occupation regime. Resistance movement
RESISTANCE MOVEMENT 1939-45, national liberation, anti-fascist movement in the territories occupied by Germany and its allies and in the countries of the fascist bloc themselves.
It acquired the greatest scope in Yugoslavia, France, Italy, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Greece, China, Albania. The resistance movement was attended by patriotic representatives of all segments of the population, as well as prisoners of war, people forcibly driven to work, prisoners of concentration camps. Significant role in the organization resistance movement and the mobilization of its forces for the struggle was played by the exiled governments of the occupied states, patriotic organizations and political parties and movements.
common goal resistance movement was liberation from fascism. occupation, the restoration of national independence and the post-war state structure on the basis of democracy. Forces resistance movement used various forms and methods of struggle: anti-fascist propaganda and agitation, assistance to persons persecuted by the invaders, intelligence activities in favor of the allies in anti-Hitler coalition, strikes, sabotage, sabotage, mass actions and demonstrations, partisan movement, armed uprisings, which developed into a national liberation war in a number of countries.
the USSR provided resistance movement many countries direct assistance in the training and transfer of national personnel for the deployment of guerrilla warfare, in the supply of weapons, ammunition, medicines, the evacuation of the wounded, etc.
Scope and activity resistance movement largely depended on the course of the armed struggle on the fronts of World War II. In Sept. – Oct. 1939 in Poland, small partisan detachments began to fight against the German occupation troops, sabotage was carried out at enterprises and railway transport. In Czechoslovakia, political demonstrations, strikes, sabotage at factories were held. In Yugoslavia, immediately after the occupation of the country (April 1941), the first partisan detachments began to be created.
After the defeat of the Germans near Moscow resistance movement began to take on the character of national movements led by the National Fronts in Poland, France, the Anti-Fascist People's Liberation Council in Yugoslavia, the National Liberation Fronts in Greece, Albania, the Independence Front in Belgium, and the Fatherland Front in Bulgaria. On June 27, 1941, in Yugoslavia, the Main (from Sept. - Supreme) headquarters of the people's liberation partisan detachments was created. By the end of 1942, the patriots had liberated 1/5 of the territory of Yugoslavia. In the summer of 1942, the first partisan groups launched combat activities in Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria. Dec. 1941 Greek partisan detachments united in the People's Liberation Army.
The time from the end of 1942 to the spring of 1944 was marked by the development of the most active forms of struggle. On August 1, the Warsaw Uprising of 1944 began in Poland. In China, the people's army liberated a number of regions of the country in battles with Japanese troops. From the spring of 1944 forces resistance movement directly participated in the liberation of countries from fascist occupation: the Slovak national uprising of 1944, the anti-fascist armed uprising in Romania, the September people's armed uprising in Bulgaria in 1944, the popular uprising in northern Italy, the May uprising of the Czech people in 1945. troops formed the Hungarian National Independence Front. The struggle against the invaders in France grew into a nationwide uprising, which culminated in the Paris uprising of 1944. French patriots liberated most of the country's territory on their own. In Aug. 1945 The People's Uprising in Vietnam won.
Resistance movement was international. People of different nationalities fought in its ranks. In European countries, an active struggle against fascism were led by thousands of owls. people who escaped from captivity, concentration camps, places of forced labor. In Poland, the total number of owls. citizens who fought in partisan formations reached 12 thousand people, in Yugoslavia - 6 thousand, in Czechoslovakia - about 13 thousand. Several thousand owls operated in France. citizens, more than 5 thousand fought in Italy. In cooperation with German, Romanian patriots, owls. people actively fought against the Nazis in Germany, Romania.
Thousands of owls people involved in resistance movement abroad, awarded owls. orders and medals, as well as signs of military prowess of those countries where they fought. The heroes of the anti-fascist struggle were: in Italy - F.A. Poletaev, M. Dashtoyan, in France - V.V. Porik, S.E. Sapozhnikov, in Belgium - B.I. Tyagunov, K.D. Shukshin, in Norway - N.V. Sadovnikov.
Research Institute (Military History) VAGSh RF Armed Forces
Resistance movement during World War II.
Each country had its own characteristics. IN occupied countries the main goal of the participants in the Resistance was liberation from foreign invaders; in countries of the fascist bloc The members of the Resistance sought to overthrow fascism. In the beginning, this is a spontaneous and poorly organized movement. The first resistance groups are very few; acted separately. Their organizers and participants were people of different political. and religious beliefs: nationalists, Catholics, communists, social democrats, non-party people, intelligentsia, officers, workers, middle strata of cities, in some countries - peasants.
At the beginning, the communists were in a very difficult situation, who fought against the invaders and collaborators, but were bound by their former position during the “strange war”: condemning the war as imperialist, calling for peace, fighting against “enemies in their own country”. After the defeat of France, the Parisian leadership of the PCF and the leadership of the Communist Party of Belgium, having lost contact with the Comintern, even entered into negotiations with the German occupation authorities in order to obtain permission from them to legally issue communes. newspapers. Upon learning of this, the leadership of the Comintern and the PCF (Dimitrov and Torez), who were in Moscow, demanded "to reject and condemn as a betrayal any manifestation of solidarity with the occupiers." In a number of directives, the leadership of the Comintern proposed "to incite passive resistance of the broad masses against the occupiers in all its forms", to establish contact with other patriotic forces in order to fight for freedom and independence. In an underground commune the press appeared calls for the unity of patriots, for the creation of a nat. front to fight against the invaders. At the end of May 1941, the French Communist Party turned to the French and other Communist Parties, urging them to create a united National Front and promising "to support any French government, organization and people whose efforts are aimed at an effective struggle against national oppression and against traitors in the service of invaders." But preserved in the communes. the propaganda of assessing the war as imperialist and the constant calls for "peace" undermined the credibility of the communists and prevented the unification of the patriots.
In addition to the internal forces of the Resistance, the struggle against the invaders and collaborators was carried out by emigre governments and patriotic groups operating outside their countries. By the summer of 1941, the emigrant governments of Czechoslovakia, Poland, Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Luxembourg, Norway, Greece, and Yugoslavia had settled in England. London was the headquarters of the Free French. With the support of the British government, they were engaged in intelligence and propaganda activities, formed their own armed forces, and looked for connections with the resistance movement. At first, the activities of the participants in the European Resistance consisted of patriotic propaganda, the publication of illegal newspapers, the organization of strikes (which were usually of an economic nature), assistance to British intelligence, and later, attempts on the invaders and collaborators.
IN Poland after its defeat, underground organizations and the first detachments of the "Union of Armed Struggle" (since 1942 - "Craiova Army" ("Patriotic Army")) arose, subordinate to the Polish government in exile and its "delegation" in Poland. Only at the beginning of 1942, the Communist Party of Poland, dissolved in 1938 by the Comintern, was restored underground with great difficulty under the new name of the Polish Workers' Party (PPR). After that, the Polish communists began to form armed groups that adopted the name "Guards of the People" ("People's Guard"). In the summer of 1942 they launched their first attacks on the invaders.
IN Yugoslavia supporters of the émigré government, headed by General Mikhailovich (later a military minor) and other officers, went to hard-to-reach mountainous and forest areas and there they formed “fours” (detachments), the members of which were preparing to fight the invaders. The illegal Communist Party of Yugoslavia, led by Broz-Tito, was very active. During the offensive of Germany and its allies on Yugoslavia, the leadership of the Communist Party decided to prepare for armed struggle and formed a special military committee headed by Tito for this purpose. A similar situation in Greece, where supporters of the émigré government and communists were preparing to fight against the invaders. In May 1941, the banned Communist Party created the National Solidarity organization, which gradually turned into a Resistance organization. In autumn, the National Liberation Front was created. Feb 1942 People's Liberation Army of Greece.
IN Albania The Communist Party founded the National Liberation. antifa front.
In France many patriots followed the appeals of General de Gaulle and called themselves Gaullists. The French Communist Party also had many supporters, which published underground newspapers and formed the first armed groups.
In the countries of the fascist bloc, there is little antifa at first. They had to fight against their governments, and therefore they did not enjoy the support of the population. Their small, unconnected groups included some officers, officials, religious figures, + members of the banned and severely persecuted Kom and the Social Democrat. parties. With all the diversity of the social and political composition of the European Resistance, 2 main directions can be distinguished in it: the right, bourgeois-patriotic, and the left, where the communists play the leading role. At first, they barely touched.
The specific character of the liberation movement in Asian countries occupied by Japan. It relied on the peasant masses and often took on the character of an armed struggle. The struggle against the Japanese invaders acquired a particularly wide scope in China where, in addition to the troops of the Kuomintang government of Chiang Kai-shek and the armed forces of the Chinese Communist Party, based in the "Special Areas", there were partisan detachments operating in the rear of the Japanese occupying army. Small mobile detachments of Korean partisans, which arose in the regions of Manchuria bordering Korea, made raids into Korean territory from there.
Indochina after the entry of Japanese troops into it, a spontaneous uprising broke out that engulfed 8 northern provinces. It was suppressed, but the struggle against the invaders did not stop. At the initiative of the Communist Party, the formation of armed detachments began, which in October 1940 for the first time entered into battle with the invaders. In May 1941, members of the Resistance in Indochina founded the League for the Struggle for the Independence of Vietnam (abbreviated as Viet Minh), which was headed by the Communists.
History of Russia [Textbook] Team of authors
11.4. The occupation regime and the partisan movement in the territories temporarily occupied by the enemy
In accordance with the Ost plan, the Nazi leadership of Germany planned the liquidation of the Soviet state, the deportation to Siberia of a significant part of the inhabitants of the western regions of the RSFSR and Belarus, the Germanization of the rest, the physical extermination of 5–6 million Jews and 30 million Russians. In the occupied territories, there was a policy of economic robbery and merciless terror, the forced sending of the able-bodied part of the population to Germany (according to German statistics, more than 4.2 million people were driven into fascist slavery).
When planning an attack on the Soviet Union, Hitler's strategists relied on undermining the interethnic unity of the peoples of the Soviet Union by unleashing centrifugal tendencies among the population of the former Baltic states, Western Ukraine and Western Belarus, the peoples of the Caucasus and Central Asia. In particular, by the end of 1941, the Wehrmacht command came to the conclusion that Muslims living in the USSR were ardent opponents of Bolshevism, and besides, they "in general, have the qualities necessary for good soldiers."
Attempts by nationalists to unleash an ethnic war between the peoples of the USSR were accompanied by calculations that the Russian component of Soviet statehood would be weakened. To this end, it was planned to create on the European territory of the USSR several administrative-national entities under German control, such as Great Russia with Moscow as a center, Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine and Crimea, Donetsk, Caucasian regions, and provide them with a separate national development. Hitler declared: "Our policy towards the peoples inhabiting the wide expanses of Russia should be to encourage any form of dissension and split."
After serious hesitation, the Nazis began to create military formations, which were recruited from Soviet prisoners of war, persons who collaborated with the occupation regime, and opponents of Soviet power. Among them were the “Russian Liberation Army” (ROA) under the command of General A. A. Vlasov, who surrendered on the Volkhov Front, the “Special Cossack Corps” of 20 thousand sabers under the command of the SS general von Pannwitz and the white émigré general P. N Krasnov, division "Galicia", etc. In general, even according to Western historians, the traitors who acted on the side of Nazi Germany made up an insignificant fraction of the Soviet people.
In response to Nazi terror, a partisan and underground resistance movement flared up in the temporarily occupied Soviet territory from the first months of the war. An organized character was given to this movement by the directive of the Council of People's Commissars and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of June 29, 1941 and the special resolution of the Central Committee of the Party of July 18, 1941 "On the organization of the struggle in the rear of the German troops." In May 1942, at the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command, the Central Headquarters of the partisan movement headed by P.K. Ponomarenko was created, and at the headquarters of the armies - special departments for leadership and communication with partisan detachments. Since the end of 1941, in Belarus, Leningrad, Smolensk and Oryol regions, "partisan territories" appeared - areas completely liberated from the Nazi invaders. Large partisan formations were formed under the command of S. A. Kovpak, A. N. Saburov, A. F. Fedorov, N. Z. Kolyada and others. By the spring of 1943, subversive underground work was carried out in almost all cities in the occupied territory. From the summer of 1943, large formations of partisans began to carry out military operations as part of the general operations conducted by the Red Army. Particularly large-scale were attacks on communications behind enemy lines during the Battle of Kursk and later (operations "Rail War" and "Concert"), as a result of which the partisans managed to disrupt traffic on almost half of the railways in the occupied part of the USSR.
In total, during the war years, about 1 million people fought behind enemy lines with weapons in their hands. They disabled 1.5 million enemy soldiers and officers, constantly diverted up to 10 percent of the German combat forces from the front, blew up 20 thousand enemy trains and 12 thousand bridges, destroyed 65 thousand vehicles, 2.3 thousand tanks, 1.1 thousand aircraft, 17 thousand km of communication lines.
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April 10 is the International Day of the Resistance Movement. The resistance movement during the Second World War was called the underground and insurrectionary struggle of the peoples of Europe against Nazi Germany and its allies. The most common forms of struggle against the occupiers were: anti-fascist agitation and propaganda, the publication of underground literature; strikes, sabotage and sabotage in transport and at enterprises producing products for the occupiers; armed attacks to destroy traitors and representatives of the occupation administration; collection of intelligence data for the armies of the anti-Hitler coalition; partisan war. The highest form of the resistance movement was an armed uprising and popular (partisan) war, which covered entire regions and could lead to their liberation from the invaders (as in Belarus, Ukraine and Yugoslavia).
It should be noted that a lot has been said and written about the European resistance movement, which allegedly caused great damage to the Third Reich. And now the highly exaggerated myths about the European Resistance have become part of the revision of the Second World War in the interests of the West.
The scale of European Resistance (excluding the territory of the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia and Greece) was greatly exaggerated for ideological and political purposes even during the existence of the socialist bloc of countries led by the USSR. Then it was good form to turn a blind eye to the fact that many states were members of the Nazi bloc or surrendered to the Nazis with little or no resistance. Resistance in these countries was minimal, especially compared to the support they provided to Nazi Germany. In fact, it was the prototype of the modern European Union headed by Hitler. The economic, demographic resources of Europe were combined with the aim of destroying the Soviet (Russian) civilization. Most of Western Europe simply fell under Hitler, as it was in the interests of the masters of the West, who actually created the Third Reich project.
In some states, the appearance of resistance arose only when the Red Army approached (Hungary, Austria and the Czech Republic), and when the so-called. The second front, in others it was minimal. However, during the years of the existence of the Soviet Union, they tried not to stick out this fact so as not to offend the allies and European "partners", including the fraternal socialist countries.
The only exceptions were Yugoslavia, Albania and Greece (not counting the Soviet Union), where the resistance took on a wide scope and popular character. However, this was due to the fact that the Balkan region does not quite fit into the Western (European) civilization, preserving the Orthodox and Slavic traditions, the cultural and civilizational type of the Byzantine Empire. In this respect, the countries of the Balkan Peninsula are closer to Russian civilization, especially Serbia, Montenegro and Greece. Although in modern times, Westernization has practically already won on the Balkan Peninsula.
Female partisan of the Italian resistance movement in the mountains of northern Italy
The Third Reich was the most striking, outspoken manifestation of the Western project. No wonder the German Nazis took the British Empire and its racist practices as an ideal. The "Eternal Reich" in all colors and very frankly showed the future that awaits all of humanity if the Western project of the New World Order wins. This is a slave-owning, caste civilization, where there are “chosen” and “two-legged tools”, slaves, and some people are generally classified as “subhuman” (Russians, Slavs), who were sentenced to total destruction. Huge concentration camps, Sonderkommandos, the total destruction of any opposition, the zombification of people, etc. all this was expected by mankind if the USSR had not crushed the "brown plague". Then the West had to disguise its cannibalistic insides.
After the collapse of the Roman Empire in Europe, with one or another success, they tried to recreate the "pan-European empire" (European Union) - the empire of Charlemagne, the Holy Roman Empire (since 1512 - the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation), the French Empire of Napoleon and the Second Reich. Since 1933, the project of a "pan-European empire" was headed by the Third Reich. The roots of this German aspiration for imperial superiority go very far into the depths. It was not for nothing that Nazi ideologies turned to medieval Germany, the Holy Roman Empire, the empire of Charlemagne, and even further to the Roman Empire. After all, it was the "Germans", however, under the conceptual and ideological leadership of Rome, which was then the "command post" of the Western project, who created a millennium ago what is now called "Europe", the "West". It was Rome and the “Germans” (there was no single people then) that initiated the process of “Onslaught on the East and North”. Therefore, assigning the name “Barbarossa” to the plan of war against the USSR-Russia, by the nickname of the Holy Roman Emperor from 1155 to 1190 Frederick I Barbarossa (Red-bearded, from Italian barba, “beard”, and rossa, “red”), had a great meaning. After all, it was the “empire of the German nation” that united a significant part of Western Europe and, one way or another, ruled it for several centuries.
The leaders of the Third Reich considered themselves the heirs of this tradition. Austria was invaded bloodlessly in 1938. In accordance with the Munich Agreement, the Sudetenland was annexed. In September 1939, Germany began hostilities, and by July 1940, it had actually united almost all of continental Europe under its rule. Finland, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria became voluntary helpers of the Eternal Reich. Only the Balkan outskirts - Greece and Yugoslavia - were captured in April 1941.
Greek partisans and partisans in the ranks
At the same time, invading the boundaries of a European country, the Wehrmacht met resistance that could surprise with its indecision and weakness. This was especially surprising because the Wehrmacht was still in its infancy and reached a good level only in the spring of 1941. So, the invasion of Poland began on September 1, 1939, and after a few days serious resistance was broken. Already on September 17, the Polish military-political leadership fled the country, leaving the troops, who still continued to resist. Denmark hoisted the white flag on April 9, 1940 almost immediately. Within an hour after the start of the operation, the government and the king ordered the armed forces not to resist the German troops and capitulated. Norway, with the support of the allies (mostly British), held out longer until the beginning of June 1940. The Netherlands capitulated during the first five days of the war - May 10-14, 1940. The Belgian campaign continued from May 10 to May 28, 1940. France fell almost instantly , especially if we recall the bloody and stubborn battles of the First World War: German troops began to seize the country on June 5, 1940, and on June 14 Paris capitulated. On June 22, an armistice was signed. And in the First World War, the German Empire tried in vain for four years to defeat France.
It is not for nothing that the beginning of the German blitzkrieg in Europe received in France a "strange war", in Germany - a "sitting war", and in the United States - an "imaginary" or "phantom war". A real war, not for life, but for death, began in Europe only on June 22, 1941, when the German-led European (Western) civilization and the Russian (Soviet) civilization clashed. The short-term clashes between the armies of one or another European country with the Wehrmacht looked more like observing a ritual “custom” than a real battle for their land. Like, you can’t just let the enemy into your country, you must maintain the appearance of resistance. De facto, the Western European elites simply surrendered their countries, as Nazi Germany was to lead a new "crusade" to the East.
It is clear that the power of the Nazis, somewhere relatively soft, and somewhere hard, provoked resistance from various social forces and groups in European countries. Resistance to the Nazi regime also took place in Germany itself, in the most diverse social groups - from the descendants of the Prussian aristocracy, hereditary military to workers and communists. There were several assassination attempts on Adolf Hitler. However, this German Resistance was not the resistance of the whole country and the people as a whole. As in most other German-occupied countries. Danes, Norwegians, Dutch, Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, French and other Europeans initially felt good in the "pan-European empire". Moreover, a significant part of the most passionate (active) part of the population supported Hitler, in particular, young people actively joined the SS troops.
For example, the resistance movement of France was completely insignificant, with a significant population. Thus, according to a thorough study by Boris Urlanis on human losses in wars (“Wars and the Population of Europe”), 20,000 Frenchmen (out of the 40 million population of France) died in the Resistance movement in five years. Moreover, during the same period, from 40 to 50 thousand French died, that is, 2-2.5 times more, who fought for the Third Reich! At the same time, the actions of the French Resistance are often described in such a way that it seems that it is comparable to the battle for Stalingrad. This myth was maintained even in the Soviet Union. Like, we were supported by the whole of Europe. Although in reality most of Europe, as under Napoleon, opposed Russian civilization!
Real resistance to the "Eternal Reich" led by Germany was only in Yugoslavia, Albania and Greece. True, in the same Yugoslavia there was a powerful collaborationist movement, like the Croatian Ustashe. The resistance on the Balkan Peninsula is explained by the still preserved deep patriarchy of this outskirts of Western Europe. The cultural and civilizational code of the Balkan peoples has not yet been fully westernized, suppressed by the Western matrix. Serbs, Greeks and Albanians were alien to the orders that the Third Reich established. These countries and peoples, in their consciousness and way of life, by the middle of the 20th century, in many respects did not belong to European civilization.
Operation to identify partisans among local residents in Yugoslavia
Partisans of the 1st Proletarian Brigade of NOAU, armed with Czech light machine guns ZB vz. 26. The village of Zharkovo near Belgrade
Poland is often ranked among the countries with strong resistance. However, if you carefully consider the situation in Poland, you will have to admit that here, as in France, the reality is greatly embellished. According to the data collected by the Soviet demographer Urlanis, during the Yugoslav Resistance, about 300 thousand people died (out of about 16 million people in the country), during the Albanian Resistance - about 29 thousand people (out of a total of 1 million population of Albania). In the course of the Polish Resistance, 33 thousand people died (out of 35 million of the population of Poland). Thus, the proportion of the population who died in the real fight against the Nazis in Poland is 20 times less than in Yugoslavia, and almost 30 times less than in Albania.
Apparently, the weakness of the Resistance in Poland was due to the fact that the Poles had long become part of European civilization. Catholic Rome has long turned Slavic Poland into a "ram" directed against the Russian people. Therefore, for the Poles, although they hated the Germans, dreaming of a "Great Poland" including at the expense of the lands of Germany, joining the "pan-European empire" is not was unacceptable. Poles have already become part of European civilization. Their consciousness was distorted, suppressed by the Western "matrix". No wonder the Poles were the worst enemies of the Russians for almost a millennium, an instrument in the hands of the Vatican, and then France and Britain (now the USA).
The number of those who died in the real struggle does not include people who were destroyed by the Nazis as "racially inferior". In the same Poland, the Germans exterminated 2.8 million Jews out of 3.3 million who lived before the start of the occupation. These people were simply exterminated. Their resistance was minimal. It was a massacre, not a war. Moreover, in the extermination of “subhumans” (Russians, Serbs, Gypsies and Jews), not only Germans drugged by Nazi propaganda, but also representatives of other peoples - Croats, Hungarians, Romanians, Balts, Ukrainian Nazis, etc. took an active part.
Thus, it is worth remembering that the strong exaggeration of the European Resistance, originally had a political and ideological significance. And after the collapse of the Soviet Union, when all sorts of denigration of the USSR-Russia became the norm and profitable business, the merits of the European Resistance became even more mythologized in order to belittle the role of the Red Empire and the USSR in the Great War.
In fact, almost all of continental Europe by 1941, one way or another, without much shock entered the empire of Hitler. Italy, Spain, Denmark, Norway, Hungary, Romania, Hungary, Slovakia (separated from the Czech Republic), Finland and Croatia (separated from Yugoslavia) - together with Germany entered the war with the USSR, sending their troops to the Eastern Front. True, Denmark and Spain, unlike other countries, did this without a formal declaration of war.
The rest of Europe, although they did not take a direct, open part in the war with the Soviet Union, but one way or another "worked" for the Third Reich. So Sweden and Switzerland economically supported Germany, their industry worked for the Reich, they were a place for "laundering" gold, silver, jewelry and other goods stolen in Europe and the USSR. Under the Nazis, Europe became an economic entity - the "European Union". France gave the Third Reich such oil reserves that they were enough to start a campaign in the USSR-Russia. From France, Germany got large stocks. The collection of occupation expenses from France provided an army of 18 million people. This allowed Germany not to carry out economic mobilization before the attack on the USSR, and to continue building a network of highways. Implementation of Hitler's grandiose plans began to create a new Berlin - the capital of a united Europe, the "Eternal Reich".
When the famous commander (later to become president) of the United States, Dwight Eisenhower, entered the war at the head of the Anglo-American troops in North Africa in November 1942, he had to first fight not with the German, but with 200 thousand. French army under the French Minister of Defense Jean Darlan. True, the French command, in view of the clear superiority of the Allied forces, soon ordered the troops to cease resistance. However, in these battles, about 1,200 Americans and British, more than 1,600 French, have already died. Of course, honor and praise to the fighters of de Gaulle, the pilots of the squadron "Normandy - Neman." But in general, France fell under the Germans and did not suffer much from this.
Interesting information about the "pan-European army", which fought with the USSR. The national identity of all those who died on the Eastern Front is difficult or almost impossible to determine. However, the national composition of the servicemen whom the Red Army took prisoner during the war is known. Of the total number of 3.7 million prisoners, the bulk were Germans (including Austrians) - 2.5 million people, 766 thousand people belonged to the countries participating in the war (Hungarians, Romanians, Finns, etc.), but still 464 thousand people are French, Belgians, Czechs and representatives of other countries that have not officially fought with us.
The power of the Wehrmacht, which invaded the Soviet Union, was provided by millions of highly skilled workers throughout continental Europe. More than 10 million skilled workers from various European countries worked on the territory of the German Empire itself. For comparison: in the USSR-Russia in 1941 there were 49 million men 1890-1926. births (out of 196.7 million people in the population as a whole). Relying on the whole of Europe (more than 300 million people), Berlin was able to mobilize almost a quarter of all Germans for the war. In the Soviet Union during the Great Patriotic War, 17% of the population was called up (and not all of them were at the front), that is, every sixth, otherwise there would not be qualified men left in the rear necessary to work at industrial enterprises).
More or less noticeable resistance appeared in Western Europe only when it became obvious that the European hordes led by Germany would not break the USSR, and the main forces of the Third Reich were defeated on the Russian front. Then London and Washington swept away the concept: it was impossible to wait any longer, it was necessary to actively intervene in the war in Europe so as not to lose it. The resistance forces began to activate. For example, the Warsaw Uprising, organized by the Home Army, began in the summer of 1944, when the Red Army was already near Warsaw. The Poles, backed by the Anglo-Saxons, wanted to show their strength in order to take decisive positions in the country. And the uprisings of the French underground began, basically, after the landing of the troops of the Allied countries in Normandy on June 6, 1944. And in Paris itself, the uprising began on August 19, only 6 days before the Free French forces under the command of General Leclerc entered the city.
Thus, it is worth remembering that the European Resistance is largely a myth. The Nazis met real resistance only on the lands of civilizations and cultures alien to them - the USSR, Yugoslavia and Greece. The resistance movement in most European countries became an influential factor only towards the end of the war, shortly before the liberation of the rebel areas by the Allied armies.
Soviet demolition partisans mine the railway in Belarus
Young and elderly partisans near a haystack in the Leningrad region
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Noticed osh s bku Highlight text and click Ctrl+Enter
Goals and objectives of the lesson:
- Describe the features of the occupation regime and the resistance movement in the occupied territories, its political orientation and forms of struggle.
- Explain the reasons for the transition of the military initiative to the Soviet troops in 1943.
- Work with new historical concepts: “New Order”, “Resistance Movement”, “Collaborationism”, “Holocaust”.
- To develop in students the ability to analyze, compare, justify their point of view.
- To improve the ability of students to identify causal relationships in the process of considering historical events.
- To form the skills and abilities of working with generalizing tables and diagrams; a system for working with maps, atlases, historical primary sources, textbooks.
- To instill in students tolerance, respect for people of different nationalities, a passion for history, the ability to find a connection with the history of their family in events from the past.
Lesson equipment:
- Multimedia projector for showing the prepared presentation (see Attachment 1).
- Map “Second World War”.
- World history textbook for grade 11.
- A blackboard prepared in advance for the lesson.
- Handout for students (see Annex 2).
- Tasks for group work (on two questions).
- Test tasks for the final control of students' knowledge.
Basic terms and concepts:
- "New order",
- "Resistance movement",
- "Collaborationism"
- "Holocaust".
Type of lesson: Combined lesson of mastering new knowledge with elements of critical thinking of students in the process of group work with historical sources.
Lesson structure:
1. Organizational moment. Explain to students the goals and objectives of the lesson.
2. Checking the previous homework (based on a conversation on questions).
3. Motivation of educational activity. Updating the basic knowledge of students (introductory speech by the teacher).
4. Studying new material according to the following plan:
Plan for studying new material:
- Work on historical concepts (“New Order”, “Resistance Movement”, “Collaborationism”, “Holocaust”).
- "New order".
- Features of the occupation regime in the occupied territories.
- Resistance movement.
- Holocaust.
5. Generalization and systematization of students' knowledge (carried out by testing students, followed by mutual verification in pairs and analysis by talking on questions).
6. Explanation of new homework.
7. Summing up the lesson. Grading students.
During the classes
I. Organizational moment. Explain to students the goals and objectives of the lesson. Making student workbooks.
Epigraph of the lesson:
“But swirling around behind us,
Not visible to other generations
Like a mirage, like a curse, like a banner,
World War II”
Julia Drunina
II. Checking previous homework.
Questions to ask students:
- What countries were occupied by Germany, Italy and Japan during 1939-1942?
- What goals did the aggressors set for themselves when they seized the territories of other countries?
III. Motivation of educational activity. Updating the basic knowledge of students.
Introductory speech of the teacher:
Committing aggression in Europe, Asia and Africa, the countries of the fascist bloc pursued a cruel occupation policy, which included merciless exploitation and robbery of bonded peoples, terrible destruction, terror and mass extermination of the population. Applicants for world domination, taking racial theory as a basis, proclaimed the “New Order”, the essence of which was the elimination of all human rights and democratic freedoms, brutal violence and lack of rights, the genocide of “inferior peoples” - Slavs, Jews, Roma (Gypsies).
IV. Learning new material.
1. Work on historical concepts (students work in notebooks).
"New order" - the terrorist regime of the Nazis in the occupied territories.
The “Resistance Movement” is an anti-fascist movement in occupied countries.
"Holocaust" (from English Holocaust) - the systematic persecution and physical destruction of people on the grounds of their race, ethnicity, nationality, sexual orientation or genetic type as inferior, harmful. (Total genocide (destruction) by the Nazis of Jews in the occupied territories).
2. "New order".
Teacher's story:
The Nazi “New Order” in Europe was:
- Unlimited occupation control in the occupied territories.
- Accession of puppet governments (Vichy government in France and Quisling in Norway).
- Creation of pro-fascist governments (Czechoslovakia - the Venesh government, Croatia - the Ustasha government).
- Carrying out a policy of "allied" relations with fascist regimes.
- Elimination of real independence of the country.
- Politics of genocide.
- Elimination of all democratic freedoms and conquests.
- Economic exploitation of the population and natural resources of the country.
- Using the economic potential of the country for personal purposes.
3. Features of the occupation regime in the occupied territories.
Teacher's story:
The Ost plan was submitted to Hitler on May 25, 1940. He immediately approved it as a directive. This plan provided for the colonization of the Soviet Union and the countries of Western Europe, the destruction of millions of people, the transformation into slaves of the Reich of Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Poles, Czechs and other peoples of Western Europe who will remain alive.
It was planned to evict in 30 years 65% of the population of Western Ukraine, 75% of the population of Belarus, 80-85% of the Poles from the territory of Poland, a significant part of the population of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia - a total of 31 million people. Later, the German government increased the number of people who were subject to deportation from Western Europe to 46-51 million people. It was planned to resettle 10 million Germans on free lands, and the local residents who remained (according to the estimates of the Nazis - about 14 million people), gradually "Germanize". Documents of the Nazi Reich testify that the USSR was subject to dismemberment and liquidation. It was supposed to create four Reichs Commissariats on its territory - the German colonial provinces “Ostland”, “Moscow”, “Ukraine”, “Caucasus”, which should be managed by a special “Eastern Ministry” under the leadership of A. Rosenberg.
The meaning of the “new order”, as the Nazis called the regime they established, was to eliminate the independence and sovereignty of all democratic and social gains, unlimited economic exploitation and the willfulness of the invaders.
The economies of all the occupied countries were placed at the service of the invaders. The industry worked at the request of the invaders. Agriculture supplied them with food, the labor force was used in the construction of military facilities.
Millions of Europeans were forcibly driven away to work in Germany. Toward the end of the war, the shortage of labor became so acute that the Nazis began to use even the labor of children. To keep the population submissive, a system of denunciation and mass executions was widely used. The symbol of this policy was the complete destruction of the inhabitants of the villages of Oradour in France, Lidice in Czechoslovakia, Katyn in Belarus, in the Russian Federation, the Nazis destroyed more than 10 million men, women and children. The Nazi regime demonstrated its anti-human essence to the whole world.
History will never forgive fascism for these inhuman atrocities, which were called the “New Order”
Name the components of the "New Order".
Working with document #1:
From the Communique of the French National Committee on the atrocities of the Nazis of June 23, 1942.
“October 3, 1941, Germany began to use its usual methods of violence in France. Now it is not possible to establish how many French people were victims of these methods ... Among the methods of violence used by the Germans, we can distinguish:
1. Mass executions of hostages. After the first execution of hostages in Nantes in October 1941, the practice of executing from fifty to one hundred French hostages for every killed German is spreading throughout the occupied French territory.
2. Forced escort by French civilians of German military echelons. After an incident that occurred near Caen with one of the German echelons loaded with weapons, it was decided that from that day on, the French would be forcibly placed on every German train. Thus, thirty Frenchmen died when one of the trains derailed near the city of Vira.
3. Mass evictions... Thousands of people who were in the concentration camps of the Paris region, primarily Jews, were sent in groups of five hundred people to the territory of Poland and occupied Russia.
4. Repressions against the families of the so-called “saboteurs”.
Document question:
What methods of violence did the Nazis use against the civilian population of France?
4. Resistance movement.
Teacher's story:
The resistance movement is the struggle of democratic forces in the occupied countries against the invaders, which can be divided into two main directions - national and communist. While in the countries of Western Europe, both of these directions were in contact, in Central and South-Eastern Europe, representatives of these movements not only fought against the Nazis, but also fought among themselves.
This movement took many forms. In some cases, these were meetings and the transfer of valuable information to the allies, in others - sabotage, disruption of military supplies, disruption of the rhythm of military production, sabotage. In the same years, the first partisan detachments appeared in Poland, Yugoslavia, Albania, and Greece. One of the first acts of the European resistance movement was the uprising in the Warsaw ghetto in 1943. For almost a month, the poorly armed ghetto inhabitants, doomed to destruction, fought against the German troops.
In the territory occupied by Japan, the situation was almost the same. Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Malaysia, Burma, Indonesia and the Philippines did not have independence before the war. The Japanese occupation meant only a change of metropolis. Moreover, for some time the peoples of these countries hoped that from the hands of Japan they would receive independence; as a justification for her conquests, she put forward the slogan "Asia for Asians." So the illusion was quickly dispelled. The Japanese occupation regime turned out to be more cruel than the colonial one. Anti-Japanese resistance arose in Burma, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines.
The situation was similar in the occupied Soviet Ukraine, when the leaders of the Ukrainian National Movement expected, with the advent of the Nazis, to receive independence from them, to create their own state. On June 30, 1941, in Lvov occupied by the Germans, the “Act on the Independence of Ukraine” was proclaimed and the Ukrainian government headed by Y. Stytsko was established.
The occupiers reacted quickly and harshly to this step - arresting all members of this government and sending them to concentration camps, where they stayed until the end of the war.
Working with a table:
"National Liberation Movement in the Countries of Europe".
| The country | The currents of the resistance movement | |
| National | communist | |
| France | Free French organization led by General Charles de Gaulle. Creation of an extensive intelligence and sabotage network in the country. November 1942 - an agreement between Charles de Gaulle and the Communist Party on joint actions. May 1943 - the creation of the national liberation front. June 1943 - the creation of the French Committee of the National Liberation (FKNL), which proclaimed itself the government. |
French Communist Party (CPF). Creation of partisan detachments (poppies). September 1943 - creation of the Partisan Liberation Committee. |
| Feature of the French resistance movement: the joint work of all currents | ||
| Yugoslavia | Organization of the Chetniks of General D. Mihajlovich. (four - squad) | People's Liberation Army under the command of I. Broz Tito |
| A feature of the Yugoslav resistance movement: the confrontation between the currents within the movement. | ||
| Poland | The emigrant government in London and the Craiova Army subordinate to it under the command of General Bur-Komarovsky. | Polish Workers' Party and the People's Army created by it |
| Features of the Polish resistance movement: significant prestige among the population of the Home Army, led from London by the emigrant government, and the People's Army, created by the Polish Workers' Party. The existence of significant disagreements between the two directions of the resistance movement. | ||
How did the national liberation movement in Poland differ from similar movements in Yugoslavia and France?
Teacher's story:
The partisan movement reached its greatest scope on the territory of Ukraine, Belarus, and in the western regions of Russia.
"National Liberation Movement on the Territory of the Former USSR".
| Terms | Partisan detachments | Underground organizations | Forms of wrestling |
Early 30s. - the creation of secret partisan bases in the western regions of the USSR in case of war.
|
|
Pro-Allied; in Ukraine, there are also anti-Soviet ones - OUN (B) - since 1942. |
|
Collaborators are representatives of the local population who collaborated with the occupation authorities.
The patriotic and anti-fascist Resistance Movement played a very important role in the victory over fascism. And, despite the fact that its participants chose various forms and methods of fighting against the enemy, their activities significantly weakened the enemy and brought Victory closer.
Group work No. 1: (the class is divided into 4 groups).
Task for group number 1.
"The National Liberation Movement in France".
Task for group number 2.
Fill in the table according to the material of the textbook "The National Liberation Movement in Italy".
Task for group number 3.
Fill in the table according to the material of the textbook "National Liberation Movement in Yugoslavia".
Task for group number 4.
Fill in the table according to the material of the textbook "National Liberation Movement in Poland".
After discussing the material of the tables filled in by the students, an initial test of their knowledge on the topic under study is carried out on the following issues:
- What was the plan "Ost"?
- Outline the features of the "New Order" in the occupied countries of Europe.
- What explains the participation of representatives of the civilian population in the Resistance Movement, regardless of their political and religious beliefs?
5. Holocaust.
Teacher's story:
The word "holocaust" refers to the catastrophe or destruction of the Jewish people during the Second World War. Let me remind you that "Holocaust" (from English Holocaust) - the systematic persecution and destruction of people on the basis of their race, ethnicity, nationality, sexual orientation or genetic type as inferior, harmful. (Total genocide (destruction) by the Nazis of Jews in the occupied territories).
The “new order” assumed the implementation of a special racial policy, the victims of which were Jews, Roma (Gypsies), and, over time, the Slavic population of Eastern Europe.
In 1942, the German government decides to begin the physical extermination of all Jews in Europe. On January 25, 1942, a meeting "on the final solution of the Jewish question" was held in the city of Wannsee near Berlin. Heydrich spoke at this meeting about the exact number of Jews who are to be exterminated in Europe, naming 33 countries.
In Poland, a network of “death factories” was created - concentration camps, the largest of which were Auschwitz (two “death camps” were located on the territory of this Polish city - Auschwitz and Berkenau) - from May 1940 to January 1945, it was more than 4 million people were destroyed, Majdanek - more than one and a half million prisoners died here, Treblinka, Sobibur, Helmo, Belzec. The Dachau, Buchenwald, Sachsenhausen and Ravensbrück camps arose on German territory. The Mauthausen camp also appeared on the territory of Austria.
In total, about 18 million people ended up in concentration camps, more than 12 million of whom were destroyed. Among the dead, Jews accounted for 6 million people. Only in "Babi Yar" in Kyiv, the Nazis killed 195 thousand people in 2 days, 150 thousand of whom were Jews. Bloody pogroms were carried out by specially created Sonder teams.
Work with document No. 2: (carried out in groups, the class is divided into 5 groups).
Task for group number 1.
Question for the group:
Task for group number 2.
Read an excerpt from the diary of a Jewish girl (Anne Frank) during the occupation. Discuss the document and answer the question after its text.
“One of the policemen was very annoyed and said: “…None of the Jewish children have the right to keep a bicycle anymore. And the Jews also have no right to bread; they should not eat everything, but leave food for the soldiers.” And then they came and took silverware, carpets, paintings, a Venetian mirror, my camera…”
“... A peasant from Krajno came to us and said that the daughter of our judge was shot dead, because she was walking along the street after seven in the evening ...”
Question for the group:
What do you think about the social status of the family of the author of these lines?
Task for group number 3.
Read an excerpt from the diary of a Jewish girl (Anne Frank) during the occupation. Discuss the document and answer the question after its text.
“One of the policemen was very annoyed and said: “…None of the Jewish children have the right to keep a bicycle anymore. And the Jews also have no right to bread; they should not eat everything, but leave food for the soldiers.” And then they came and took silverware, carpets, paintings, a Venetian mirror, my camera…”
“... A peasant from Krajno came to us and said that the daughter of our judge was shot dead, because she was walking along the street after seven in the evening ...”
Question for the group:
How would you feel if you were in such a situation?
Task for group number 4.
Read an excerpt from the diary of a Jewish girl (Anne Frank) during the occupation. Discuss the document and answer the question after its text.
“One of the policemen was very annoyed and said: “…None of the Jewish children have the right to keep a bicycle anymore. And the Jews also have no right to bread; they should not eat everything, but leave food for the soldiers.” And then they came and took silverware, carpets, paintings, a Venetian mirror, my camera…”
“... A peasant from Krajno came to us and said that the daughter of our judge was shot dead, because she was walking along the street after seven in the evening ...”
Question for the group:
In what country and in what years, in your opinion, did the described events take place?
Task for group number 5.
Read an excerpt from the diary of a Jewish girl (Anne Frank) during the occupation. Discuss the document and answer the question after its text.
“One of the policemen was very annoyed and said: “…None of the Jewish children have the right to keep a bicycle anymore. And the Jews also have no right to bread; they should not eat everything, but leave food for the soldiers.” And then they came and took silverware, carpets, paintings, a Venetian mirror, my camera…”
“... A peasant from Krajno came to us and said that the daughter of our judge was shot dead, because she was walking along the street after seven in the evening ...”
Question for the group:
What thoughts did you have after reading the diary entry?
V. Generalization and systematization of students' knowledge (carried out by testing students with subsequent analysis during a conversation on questions ).
1. Arrange in chronological order:
A) Battle of Kursk.
B) Creation of the headquarters of the partisan movement.
C) Battle of Stalingrad.
D) Creation of an anti-Hitler coalition.
E) Plan "Ost" approved.
E) Tragedy at Babi Yar.
| BUT | |
| B | |
| IN | |
| G | |
| D | |
| E |
2. Match the concepts:
| 1 | |
| 2 | |
| 3 | |
| 4 |
3. What was the name of the plan of attack on Moscow by the troops of Nazi Germany?
A) Buran.
B) typhoon.
B) breakthrough.
4. How many days did the heroic defense of Odessa last?
A) 70 days.
B) 71 days.
C) 73 days.
5. Which city in the USSR was the first to be awarded the title of “Hero City”?
A) Sevastopol.
B) Moscow.
B) Odessa.
D) Leningrad.
D) Stalingrad.
The test is checked by mutual checking in pairs with the help of a teacher.
After checking the test, a final conversation is held with students on the following questions:
- What is the Resistance Movement? What character did it have?
- Which segments of the population and why took part in the Resistance Movement?
- Name the countries in which the Resistance Movement has taken on a mass character?
- How are the victims of the Holocaust honored at the beginning of the 21st century?
VI. Explaining new homework.
- Work out the text of the corresponding paragraph of the textbook.
- Prepare reports on the balance of forces on the Soviet-German front by the autumn of 1942.
- Answer the question: What does the name of the Volga city - Stalingrad tell you?
If desired, each student can accompany his message with a computer presentation.
VII. Summing up the lesson. Grading students.