Scipio African during the war with Antiochus. Scipio Africanus Jr.

(Junior) Numantic(lat. Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus (Iunior) Numantinus ) (- 129 BC) - Roman commander and statesman. Consul and 134 BC. e. He is best known as the commander who took and destroyed Carthage.

Biography

Name

Publius Aemilius Paul (birth name) is the son of a commander and politician and his wife Papiriya. He was adopted by Publius Cornelius Scipio, after which he received a new nomen and cognomen - Cornelius Scipio. After the capture of Carthage, he received an agnomen Africanus. After the capture of Numantia, he received another agnomen, Numantinus.

Early career

At the age of 17, Scipio (then named Publius Aemilius Paulus) fought on the side of his father, Lucius Aemilius Paulus of Macedon, at the Battle of Pydna.

Third Punic War

Having recruited new troops and arrived in Africa, Scipio first of all restored discipline in the troops that had been besieging Carthage for 2 years. Then Scipio made an embankment at the exit from the harbor of Carthage, however, the inhabitants of the city dug a channel for ships to enter the harbor. After this, Scipio strengthened the siege of the city and cut it off from food supplies. After the capture of the fortress of Neferis by Scipio, Carthage was left without outside support.

cultural activities

Scipio is known as an admirer of Greek culture. He patronized the spread of Greek culture in Rome. In particular, at his invitation, the famous philosopher Panetius of Rhodes arrived in Rome. Scipio organized a literary and philosophical circle, which included many representatives of the Roman intelligentsia. This circle played a big role in the cultural life of Rome, but ceased to exist with the death of Scipio.

Second consulate, last years of life and death

During his second consulship, Scipio organized the siege of Numantia, for which he received the agnomen Numantinus.

Scipio opposed the land reform of Tiberius Gracchus, however, at the time of the adoption of the law, Scipio was just completing the siege of Numantia.

Notes

Literature

• Revyako, K. A. - Punic Wars. - Minsk, 1988
• Bobrovnikova T.A. Everyday life Roman patrician in the era of the destruction of Carthage. - M., 2001.

Links

• Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilian Africanus (Russian). - biography on the site ancientrome.ru.
• Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilian Africanus - in

The commander's father is Lucius Aemilius Paul, the conqueror of Macedonia, his grandfather is the consul Aemilius Paul, who heroically fell at Cannae. Mother - the patrician Papiriya from the consular family of Papiriya Mazonov. AT early age, apparently after the divorce of his parents, the future hero and his brother were given for adoption to the sister houses of Scipio and Fabius. The youngest son of Paul entered the family of his aunt Emilia, the wife of the great Scipio (see Scipio Africanus the Elder): he was adopted by a childless cousin, he became the "grandson" of the great commander and took his name - Publius Cornelius Scipio, with the addition of Emilian, which indicated his bloodline. Later, the young Scipio married the granddaughter of his adoptive grandfather, Sempronia, but this dynastic marriage was left without offspring.

Both Aemilians, Scipio and Fabius, grew up in their house. own father, Paul, who was very concerned about the upbringing of his sons: from childhood they were surrounded by Greek teachers and artists. The brothers accompanied their father to the Macedonian War and took part in his triumph. Sixteen-year-old Scipio showed himself to be a born warrior, displaying valor at the Battle of Pydna. But the young man was not interested in public affairs and seemed lethargic. At the age of 18, Scipio became close to the Greek historian Polybius, who came to Rome as a hostage. A friendship began between them, reminiscent of the relationship of father and son. Under the influence of a wise mentor, Publius changed his character, constantly exercising his willpower and civic activity. In the mid 1550s. in the house of Scipio, another Greek friend appeared - the young Stoic philosopher Panetius. The Roman friends of Publius (Gaius Lelius the Younger, Lucius Furius, Spurius Mummius, and others) formed a circle that spread the fashion for stoicism among aristocratic youth. This circle also patronized the young comedian Terence, rumor attributed to Scipio and Lelia secret co-authorship with the playwright. By the age of 30, Publius had lost both fathers (his own and adopted), his mother and his grandmother-aunt. Having inherited the vast fortune of the Scipios, he ceded his share of Paul's inheritance to his brother, to the astonishment of the prudent Romans.

In 151, during a great anti-Roman uprising in Spain, Scipio voluntarily enlisted in the army, captivating timid youth with his example. In the war, he distinguished himself with great personal courage: he defeated the enemy leader in single combat, he was the first to make his way inside the besieged Intercation. In between battles, he visited the Numidian king Masinissa in Africa and tried to settle the military clash between Numidia and Carthage, which led to the start of the 3rd Punic War. When it broke out (149), Scipio, as a military tribune, entered the headquarters of his older friend, the consul Manilius. His opinion often prevailed in military councils. During the unsuccessful campaign of Manilius to Neferis, Scipio's cavalry valiantly covered the retreat of the Roman army and saved several stragglers of the cohorts. Aemilian also pulled over the head of the Carthaginian cavalry, Fameya, with 12 hundred horsemen, to the Roman side. The locals surrendered their fortifications only to Scipio, relying on his faithful word.

Upon his return to Rome, Scipio sought edility, but before the due age he was elected consul for 147. He began his command with the restoration of discipline: he stopped duels and looting campaigns, drove dealers and women out of the camp. The siege acquired an intense character: with the help of a moat and a sea dam, Carthage was completely blocked from land and sea, and famine began in it. The outer Carthaginian army capitulated at Neferis. In the spring of 146, Roman troops broke through the port into the city. After 6 days of fierce fighting, the Carthaginian Kremlin - Birsa fell. Looking at the fire of the fortress, Scipio wept, quoting Homer: “There will be some day and sacred Troy will perish ...”; a little later, by order of the senate, he burned the remnants of the great city. In Rome, Aemilian celebrated the most magnificent of all the previous triumphs, not appropriating anything from the richest booty. His property was the nickname that previously belonged to the adoptive grandfather - African.

For 12 years after the destruction of Carthage, Aemilian was in the thick of civil affairs. His circle hatched a project of agrarian reform, subsequently carried out by the Gracchi. In 142, Scipio was elected censor and held a qualification in the strict Cato spirit, declaring a return to the mores of his ancestors. In the same years, the satirist Lucilius, a friend of Aemilian, scourged the depraved morals of the people and the nobility. Scipio's civic position can be defined as liberal conservatism. He had a negative attitude towards the dominance of his caste - nobility, had friends among the "new people" and in the middle strata of Roman society, sympathized with the needs of the common people, but did not allow the participation of the crowd in the political struggle. Order was the norm for him, rebellion was evil. The most important civil act of Scipio is the support of democratic laws on the introduction of secret ballot in the popular assembly (139, 137). This measure weakened the influence of the all-powerful nobility in the comitia. In 136-35, Scipio led an embassy mission in the East, which successfully settled many international issues. The modesty and friendly tone of the ambassadors surprised the Greeks and Egyptians. In Egypt, Scipio showed a particular interest in nature and the sights of the country.

In 134, Scipio received a consulate (bypassing the recently adopted law on the prohibition of repeated consulates) to wage war in Spain, where for 8 years the Romans unsuccessfully besieged the city of Numantia. The Roman army under Numantia was in a state of extreme decay, its honor was tarnished by defeats and two shameful treaties with the enemy. Enemies of Scipio in the Senate achieved a ban on the new military recruitment. The commander, like his "grandfather", was forced to wage war at his own expense. Emilian's friends gave funds and made up a detachment of 500 volunteers, 3 thousand Italian allies signed up for the army, money and funds came from foreign kings (from Syria, Numidia, Pergamum, etc.). In Spain, as in Africa, Scipio first of all revived the army: he got rid of the ballast, strictly regulated the life of soldiers and officers, tempered them for earthworks. At the beginning of the next year, he surrounded the city with a moat and a wall and blocked the river Dueris. In the tenth year of the siege (133) Numantia surrendered because of a severe famine. On his own initiative, Scipio burned the city, the population was sold into slavery. Publius established a lasting peace with the neutral Spanish tribes. His triumph was poor, but his fellow citizens gave him a second honorific nickname - Numantian.

During the siege of Numantia in Rome, the transformations of Tiberius Gracchus took place, which ended in his death. Scipio publicly condemned the rebellion and approved the murder of a relative. Upon his return to Rome, he became the main opponent of the agrarian triumvirs. On his initiative, the bill on the right of people's tribunes to be re-elected for a second term was rejected, the agrarian commission was deprived of the right to determine legal status disputed lands. In the spring of 129, one of the Senate meetings turned into a stormy celebration of the defender of order. The next morning, Scipio Africanus the Younger was found dead in his bed. Rumors about the murder spread around the city, the Gracchans were accused and even Sempronia, the wife of the deceased, the sister of the Gracchi. With a huge gathering of people, Scipio was taken out of the house with his face covered and buried in the family cemetery of the Aemilia. The hero's inheritance, in addition to real estate, amounted to only 33 pounds of silver and two pounds of gold. In the eyes of his contemporaries and descendants, Scipio the Younger remained a model of Roman valor and honor. Polybius compared his pet with a wonderful work of art, Plutarch placed his biography in tandem with the biography of Epaminondas, the Greek "knight" without fear and reproach (these biographies are lost).

Scipio Scipio

(Scipio).

1) Publius Cornelius Scipio the African Senior (P. Cornelius Africanus maior), genus. in 234 BC, one of the greatest people ancient Rome. He fought in the famous Battle of Cannae where the Romans were defeated by Hannibal (216). In 210, he was appointed head of the Roman army, which undertook a campaign in Spain, and the first military feat of Scipio was the capture of New Carthage. At the age of three, he completely drove the Carthaginians out of Spain. Upon his return to Rome, he was elected consul, although he was only 30 years old. In 204, Scipio crossed over to Africa and the next year defeated the Carthaginians and their ally Syphax. The Carthaginians called on Hannibal; but Scipio won a brilliant victory over him at Zama in 202, and the Carthaginians were forced to sue for peace. Scipio returned to Italy in triumph and received the nickname of the Arfican. The Battle of Zama - one of the most remarkable battles ever - ended the second Punic War.

2) Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilian the African the Younger (P. Corn. Scipio Aemilianus Africanus minor), son of Emilius Paul, Foster-son Scipio the Elder. Genus. about 185 BC. He was distinguished by a penchant for literature and maintained relations with prominent writers of his time. Cicero immortalized his friendship with Lelius in his essay On Friendship. When the third Punic War began, Scipio went to Africa and distinguished himself there both for personal courage and military talent. On his return to Rome, he was elected consul and given command of the army in Africa. He proceeded to Carthage and, despite the heroic defense of the Carthaginians, took the city in 146 BC. In Rome, Scipio was received with great honors. The capture of Carthage ended the third Punic War. Scipio the Younger died in 129. He was a remarkable orator and connoisseur of Greek literature and, like Cato, was distinguished by the virtues of a true Roman.

(Source: " Concise Dictionary mythology and antiquities. M. Korsh. St. Petersburg, edition of A. S. Suvorin, 1894.)

See what "Scipio" is in other dictionaries:

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Scipio- the nickname of the patrician family of Cornelius, from which in the 3rd and 2nd centuries. BC e. came out prominent generals and states. figures. They contributed to the strengthening of the hegemony of Rome in the Mediterranean. Known for carving. in the rock, the family crypt of S. on ... ... Dictionary of antiquity

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Books

• Scipio Africanus, Liddell Hart Basil Henry. Scipio Africanus is a commander whose lifetime glory was enormous, and the expression "Scipio's generosity" became winged. His military genius saved the Roman Republic, helped level it with ...

Scipio, Publius Cornelius Scipio Emilian the African the Younger (Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus Junior) (c. 185 - 129 BC), commander and state. activist, orator. Adoptive grandson Scipio the Elder. In 146, as a consul, he captured and destroyed Carthage, ending the 3rd Punic War. In 133, being consul for the second time, he suppressed the Numantine uprising and secured Spain for Rome. The personality and activity of S. was highly valued by Cicero. After S. Jr. military. and political the influence of the Scipio family in ancient Rome ceased.

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Scipio Aemilianus (184-129). Son of Paul Aemilius, adopted by one of the sons of Scipio Africanus. He took part in military campaigns in Macedonia and Spain, fighting alongside his father. As a military tribune in Africa, he settled the division of the kingdom of Massinissa between his three sons (148). In 147, when he had not yet reached the age established for the exercise of this office, he was elected consul by the comitia (people's assembly). In addition, he was entrusted with the command of troops in Africa. Accompanied by his friend and historian Polybius, he led the last battle for Carthage. Standing in front of the city engulfed in flames, he, as if with tears in his eyes, recited a passage from the Iliad: “There will be some day when high Troy will perish, the ancient Priam and the people of the spear-bearer Priam will perish” (Iliad, IV, 164-165, translated by N.I. . Gnedich). His career did not end there: in 133 he captured and destroyed Numancia, the last Celtiberian foothold in Spain.

Used materials of the publishing house: Dridi E. Carthage and the Punic world / Eddie Dridi. - M., 2008, p. 389.

Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilian Africanus the Younger and Numantian
(185-129 BC) - son Lucia Emilia Pavla, adopted by the Scipios, Roman general and politician. In 168, he took part in the Battle of Pydna, then accompanied his father on a trip to Greece, and together with him entered Rome in triumph. In 151, Scipio Aemilian, legate under the consul Lucius Lucullus, took part in the war against the Celtiberians; in the battle of Intercation, he accomplished the feat of killing the leader of the Spaniards, who challenged him to a duel.

With early III Punic War Scipio Aemilianus re-enlisted in the army and went to Africa as a military tribune. His military skill repeatedly saved the Roman army from inglorious defeat. In 147 Scipio Aemilianus was elected consul and commander-in-chief in the war. In the spring of 146, he captured and destroyed Carthage, for which he received the nickname African.

In 142 Scipio Aemilianus was elected censor; on behalf of the Senate, he traveled at the head of a special mission to Asia and Egypt. In 134, he was elected consul for the second time and appointed commander-in-chief of the Roman troops in Spain. The main enemy of the Romans were the inhabitants of the Spanish city of Numantia. Having surrounded the city with a system of fortifications and depriving it of the support of neighboring tribes, the Romans forced the Numantines to lay down their arms.

Scipio Aemilian returned to Rome in the midst of political turmoil. He proved himself to be a firm opponent of the activities of Tiberius Gracchus, at the same time, the Italian allies found a protector and patron in him. In the midst of a debate in the senate, Scipio Aemilianus died; there is speculation that he was killed by political opponents.

Used materials of the book: Tikhanovich Yu.N., Kozlenko A.V. 350 great. Brief biography rulers and generals of antiquity. The Ancient East; Ancient Greece; Ancient Rome. Minsk, 2005.

Participation in wars: Third Punic War. Destruction of Carthage. Conquest of Numantia
Participation in battles:

(Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus Numantinus) General of the 3rd Punic War, consul, great-grandson of Publius Cornelius Scipio the African Senior

After the early death of his father Lucia Emilia Pavla was adopted by the son of Publius Scipio Africanus augur Publius Scipio. In his youth, Publius received a good education and became one of the close friends of the historian Polybius.

In 151 BC. e. went to war in Spain, where, during the siege of Intercation, he defeated the enemy leader in single combat.

In 148 BC. e. during the first assault on Carthage, being a military tribune, he saved the Roman troops from defeat, preventing them from breaking through the destroyed wall into the city. According to Appian, "this was the first thing that created his fame, since he turned out to be more far-sighted and cautious than the consul." Throughout the year, by his actions, Scipio repeatedly saved Roman army from unnecessary losses, which won him great popularity. Mark Porcius Cato wrote about Scipio: "He is only with the mind, all the others hover like crazy shadows."

Popularity Scipio was so great that before her death Masinissa called him to him and bequeathed to dispose of his kingdom and inheritance.

Like his famous great-grandfather, Scipio showed talent as a diplomat, luring the best of the Punic generals to the side of Rome Fameyu along with his 1200 warriors. He also persuaded Masinissa's son Gulusu march with his huge army against Carthage.

In view of the departure of Scipio to Rome, failures began again in the army, which led to the election of Scipio as consul, despite the fact that, by his age, he had not yet reached the right to be one. He was given unlimited powers to wage war.

In 147 BC. e. Scipio sailed to the shores of Africa. At the time of his arrival at Carthage, the Roman army was suffering defeat, which was greatly facilitated by undermined discipline. AT the shortest time the consul restored combat readiness in the army, and then began preparations for the assault on the suburbs of Carthage - Megalia, surrounded by a rampart adjoining the city wall. Part of the army was sent to the northwestern part of Carthage, and the rest, led by Scipio himself, to the southeastern part. Through a small gate, Scipio entered Megalia with his soldiers. The Punians fled to the center of Carthage - the fortress of Byrsa. But Scipio did not hold Megalia, fearing to scatter his forces.

Having destroyed the camp of the Punians near the city walls, the Roman soldiers took possession of the isthmus on which the city was located. To close the exit to the sea, the Romans poured a high embankment along the entire length of the isthmus. However, this did not prevent the besieged from digging a new passage for their ships to enter the open sea, first to demonstrate their power, and a few days later to fight the Roman fleet.

In the morning, the Romans managed to drive the Punic ships back into the harbor and block it there, but at night the Punians again made a sortie from Carthage and set fire to the Roman siege engines. This caused a great panic in the Roman camp, which was prevented only by the appearance of Scipio, who ordered the restoration of order by the most cruel measures.

The siege of Carthage continued throughout the summer of 147 BC. e. Since Neferis had a significant force of the Punians who continued to deliver food to Carthage, Scipio with the help of Gulussa, he decided to liquidate this army. During the twenty-two-day siege, Neferis was taken, and thus Carthage lost its last hope of salvation.

But only in the spring of 146 BC. e. Roman troops managed to break through the harbor into the city. The struggle was for every house that had to be taken as a fortress. For six days, the soldiers of Scipio made their way to the fortress of Byrsa, in which the remnants of the Punic troops and the inhabitants of Carthage gathered.

From the temple of Eshmun (Asclepius), ambassadors arrived to Scipio asking for mercy. Scipio promised to keep everyone in the fortress alive, except for defectors.

Carthage was destroyed and burned. Its destruction was led by Scipio himself.

After receiving news of the death of Carthage, the Roman Senate decided to form a new province in its place - Libya. Scipio it was ordered to destroy not only everything that remained of Carthage, but also the cities allied to it; the conquered lands were given to the cities that helped Rome in the war with Carthage. All the Sicilian cities were given back what had been stolen from them by the Punians.

After the destruction of the city, Scipio burned weapons, siege engines and part of the ships, making a sacrifice to the god of war Mars with this rite. He also ordered that part of the booty that could not be sold be burned. Having completed all the affairs in Africa, Scipio sailed to Rome, where he celebrated the most magnificent triumph in the history of Rome. Like his famous great-grandfather he received the honorary title of African.

In 142 BC. e. Scipio was elected censor, and the next he went to Asia Minor, Syria and Egypt to regulate relations between Rome and these countries.

In 134 BC. e. Scipio was elected consul for the second time, and was instructed to complete the war in Spain. He began his activities there, as in Africa, by raising military discipline in his army. A year later, the fortress of Numantia, a stronghold of Spanish resistance, was taken. Scipio returned to Rome, was awarded a triumph and an honorary title Numantine.

In his personal life, Scipio was distinguished by accessibility, good knowledge, writers and scientists were his best friends.

However, in his views, he was entirely on the side of the conservative Senate party and acted as an ardent opponent of reforms of the Gracchi brothers.

In 129 BC. e. he died suddenly. Contemporaries believed that he was poisoned by his political opponents.