Significantly reduces heating costs. Real ways to reduce heating bills

How to reduce heating costs in the current and next winter season?

How to implement heat saving measures?

Where to get funds for the implementation of the program to prepare for the winter?

How to choose an economical and high-quality material for insulation?

How to work with estimates for repairs and insulation?

How to correctly form a schedule for conducting heat-saving measures?

When should you start preparing for the coming winter and why?

At many enterprises, preparations for the upcoming winter begin at the end of autumn and at the beginning of winter. But this is a belated solution to heat loss problems:

• firstly, a complete revision of buildings, structures and networks takes time;
• secondly, it takes money to carry out effective measures to save heat. And enterprises and so at this time begin to pay huge bills for heat supply.

This means that the purchase of materials and payment for the work necessary to eliminate heat losses will be carried out at the expense of other urgent needs or will not be carried out at all.

Important!

Development of measures to save heat for the next winter season should begin at the end of winter or early spring of the current heating season.

Only in the cold season can one determine the source of heat loss in buildings and structures - poorly closing windows and entrance doors, a leaky and uninsulated roof, cracks or poor-quality thermal insulation of walls and foundations.

What can you do to save on heating bills?

First of all, draw up an action plan, determine the order of work and allocate funds. The sequence of work is determined by the state of certain buildings, premises and networks, the urgency of work on insulation and related repairs. In this case, the financial condition of the enterprise must be taken into account.

Note!

Preparations for next winter should begin no later than March. During the 6-7 months preceding winter, buildings and structures can be carefully inspected for heat loss, and the distribution of costs for the stages from February to September of the current year will help to avoid a shortage of funds.

To finance the program, create a special trust fund (due to savings on heat transfer costs in the summer).

Heat saving work plan

Includes two stages.

Stage 1. Low-cost and urgent measures (February-April of the current year):

1.1) inspect buildings, structures and facilities, including internal and external networks, for heat losses;

1.2) develop low-cost, but urgent measures to keep the heat in the premises in the current winter-spring season;

1.3) identify the main sources of heat loss;

1.4) determine the amount of money saved during the warm period due to the lack of heating. The amount of calculated savings should be strictly targeted and used to finance heat saving measures.

Stage 2. Capital works on insulation and repair of heating networks:

2.1) based on the results of the audit of buildings and structures, make a list of buildings, structures subject to capital insulation, and heating networks in need of major repairs;

2.2) make a list of materials necessary for the implementation of heat-saving measures. Choose materials, components and products that have the best combination of "price-quality" in order to carry out heat-saving measures efficiently and at the lowest cost;

2.3) prepare and approve the necessary design and estimate documentation;

2.4) determine the sequence of activities and draw up a schedule for the work. Priority work is the insulation and repair of those buildings and premises in which the greatest heat losses have been identified. Determine the duration of the work in accordance with the estimated labor intensity, taking into account the number of employees of the repair and construction service and the department of the chief power engineer.

If there is a shortage of funds, direct them to urgent heat saving measures.

Works not completed due to lack of funds or for other reasons, include in the action plan for saving heat energy in subsequent seasons.

How to implement a heat saving action plan?

We carry out priority and most cost-effective measures

At the end of winter - beginning of spring, we carry out the priority and most economical measures that do not require large expenditures (Table 1).

Table 1

Priority measures for heat saving

Event	Term		Responsible	Note
Survey
Revision of the temperature regime of the premises			Ch. power engineer	Weekly survey with different wind direction and different ambient temperature
Inspection (ice, frost, leaks)			Ch. power engineer
Tactile examination (crevices, drafts, pronounced low temperature of wall fragments, double-glazed windows)			Ch. power engineer
Inspection of the walls of buildings with a thermal imager (own or rented)			Ch. power engineer
Audit of attics and basements
Examination of the state of the foundation (its defects are the main cause of cold in the premises)			Head of repair and construction service
Roof revision			Head of repair and construction service
Inspection of windows and doors			Head of repair and construction service
Measurements of the areas of facades, columns, walls, basements, etc., requiring major repairs with insulation			Head of repair and construction service
Audit of the state of internal and external heating networks.			Ch. power engineer
Urgent economical measures for heat saving
Door insulation (checking door closers, springs, door lubrication)			Head of repair and construction service
If possible - replacement of windows that cannot be restored with modern double-glazed windows, repair of faulty windows, elimination of gaps (sealing or gluing). In cold rooms, we glue heat-saving film on double-glazed windows			Head of repair and construction service
Attics that do not have insulation are covered with slag or other inexpensive heat-insulating material.			Head of repair and construction service
At elevated temperatures in the premises, it must be adjusted; if necessary, we purchase shut-off valves that allow you to regulate the temperature in the premises			Ch. power engineer
If there are gaps in the walls and other structural elements, we carry out partial temporary repairs and eliminate the gaps			Head of repair and construction service

We create a trust fund

Based on the results of the inspection of buildings, structures and structures, we find out whether expensive measures are needed - capital insulation of attics, walls, facades and floors, foundations, etc.

If material-intensive and expensive repairs are needed, we draw up cost estimates for each type of work. Their total amount should not exceed the savings obtained as a result of the absence of heating in the summer, based on the calculation of the average monthly costs for heat supply in the heating season, multiplied by the number of months in the warm season.

Why exactly is it worth calculating the maximum amount of expenses for heat-saving measures? The fact is that usually the savings received by enterprises in the summer are used anywhere, but not for the implementation of measures to save heat. Then "unexpectedly" comes winter - and heating bills.

At the same time, cost estimates may well exceed the calculated target amount for building insulation. You can try to reduce it, for example, by reducing the cost of some materials and work.

Heat-saving measures should not be allowed to adversely affect the enterprise in the summer. If the required amount of insulation work is large enough, it may take more than one year to complete it.

Major insulation work should not be some short-lived cosmetic repairs. We must not forget that the cost of heat energy increases every year. And heat-saving measures are often postponed from year to year.

An example of calculating the maximum planned amount of expenses for the implementation of heat saving measures is in Table. 2.

table 2

Average monthly consumption of heat energy for October 2016-February 2017 (tariff from 01/01/2016 (without VAT) - 1159.64 rubles per 1 Gcal)

Building	Average monthly actual consumption, Gcal	Amount, rub. (without VAT)
Repair shops
Warehouse of raw materials and materials
Warehouse of semi-finished products
Security premises
Metal structures shop
Shop premises
Total		1 655 508,42

Choosing materials

Before drawing up a project and cost estimates for the implementation of heat saving measures, it is necessary to select materials based on the best combination of "price-quality".

The most important indicator characterizing the quality of the insulation - coefficient of thermal conductivity(characterizes the property of materials to conduct heat). The higher the thermal conductivity of the material, the better it conducts heat and the worse its property as a heater (Tables 3, 4).

Of course, the thermal conductivity of the material is important, but the price of the material and its properties such as durability, moisture absorption, vapor permeability, compressive strength, etc. should be taken into account. Do not forget about the cost of related materials for insulation.

Table 3

Comparison of the main types and brands of insulation

Parameter				Glass wool "Izover"	Basalt wool ROCKWOOL	Minimum value
Minimum price on the market, rub./m 3
The maximum indicator in the range of thermal conductivity of each of the materials, W / (m × K)
Moisture absorption, %
Attitude towards fire			Does not burn, but emits acrid smoke

Table 4

Analysis of materials for insulation

Indicator	Formula for calculating the indicator	Polyfoam sheet PPS16F (PSB25f) 1-1, 0.14-0.14	Mineral wool "TechnoNIKOL"	Extruded polystyrene thermal insulation PPS 16F 1000×500×60	Glass wool "Izover"	Basalt wool ROCKWOOL	Minimum value
Coefficient 1 (K1)	K1 = Material price / Minimum price (see table 3)
Coefficient 2 (K2)	K 2 = Thermal conductivity / Minimum value of thermal conductivity (Table 3)
Coefficient 3 (K3) = K1 × K2

Note: analyzed the minimum prices for certain types of heaters. on the Yekaterinburg market. On a variety of the same brand of insulation, there may be a different price depending on its purpose, qualities and properties.

As you can see, the best price-quality ratio is in the material "ROCKWOOL Basalt Wool".

K3 displays how much the combination of the most important characteristics of heaters, such as price and thermal conductivity, is greater than the combination of the minimum values ​​​​of indicators from a number of selected ones. The minimum value of this indicator in the general range of indicators characterizing all types and brands of heaters means the best combination of "price-quality".

Similarly, you can choose other materials and products. In particular, different types of double-glazed windows differ significantly in terms of heat-saving parameters.

We form an estimate and adjust the cost of work according to real labor costs and machine hours

The estimate is drawn up on the basis of the project, if the execution of work requires mandatory design.

The following information is required to calculate the estimate:

1) areas of insulation;

2) composition and scope of work;

3) consumption rates of materials;

4) cost of materials;

5) the complexity of work and the cost of one standard hour;

6) the cost of operating machines and mechanisms.

The easiest way is to generate an estimate for insulation work in the Grand Estimate program or in another similar program.

The basic information about the quantity and cost of the required materials and work for a given volume, calculated on the basis of the estimate and regulatory framework of 2001, with the correct formation of the estimate by the contractor, is completely unloaded from the program.

If there is no estimate program, you can use the estimate and regulatory framework and independently calculate the consumption of materials and labor costs. It is not difficult to find the necessary reference books in Internet resources.

The estimated cost of work on the insulation of the attic of office building No. 1 is 436,883.51 rubles. Labor intensity - 746 man-hours.

The formation of estimates in the estimate program has a significant drawback. If you can independently enter the real prices for the materials used for insulation into the program, however, after dividing them by the inflation index to work in the 2001 price base, then the current wage rates for the main workers at the enterprise may differ significantly from the estimated normative. In addition, the costs of operating transport and lifting and transport mechanisms may also not coincide with the estimated ones (Table 5).

Table 5

Calculation of the deviation of the estimated standard salary and salary at actual rates

Name of works	Salary of the main workers per unit of work according to the estimate with the inflation index	Estimate-normative labor intensity, man-hour	The cost of a standard hour upon the fact at the enterprise, rub.	Actual salary per unit of work, rub.	Contributions to off-budget funds (30.9% of salary)	Total actual salary with deductions per unit of work, rub.	Scope of work	Estimated-normative salary total for the volume, rub.	Actual salary per volume, rub.
Insulation of pipelines with glass staple fiber mats
Cleaning roofs from remaining packed snow
Total
Deviation \u003d Salary at actual rates - Salary at estimated and standard rates									45 706,4

If a more accurate calculation of the cost of repair work is needed to correctly assess the cost of the overall heat saving program, some figures in the estimate will have to be corrected. Let's see how this can be done.

The salary of the main workers, calculated on the basis of the cost of 1 standard hour at the enterprise and the estimated and standard labor intensity, is more than the wages calculated according to the estimated and standard rates and estimated and standard labor intensity, by 45,706.4 rubles.

How to reduce the actual cost of a standard hour should be decided based on the average monthly wages of construction workers of the enterprise and the average monthly wages of construction workers in the regional labor market. If the wages of workers are in line with the average wage in the labor market, a decrease in wages can lead to a high level of employee turnover.

Similarly, we calculate the deviation of the planned costs for the operation of machines and mechanisms from the estimated and normative ones (Table 6).

Table 6

Calculation of estimated and standard costs for the operation of machines and mechanisms with an inflation index, rub.

Name of works	Costs for the operation of machines and mechanisms, machine-hour	Salary of machine operators per volume, rub.	The cost of operating machines and mechanisms	Total costs for the operation of machines and mechanisms with an inflation index of 7.126
Dry insulation of coatings and floors with products made of fibrous and granular materials
Installing a vapor barrier layer made of polyethylene film (without fiberglass materials)
Piping insulation: glass staple fiber mats
The device of a wooden box 300 × 300 mm from boards
Cleaning gutters from debris
Total

Estimated and standard costs for the operation of machines and mechanisms - 70.21 machine-hours.

The company plans to use a rented truck crane for unloading and lifting materials - 8 hours, its own KAMAZ-long truck for transporting materials - 10 hours and a dump truck for garbage removal - 3 hours. The power tool used in the work is fully depreciated.

Let us calculate the expected costs for the operation of machines and mechanisms.

The cost of 1 hour of renting a truck crane is 1300 rubles / hour × 8 hours = 10,400 rubles.

The cost of 1 hour of operation of a KAMAZ truck is 912 rubles / hour × 10 hours = 9120 rubles.

The cost of 1 hour of operation of a Zil dump truck for garbage disposal is 671 rubles / hour × 3 hours = 2013 rubles.

Total planned cost of operating machines and mechanisms = 10,400 rubles. + 9120 rub. + 2013 rub. = 21,533 rubles, which is 12,829 rubles. less than the estimated regulatory costs for the operation of machines and mechanisms.

Thus, it is possible to adjust the estimate for the insulation of the attic of office building No. 1, taking into account the actual upcoming costs:

RUB 436,883.51 + RUB 45,706.4 - 12 829 rubles. = 469,760.91 rubles,

which is 32,877 rubles. more than according to the estimate formed in the Grand Estimate program.

The deviation depends on many circumstances: from the remoteness of the object to the supplier of materials, modification of equipment, etc.

Based on the created estimates, based on the estimated labor intensity and cost of work, we will draw up a schedule for the implementation of heat saving measures (Table 7).

Table 7

Repair schedule

An object	Name of works	Estimated and normative labor intensity of work, man-hour	The period of work based on the estimated labor intensity, the number of key workers and the duration of the work shift, days.	Estimated cost of work, rub.	Planned completion date
	Expansion joint insulation
	Attic insulation
	Replacement of double-glazed windows
	Partial insulation of the facade
	Dismantling and replacement of worn parts of the pipeline and shutoff valves of the internal networks of the workshop
	Dismantling and installation of heating radiators
	Attic insulation
	Dismantling and installation of heating radiators
	Partial insulation of the facade
Repair and construction service	Replacement of double-glazed windows
	Dismantling and replacement of worn parts of the pipeline of internal networks
	Floor insulation
	Dismantling and installation of heating radiators
Warehouse of raw materials and materials	Partial insulation of the facade
Dining and shop building	Replacement of double-glazed windows
Warehouse of semi-finished products	Partial insulation of the facade
Security premises	Wall insulation
	Wall insulation
Metal structures shop	Partial insulation of the facade
The cost of design work
Total				8 205 397,27

Note: the schedule for the production of work was drawn up based on the duration of the shift 12 hours, 1 shift per day, work on a rolling schedule without days off and holidays. The average shift planned output of workers per shift is 15 people.

For your information

Calculation of the date of completion of work according to the schedule is carried out by adding the date of completion of previous work and the duration of the work in days, calculated on the basis of the estimated and standard labor intensity.

If the work schedule includes weekends and holidays, then when adding, you must use the Excel WORKDAY function:

Menu → Insert → Function → WORKDAY(date of completion of previous work; duration of work in days, calculated according to estimated and standard labor intensity).

The duration of work in days was determined based on the estimated labor intensity of work in man-hours according to the formula:

P \u003d Tr smn / H main / V cm,

where P is the duration of work, days;

Tr smn - estimated and normative labor intensity, man-hour;

Ch main - the number of main workers;

In cm - the duration of the shift, h.

For example, 746 people-hours are needed to insulate the attic of the office building No. 1.

Planned duration of work = 746 man-hours / 15 workers / 12 hours = 4 calendar days.

As you can see, the estimated cost of the planned heat saving measures fits into the amount of the trust fund. According to the schedule, the planned works should be completed by the next heating season.

conclusions

At most enterprises, energy costs account for more than 1/3 of all costs.

The development of energy saving measures, drawing up a realistic action plan, the creation of an inviolable trust fund from which work to eliminate heat and electricity losses will be financed, the choice of the most economical and high-quality materials for the work will allow the enterprise to enter the next cold season with the lowest possible energy costs. And the savings can be directed to the development of the enterprise.

L. I. Kiyutsen,
Head of the Planning and Economic Department of Mayak Corporation LLC

Copying the article is allowed, but please put a direct link to the site. Thanks.

Due to high energy prices this year, the threat of high heating bills hangs over all of us and we are concerned about it. Whether you're heating with propane, gas, oil, or electricity, there are a number of steps you can take to lower your heating costs and put the savings back into useful items or a bank account.

Here are 10 things you can do right now to lower your heating costs during the cold seasons:

1. Check your thermal insulation. If you haven't checked attics lately (maybe never!) get up quickly and go under the roof, look around and make sure your insulation is in good condition. Make sure there are enough air sacs to trap the cold air. Old insulation can start to crack and become ineffective, so if your insulation is no longer effective and doing its job, it might be time to put in some time and effort and replace it.
2. Check your windows. You can lose most of your heat through the cracks in your windows, as well as through the glass surface of the windows itself. Check each window and make sure it's tight. You can purchase special kits to help you with this. Caulk the gaps around the perimeter of the windows or in the places where you found them, replace the internal gaskets where they are damaged. If your windows are old, then it might be worth investing in updating them to benefit in the long run from installing new, modern triple-glazed windows.
3. Protect the entrance to your home from bad weather. Along with the windows, check the doors for warping or settling. Using seals will help you keep heat from leaking out and keep cold from getting inside.
4. Install a ceiling fan. Just like you were taught in school, in grades 4-5 - hot air rises, so if you want to get warm air at the bottom of the room, especially in the case of high ceilings, you will definitely need it. Most ceiling fans have a draft switch, so you can always use it to cool down in the summer and draw warm air downstairs in the winter. Please make sure you are using the correct draft or you risk being left with cold air in the winter and heat in the summer!
5. Lock unused rooms. If you have a room or rooms that you don't use, try to keep their doors locked. Try to also close the door if you are going to spend a long time in it. Remember that rooms that are in use rarely create a draft effect, which allows cold air to escape into other heated rooms the moment you enter the room. Ultimately, this leads to high loads on the heating system, and as a result, high heating costs.
6. Let the sun shine. On sunny days, pull back the curtains and let the sun in, make sure you pull the curtains back when dusk falls or on overcast days. Drawn curtains will prevent warm air from touching cold window surfaces or leaking into cracks.
7. Keep doors aligned. Over time, the doors tend to settle and they warp in the box. Check that the door is level in the frame and works without problems. If this is not the case, correct it so that it fits snugly against the box and without distortions.
8. Check your oven. Invest in a professional stove maker to make sure your heating stove is running at peak efficiency. This is important not only from a cost point of view, but also from a safety point of view. A system that doesn't work as efficiently as it should will cost you extra money on your heating bills, so the money spent on checking and properly assembling the heating system can be considered a good investment.
9. Air filter. Air filters can become clogged over time, resulting in additional fuel costs. They cause the heating system to work inefficiently and are a threat to the safe operation of the system. Changing your air filters at least once a year is a great idea and something you can do yourself with little or no investment.
10. Close the ventilation openings. The ventilation system of the house allows air to circulate during the warmer seasons, however, it will not be superfluous to close them in the fall in anticipation of the winter period. Cold air seeps through them and it can cost you money and make you feel drafty.

By spending a little time and following these simple tips, you will reduce your heating costs as a result. We also recommend that you talk to your electricity supplier about ways you can save money. If your system has

In winter, heating is the most expensive for the family budget. Every year the cost of utilities, electricity, gas and water is growing. That is why we decided
offer a number of tips on how it is possible to save on heating at home.


Council the first. Install your own . Such a system installed on your site will allow you to fully or partially switch to an autonomous supply and independently provide for the needs for electricity and heat.

Tip two."Wrap" in heat-insulating materials. Using high-quality materials for complex insulation of walls, roofs, floors, ceilings, attics, basements and foundations, eliminating cold bridges in structures and insulating windows and doors, heat losses can be reduced by more than 50%, and overall energy consumption by 25%. The use of effective thermal protection will reduce the annual energy from 250-350 to 100-150 kW / h per square meter of living space.

Tip three. Install the heat pump. Such a unit uses the low-temperature heat of an underground source and gives it to the heating system of the house. Both soil and underground water are suitable, but the temperature of this source should never fall below 1 ° C. Anything warmer than this mark is suitable for the heat pump to receive its thermal energy, strengthen it and make it work to heat the house. Thanks to this device, up to 75% of the energy needed to heat a house and heat water can come from nature.

Council the fourth. Install an air heating system. In it, the air is heated inside the duct and allows you to set your own temperature for each room in the house.


Tip five. Install temperature programmers. These devices simultaneously monitor the comfortable temperature in the house and reduce energy consumption by almost half. The principle of their operation is in the rational consumption of energy at different intervals: when you are at home, the heating maintains the desired temperature; when you are gone, the programmable controller lowers the temperature in the room to the minimum comfortable.

Tip six. Stick heat reflective film on the windows. This is an optically transparent material with a special multi-layer coating, which is installed on the inner surface of the window. The film transmits 80% of visible light, and reflects about 90% of thermal radiation into the room, keeps the room warm in winter and cool in summer.

Tip seven. Install . This will allow you to save heat costs in those rooms that you do not use, and use heating systems more efficiently.

Eighth tip. Very simple. A means of heat saving can be ... ordinary. If you plant them around the house, they will help protect your home from the cold wind and keep it warm. Trees should be planted at a distance from the walls that is at least twice the height of adult plants. It is clear that when winter is already in full swing, it is impossible to use this advice. But with the onset of spring, planting trees around the house can be not only beneficial in terms of heat conservation during winter, but also good for health.

This article discusses general trends and directions to reduce the cost of heating buildings. The issue is considered to a greater extent for the housing and communal sector, private, domestic heat supply. Industry and agriculture have their own specifics and this is a topic for a separate article. Also, this article does not consider the issues of cogeneration and trigeneration.

It is possible to reduce the cost of heating buildings and premises by developing two directions (we will deliberately miss the issues of reducing costs when transporting heat):
1) at the source of heat generation (boiler room);
2) directly at heat consumption.

Let's consider each direction in detail.

Cost reduction in heat generation

There are several ways to get thermal energy:
1) using the chemical energy of fossil fuels (gas, coal) during combustion;
2) using the physical heat of the environment (hot springs (geysers), the heat of the earth, the sun);
3) the transformation of one type of energy into another, a clear example is electricity into heat;
4) incineration of municipal solid waste, waste and products of oil refining, woodworking industry waste, etc.;
5) use of secondary energy resources (heat of exhaust gases, heat of furnaces, etc.);
6) using chem. energy of artificial gases (converter gas, coke, blast-furnace gases, etc.);
Methods 1-4 are relevant for the housing and communal sector, domestic, private heat supply, any of the six above methods or a combination of them is found in industry.
When choosing a method of obtaining heat, many factors must be taken into account. So, for example, in areas with cheap electric energy (for example, near a hydroelectric power station), a boiler room with electric boilers or electric heaters can become economically justified. Where there are already built gas pipelines, gaseous fuel boilers can be considered.
If it is possible to use the physical heat of the environment, then first of all it is necessary to consider this direction (using modern technologies - heat pumps). Relatively recently, the method of obtaining heat by burning all kinds of waste (MSW, pellets (woodworking waste), etc.) began its rapid development.
Nevertheless, the most traditional way of obtaining heat is still the combustion of fossil fuels - gas, coal, as well as oil refining products - fuel oil. The vast majority of boiler houses in the housing and communal, private and domestic sectors use gas (fuel oil as a backup fuel) boilers, slightly - coal, firewood (mainly in domestic stoves), there are also boilers with electric boilers.
It is possible to reduce costs in the production of heat by gas boilers in several ways (listed in ascending order of capital costs: from the first - cost-free, to the fifth - high-cost):
1) analysis of the operation of the boiler house and consumers in order to optimally distribute the loads between the boilers - allows you to increase the efficiency of the boiler station as a whole;
2) carrying out mode and adjustment tests of already installed equipment - allows you to increase the efficiency of existing boilers;
3) installation of automatic combustion systems on existing equipment - allow you to maintain the most optimal mode of fuel combustion, maintain maximum efficiency;
4) installation of modern burners on existing equipment - allows you to optimize the process of fuel combustion;
5) replacement of obsolete boiler equipment with more modern ones.

Separately, it is necessary to consider the question of the general feasibility of a separate boiler room. So if there is a large power generating station (CHP, TPP, district boiler house) or a heating network next to a small boiler house, then if there is free capacity, it may be advisable to abandon the local heat source and connect to the “monopoly”.
The question of the implementation of any of the 6 methods should be considered at each specific facility and depends on many factors.

Reduced costs for heat consumption

Since the main task of the heating system is to maintain the heat balance in the room (in other words, to compensate for losses), then reducing consumption costs means reducing heat loss.
The main heat losses from buildings are:
1) losses through the outer fence (through walls, floor, roof);
2) heat loss through windows and doors (infiltration);
3) heat loss with ventilation.
Losses through the outer fencing can be reduced by applying thermal insulation of the facades, or by using a more modern technology - a ventilated facade. Losses through windows are reduced when replacing wooden windows with metal-plastic ones. Also, losses are reduced when installing behind the radiators (between the radiator and the wall) heat-reflecting screens. You can stick an energy-saving film on the glass.
Infiltration through windows is eliminated when preparing the building for winter. In order to reduce heat loss through the doors, it is possible to carry out a set of measures: installation of thermal curtains, automatic door closers, installation of warm vestibules.

(c) Sergey Barsukov