All-Russian Central Executive Committee. All-Russian Central Executive Committee and Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR as central bodies of state power

The starting point for the creation of a new Russian statehood was the transfer by the Second Congress of Soviets of all power into the hands of the Soviets and the creation of the highest bodies of the Soviet state - the Council of People's Commissariats and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of Soviets.

At the II Congress of Soviets, the composition of the Council of People's Commissariats, the Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government, was approved.

V.I. Lenin, and it included people's commissars (the name People's Commissar belongs to L.D. Trotsky):

People's Commissar of Internal Affairs - Rykov,

agriculture - Milyutin,

labor - Shliapnikov.

The Committee on Military and Naval Affairs was headed by Antonov-Ovseenko, Krymiko, Dybenko.

People's Commissar of Industry headed - Nogin,

People's Commissar of Education - Lunacharsky,

People's Commissar of Finance - Skvortsov-Stepanov,

People's Commissar of Justice - Oppokov (Lomov),

People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs - Trotsky,

People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs - Avilov (Glebov),

People's Commissar for Nationalities - Stalin.

The Council of People's Commissars met for its first meeting immediately after the end of the Second Congress of Soviets on October 27 at 6 o'clock in the morning in its entirety, with the exception of the People's Commissar for Finance Skvortsov-Stepanov. (He was in Moscow at that time).

On the same day, the 2nd meeting of the Council of People's Commissars was held at which a decree on the press and a resolution on convening the Constituent Assembly at the appointed time was adopted.

Minutes of the meetings of the Council of People's Commissars were not kept at that time. Only on November 3, the first protocol was drawn up. There are no documents and several follow-up meetings. Therefore, it is very difficult to restore the activities of this supreme body of state power in the early days of its existence, and this is very important. Eduard Viktorovich Klyanov was a specialist in this field. Of great interest in this regard is his book "Lenin in Smolny".

At the II Congress of Soviets, 101 people were elected to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, who, according to the party composition, are divided as follows:

Bolsheviks - 62

Left SRs - 29

representatives of other parties - 10.

Right Social Revolutionaries and Mensheviks were not represented in the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.

Kamenev was elected temporary chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.

In the construction of a new state apparatus, the Bolsheviks had to face great difficulties:

1. The sabotage of the old officials that unfolded almost everywhere;

2. Complications within the Central Committee of the Bolsheviks on the issue of creating a Soviet government. A group spoke in the Central Committee that supported the ultimatum of the Socialist-Revolutionary-Menshevik All-Russian Executive Committee of Railway Workers (Vikzhel). The All-Russian Executive Committee of Railway Workers presented a demand to begin the creation of a "Homogeneous Socialist Government" (with the involvement of representatives of all the so-called socialist parties). Otherwise, he promised to suspend the work of all railways.

The Bolsheviks were not fundamentally against the participation of other parties in the government. On October 29, the Central Committee recognized the possibility of expanding the composition of the government, but in the event that other parties recognize the decisions of the Second Congress of Soviets. It was decided to enter into negotiations on this issue with Vikzhel (Minutes of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (August 1917 - February 1918) M. 1958, p. 122)

The negotiations were entrusted to Kamenev and Sokolnikov. When the representatives of the Bolsheviks appeared at the meeting of the Vikzhel, the following demands were made:

1. Renunciation of the power of the Soviets;

2. Creation of a government of representatives of all "socialist" parties;

3. Appointment of the leaders of the right SRs V.M. to the post of chairman of the government instead of Lenin. Chernova or N.D. Avksentiev;

4. Cessation of hostilities against the troops of Kerensky-Krasnov.

Kamenev and Sokolnikov recognized these demands. Moreover, Kamenev signed an agreement on the cessation of hostilities. But hostilities were not stopped, and on November 1-2, the troops of Kerensky-Krasnov were defeated by Red Guard detachments.

On November 2, the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party adopted a decision condemning the act of Kamenev and Sokolnikov. The second part of the Central Committee resolution confirmed the readiness of the Bolsheviks to reach an agreement with other parties on the question of entering the government on the basis of recognizing the decision of the Second Congress of Soviets.

The Central Committee demanded the implementation of its decisions. In response, these five people (Kamenev, Zinoviev, Rykov, Nogin, Milyutin) announced their withdrawal from the Central Committee.

On November 4, Nogin, Rykov, Milyutin, Teodorovich announced their withdrawal from the Council of People's Commissars, i.e. in fact, there was a government crisis. On November 8, Kamenev was recalled from the post of chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, and Ya.M. Sverdlov. People's Commissar of Internal Affairs instead of Rykov G.I. became Petrovsky (deputy from the Bolsheviks to the IV State Duma); Deputy Commissar of Agriculture - A.G. Schlichter (instead of Milyutin), and later he becomes the People's Commissar for Food instead of Teodorovich.

The Bolsheviks directed their efforts against the vacillations of the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries. During the preparation and conduct of the October armed uprising, the Left SRs were asked to enter the government. But they refused to take part in the government formed at the II Congress of Soviets, but the Central Committee of the Bolsheviks entered the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and pursued a line to strengthen the bloc with the Left Social Revolutionaries. However, the Left SRs, according to Lenin, continued to waver "like a bride with a dowry."

At the initiative of Lenin, the post of People's Commissar for Agriculture was proposed by A.L. Kolegaev. The Left SRs refused to take part in the discussion of this candidacy. Therefore, at the second meeting of the Council of People's Commissars on November 15, the question of a ministry of agriculture was raised. The Council of People's Commissars proposed to the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries "an ultimatum to take the Ministry of Agriculture tomorrow or leave it to the Bolsheviks and not slow down the work." The Left SRs did not give an answer, and at the next meeting of the Council of People's Commissars, on November 16, 1917, the question was again raised "about a written ultimatum to the Left SRs about the post of People's Commissar for the Ministry of Agriculture." Since the issue was extremely important, the Council of People's Commissars decided: "to propose to Schlichter from November 17 to begin vigorous work on the Ministry of Agriculture." However, on November 17, the Left Social Revolutionaries agreed to accept the post of People's Commissar for Agriculture. The results of the negotiations were formalized by the decision of the Central Executive Committee of November 17, 1917 on changing the composition of the Council of People's Commissars. According to this agreement: 1) the People's Commissariat of Agriculture "was completely transferred to the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries"; 2) the left SRs appointed their people's commissar and formed the collegium of the commissariat; 3) the Bolsheviks introduced their representative to the collegium of the People's Commissariat of Agriculture, consisting of Left Socialist-Revolutionaries.

On November 24, 1917, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the Left Social Revolutionary A.L. Kolegaev to the post of People's Commissar of Agriculture, and the left SRs were included in the collegium of the commissariat: N.N. Alekseev, S.F. Rybin, L.L. Kostin, M.S. Zhivotovsky, G.M. Ivashchenko, N.S. Arefiev, I.F. Balykov, V.M. Kapmnsky, P.I. Melkov, N.D. Pryazhnikov, M.N. Anoshin, G.D. Rykin, A.E. Feofilaktov, P.N. Yatsenko. However, the Left SRs continued to waver. The first founding meeting of the collegium took place on November 21, and only on December 11 the collegium met for the second time, and even then in an incomplete composition. People's Commissar for Agriculture A.L. Kolegaev was absent from 12 meetings of the Council of People's Commissars and only on December 5 joined in joint work with other people's commissars.

On December 9-10, a new agreement was signed with the Left SRs, according to which 7 Left SRs were part of the Soviet government.

The Left SRs were given posts:

People's Commissar of Justice - Steinberg;

People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs - Proshyan.

Created 2 new posts:

the people's commissariat for local self-government was headed by Trutovsky;

People's Commissariat of Property - Karelin.

2 Left SRs were introduced into the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs with the status of people's commissars without portfolios, on the basis of an agreement with the Left SRs, they were offered to enter the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.

In November, 108 delegates from the All-Russian Congress of Peasant Deputies were introduced to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (worked from November 26 to December 10, 1917). The congress elected a new Central Executive Committee of Soviets of Peasants' Deputies, which merged with the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. The creation of a single All-Russian Central Executive Committee allowed the Soviet government to significantly weaken the influence of the right SRs on the peasant councils.

In addition, 100 representatives from soldiers and sailors, plus 50 representatives from trade unions, were introduced into the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, and in total 366 people became part of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee! (For more details, see A.I. Acceleration. All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the Soviets in the first months of Doctor of Science M., 1977). There were also changes in the party composition of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. In connection with all these changes, there was a time when the forces of the Bolsheviks were almost balanced by representatives of other parties. However, the Bolsheviks also had a majority in the final composition of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.

Be that as it may, with great difficulty, but nevertheless, a bloc with the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries was concluded. This was of great importance in strengthening the influence of the Bolsheviks. However, the government bloc with the Left SRs did not last long.

The Left SRs opposed the ratification by the Fourth All-Russian Congress of Soviets of the Brest Peace Treaty and withdrew their representatives from the Council of People's Commissars. After leaving the Council of People's Commissars, the Left Social Revolutionaries remained in the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, and in all central and local Soviet institutions. And only after the rebellion on June 6, 1918, the Left Social Revolutionaries were withdrawn from all central state institutions, but remained in the local apparatus until the end of 1918.

One of the fundamental issues of state building worked out in the first months of Soviet power was the question of the relationship between legislative and executive power.

Classical bourgeois parliamentarism proposes a separation of legislative and executive functions. According to Lenin's idea, the Soviets unite the executive and legislative powers (they themselves make decisions and organize their implementation).

The Socialist-Revolutionaries and other representatives of the petty-bourgeois parties wanted to concentrate legislative functions only in the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, while the Bolsheviks did not want to separate legislative and executive functions. In their opinion, both the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars should have legislative and executive functions.

And indeed, before the Constituent Assembly, the Council of People's Commissars had the right to issue laws. The law came into force from the time it was published in the newspaper. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee had the right to change, supplement any government decree.

However, the Left SRs opposed this.

And on January 17, a document was adopted defining the relationship between the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars, according to which the Government (the Council of People's Commissars) has the right to develop and adopt laws, but they are subject to approval by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.

At the same time, this document stipulated that the Council of People's Commissars had the right to take sole decisions on questions of combating counter-revolution. At first, this was how it was: the Council of People's Commissars itself made decisions on issues of urgency (without the approval of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, under its own responsibility).

The apparatus of the highest and central organs of the Soviet state was gradually created.

November 1, 1917 - SNK approved V.D. Bonch-Bruevich as the head of affairs of the Council of People's Commissars, and Gorbunov as secretary of the Council of People's Commissars. (Practically the first days the entire apparatus of the Council of People's Commissars was made up of these 2 people).

It is known that by November 15, the headquarters of the SNK apparatus already included 21 people, and by the end of January 1918, the SNK apparatus had basically taken shape and had the following structure: secretariat, reception, accounting and financial department, census, press and clippings bureau. The total number of employees of the Council of People's Commissars on January 31, 1918 amounted to 58 people.

The staffing of the apparatus of the People's Commissariats was a difficult task. the first group of employees were, as a rule, the people's commissar and, in rare cases, 1-2 Bolsheviks recommended for work in this department. With this small group, the work of each individual commissariat began. At first, its task was to attract employees of the ministries of the Provisional Government who were loyal to the Soviet government to work in the commissariat, but as a rule, they sabotaged. It was very difficult to complete their own cadres of officials from workers and peasants - there was no experience, there was a war).

In the second half of November 1917, the apparatus of the people's commissariats began to function. At the beginning, all the commissariats were located in Smolny. Only at the end of November was it decided to transfer the activities of the people's commissariats to the buildings of the former ministries.

Already the first steps in building a new state apparatus showed the utopian nature of Lenin's plan for creating a new statehood, which would do without a bureaucratic bureaucratic apparatus and on the self-government of the people. In the first months after the victory of the October Revolution, the whole calculation was made on the enthusiasm and initiative of the revolutionary masses, who were supposedly capable of mastering the technique of governing the country. Here, as in the field of economic relations, the Bolsheviks hoped to be ahead of their time. Move at an accelerated pace into the communist future.

However, it soon became clear that the administrative initiative of the masses could not replace a permanent state apparatus, consisting of professionals. Therefore, the ruling party was forced to take a course towards the mass involvement of bourgeois specialists in the management of the country. By the autumn of 1918, the proportion of old officials in the People's Commissariat of Finance reached 97.5%, in the People's Commissariat of State Control - 80%, in the People's Commissariat of Railways - 88.1%. The issue of using former managers was especially acute in the economic sphere. The workers' self-management, due to its incompetence, could not stop the decline of production. In 1917, the output of the factory industry decreased by 36.4%. Thus, in the course of events, the impossibility of putting into practice the model of proletarian statehood, which Lenin presented as the direct power of armed and organized workers, became more and more evident.

But during the whole time of the unsettled activities of the people's commissariats, life in the country did not stop. it was necessary to manage a huge mass of the population, to establish an economic organism in a new way. Who, what bodies carried out these functions?

The Military Revolutionary Committee (VRC) played an important role in this matter. In the days of the October Revolution, it was the organ of the armed uprising. After the victory of Soviet power, it began to function as an organ of state power. But he continued to act as a military body. There was no actual army at that time. In addition, new functions of the Military Revolutionary Committee appeared, for example, the fight against counter-revolution. In addition, the Military Revolutionary Committee carried out organizational work on the establishment of food work, the protection of public order.

As the People's Commissariats were organized, the functions of the Military Revolutionary Committee passed into the hands of the People's Commissariats.

December 5, 1917 - The Military Revolutionary Committee informed the population about the fulfillment of all its tasks and the transfer of its functions to the relevant people's commissariats.

At the same time, the process of creating other state administration bodies was underway. October 28 - a decision was made to create a workers' militia, November 22 - a decree on people's courts, December 20 - a decree on the creation of the Cheka.

Initially, the Bolsheviks did not plan to create any organs of violence, to suppress the resistance of the overthrown classes. Just as in the military field it was supposed to defend the republic in case of danger by the general arming of the people, so in the event of an internal threat, it was expected that the existing organs of popular power - the Soviets, elected courts, and the people's militia - could fully cope with this task. Hopes for this did not come true. By a decree of the Council of People's Commissars of December 20, 1917, the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution, Sabotage and Profiteering (VChK) was formed under him. From the name it is clear on what occasion this emergency body was created. The board of the Cheka was headed by a Bolshevik of Polish origin F.E. Dzerzhinsky. However, the volume of activity of the Cheka began to grow very rapidly beyond the hastily formulated functions of the commission. The Cheka very quickly began to acquire the image of a formidable and merciless weapon of the Soviet government in the fight against its opponents.

The main role was played by the forms and methods of work of the commission, the absence of a legal basis for its activities. The stories about the terrible executions, prisons and concentration camps, which supposedly from the very beginning were characteristic of the Cheka, are greatly exaggerated. The "punishing sword of the dictatorship of the proletariat" unfolded as the situation aggravated. In the arsenal of means of struggle of the Cheka, according to the decree, there were confiscation of property, expulsion from the Soviet Republic, deprivation of productive cards, inclusion in the list of "enemies of the people." In the regulation on the revolutionary tribunals, by which the Cheka was supposed to hand over the detainees, the maximum punishment that was provided was up to 4 years in prison. However, there were no safeguards against abuse of power. The Cheka and the local emergency committees were bodies that were supposed to be formed mainly from the workers, but, due to their special position, they, like a magnet, began to attract a mass of heterogeneous, random, self-serving elements.

Perhaps the most quickly debunked was the myth of the possibility of doing without a regular army, relying only on "the armed people," since the Bolsheviks came to power at the time of the confrontation between modern armies. The detachments of the Red Guard, which were at the disposal of the Military Revolutionary Committee, could not perform the functions of protecting the state. Therefore, the question arose about the fate of the old army and not only it, but also the entire huge military regulatory mechanism of old Russia in the form of ministries, headquarters, military training meetings. special meetings, etc. The question of using the old army immediately disappeared, since the Bolsheviks themselves launched a virus of destruction into it. After October, no attempts could stop the process of its complete disintegration. Only the state of peace negotiations with Germany and its allies, the truce reached by the Bolsheviks made it possible to hold the front to some extent.

In December 1917, the Council of People's Commissars recognized the need to create a new army, and on January 15, 1918, a special decree of the Council of People's Commissars proclaimed the creation of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army (RKKA) on a voluntary basis. In April, a network of local military commissariats was organized. By May, the Red Army had about 300 thousand people in its ranks. The Red Army, as it turns out today, arose on the ruins of the old army due to its personnel. The polarization of forces, characteristic of Russian society, has also affected the professional military. In addition, in the ranks of any army, there is a considerable number of people who are completely indifferent to politics, for whom the main thing is the stability of the situation and certain guarantees. A certain part of them ended up in the Red Army, continued to work in military institutions. In order to ensure a revolutionary class character in the construction of the new armed forces, the process of their politicization was carried out through the institution of political commissars. The management of the military department was concentrated in the hands of the collegium of the People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs (People's Commissariat for Military Affairs), the political department was created a little later - the Revolutionary Military Council (Revolutionary Military Council, RVS). Both institutions were headed by a purely civil man, but extremely popular in the country, L.D. Trotsky. His contribution to the building of the Red Army is still far from being studied. His name is associated with the further process of professionalization of the Red Army, the abolition of the principle of electing commanders, the involvement of military specialists, the establishment and transformation of the system of military educational institutions, the rejection of voluntariness and the transition to universal military duty.

When assessing L.D. It would be appropriate to free Trotsky from later assessments and stratifications, political clichés behind which the personality disappears. From this point of view, the interesting documents of the era are "Revolutionary Etudes", written by one of the Bolshevik commissars - People's Commissar of Education A.V. Lunacharsky in 1919, where he characterizes the prominent leaders of the Bolshevik revolution and, above all, Lenin and Trotsky. Here are some of them:

Enormous authority and some kind of inability to be in any way affectionate and attentive to people, the absence of that charm that always surrounded Lenin, condemned Trotsky as a leader to some loneliness ...

Trotsky seemed ill-suited to work in political parties, but in the ocean of historical events, where personal organizations are completely unimportant, Trotsky’s positive aspects came to the fore ...

Trotsky's main talent is his oratory and writing talent...

Trotsky is undoubtedly more orthodox than Lenin, always guided by the letter of revolutionary Marxism. Lenin felt himself to be the creator and master of political thought, and very often issued completely new slogans that dumbfounded everyone, which seemed to us savagery, and which yielded rich results. Trotsky is not distinguished by such boldness of thought...

It is customary to say about Trotsky that he is ambitious. This, of course, is utter nonsense... There is not a drop of vanity in it. He absolutely does not value any titles and any external power ... He is infinitely dear ... his historical role. Lenin, too, is not at all ambitious. He never looks back at himself, he never looks into the historical mirror, he never thinks what posterity will say about him, he just does his job. In contrast, Trotsky often looks back at himself, extremely values ​​his historical role and would be ready to make any kind of sacrifice, not excluding the most difficult one - the sacrifice of his life, in order to remain in the memory of mankind in the halo of a tragic revolutionary leader ...

One must not think, however, that the second leader of the Russian revolution is inferior to his colleague in everything. Trotsky is more brilliant, more vivid, more mobile. Lenin is the most adapted to sitting in the chairman's chair of the Council of People's Commissars, brilliantly leading the world revolution ... but he could not have coped with the titanic task that Trotsky shouldered ...

When a great revolution occurs, a great people always finds a suitable actor for every role. One of the signs of the greatness of our revolution is that it brought forward from its depths or borrowed from other parties so many outstanding people and two of the strongest among the strongest, Lenin and Trotsky.

Thus, in a short time after the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets, there was a new state apparatus.

The Second Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies proclaimed the creation of a Republic of Soviets. The Congress of Soviets was proclaimed the supreme body of power. In the intervals between congresses, the All-Russian Central Committee (VTsIK) formed by the congress was considered the highest body. The congress appointed a provisional government - the Council of People's Commissars (SNK). In the localities, power was to be transferred to the organs of the local Soviets.

2. Constituent Assembly. An important moment in the breakdown of the old state apparatus was the elections to the Constituent Assembly) were to be held on November 12 - in fact, they continued throughout November, and in some areas even in December).

The Electoral Commission was formed under the Provisional Government. The lists of deputies were also drawn up under the rule of the Provisional Government.

The elections to the Constituent Assembly gave a significant majority to the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. Of the 715 members of the Constituent Assembly, the Social Revolutionaries received 412 seats; Bolsheviks - 183; all other parties received 114 seats. The Bolsheviks received the majority of votes in the capitals and large industrial centers: in Petrograd - 45% of the vote, Moscow - 50%, in the garrisons of Petrograd and Moscow - about 80%, Ivanovo-Voznesensk - 64%. A large number of votes in favor of the Bolsheviks were given by the fronts: the northern front - 61%, the Baltic fleet - 57%.

But the functions of the founder of power have already been fulfilled. However, it is also impossible to simply cancel the constituent assembly; before the revolution, the Bolsheviks campaigned for the Constituent Assembly in order to expose the provisional government, which was delaying its elections.

How to get out of this situation?

Lenin prepared the theses on the Constituent Assembly, where he declared that the Russian revolution had moved forward from bourgeois democracy to the democracy of the proletariat. The slogan "All power to the Constituent Assembly under the conditions of the victorious Socialist Revolution would mean the destruction of the power of the Soviets." They saw a way out either in quick re-elections of the Constituent Assembly or the Constituent Assembly would recognize the Power of the Soviets. We settled on option 2.

For this purpose, the “Declaration of the Rights of the Working People and the Exploited People” was developed. This declaration summarizes all the main achievements of Soviet power. The final part of the Declaration ended with the words: “Supporting Soviet power and the decrees of the Council of People’s Commissars, the Constituent Assembly are limited to establishing the fundamental foundations for the socialist reorganization of society "(Complete Collected Works of Lenin V.I., Vol. 35, p. 223). Having adopted this declaration, the Constituent Assembly would announce that its functions have already been fulfilled.

On January 5, 1918, the opening of the constituent assembly was scheduled. On behalf of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, Ya.M. opened it. Sverdlov. He read out to the audience the text "Declaration of the Rights of the Working People and the Exploiting People". However, the Socialist-Revolutionary majority avoided discussing the declaration.

The right SR V.M. was chosen as the chairman of the meeting. Chernov. Then the performances began. In contrast to the "Declaration of the Rights of the Working People and the Exploited People," the Right Socialist-Revolutionaries proposed their own declaration. The Bolshevik faction of the Constituent Assembly rejected this declaration and left the meeting room. On the same night, the Council of People's Commissars adopted a decree dissolving the Constituent Assembly and submitted it for discussion by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The Socialist-Revolutionary deputies continued to speak. The Left SRs left the meeting room late at night. The sitting of the rest of the congregation went on almost all night. On the morning of January 6, sailor Zheleznyakov, the head of the guard, said: "The guard is tired!"

How to evaluate what happened? At the present time, some researchers are asking themselves whether this was not a simple tactical maneuver in the struggle for the masses. The fact is that the slogan "All power to the Soviets"!, which defined the main task of the revolution, contradicted the idea of ​​an all-wordy, democratically elected forum, authorized to solve the problems that arose before the country. As the course of events showed, the Bolsheviks' promise to convene a Constituent Assembly after they came to power did secure the support of the broad democratic public for them. As for the fate of this representative institution, it is predetermined not only by the position of Lenin and his supporters, who considered the Soviet form of organization of power incomparably more democratic than all-word parliamentism, but also by a number of important socio-political factors.

First of all, this is the fact of the unconditional liquidation of the right-wing socialist parties in the elections and the very modest success of the Bolshevik candidates. In the literature, this was explained by the fact that the electoral lists were drawn up even before the victory of the October Revolution, when the balance of power was not favorable for the socialist choice. Apparently, the point is different: it was the Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries who acted as the bearers of the most popular among the masses idea of ​​popular representation in the highest body of power, while the Bolsheviks defended the principle of the dictatorship of the proletariat. By the way, the results of the elections are considered by modern researchers as an indicator that even in the post-October period, the Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries enjoyed great influence among the people.

One way or another, the Bolsheviks had to deal with just such a Constituent Assembly, which could oppose itself to Soviet power, become a stronghold of political forces that rejected the legitimacy of the October armed uprising. According to traditional opinion, the meeting did take an extremely anti-Soviet stance. This predetermined its dispersal, as well as the subsequent confrontation between the ruling party and the founders. But today there is another research position. It consists in the fact that there was a real opportunity to combine the two institutions of power, to develop a single program for the implementation of revolutionary democratic reforms, thereby preventing a civil war. The conventional wisdom that the Constituent Assembly did not recognize the Soviet government and its decrees on land and peace is not supported by documents. Furthermore. Resolutions were adopted expressly obliging the socialists to cooperate with the Bolsheviks in the implementation of democratic reforms (see Questions of History, 1992, no. 1).

Why are these facts not known? The fact is that neither the Bolsheviks, who hastened to disperse the Constituent Assembly, nor the Constituent Assembly, who embarked on the path of armed struggle against the Soviets, did not want to tell the truth, which called into question the legality of subsequent actions.

The complete groundlessness of the former view of the consequences of the anti-democratic action of the Bolshevik leadership is now quite rightly emphasized in the literature. It is not true that it had no influence on the course of the revolution. On the contrary, the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly contributed, among other reasons, to the vacillations of the petty-bourgeois masses; It would be wrong, however, to believe that the struggle against the Soviet government, which unfolded under the flag of the Constituent Assembly, was of an exclusively armed character, at least on the part of the Mensheviks.

There are repeated statements by the Menshevik leadership about the non-participation of the RSDLP in organizing anti-Soviet revolts. The creation of the Menshevik-Socialist-Revolutionary "regional governments" turned out to be the work of the local organizations of the party, which stood to the right of their Central Committee. The official tactics of the Social Democrats was to use the dissatisfaction of the working people with the difficulties of the revolution, the mistakes and miscalculations of the ruling party, to achieve the peaceful establishment of the power of the dictatorship of the proletariat and its replacement by the Constituent Assembly.

The Bolsheviks, having dispersed the Constituent Assembly, decided to oppose it with a "truly people's body" - the III Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, which opened on January 10, 1918, 3 days after the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, and the III Congress of Peasants' Deputies, which began its work on January 13. At the 1st meeting of the Peasants' Congress, it was decided to unite the Peasants' and Workers' and Soldiers' Congress, and from the building of the Smolny Congress he transferred his work to the Tauride Palace.

At the congress, Ya.M. Sverdlov, with a report on the work of the government - V.I. Lenin. The Soviet government reported on its work for 2 months 15 days. Comparing what was done by the Soviet government with the Paris Commune, which existed for 72 days, Lenin stopped at all the major socio-economic measures of the Soviet government. The congress fully approved the reports of Sverdlov and Lenin. The congress approved the "Declaration of the Rights of the Working People and the Exploited People" written by Lenin. It was the first constitutional act of the Soviet power that consolidated the foundations of Soviet power and the new social system. The III Congress of Soviets approved the Regulations on the new designation of the existing state power. The word "temporary" from the official name It was decided to remove the government.The first stage in the creation of a new Soviet statehood was completed.

Questions for self-control:

All-Russian Congresses of Soviets and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR (1917-1937).

On the basis of the decree of the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets dated 25/X (7/XI) 1917 on the organization of power, the All-Russian Congresses of Soviets became the highest bodies of state power, and between congresses - the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK). The position of the congresses of Soviets was enshrined in Resolution 111 of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets on 15/1 (28/1) 1918 “On Federal Institutions. Russian Republic”, and then - the first Soviet Constitution of 1918. The jurisdiction of the congresses of Soviets included all issues that the congresses would recognize as subject to their resolution, i.e. the terms of reference of the congresses were not limited. The exclusive jurisdiction of the congresses included the approval and amendment of the Constitution, the management of foreign and domestic policy, the ratification of peace treaties, the approval of the budget and the national economic plan, the establishment of the foundations for organizing the armed forces, and the elections of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The Constitution of 1918 established that they are convened at least twice a year. The decision of the IX All-Russian Congress of Soviets (December 1921) established the convocation of congresses once a year. In addition to regular congresses, if necessary, extraordinary congresses of Soviets could be convened - at the initiative of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee or at the request of the Soviets of localities, numbering at least one third of the population.

Elections to the congresses of Soviets were held on the basis of a single suffrage and were multi-stage. Thus, in the elections of delegates to congresses of Soviets, voters participated successively through delegates of volost, district and provincial congresses of Soviets, and voters of large cities - through delegates of city Soviets. The elections were held by open voting. At the same time, in order to strengthen the leading role of the working class, certain electoral advantages over the peasantry were assigned to it.

Until the formation of the USSR, the All-Russian Congresses of Soviets played the role of general federal institutions for all Soviet republics, which sent their delegates to the All-Russian Congresses. After the formation of the USSR, the jurisdiction of the All-Russian Congresses of Soviets was limited to the territory of the RSFSR. At the XII All-Russian Congress of Soviets in May 1925, a new Constitution of the RSFSR was adopted, according to which all issues of national importance were subject to the jurisdiction of the bearer of supreme power in the RSFSR - the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, including the general management of politics and the national economy, the general administrative division of the territory of the RSFSR , the establishment of the boundaries of the autonomous republics that are part of the RSFSR, control over the income and expenses of the RSFSR, the approval of codes of laws of the RSFSR. Only congresses of Soviets could approve and supplement the constitutions of the RSFSR and the autonomous republics. From January 1937, in accordance with the new Constitution of the RSFSR, approved by the 17th Extraordinary All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the powers of the Congresses of Soviets as bodies of state power were transferred to the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR.

All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) (1917-1938, Petrograd, Moscow). Elected at the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets on 25/X (7/XI), 1917

The All-Russian Central Executive Committee directed all politics and the national economy, established the boundaries of the autonomous republics, approved their constitutions, resolved disputes between the republics, and was in charge of the administrative division of the territory of the RSFSR. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee was in charge of planning the entire national economy, approving the budget of the RSFSR, establishing national and local taxes and fees, concluding external and internal loans, controlling income, and approving codes of laws. As a legislative body, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee considered and approved draft decrees and legislative proposals submitted by departments, and issued its own decrees and orders. The Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918 secured the right of legislative initiative for the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The administrative function of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was that it formed the government of the RSFSR and the people's commissariats, gave the general direction of the government's activities, oversaw the implementation of the basic constitutional principles, controlled the work of the people's commissariats and departments, local Soviets. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee - a representative body of the working people - was elected at the All-Russian Congress of Soviets. Members of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee were obliged not only to participate in meetings, but also to work in a certain Soviet institution. They enjoyed the right of legislative initiative, free entry into Soviet institutions, immunity.

Initially, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee met almost continuously; from the autumn of 1918, it switched to a sessional order of work. Decree of the VII All-Russian Congress of Soviets<О советским строительстве>The All-Russian Central Executive Committee was convened by the Presidium once every two months, and by decision of the IX Congress, the Council - at least three times a year.

With the formation of the USSR and the adoption at the XII All-Russian Congress of Soviets (May 1925) of the new Constitution of the RSFSR, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was subject to all issues of national importance, including the establishment and change of the basic principles of the Constitution of the RSFSR and the approval of the constitutions of the autonomous republics that are part of the RSFSR.

For the current practical and organizational work of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the preparation of materials for its meetings, the working bodies of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee were created - departments, secretariats and departments. They were led and controlled by the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.

The Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was formed at a meeting of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on 2/XI 1917 as a permanent operational authority. With the transition of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee to a sessional order of work, the Presidium practically became the body of supreme power in the republic during the period between sessions of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The constitutional provision on the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was enshrined on 9/1919 by the decree of the VII Congress of Soviets "On Soviet Construction", according to which the Presidium led the meetings of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, prepared materials for them, submitted draft decrees for consideration by the plenum (session) of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, monitored the implementation of the decision of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee . On December 29, 1920, by the Decree of the VIII Congress of Soviets “On Soviet Construction”, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was granted the additional right to cancel the decisions of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFS, issue decisions on behalf of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and resolve issues of administrative and economic division.

From November 1917 to 23/1, 1918, the meetings of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee took place 4 times a week, then until 21/11, 1918 - 3 times a week, then until 25/III, 1918 - daily, further depending on conditions, 2-3 times a week.

Due to the large number of questions submitted for consideration by the Presidium, from 2/I, 1922 to 23/V, 1923 and from 14/XI, 1923 to 20/II, 1924, the Small Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee acted.

According to the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1925, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was the highest legislative, administrative and controlling body of the RSFSR in the period between sessions of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. He was elected by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the next convocation.

The departments were the working apparatus of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and its Presidium; military (1917-1918), financial (1917-1938), economic and food (1917-1938), automobile (1917-1922), peasant (1918-1922), cassation (1918 - 1922), Cossack (1918-1921), Soviet propaganda (1918), nationalities (1919-1937). communications (1919-1922), medical and sanitary (1917), information desk (1917-1918), management of the Kremlin and the houses of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (1919-1921). At first, most departments did not have clear and legal regulations on their work. By the Decree of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on 13/VI 1921, its apparatus was reorganized. It consisted of the administration of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (the secretaries of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Chairmen of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the general, financial, accounting and economic departments, the archive), the organizational department (sub-departments: communications with places, organizational, statistical, editorial), the department of private statements, the transport department, the commandant's office Kremlin, club, library and auto-combat squad. In the future, this structure changed several times and by 1937 took the following form: the secretariat of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the reception room of the Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the financial department, the personnel sector, the economic department, the instructor and information group.

In connection with the adoption of the new Constitution in 1936, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the apparatus of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee were liquidated on December 3, 1938.

At various times, under the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, temporary and permanent bodies were created:

Formed on 21/XII 1917. to check the personnel of the employees of the apparatus of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the people's commissariats. Finished work in 1918 and was liquidated.

Constitution Drafting Commission. Formed 3/IV 1918 Finished work 18/VII 1919

Central agency of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee for the supply and distribution of printed works. It was founded on November 23, 1918. The Agency included the Counterparty of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the distribution department of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee publishing house. By the Decree of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on 10/IX 1919, it was transferred to the command of the State Publishing House.

Commission for the Liquidation of the Evacuated Soviets. It was formed in 1918 to record and receive the property of Soviet institutions evacuated from the occupied regions. Liquidated 7/Y 1919

Liquidation Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee for the affairs of the Baku Council of People's Commissars. Formed on September 21, 1918, the Commission collected information about Baku Soviet organizations, about Baku workers shot by the British interventionists, as well as information about financial reporting, property and goods evacuated from Baku and captured by the interventionists. Liquidated in 1919

Administrative Commission under the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. On 2I/IX, 1918, under the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, an Administrative Commission was created to establish the regional units of the Soviet republic from representatives of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the NKVD, the People's Commissariat of Labor, the People's Commissariat of Labor, the Supreme Council of National Economy, the People's Commissariat of Health and the State Control.

In order to develop the issue of a new administrative and economic division of the RSFSR, in accordance with the decision of the VII All-Russian Congress of Soviets, a new Administrative Commission was formed, the first meeting of which took place on 17/1, 1920. By the Decree of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on 23/III, 1922, the regulation on the Commission was approved. It consisted of three members of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, appointed personally by the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, and representatives of the people's commissariats and departments. II / VIII 1927, its composition was increased to 7 members. The commission used the PKVL apparatus of the RSFSR.

By 1933, the Commission had basically completed work on the administrative-territorial division of the RSFSR. Liquidated 3/XII 1938

Central Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee for the liquidation of Soviet institutions in Ukraine. It was formed in September 1919 to collect the property of Ukrainian Soviet institutions evacuated from the occupied territory.

It was liquidated on 5/I, 1920. The collected property was transferred to the special representative of the All-Ukrainian Revolutionary Committee for the re-evacuation of Ukrainian cargo.

Central Commission for the Improvement of the Life of Workers under the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. It was formed on March 20, 1921 from representatives of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, the people's commissariats for military, food and the Supreme Economic Council to find material means of supplying workers, to manage the activities of local and departmental commissions of the same name. The resolutions of the Commission were binding on me in a military-strong order. Liquidated I3 / IV 1922 with the transfer of functions of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions.

The Central Commission for Assistance to the Starving (TsKpomgol) under the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Formed on 17/XI 1921 from representatives of the Moscow City Council, the People's Commissariat of Food and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. The commission was instructed to identify the areas most affected by crop failure and to manage the provision of 1921. The Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the regulation on the Central Commission for Assistance to the Starving under the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, according to which the rights of the highest commission to unite and coordinate the activities of people's commissariats and other Soviet institutions in the fight against hunger were sworn to it. . The commission used the working apparatus of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the corresponding people's commissariats. She directed and united the activities of the commissions of the same name under the people's commissariats. On October 20, 1921, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved a detailed regulation on the Commission. It consisted of a presidium and a plenum. Funds for the fight against hunger consisted of public resources and donations within Russia and abroad.

The Commission was in charge of two independent bodies: the Special Committee for the Arrangement of Foreign Exhibitions and Artistic Tours and the Commissioner for Stamp Donations in Russia and Abroad. All the income of these bodies was disposed of by the Commission to assist the starving.

It was dissolved with local authorities on 7/IX 1922. The Central Commission for Combating the Consequences of Famine at the All-Russian Central Executive Committee became the successor of the Commissions, and the offices of the Special Committee for the Arrangement of Foreign Exhibitions and the Commissioner for Stamp Donations were subordinated to it.

Plenipotentiary Representative of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee to the American Relief Administration. Appointed by the Decree of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on 3 / X 1921. He acted until the liquidation of the ARA in 1923. I3 / 1V 1922 with the transfer of functions of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions.

The Plenipotentiary Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee for Combating Banditry on the Western Front, on 23/V1921, under the Revolutionary Military Council of the Western Front and the city of Smolensk, was delighted with the Front Commission for Combating Banditry. On August 18, 1921, it was transformed into the Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, which united the activities of a century of military and civilian institutions in the fight against banditry. The Commission included the commander of the Western Front, a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Western Front, the plenipotentiary representative of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, representatives of the Central Committee of the RCP and the Cheka. The area of ​​its activity included the Gomel, Vitebsk, Smolensk provinces and the territory of the Soviet Byelorussian Republic. Liquidated 28/VII 1922

Commission for the revision of institutions of the RSFSR under the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Formed on October 20, 1921 to review the staffing of all institutions. The activities of the Commission extended to the highest, central and local authorities and administrations. It included 5 members of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The commission had the right to give instructions to the staff commission of the People's Commissariat of Labor; The decisions of the Commission to reduce the staff of institutions came into force only after their approval by the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The commission used the apparatus of the organizational department of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. By the middle of 1922, she completed the work on revising the staff of institutions, the material prepared by her was considered and approved by the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on 23/VIII, 1922. It was liquidated on 12/KhP 1923.

Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the SAC of the RSFSR on the affairs of Turkestan. It was formed on 11/1V 1921 to strengthen federal ties and carry out the policy of the Soviet government on the national question in Turkestan. Liquidated on 2/II 1925 in connection with the adoption of the Constitution of the RSFSR.

Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee for regionalization of the RSFSR. On 10/11, 1921, the Temporary Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was formed to develop a project for the zoning of the RSFSR for the IX Congress of Soviets. On 9/V 1923, it was transformed into a permanent Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on regionalization and consisted of representatives of the people's commissariats of nationalities, internal affairs, the military, communications, the Supreme Economic Council, the State Planning Commission and the STO of the RSFSR, as well as representatives of Ukraine. The composition of the Commission was approved by the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The tasks of the Commission included the development of a general plan for the regionalization of the RSFSR, the preparation of regions for the reform of regionalization. The commission had the right to communicate directly with all institutions of the RSFSR.

Its local bodies were the organizing bureau for the education of the regions. When the main work on the zoning of the RSFSR was completed (on June 28, 1926), the Commission and its local bodies were liquidated, "documentary materials were transferred to the Administrative Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The functions of the Commission to complete the zoning were transferred to the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, under which the Conference on zoning was created. I4 / V 1928 The meeting was again transformed into the Regional Commission under the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. It was finally liquidated on 2/IX 1929 in connection with the completion of all work on regionalization. "

Commission for the consideration of petitions for pardon. On January 5, 1921, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee Committee was formed to consider applications for amnesty. On June 5, 1938, it was renamed the All-Russian Central Executive Committee Commission to consider applications for pardon. Liquidated 3/KhP 1938

Budget Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. It was formed on I8/XII 1921 as a permanent commission of members of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee to consider individual estimates and the national budget as a whole. Its resolutions were of a preliminary nature and were subject to the approval of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. I8 / XI 1926, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the regulation on the Commission, which entrusted the dog with the consideration of the state budget and reports on its replenishment, the discussion of a long-term plan for the national economy and issues related to determining the budgetary rights of autonomous republics and autonomous regions. Its members were elected at the session of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The commission elected the presidium. It ceased to exist in connection with the beginning of the work of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR in 1938.

Agricultural Commission at the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Formed on January 5, 1922, the Commission united the activities of central and local bodies in the fight against disruption in agriculture. The resolutions of the Commission entered into force only after their approval by the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The commission carried out all the work through the apparatus of the People's Commissariat of Agriculture of the RSFSR. It consisted of 9 members of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and met at least once every two weeks. It was liquidated on 1/II 1923, and the functions were transferred to local land authorities and the Committee for Assistance to Agriculture under the All-Russian Central Executive Committee,

Constitutional Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. It was formed on 10/V 1923. Four subcommittees were created in the Commission to consider certain issues:

1) decrees of the central authorities and linking the constitutions of the RSFSR and the USSR;

2) about local authorities;

3) by national republics and regions;

4) according to the budget.

The commission used the apparatus of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Disbanded on 6/IV 1925, after the completion of all work.

Commission for the land arrangement of working Jews. It was formed on June 15, 1925. It was liquidated in 1934 in connection with the formation of the Jewish Autonomous Region.

All-Russian Central Electoral Commission under the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. It was formed on 21/IX 1925. On 8/II 1926 the regulation on the Commission was approved. She was entrusted with the overall management of the election campaign in the RSFSR and the consideration of complaints about the wrong deprivation of voting rights. The commission was given the right to approve and dismiss members of lower election commissions; its decisions came into force only after their approval by the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Under the Commission, subcommittees were formed: organizational, informational and statistical, to consider complaints about the wrong deprivation of voting rights. She used the apparatus of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. It was liquidated on February 10, 1937 in connection with the adoption of the new Constitution of the RSFSR.

Citizenship Restoration Commission. It was formed in 1925. Decisions of the Commission came into force only after their approval by the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Liquidated 3/XII 1938

Commission for the preliminary consideration of issues on the municipalization of buildings under the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. On May 24, 1926, under the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, a Commission for the demunicipalization of households was formed. It included representatives of the people's commissariats of justice and internal affairs. On 4/VI 1926 it became known as the Commission for Considering Complaints about the Municipalization of Households under the Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, on 6/VIII 1927 - the Commission for Considering Applications for the Municipalization of Buildings under the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, on 27/VIII 1927. - Commission for the preliminary consideration of issues on the municipalization of buildings. Decisions of the Commission came into force after approval by the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. She used his machine. Liquidated on 10/VIII 1933 due to the completion of work.

Committee for the Improvement of Labor and Life of Working Women and Peasants under the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. On September 20, 1926, under the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, a Commission for the Improvement of Labor and Life of Working Women was formed to generally manage the work of organizing and expanding the use of women's labor, their mass involvement in socialist construction, raising the cultural level and reorganizing their life. The Commission included representatives of the People's Commissariats for Education, Health, Justice, Social Security, Finance, the Supreme Economic Council and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. On May 30, 1930, it was transformed into the Committee for the Improvement of the Work and Life of Workers and Peasants, which was serviced by the apparatus of the Presidium. The composition of the Committee was significantly expanded: it included representatives of the people's commissariats of education, health, social security, labor, agriculture, justice, the RKI, the Supreme Council of National Economy, the State Planning Committee, the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions, the Children's Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the women's sector of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, the Communist Academy, the Moscow Council, Tsentrosoyuz and Kolkhoztsentr.

On November 20, 1929, the Committee was entrusted with the functions of leading the fight against prostitution, for the implementation of which, by a decree of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Under the Committee, a Central Tag for Combating Prostitution was created. Local bodies of the Committee were committees of the same name under the presidiums of the CECs of the ASSR krai (region cancer) executive committees. Liquidated by local authorities on July 10, 1932, and the functions were transferred to the newly formed sectors for work among women as part of the organizational departments of the presidiums of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Central Executive Committees of the ASSR, the region (region, district executive committees).

Commission on Cults under the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. It was formed on 8/IV 1929 from representatives of the people's commissariats of internal affairs, justice, education, the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, authorized by the OGPU under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. buildings, registration of religious associations. She was given the right to issue binding decrees on matters of worship. All departments of the RSFSR were obliged to coordinate their activities in the field of cults with the Commission. Its working apparatus consisted of a responsible secretary and consultants. The local bodies of the Commission were the commissions of the same name under the CECs of the ASSR and the regional (regional) executive committees. Liquidated on 20/IV 1934. in connection with the formation, under the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, the commission of the same name.

Council for Cultural Construction under the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. It was formed on April 30, 1931 under the chairmanship of the People's Commissar of Education from representatives of the People's Commissariats of Finance, the RCT, the Kolkhoztsentr, the Down with Illiteracy Society, the Central Committee of the Union of Railway Workers and the Central Committee of the Union of Workers of Agricultural State Farms. The Council worked in sessions, meeting at least 4 times a year, and used the apparatus of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The Council was closely connected with the Committee for General Education under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. It was liquidated on 1/IX, 1934 in connection with the formation of the council of the same name as part of the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR.

Commission for the preliminary consideration of applications for the assignment of knowledge of the Hero of Labor. Formed on 13/III 1931 Liquidated on 20/VII 1937

Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on the Settling of the Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Population. It was formed on April 20, 1934 from representatives of the People's Commissariat of Agriculture, the State Planning Commission, the Kirghiz and Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics. The commission checked the work on the settlement of the nomadic population and helped the local institutions of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan in organizing this work. Liquidated 31/VIII 1934 in connection with its completion.

Commissions for the management of the competition of cities. Formed on 1/IV 1934. The Commission included 9 members of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Liquidated, 20/V 1936

Commission for the preliminary consideration of issues on conferring the titles of People's Artists of the RSFSR and Honored Workers of Art, Science and Technology. Formed 20/V 1934 Liquidated 20/VII 1937

Commission for the distribution of the fund. A.S. Bubnov. It was formed in 1935 to provide financial assistance to public education workers. Liquidated 2/XI 1938

Constitutional Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Formed on June 27, 1936. Liquidated at the end of 1936.

Commission for the preliminary consideration of questions on conferring honorary titles of the RSFSR. Formed on 20/V11 1937 from the Commission for conferring the titles of People's Artists of the RSFSR and the Commission for conferring the titles of Hero of Labor of the RSFSR. Liquidated 3/XII 1938

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He was elected by the All-Russian Congress of Soviets and acted in the periods between congresses, from 1918 to implement the decisions of the congress, he formed the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR.

general characteristics

The features of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee are characterized by its most important ideologist V. I. Lenin, noting that it "makes it possible to combine the benefits of parliamentarism with the benefits of direct and direct democracy, that is, to combine in the person of elected representatives of the people both the legislative function and the execution of laws."

During the formation of the state apparatus of the RSFSR, there was no clear division in the competence of state authorities. An important reason for this was that "the theory of the Soviet state, while denying the bourgeois principle of the division of power, recognized the need for a technical division of labor between the individual authorities of the Russian Soviet Republic."

The division of powers was formulated only by the VIII All-Russian Congress of Soviets in the Decree "On Soviet Construction". The publication of legislative acts, according to the document, was carried out by: the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars. By another resolution of the Congress of Soviets, the acts of the Council of Labor and Defense (STO) were recognized as binding on departments, regional and local bodies.

The multiplicity of legislative acts and, at times, duplication of functions was caused by the conditions of the civil war and foreign intervention, since this situation required increased efficiency in decision-making and the issuance of legislative acts. At the same time, the presence of a number of legislative bodies did not introduce conflicts into the legislative base of the RSFSR due to the clearly formulated responsibility of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee before the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee before the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Council of People's Commissars before the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.

Compound

Elected on October 27 (November 9), 1917 at the Second Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee consisted of 101 people. Among them were 62 Bolsheviks, 29 Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, 6 Menshevik Internationalists, 3 Ukrainian Socialists and 1 Socialist-Revolutionary Maximalist.

In November 1917, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Executive Committee of the Congress of Soviets of Peasants' Deputies united. The united All-Russian Central Executive Committee included 108 members of the peasant Executive Committee: 82 Left SRs, 16 Bolsheviks, 3 Maximalist SRs, 1 Menshevik Internationalist, 1 anarchist and 5 "others". As a result, there were more Left Social Revolutionaries in the All-Russian Central Executive Committee than Bolsheviks.

According to a decision made back in June, 80 representatives of the army, 20 representatives of the navy and 50 representatives of trade unions were added to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. On November 25, the Bolsheviks again made up the majority of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.

Legislative activity

All-Russian Congresses of Soviets and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR (1917-1937)

On the basis of the decree of the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets dated 25/X (7/XI), 1917, on the organization of power, the All-Russian Congresses of Soviets became the highest bodies of state power, and between the congresses, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK). The position of the congresses of Soviets was enshrined in Resolution 111 of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets on 15/1 (28/1) 1918 "On federal institutions of the Russian Republic", and then - the first Soviet Constitution of 1918. The jurisdiction of the congresses of Soviets included all issues that the congresses would recognize subject to their permission, ie. the terms of reference of the congresses were not limited. The exclusive jurisdiction of the congresses included the approval and amendment of the Constitution, the management of foreign and domestic policy, the ratification of peace treaties, the approval of the budget and the national economic plan, the establishment of the foundations for organizing the armed forces, and the elections of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The constitution of 1918 established that they were convened at least twice a year. The decision of the IX All-Russian Congress of Soviets (December 1921) established the convocation of congresses once a year. In addition to regular congresses, if necessary, extraordinary congresses of Soviets could be convened - at the initiative of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee or at the request of the Soviets of localities, numbering at least one third of the population.

Elections to the congresses of Soviets were held on the basis of a single suffrage and were multi-stage. Thus, in the election of delegates to congresses of Soviets, voters participated successively through delegates to volost, uyezd, and provincial congresses of Soviets, and voters in large cities through delegates to city Soviets; elections were held by open ballot. At the same time, in order to strengthen the leading role of the working class, certain electoral advantages over the peasantry were assigned to it.

Until the formation of the USSR, the All-Russian Congresses of Soviets played the role of general federal institutions for all Soviet republics, which sent their delegates to the All-Russian Congresses. After the formation of the USSR, the jurisdiction of the All-Russian Congresses of Soviets was limited to the territory of the RSFSR. At the XII All-Russian Congress of Soviets in May 1925, a new Constitution of the RSFSR was adopted, according to which all issues of national importance were subject to the jurisdiction of the bearer of supreme power in the RSFSR - the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, including the general management of politics and the national economy, the general administrative division of the territory of the RSFSR , the establishment of the boundaries of the autonomous republics that are part of the RSFSR, control over the income and expenses of the RSFSR, the approval of codes of laws of the RSFSR. Only congresses of Soviets could approve and supplement the constitutions of the RSFSR and the autonomous republics. From January 1937, in accordance with the new Constitution of the RSFSR, approved by the 17th Extraordinary All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the powers of the Congresses of Soviets as bodies of state power were transferred to the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR.

All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) (1917-1938, Petrograd, Moscow). Elected at the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets on 25/X (7/XI), 1917

The All-Russian Central Executive Committee directed all politics and the national economy, established the boundaries of the autonomous republics, approved their constitutions, resolved disputes between the republics, and was in charge of the administrative division of the territory of the RSFSR. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee was in charge of planning the entire national economy, approving the budget of the RSFSR, establishing national and local taxes and fees, concluding external and internal loans, controlling income, and approving codes of laws. As a legislative body, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee considered and approved draft decrees and legislative proposals submitted by departments, and issued its own decrees and orders. The Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918 secured the right of legislative initiative for the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The administrative function of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was that it formed the government of the RSFSR and the people's commissariats, gave the general direction of the government's activities, oversaw the implementation of the basic constitutional principles, controlled the work of the people's commissariats and departments, local Soviets. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee - the representative body of the working people - was elected at the All-Russian Congress of Soviets. Members of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee were obliged not only to participate in meetings, but also to work in a certain Soviet institution. They enjoyed the right of legislative initiative, free entry into Soviet institutions, immunity.

Initially, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee met almost continuously; in the autumn of 1918, it switched to a sessional mode of work. Decree of the VII All-Russian Congress of Soviets<О советским строительстве>The All-Russian Central Executive Committee was convened by the Presidium once every two months, and by decision of the IX Congress of Soviets - at least three times a year.

With the formation of the USSR and the adoption at the XII All-Russian Congress of Soviets (May 1925) of the new Constitution of the RSFSR, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was subject to all issues of national importance, including the establishment and change of the basic principles of the Constitution of the RSFSR and the approval of the constitutions of the autonomous republics that are part of the RSFSR.

For the current practical and organizational work of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the preparation of materials for its meetings, the working bodies of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee were created - departments, secretariats and departments. They were led and controlled by the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.

The Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was formed at a meeting of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on 2/XI 1917 as a permanent operational authority. With the transition of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee to a sessional order of work, the Presidium practically became the body of supreme power in the republic during the period between sessions of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The constitutional provision on the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was enshrined on 9/1919 by the decree of the VII Congress of Soviets "On Soviet Construction", according to which the Presidium led the meetings of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, prepared materials for them, submitted draft decrees for consideration by the plenum (session) of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, monitored the implementation of the decision of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee . On December 29, 1920, by the Decree of the VIII Congress of Soviets “On Soviet Construction”, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was granted the additional right to cancel the decisions of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFS, issue decisions on behalf of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and resolve issues of administrative and economic division.

From November 1917 to 23/I, 1918, meetings of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee took place 4 times a week, then until 21/11, 1918 - 3 times a week, then until 25/III, 1918 - daily, further depending on conditions, 2-3 times a week. Due to the large number of questions submitted for consideration by the Presidium, from 2/I, 1922 to 23/V, 1923 and from 14/XI, 1923 to 20/II, 1924, the Small Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee acted.

According to the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1925, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was the highest legislative, administrative and controlling body of the RSFSR in the period between sessions

The regulation on the Commission was approved by the Decree of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on 23/III, 1922. It consisted of three members of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, appointed personally by the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, and representatives of the people's commissariats and departments. II / VIII 1927, its composition was increased to 7 members. The commission used the PKVL apparatus of the RSFSR.

By 1933, the Commission had basically completed work on the administrative-territorial division of the RSFSR. Liquidated 3/XII 1938

Central Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee for the liquidation of Soviet institutions in Ukraine. It was formed in September 1919 to collect the property of Ukrainian Soviet institutions evacuated from the occupied territory.

It was liquidated on 5/I, 1920. The collected property was transferred to the specially authorized All-Ukrainian Revolutionary Committee for the re-evacuation of Ukrainian cargo.

Central Commission for the Improvement of the Life of Workers under the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. It was formed on March 20, 1921 from representatives of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, the people's commissariats for military, food and the Supreme Economic Council to find material means of supplying workers, to manage the activities of local and departmental commissions of the same name. The decisions of the Commission were mandatory for execution in a military-strong manner. Liquidated I3 / IV 1922 with the transfer of functions of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions.

The Central Commission for Assistance to the Starving (TsKpomgol) under the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Formed on 17/XI 1921 from representatives of the Moscow City Council, the People's Commissariat of Food and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. The commission was instructed to identify the areas most affected by crop failure and to direct the provision of assistance. 1921 The Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the regulation on the Central Commission for Assistance to the Starving under the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, according to which it was granted the rights of the highest commission to unite and coordinate the activities of the people's commissariats and other Soviet institutions in the fight against hunger. The commission used the working apparatus of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the corresponding people's commissariats. She directed and united the activities of the commissions of the same name under the people's commissariats. On October 20, 1921, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved a detailed regulation on the Commission. It consisted of a presidium and a plenum. Funds for the fight against hunger consisted of public resources and donations within Russia and abroad.

The Commission was in charge of two independent bodies: the Special Committee for the Arrangement of Foreign Exhibitions and Artistic Tours and the Commissioner for Stamp Donations in Russia and Abroad. All the income of these bodies was disposed of by the Commission to assist the starving.

It was dissolved with local authorities on 7/IX 1922. The Central Commission for Combating the Consequences of Famine at the All-Russian Central Executive Committee became the successor of the Commissions, and the offices of the Special Committee for the Arrangement of Foreign Exhibitions and the Commissioner for Stamp Donations were subordinated to it.

Plenipotentiary Representative of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee to the American Relief Administration. Appointed by the Decree of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on 3 / X 1921. He acted until the liquidation of the ARA in 1923. I3 / 1V 1922 with the transfer of functions of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions.

The Plenipotentiary Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee for Combating Banditry on the Western Front, on 23/V1921, under the Revolutionary Military Council of the Western Front and the city of Smolensk, a Front Commission for Combating Banditry was formed. On August 18, 1921, it was transformed into the Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, which united the activities of all military and civilian institutions in the fight against banditry. The Commission included the commander of the Western Front, a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Western Front, the plenipotentiary representative of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, representatives of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party and the Cheka. The area of ​​its activity included the Gomel, Vitebsk, Smolensk provinces and the territory of the Soviet Byelorussian Republic. Liquidated 28/VII 1922

Commission for the revision of institutions of the RSFSR under the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Formed on October 20, 1921 to review the staffing of all institutions. The activities of the Commission extended to the highest, central and local authorities and administrations. It included 5 members of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The commission had the right to give instructions to the staff commission of the People's Commissariat of Labor; The decisions of the Commission to reduce the staff of institutions came into force only after their approval by the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The commission used the apparatus of the organizational department of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. By the middle of 1922, she completed the work on revising the staff of institutions, the material prepared by her was considered and approved by the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on 23/VIII, 1922. It was liquidated on 12/KhP 1923.

Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the SAC of the RSFSR on the affairs of Turkestan. It was formed on 11/1V 1921 to strengthen federal ties and carry out the policy of the Soviet government on the national question in Turkestan. Liquidated on 2/II 1925 in connection with the adoption of the Constitution of the RSFSR.

Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee for regionalization of the RSFSR. 1O/XI. In 1921, the Temporary Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was formed to develop a project for the zoning of the RSFSR for the IX Congress of Soviets. On 9/V 1923, it was transformed into a permanent Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on regionalization and consisted of representatives of the people's commissariats of nationalities, internal affairs, the military, communications, the Supreme Economic Council, the State Planning Commission and the STO of the RSFSR, as well as representatives of Ukraine. The composition of the Commission was approved by the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The tasks of the Commission included the development of a general plan for the regionalization of the RSFSR, the preparation of regions for the reform of regionalization. The commission had the right to communicate directly with all institutions of the RSFSR.

Its local bodies were the organizing bureau for the education of the regions. When the main work on the regionalization of the RSFSR was completed (on June 28, 1926), the Commission and its local bodies were liquidated, documentary materials were transferred to the Administrative Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The functions of the Commission to complete the zoning were transferred to the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, under which the Conference on zoning was created. I4 / V 1928, the meeting was again transformed into the Regional Commission under the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. It was finally liquidated on 2/IX, 1929 in connection with the completion of all work on zoning."

Commission for the consideration of petitions for pardon. On January 5, 1921, the Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was formed to consider applications for amnesty. On June 5, 1938, it was renamed the Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee for the consideration of petitions for pardon. Liquidated 3/KhP 1938

Budget Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. It was formed on I8/XII 1921 as a permanent commission of members of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee to consider individual estimates and the national budget as a whole. Its resolutions were of a preliminary nature and were subject to the approval of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. On 18/11, 1926, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the regulation on the Commission, which entrusted it with the consideration of the state budget and reports on its replenishment, the discussion of a long-term plan for the national economy and issues related to determining the budgetary rights of autonomous republics and autonomous regions. Its members were elected at the session of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The commission elected the presidium. It ceased to exist in connection with the beginning of the work of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR in 1938.

Agricultural Commission at the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Formed on January 5, 1922, the Commission united the activities of central and local bodies in the fight against disruption in agriculture. The resolutions of the Commission entered into force only after their approval by the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The commission carried out all the work through the apparatus of the People's Commissariat of Agriculture of the RSFSR. It consisted of 9 members of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and met at least once every two weeks.

It was liquidated on 1/II 1923, and the functions were transferred to local land authorities and the Committee for Assistance to Agriculture under the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Constitutional Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. It was formed on 10/V 1923. Four subcommittees were created in the Commission to consider certain issues:

1) decrees of the central authorities and linking the constitutions of the RSFSR and the USSR;
2) about local authorities;
3) by national republics and regions;
4) according to the budget.

The commission used the apparatus of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Disbanded on 6/IV 1925, after the completion of all work.

Commission for the land organization of working Jews. It was formed on June 15, 1925. It was liquidated in 1934 in connection with the formation of the Jewish Autonomous Region.

All-Russian Central Electoral Commission under the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. It was formed on 21/IX 1925. On 8/II 1926 the regulation on the Commission was approved. She was entrusted with the general management of the conduct of election campaigns in the RSFSR and the consideration of complaints about the wrong deprivation of voting rights. The commission was given the right to approve and dismiss members of lower election commissions; its decisions came into force only after their approval by the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Under the Commission, subcommittees were formed: organizational, informational and statistical, to consider complaints about the wrong deprivation of voting rights. She enjoyed

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All-Russian Central Executive Committee(abbr.: official. VTsIK; All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR [ ] ) - the highest after the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the legislative, administrative and controlling body of state power of the Russian Soviet Republic in the years and the RSFSR from 1937 to 1937.

He was elected by the All-Russian Congress of Soviets and acted in the periods between congresses, from 1918 to implement the decisions of the congress, he formed the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR.

The features of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee are characterized by its most important ideologist V. I. Lenin, noting that it "makes it possible to combine the benefits of parliamentarism with the benefits of direct and direct democracy, that is, to combine in the person of elected representatives of the people both the legislative function and the execution of laws."

During the formation of the state apparatus of the RSFSR, there was no clear division in the competence of state authorities. An important reason for this was that "the theory of the Soviet state, while denying the bourgeois principle of the division of power, recognized the need for a technical division of labor between the individual authorities of the Russian Soviet Republic."

The division of powers was formulated only by the VIII All-Russian Congress of Soviets in the Decree "On Soviet Construction". The publication of legislative acts, according to the document, was carried out by: the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars. By another resolution of the Congress of Soviets, the acts of the Council of Labor and Defense (STO) were recognized as mandatory for departments, regional and local bodies.

The multiplicity of legislative acts and, at times, duplication of functions was caused by the conditions of the civil war and foreign intervention, since this situation required increased efficiency in decision-making and the issuance of legislative acts. At the same time, the presence of a number of legislative bodies did not introduce conflicts into the legislative base of the RSFSR due to the clearly formulated responsibility of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee before the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee before the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Council of People's Commissars before the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.

Elected October 27 (November 9), 1917 to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee consisted of 101 people. Among them were 62 Bolsheviks, 29 Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, 6 Menshevik Internationalists, 3 Ukrainian Socialists and 1 Socialist-Revolutionary Maximalist.

In November 1917, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Executive Committee of the Congress of Soviets of Peasants' Deputies united. The united All-Russian Central Executive Committee included 108 members of the peasant Executive Committee: 82 Left SRs, 16 Bolsheviks, 3 Maximalist SRs, 1 Menshevik Internationalist, 1 anarchist and 5 "others". As a result, there were more Left Social Revolutionaries in the All-Russian Central Executive Committee than Bolsheviks.

According to a decision made back in June, 80 representatives of the army, 20 representatives of the navy and 50 representatives of trade unions were added to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. On November 25, the Bolsheviks again made up the majority of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.

In January 1918, he elected the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of 326 people, among whom were 169 Bolsheviks, 132 Left SRs, 5 Maximalist SRs, 5 Right SRs, 4 anarchists, 4 Mensheviks-internationalists, 2 Mensheviks (F. Dan and Y. Martov).

The All-Russian Central Executive Committee actively developed bills and issued a large amount of legislative acts.

It was formed at a meeting of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on November 2, 1917 as a permanent operational authority. With the transition of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee to a sessional order of work, it actually became a body of supreme power in the period between sessions. The constitutional position on the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was fixed on December 9, 1919 by the decree "On Soviet Construction" of the VII Congress of Soviets. According to it, the Presidium directed the meetings of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, prepared materials for them, submitted draft decrees for consideration by the plenum of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, and monitored the implementation of its decisions. On December 29, 1920, by the Decree "On Soviet Construction" of the VIII Congress of Soviets, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was additionally granted the right to cancel the decisions of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, issue decisions on behalf of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and resolve issues of administrative and economic division.

According to the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1925, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was the highest legislative, administrative and controlling body of the RSFSR in the period between sessions of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the next convocation was elected. Liquidated on December 3, 1938.

Initially, the apparatus of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee consisted of departments, most of which did not have clear and legally formalized provisions. The structure of the Presidium apparatus in 1917-1921 included the following units:

In the future, the structure of the apparatus changed several times. At the time of disbandment, it had the following form:

The question of a candidate for the post of chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was considered at the Plenum of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) on March 25, 1919. F. E. Dzerzhinsky, M. I. Kalinin, N. N. Krestinsky, A. G. Beloborodov, V. I. Nevsky and the representative of the regional executive committee of the Western Region and the Ivanov Front were proposed. 7 voted for Kalinin's candidacy, 4 against, 2 abstained.