforated cutting layer.
3. vacuum table.
4. Overview of cutting table designs.
5. The table can be cut using a CNC wood router.

STEP 9: Spindle settings

This step addresses the following questions:

1. Overview of CNC spindles.
2. Types and functions.
3. Pricing and costs.
4. Mounting and cooling options.
5. Cooling systems.
6. Creating your own spindle.
7. Calculation of chip load and cutting force.
8. Finding the optimal feed rate.

STEP 10: Electronics

This paragraph addresses the following questions:

1. Control Panel.
2. Wiring and fuses.
3. Buttons and switches.
4. MPG and Jog circles.
5. Power sources.

STEP 11: Program Control Controller Parameters

This step addresses the following questions:

1. Overview of the CNC controller.
2. Controller selection.
3. Available options.
4. Closed-loop and open-loop systems.
5. Controllers at an affordable price.
6. Building your own controller from scratch.

STEP 12. Select software

This paragraph addresses the following questions:

1. Overview of software related to the CNC.
2. Software selection.
3. CAM software.
4. CAD software.
5. NC Controller software.

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The aim of this project is to create a desktop CNC machine. It was possible to buy a ready-made machine, but its price and dimensions did not suit me, and I decided to build a CNC machine with the following requirements:
- the use of simple tools (only a drilling machine, band saw and hand tools are needed)
- low cost (I was looking for low cost, but I still bought items for about $600, you can save a lot by buying items in the appropriate stores)
- small footprint(30"x25")
- Normal working space (10" X, 14" Y, 4" Z)
- high cutting speed (60" per minute)
- a small number of elements (less than 30 unique)
- available elements (all elements can be bought in one hardware and three online stores)
- the possibility of successful processing of plywood

Other people's machines

Here are some photos of other machines that have been assembled according to this article

Photo 1 - Chris and a friend assembled the machine by cutting parts out of 0.5" acrylic using laser cutting. But everyone who has worked with acrylic knows that laser cutting is good, but acrylic does not tolerate drilling, and there are many holes in this project They did a good job, more information can be found on Chris' blog I especially enjoyed making the 3D object with 2D cuts.

Photo 2 - Sam McCaskill made a really nice desktop CNC machine. I was impressed that he did not simplify his work and cut out all the elements by hand. I am impressed with this project.

Photo 3 - Angry Monk's used DMF parts cut with a laser cutter and toothed belt driven motors converted to propeller motors.

Photo 4 - Bret Golab's assembled the machine and set it up to work with Linux CNC (I also tried to do this, but I couldn't because of the difficulty). If you are interested in his settings, you can contact him. He did a great job!

I'm afraid I don't have enough experience and knowledge to explain the basics of CNC, but the CNCZone.com forum has an extensive section on homemade machines, which helped me a lot.

Cutter: Dremel or Dremel Type Tool

Axes options:

X axis
Travel Distance: 14"

Speed: 60"/min
Acceleration: 1"/s2
Resolution: 1/2000"
Pulses per inch: 2001

Y-axis
Travel Distance: 10"
Drive: Toothed belt drive
Speed: 60"/min
Acceleration: 1"/s2
Resolution: 1/2000"
Pulses per inch: 2001

Z-axis (up-down)
Travel Distance: 4"
Drive: Screw
Acceleration: .2"/s2
Speed: 12"/min
Resolution: 1/8000"
Pulses per inch: 8000

Required Tools

I aimed to use popular tools that can be purchased at a regular craft store.

Power tool:
- band saw or jigsaw
- drilling machine (drills 1/4", 5/16", 7/16", 5/8", 7/8", 8mm (about 5/16")), also called Q
- Printer
- Dremel or similar tool (to be installed in the finished machine).

Hand tool:
- rubber hammer (for planting elements in place)
- hexagons (5/64", 1/16")
- screwdriver
- glue stick or spray glue
- Adjustable wrench (or socket wrench with ratchet and 7/16" socket)

Necessary materials

The attached PDF file (CNC-Part-Summary.pdf) provides all costs and information about each item. Only summarized information is provided here.

Sheets---$20
- A piece of 48" x 48" 1/2" MDF (any 1/2" thickness sheet will do. I plan to use UHMW in the next version of the machine, but now it is too expensive)
- A piece of 5"x5" 3/4" MDF (this piece is used as a spacer so you can use any 3/4" piece of material)

Motors and controllers --- $255
-A whole article can be written about the choice of controllers and motors. In short, you need a controller capable of controlling three motors and motors with about 100 oz/in torque. I bought motors and a ready-made controller and everything worked well.

Hardware --- $275
-I bought these items in three stores. I got the simple parts from the hardware store, the specialized drivers I got from McMaster Carr (http://www.mcmaster.com), and the bearings, which I need a lot, I bought from an online retailer, paying $40 for 100 pieces (it's quite a bargain). , many bearings remain for other projects).

Software --- (Free)
-You need a program to draw your design (I use CorelDraw) and I'm currently using a trial version of Mach3, but I have plans to switch to LinuxCNC (an open source machine controller using Linux)

Head Unit --- (Optional)
-I installed Dremel on my machine, but if you are interested in 3D printing (like RepRap) you can install your device.

Printing templates

I had some experience with a jigsaw, so I decided to glue on the templates. It is necessary to print PDF files with templates placed on the sheet, stick the sheet on the material and cut out the details.

File name and material:
All: CNC-Cut-Summary.pdf
0.5" MDF (35 8.5"x11" template sheets): CNC-0.5MDF-CutLayout-(Rev3).pdf
0.75" MDF: CNC-0.75MDF-CutLayout-(Rev2).pdf
0.75" aluminum tube: CNC-0.75Alum-CutLayout-(Rev3).pdf
0.5"MDF (1 48"x48" pattern sheet): CNC-(One 48x48 Page) 05-MDF-CutPattern.pdf

Note: I am attaching CorelDraw drawings in original format (CNC-CorelDrawFormat-CutPatterns (Rev2) ZIP) for those who would like to change something.

Note: There are two options for MDF 0.5". MDF-CutPattern.pdf) with one 48"x48" sheet for printing on a large format printer.

Step by step:
1. Download three PDF templates.
2. Open each file in Adobe Reader
3. Open the print window
4. (IMPORTANT) Disable Page Scaling.
5. Check that the file has not been scaled by accident. The first time I did not do this, and printed everything at a scale of 90%, as described below.

Gluing and cutting elements

Glue the printed templates on the MDF and on the aluminum pipe. Next, just cut out the part along the contour.

As mentioned above, I accidentally printed the templates at 90% scale, and did not notice this until I started cutting. Unfortunately, I did not understand this until this stage. I was left with 90% scale templates and moving across the country I got access to a full size CNC. I could not resist and cut out the elements with this machine, but I could not drill them from the back. That is why all the elements in the photos are without template pieces.

drilling

I didn't count exactly how many, but this project uses a lot of holes. The holes that are drilled on the ends are especially important, but take the time to make them, and you will rarely need to use a rubber hammer.

Places with holes in the lining on top of each other is an attempt to make grooves. Perhaps you have a CNC machine that can do this better.

If you have reached this step, then I congratulate you! Looking at a bunch of elements, it's quite hard to imagine how to assemble the machine, so I tried to make detailed instructions similar to instructions for LEGO. (attached PDF CNC-Assembly-Instructions.pdf). The step-by-step photos of the assembly look quite interesting.

Ready!

The machine is ready! I hope you made and run it. I hope that the article does not miss important details and points. Here is a video that shows the machine cutting a pattern on pink foam.