Partisan war hero. Partisans of the Great Patriotic War

A significant contribution to the victory Soviet Union Partisan detachments were brought over Nazi Germany, operating behind enemy lines from Leningrad to Odessa. They were led not only by career military personnel, but also by people of peaceful professions. Real heroes.

Old Man Minai

At the beginning of the war, Minai Filipovich Shmyrev was the director of the Pudot Cardboard Factory (Belarus). The 51-year-old director had a military background: he was awarded three Crosses of St. George in World War I, and fought against banditry during the Civil War. In July 1941, in the village of Pudot, Shmyrev formed a partisan detachment from factory workers. In two months, the partisans engaged the enemy 27 times, destroyed 14 vehicles, 18 fuel tanks, blew up 8 bridges, and defeated the German district government in Surazh. In the spring of 1942, Shmyrev, by order of the Central Committee of Belarus, united with three partisan detachments and headed the First Belarusian Partisan Brigade. The partisans drove the fascists out of 15 villages and created the Surazh partisan region. Here, before the arrival of the Red Army, Soviet power was restored. On the Usvyaty-Tarasenki section, the “Surazh Gate” existed for six months - a 40-kilometer zone through which the partisans were supplied with weapons and food. All of Father Minai’s relatives: four small children, a sister and mother-in-law were shot by the Nazis. In the fall of 1942, Shmyrev was transferred to the Central Headquarters of the partisan movement. In 1944 he was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union. After the war, Shmyrev returned to farm work.

Son of the kulak "Uncle Kostya"

Konstantin Sergeevich Zaslonov was born in the city of Ostashkov, Tver province. In the thirties, his family was dispossessed and exiled to the Kola Peninsula in Khibinogorsk. After school, Zaslonov became a railway worker, by 1941 he worked as the head of a locomotive depot in Orsha (Belarus) and was evacuated to Moscow, but voluntarily went back. He served under the pseudonym “Uncle Kostya” and created an underground that, with the help of mines disguised as coal, derailed 93 fascist trains in three months. In the spring of 1942, Zaslonov organized a partisan detachment. The detachment fought with the Germans and lured 5 garrisons of the Russian National People's Army to its side. Zaslonov died in a battle with the RNNA punitive forces, who came to the partisans under the guise of defectors. He was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

NKVD officer Dmitry Medvedev

A native of the Oryol province, Dmitry Nikolaevich Medvedev was an NKVD officer. He was fired twice - either because of his brother - “an enemy of the people”, or “for the unreasonable termination of criminal cases.” In the summer of 1941 he was reinstated into the ranks. He headed the reconnaissance and sabotage task force "Mitya", which conducted more than 50 operations in the Smolensk, Mogilev and Bryansk regions. In the summer of 1942, he led the “Winners” special detachment and conducted more than 120 successful operations. 11 generals, 2,000 soldiers, 6,000 Bandera supporters were killed, and 81 echelons were blown up. In 1944, Medvedev was transferred to staff work, but in 1945 he traveled to Lithuania to fight the Forest Brothers gang. He retired with the rank of colonel. Hero of the Soviet Union.

Saboteur Molodtsov-Badaev

Vladimir Aleksandrovich Molodtsov worked in a mine from the age of 16. He worked his way up from a trolley racer to a deputy director. In 1934 he was sent to the Central School of the NKVD. In July 1941 he arrived in Odessa for reconnaissance and sabotage work. He worked under the pseudonym Pavel Badaev. Badaev's troops hid in the Odessa catacombs, fought with the Romanians, broke communication lines, carried out sabotage in the port, and carried out reconnaissance. The commandant's office with 149 officers was blown up. At the Zastava station, a train with the administration for occupied Odessa was destroyed. The Nazis sent 16,000 people to liquidate the detachment. They released gas into the catacombs, poisoned the water, mined the passages. In February 1942, Molodtsov and his contacts were captured. Molodtsov was executed on July 12, 1942. Hero of the Soviet Union posthumously.

OGPU employee Naumov

Native Perm region Mikhail Ivanovich Naumov was an employee of the OGPU at the beginning of the war. Shell-shocked while crossing the Dniester, was surrounded, went out to the partisans and soon led a detachment. In the fall of 1942 he became the chief of staff of partisan detachments in the Sumy region, and in January 1943 he headed a cavalry unit. In the spring of 1943, Naumov conducted the legendary Steppe Raid, 2,379 kilometers long, behind Nazi lines. For this operation, the captain was awarded the rank of major general, which is a unique event, and the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. In total, Naumov conducted three large-scale raids behind enemy lines. After the war he continued to serve in the ranks of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

Kovpak Sidor Artemyevich

Kovpak became a legend during his lifetime. Born in Poltava into a poor peasant family. During World War I he received the St. George Cross from the hands of Nicholas II. During the Civil War he was a partisan against the Germans and fought with the whites. Since 1937, he was chairman of the Putivl City Executive Committee of the Sumy Region. In the fall of 1941, he led the Putivl partisan detachment, and then a formation of detachments in the Sumy region. The partisans carried out military raids behind enemy lines. Their total length was more than 10,000 kilometers. 39 enemy garrisons were defeated. On August 31, 1942, Kovpak participated in a meeting of partisan commanders in Moscow, was received by Stalin and Voroshilov, after which he carried out a raid beyond the Dnieper. At this moment, Kovpak’s detachment had 2000 soldiers, 130 machine guns, 9 guns. In April 1943, he was awarded the rank of major general. Twice Hero of the Soviet Union.

The history of wars shows that it is impossible to defeat partisans with the forces of a regular army. Such movements are known in different times and all over the world. However, in the USSR during the Great Patriotic War, the scope and effectiveness of partisan actions surpassed all examples both before and after.

Organized movement

By definition, partisans are not military personnel. However, this does not mean that they are in no way connected with the army and do not have central leadership. The partisan movement during the Great Patriotic War was distinguished by fairly clear planning, discipline and subordination to a single center.

Sidor Artemyevich Kovpak

On June 29, 1941 (a week after the start of the war), a Directive to the leaders of the party and the Soviet administration ordered the creation of partisan detachments. Memoirs of some of the most famous partisans (including twice Heroes of the Soviet Union S. Kovpak and A. Fedorov) indicate that many party leaders had similar instructions long before the start of the fighting. War was expected (though not so soon, but still), and creating conditions for fighting behind enemy lines was part of the preparation for it.

On July 18, 1941, a special resolution of the Central Committee appeared on the organization of the struggle in the rear. Military and intelligence assistance was provided by the 4th Directorate of the NKVD (headed by the legendary Pavel Sudoplatov). On May 30, 1942, a Central Headquarters was created to lead the partisan movement (headed by P. Ponomarenko), and for some time there was even a post of partisan Commander-in-Chief (Voroshilov). Central authorities were in charge of sending trained personnel to the rear (they formed the core of future detachments), set tasks, accepted intelligence received by the partisans, provided financial assistance(weapons, walkie-talkies, medicines...).

Fighters in the rear are usually divided into partisans and underground fighters. Partisans are usually deployed outside populated areas and conduct predominantly armed struggle (for example, the Kovpakovites), while underground fighters live legally or semi-legally and engage in sabotage, sabotage, reconnaissance and assistance to partisans (for example, the Young Guard). But this division is conditional.

Second front

In the USSR, partisans began to be called this way in 1942, at the same time giving high praise to their activities and mocking the inaction of the allies. The effect of the partisans' actions was truly enormous; they mastered many useful military professions.

1. Counter-propaganda. Red flags and leaflets (sometimes handwritten) appeared in thousands of settlements with enviable regularity.
2. Sabotage. The partisans helped evade export to Germany, damaged equipment and food, hid and stole livestock.
3. Sabotage. Blown up bridges, buildings, railway tracks, destroyed high-ranking Nazis - the partisans have all this and much more to their credit.
4. Intelligence. The partisans tracked the movement of troops and cargo and determined the location of classified objects. Professional intelligence officers often worked at the base of the detachments (for example, N. Kuznetsov).
5. Destroying the enemy. Large detachments often carried out long raids and entered into battles with large formations (for example, the famous Kovpakov raid “from Putivl to the Carpathians”).

One can imagine how much such actions spoiled the lives of the occupiers, given that the number of known detachments exceeded 6.5 thousand, and the number of partisans significantly exceeded a million. The partisans operated in Russia, the Baltic states, and Ukraine. Belarus has generally become famous as a “partisan land.”

Well-deserved award

Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya

The effectiveness of the partisans' actions is amazing. Only trains (Operation "Rail War") they damaged and destroyed about 18 thousand, which was not the last factor in the victory at Kursk Bulge. Added to these are thousands of bridges, kilometers railway, tens of thousands of destroyed Nazis and collaborators, no less number of rescued prisoners and civilians.

There were also awards according to merit. About 185 thousand partisans received orders and medals, 246 became Heroes of the Soviet Union, 2 (Kovpak and Fedorov) twice. Several record holders of the highest military award of the USSR were partisans and underground fighters: Z. Kosmodemyanskaya (the first woman awarded during the war), M. Kuzmin (the oldest awarded, 83 years old), Valya Kotik (the youngest Hero, 13 years old).

The first days of the Great Patriotic War were catastrophic for the Soviet Union: the surprise attack on June 22, 1941 allowed Hitler's army to gain significant advantages. Many border outposts and formations that took the brunt of the enemy’s first strike were killed. Wehrmacht troops with high speed moved deeper into Soviet territory. For short time 3.8 million soldiers and commanders of the Red Army were captured. But, despite the most difficult conditions of military operations, the defenders of the Fatherland from the very first days of the war showed courage and heroism. A striking example heroism was the creation, in the first days of the war, in the occupied territory of the first partisan detachment under the command of Korzh Vasily Zakharovich.

Korzh Vasily Zakharovich- commander of the Pinsk partisan unit, member of the Pinsk underground regional party committee, major general. Born on January 1 (13), 1899 in the village of Khorostov, now Soligorsk district, Minsk region, in a peasant family. Belarusian. Member of the CPSU since 1929. He graduated from a rural school. In 1921–1925, V.Z. Korzh fought in the partisan detachment K.P. Orlovsky, who operated in Western Belarus. In 1925 he moved across the border to Soviet Belarus. Since 1925, he was the chairman of collective farms in the regions of the Minsk District. In 1931–1936 he worked in the GPU NKVD of the BSSR. In 1936–1937, through the NKVD, Korzh participated as an adviser in the revolutionary war of the Spanish people and was the commander of an international partisan detachment. At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, he formed and led a fighter battalion, which grew into the first partisan detachment in Belarus. The detachment included 60 people. The detachment was divided into 3 rifle squads of 20 soldiers each. We armed ourselves with rifles and received 90 rounds of ammunition and one grenade. On June 28, 1941, in the area of ​​the village of Posenichi, the first battle of a partisan detachment under the command of V.Z. Korzha. To guard the city from the northern side, a group of partisans was placed on the Pinsk Logishin road.

The partisan detachment commanded by Korzh was ambushed by 2 German tanks. This was reconnaissance from the 293rd Wehrmacht Infantry Division. The partisans opened fire and knocked out one tank. As a result of this operation, they managed to capture 2 Nazis. This was the first partisan battle of the first partisan detachment in the history of the Great Patriotic War. On July 4, 1941, the detachment met enemy cavalry squadrons 4 kilometers from the city. Korzh quickly “deployed” the firepower of his detachment, and dozens of fascist cavalrymen died on the battlefield. The front moved to the east, and the partisans had more to do every day. They set up ambushes on the roads and destroyed enemy vehicles with infantry, equipment, ammunition, food, and intercepted motorcyclists. With the first mine Korzh personally made from explosives, used before the war to move tree stumps, the partisans blew up the first armored train. The squad's combat score grew.

But there was no connection with the mainland. Then Korzh sent a man behind the front line. The liaison officer was the famous Belarusian underground activist Vera Khoruzhaya. And she managed to get to Moscow. In the winter of 1941/42, it was possible to establish contact with the Minsk underground regional party committee, which deployed its headquarters in the Lyuban region. We jointly organized a sleigh ride in the Minsk and Polesie regions. Along the way, they “smoked out” uninvited foreign guests and gave them a “try” of partisan bullets. During the raid, the detachment was replenished thoroughly. Guerrilla warfare flared up. By November 1942, 7 impressively powerful detachments merged together and formed a partisan formation. Korzh took command over him. In addition, 11 underground district party committees, the Pinsk city committee, and about 40 primary organizations began to operate in the region. They even managed to “recruit” to their side an entire Cossack regiment formed by the Nazis from prisoners of war! By the winter of 1942/43, the Korzh union had restored Soviet power in a significant part of the Luninets, Zhitkovichi, Starobinsky, Ivanovo, Drogichinsky, Leninsky, Telekhansky, and Gantsevichi districts. Communication with the mainland has been established. Planes landed at the partisan airfield and brought ammunition, medicine, and walkie-talkies.

The partisans reliably controlled a huge section of the Brest-Gomel railway, the Baranovichi-Luninets section, and the enemy echelons went downhill according to a strict partisan schedule. The Dnieper-Bug Canal was almost completely paralyzed. In February 1943, the Nazi command attempted to put an end to the Korzh partisans. Regular units with artillery, aviation, and tanks were advancing. On February 15, the encirclement closed. The partisan zone turned into a continuous battlefield. Korzh himself led the column to break through. He personally supervised shock troops to break through the ring, then by defending the neck of the breakthrough, while convoys with civilians, wounded and property crossed the gap, and, finally, by a rearguard group covering the pursuit. And so that the Nazis did not think that they had won, Korzh attacked a large garrison in the village of Svyatoy Volya. The battle lasted 7 hours, in which the partisans were victorious. Until the summer of 1943, the Nazis threw part after part against the Korzh formation.

And each time the partisans broke through the encirclement. Finally, they finally escaped from the cauldron to the area of ​​​​Lake Vygonovskoye. . By Resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated September 16, 1943 No. 1000 - one of the ten commanders of the partisan formations of the Belarusian SSR - V.Z. Korzh was awarded the military rank of “Major General”. Throughout the summer and autumn of 1943, the “rail war” thundered in Belarus, proclaimed by the Central Headquarters of the partisan movement. The Korzh compound made a significant contribution to this grandiose “event.” In 1944, several operations that were brilliant in concept and organization upset all the Nazis’ plans for a systematic, well-thought-out withdrawal of their units to the west.

The partisans destroyed railway arteries (on July 20, 21 and 22, 1944 alone, demolitionists blew up 5 thousand rails!), tightly closed the Dnieper-Bug Canal, and thwarted the enemy’s attempts to establish crossings across the Sluch River. Hundreds of Aryan warriors, together with the commander of the group, General Miller, surrendered to the Korzh partisans. And a few days later the war left the Pinsk region... In total, by July 1944, the Pinsk partisan unit under the command of Korzh in battles defeated 60 German garrisons, derailed 478 enemy trains, blew up 62 railway bridges, destroyed 86 tanks and armored vehicles, 29 guns, 519 kilometers of communication lines are out of order. By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated August 15, 1944, for the exemplary performance of command assignments in the fight against the Nazi invaders behind enemy lines and the courage and heroism shown, Vasily Zakharovich Korzh was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union with the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal. "(No. 4448). In 1946 he graduated from the Military Academy of the General Staff. Since 1946, Major General Korzh V.Z. in stock. In 1949–1953 he worked as Deputy Minister of Forestry of the Belarusian SSR. In 1953–1963 he was chairman of the collective farm “Partizansky Krai” in the Soligorsk district of the Minsk region. IN recent years lived in Minsk. Died May 5, 1967. He was buried at the Eastern (Moscow) cemetery in Minsk. Awarded 2 Orders of Lenin, 2 Orders of the Red Banner, Order of the Patriotic War 1st degree, Red Star, medals. A monument to the Hero was erected in the village of Khorostov, memorial plaques in the cities of Minsk and Soligorsk. The collective farm “Partizansky Krai”, streets in the cities of Minsk, Pinsk, Soligorsk, as well as a school in the city of Pinsk are named after him.

Sources and literature.

1. Ioffe E.G. The Higher Partisan Command of Belarus 1941-1944 // Directory. – Minsk, 2009. – P. 23.

2. Kolpakidi A., Sever A. GRU Special Forces. – M.: “YAUZA”, ESKMO, 2012. – P. 45.

The village of Uritskoye is memorable because it was the base of a partisan detachment under the command of T. T. Shlemin during the Great Patriotic War. Young partisans fought in this detachment alongside adult partisans.

"Red Pathfinders" of the Uritsk School

The Red Pathfinders of the Uritsky school did a lot of work searching for information about the partisan movement in the Uritsky area. A museum was created at the school.

Model of a partisan dugout in front of the museum entrance

After abolition educational institution all exhibits were transferred to the District Administration.

Partisan detachments provided invaluable support to the troops. To lead the partisan front, on May 30, 1942, the Central Headquarters of the partisan movement was created at the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command. The Kalinin headquarters of the partisan movement was formed by the same decision. In the vast expanse of the western, German-occupied regions of the Kalinin region, in the rear of the Nazi Army Group North, the people's avengers launched a war on the enemy's transport communications in order to prevent the transfer of manpower, weapons, ammunition, equipment and fuel to the front line, to destroy its garrisons, disrupting the measures of the occupation regime to protect the population remaining in the occupied territory. The theater of military operations was forested, crossed by hundreds of small rivers, lakes, and swamps, many of which were impassable. It had its own strategy and tactics, its own techniques and methods, irresistible and boldly bold, and they led to victory. The first partisan groups and detachments began to operate in the occupied areas of the Kalinin region already in July-August 1941. Despite the brutal occupation regime the partisan movement was gaining strength and finding support among the people themselves.

The commanders of such formations, regardless of their military rank- (it should be noted that it was in a wide range - from sergeant to lieutenant colonel) were called brigade commanders.

In total, in the occupied territory of the Kalinin region (within the borders of that time) in the period 1942-1944. 23 partisan brigades operated. Moreover, the entire territory in which they operated, after the expulsion of the Germans, became part of the Velikiye Luki region, and after its abolition in October 1957 - into the Pskov region.

The command of the 31st Rifle Brigade, for example, directly interacted with the detachments of K. P. Marsov “F. V. Zyleva. By the will of fate, both commanders were surrounded in 1941. Repeated attempts to break through the front line to join our troops failed. Both found themselves deep behind enemy lines. Those faithful to military duty decided to switch to partisan methods of struggle.

Pskov partisans go on a combat mission

In the second half of July 1941, a small group of Red Army soldiers along with their commander was surrounded and embarked on the path of partisan warfare. The group melted away after clashes with the Germans. And soon only Pavel Novikov was left alive, who tried hard to find his own people in order to join them. He soon found like-minded people who were ready to take the path of partisan warfare.
The people's avengers attacked enemy garrisons, exterminating the invaders and their accomplices. They blew up bridges, trains and tracks, disabled communication lines, destroyed warehouses with weapons and ammunition, conducted reconnaissance, and maintained contact with the population. All this demoralized the enemy’s rear and constrained his strength.
On February 18, 1942, the command of the Kalinin Front recalled Marsov’s detachment from the rear and united it with units of the 31st Rifle Brigade. And Marsov himself, after being appointed to the post of chief of staff of the brigade, was ordered to form a joint detachment in our rear, which included the Koldobinsky, Uritsky and Borisoglebsky partisan detachments. The commander of the united detachment was F.V. Zylev, the chief of staff was F.T. Boydin, and the commissar was P.A. Novikov. So in the village of Korotyshevo, Kaldobinsky village council, the partisan detachment “For the Motherland” was created. I kept in touch directly with the 31st Rifle Brigade. The actions of the detachment became known from memories at one of the meetings of veterans of the 1st rifle division former Commissioner P. A. Novikov, and then from the essay “Forest Paths” written by him.

Shlemin Timofey Trofimovich Before the war, he was the chairman of the Uritsky village council. With the beginning of the occupation by the German invaders, he was left in a partisan detachment, where he remained until August 1943. Timofey Trofimovich became the organizer of partisan detachments operating in the Velikoluksky and Nevelsky regions. The first detachment of 25 people was commanded by Fyodor Zylev. The second detachment consisted of 75 people. This detachment was commanded by Ermolaev. Timofey Trofimovich himself was the commander of the third created detachment, consisting of 50 people, part of the 11th Kalinin brigade. In mid-February 1942, a united detachment was formed, called “For the Motherland.” Instructions were given to mobilize military personnel of all ages, both into the Red Army and into partisan detachments. Ustin Zakharovich Martynov was also in this detachment. He crossed the front line 6 times, helped Soviet soldiers, and his son Nikolai Martynov and his great-grandmother Praskovya Feoktistovna Volkova provided assistance to both the partisans and Soviet soldiers: they brought them food, delivered weapons, and provided them with the necessary information.

According to the memoirs of Timofey Trofimovich, the command of the “For the Motherland” detachment, having visited the headquarters of the 31st Infantry Division, received specific tasks: provide the army command with intelligence data and conduct surveillance in the direction of the Opukhliki and Fenino stations, the movement of the Germans along the Nevel-Usvyaty highway, along which manpower, equipment and ammunition were transferred, make ambushes, mine roads. One of the first major operations of the detachment, carried out on behalf of the army command, was the defeat of the German garrison in the village of Lekhovo on the night of March 27-28, 1942.

Map of military operations near the village of Lekhovo. March 28, 1942

A group of partisans on January 2, 1942.

Distribution of medicines among partisan brigade units. 1942

The further fate of the partisan detachment “For the Motherland”, with which the 31st Brigade of the 3rd Shock Army interacted, is as follows: in June 1942, by decision of the Kalinin Regional Party Committee and the Military Council of the Kalinin Front, the detachment was transformed into the 1st Kalinin Partisan Brigade, uniting four detachment with a total number of 472 people. The brigade was constantly growing, and soon there were 2045 fighters. It was disaggregated and the 6th and 7th Kalinin Partisan Brigades were created.
From the command of the partisan detachment “For the Motherland” the fates of only two people are known: the chief of staff F.T. Boydin and the commissar of the detachment P.A. Novikov.
After the war, Fyodor Timofeevich Boydin was in Komsomol work, then for a long time he worked as the first secretary of the district party committee,
Pavel Aleksandrovich Novikov, having been wounded, was treated in one of the Tashkent hospitals. After the war he graduated from college. He became a candidate of historical sciences, associate professor of the department of the Ust-Kamenogorsk Pedagogical Institute.
In 1991, the author of these lines was sent a letter by V.I. Kravchenko, a scout from another partisan detachment - “Death to Fascism.” This is what she wrote: “The partisan detachment was commanded by N.V. Shipovalov, Y.M. Lobitsky was the commissar, and Maksimov was the chief of staff. The detachment began operating in the southeastern part of the area in January 1942. Later he controlled the Velikiye Luki-Nevel highway and railway. Communication was maintained with the 257th Division and 31st Brigade. In August 1942, the detachment was redeployed to the Sebezh region for further fighting behind enemy lines.”
In a letter from the Commissar of the 31st Brigade, Ya. M. Vershuta, dated 02.20.66, we read: “V. I. Kravchenko was part of the “Death to Fascism” partisan detachment. She was a scout and liaison with other detachments and military units. She skillfully carried out responsible and difficult command assignments. Currently lives in the city of Velikie Luki... He spends a lot of effort and energy on organizing and holding meetings of veterans - direct participants in the liberation of the city and region. She was awarded two orders of the Patriotic War, medals... Veteran of Labor. He has many honorary certificates."
According to a report addressed to the Military Council of the 3rd Shock Army, signed by the brigade commander Gorbunov and its commissar Vershuta, during the fighting, Shipovalov’s partisan detachment delivered over 4,000 shells to the brigade’s warehouse, large number cartridges and mines, disrupted the enemy's telephone and telegraph communications 18 times, carried out 24 explosions of railway tracks and 10 explosions of various bridges, blew up six trains, of which one was completely destroyed, and destroyed 240 enemy soldiers and officers.
It is no coincidence that the Council of Veterans of the 1st Rifle Division considers the partisans of the “Death to Fascism” and “For the Motherland” detachments to be their fellow soldiers: they closely interacted with the 31st Brigade of the 3rd Shock Army and jointly fought with the German invaders in the Velikiye Luki and Nevel areas .

Partisan detachments, in the fight against the Nazi invaders, interacted with the 227th separate ski battalion of the 3rd Shock Army.

In 1985, at the invitation of the leadership of the Pskov region, Pavel Aleksandrovich Novikov participated in celebrations dedicated to the 40th anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War. He visited the Uritsk school, met with schoolchildren and teachers.

After the war Shlemin T.T. met with the pioneers of the Uritsk and Porechen schools. He told the boys about partisan attacks and sabotage. Based on his stories, the guys wrote a short report on the actions of the partisans.

In the book "Book of Memory" (4th volume) there is"Report of the headquarters of the partisan detachment "Death to Fascism" on military operations in the period from June 10 to July 1, 1942"

The village of Kupuy was the base of the 2nd Kalinin Partisan Brigade. The detachment of Peter Ryndin was the first to settle in Kupuy in May 1942.
On July 6, 1942, in Kupuy, partisan detachments “For the Native Land” (commander P.V. Ryndin) and “People’s Avenger” (commander Lesnikov). They were united into the 2nd Kalinin Partisan Brigade under the command of Georgy Arbuzov, who commanded it until July 29, 1942. The brigade, consisting of two detachments, set out from Kupuy to the Kudevery area of ​​operations. Kupuy was at this time the main partisan base of the brigade. From here the partisans went on combat missions, here they returned from them and, after a short rest, went on new missions.

On September 1, 1942, the 2nd Kalinin Partisan Brigade became part of the 1st Kalinin Partisan Corps. On September 9, 1942, the corps moved from Kupuy to the German rear. At this time, the 2nd Kalinin Brigade was part of the Central Shock Group of the Corps and moved as the Main March Outpost.
When Ryndin P.V. became the commander of the 2nd Kalinin Partisan Brigade, then at that time it had the following numerical strength: middle command personnel - 34 people, junior command personnel - 42 people, privates - 301 people (377 people in total). It was armed with: 4 mortars, 13 machine guns, 13 rifles, 31 pistols.

The local periodicals published articles about the partisan movement:

Novikov, P. Behind enemy lines / P. Novikov // The Path of October. - 1990. - April 26. Memoirs of the commissar of the partisan detachment “For the Motherland” (joined the 1st PBC).
Novikov P. A. This is how the First Kalininskaya was born / P. A. Novikov // The Path of October. - 1969. – August 16, 21, 23, 26.
“We need to create a partisan detachment” // Vedomosti. Pskov-Velikiye Luki. – 2010. - May 26. – P. 8.

The medal "Partisan of the Patriotic War" was established in the USSR on February 2, 1943. Over the following years, about 150 thousand heroes were awarded it. This material tells about five people's militias who, by their example, showed how to defend the Motherland.

Efim Ilyich Osipenko

An experienced commander who fought during Civil War, a real leader, Efim Ilyich became the commander of a partisan detachment in the fall of 1941. Although a detachment is too strong a word: together with the commander there were only six of them. There were practically no weapons and ammunition, winter was approaching, and endless groups of the German army were already approaching Moscow.

Realizing that as much time as possible was needed to prepare the defense of the capital, the partisans decided to blow up a strategically important section of the railway near Myshbor station. There were few explosives, there were no detonators at all, but Osipenko decided to detonate the bomb with a grenade. Silently and unnoticed, the group moved close to the railway tracks and planted explosives. Having sent his friends back and being left alone, the commander saw the train approaching, threw a grenade and fell into the snow. But for some reason the explosion did not happen, then Efim Ilyich himself hit the bomb with a pole from a railway sign. There was an explosion and a long train with food and tanks went downhill. The partisan himself miraculously survived, although he completely lost his sight and was severely shell-shocked. On April 4, 1942, he was the first in the country to be awarded the “Partisan of the Great Patriotic War” medal for No. 000001.

Konstantin Chekhovich

Konstantin Chekhovich - organizer and performer of one of the largest partisan sabotage acts of the Great Patriotic War.

The future hero was born in 1919 in Odessa, almost immediately after graduating from the Industrial Institute he was drafted into the Red Army, and already in August 1941, as part of a sabotage group, he was sent behind enemy lines. While crossing the front line, the group was ambushed, and of the five people, only Chekhovich survived, and he had nowhere to take much optimism - the Germans, after checking the bodies, were convinced that he only had a shell shock and Konstantin Aleksandrovich was captured. He managed to escape from it two weeks later, and after another week he already got in touch with the partisans of the 7th Leningrad Brigade, where he received the task of infiltrating the Germans in the city of Porkhov for sabotage work.

Having achieved some favor with the Nazis, Chekhovich received the position of administrator at a local cinema, which he planned to blow up. He involved Evgenia Vasilyeva in the case - his wife’s sister was employed as a cleaner at the cinema. Every day she carried several briquettes in buckets with dirty water and a rag. This cinema became a mass grave for 760 German soldiers and officers - an inconspicuous “administrator” installed bombs on the supporting columns and roof, so that during the explosion the entire structure collapsed like a house of cards.

Matvey Kuzmich Kuzmin

The oldest recipient of the "Partisan of the Patriotic War" and "Hero of the Soviet Union" awards. He was awarded both awards posthumously, and at the time of his feat he was 83 years old.

The future partisan was born back in 1858, 3 years before the abolition of serfdom, in the Pskov province. He spent his entire life isolated (he was not a member of the collective farm), but by no means lonely - Matvey Kuzmich had 8 children from two different wives. He was engaged in hunting and fishing, and knew the area remarkably well.

The Germans who came to the village occupied his house, and later the battalion commander himself settled in it. At the beginning of February 1942, this German commander asked Kuzmin to be a guide and lead the German unit to the village of Pershino occupied by the Red Army, in return he offered almost unlimited food. Kuzmin agreed. However, having seen the route of movement on the map, he sent his grandson Vasily to the destination in advance to warn Soviet troops. Matvey Kuzmich himself led the frozen Germans through the forest for a long time and confusedly and only in the morning led them out, but not to the desired village, but to an ambush, where the Red Army soldiers had already taken positions. The invaders came under fire from machine gun crews and lost up to 80 people captured and killed, but the hero-guide himself also died.

Leonid Golikov

He was one of many teenage partisans of the Great Patriotic War, a Hero of the Soviet Union. Brigade scout of the Leningrad partisan brigade, spreading panic and chaos in German units in the Novgorod and Pskov regions. Despite his young age - Leonid was born in 1926, at the time of the outbreak of the war he was 15 years old - he was distinguished by his sharp mind and military courage. In just a year and a half of partisan activity, he destroyed 78 Germans, 2 railway and 12 highway bridges, 2 food warehouses and 10 wagons with ammunition. Guarded and accompanied a food convoy to besieged Leningrad.

This is what Lenya Golikov himself wrote about his main feat in a report: “On the evening of August 12, 1942, we, 6 partisans, got out onto the Pskov-Luga highway and lay down near the village of Varnitsa. There was no movement at night. It was dawn. From Pskov 13 August, a small passenger car appeared. It was moving quickly, but near the bridge where we were, the car moved more slowly. Partizan Vasiliev threw an anti-tank grenade, but Alexander Petrov threw the second grenade and hit the beam. The car did not stop immediately, but passed by. 20 meters and almost caught up with us (we were lying behind a pile of stones). Two officers jumped out of the car. I fired a burst from my machine gun. I didn’t hit him, and ran across the ditch towards the forest. I fired several bursts from my PPSh. He hit the enemy in the neck and back. Petrov started shooting at the second officer, who kept looking around, shouting and firing back. Then the two of them ran to the first wounded officer. They took off his shoulder straps and took his documents; it turned out to be the general. from the infantry of the special weapons troops, that is, the engineering troops, Richard Wirtz, who was returning from a meeting from Konigsberg to his corps in Luga. There was still a heavy suitcase in the car. We barely managed to drag him into the bushes (150 meters from the highway). While we were still at the car, we heard an alarm, a ringing sound, and a scream in the neighboring village. Grabbing a briefcase, shoulder straps and three captured pistols, we ran to our....”.

As it turned out, the teenager took out extremely important drawings and descriptions of new examples of German mines, maps and diagrams of minefields, and inspection reports to higher command. For this, Golikov was nominated for the Golden Star and the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

He received the title posthumously. Defending himself in a village house from a German punitive detachment, the hero died along with the partisan headquarters on January 24, 1943, before he turned 17 years old.

Tikhon Pimenovich Bumazhkov

Coming from a poor peasant family, Hero of the Soviet Union, Tikhon Pimenovich was already the director of the plant at the age of 26, but the onset of the war did not take him by surprise. Bumazhkov is considered by historians to be one of the first organizers of partisan detachments during the Great Patriotic War. In the summer of 1941, he became one of the leaders and organizers of the extermination squad, which later became known as “Red October”.

In collaboration with units of the Red Army, the partisans destroyed several dozen bridges and enemy headquarters. In just less than 6 months of guerrilla warfare, Bumazhkov’s detachment destroyed up to two hundred enemy vehicles and motorcycles, up to 20 warehouses with fodder and food were blown up or captured, and the number of captured officers and soldiers is estimated at several thousand. Bumazhkov died a heroic death while escaping from encirclement near the village of Orzhitsa, Poltava region.