Mathematician Perelman Yakov: contribution to science. Famous Russian mathematician Grigory Perelman

"Biography"

Grigory Perelman was born on June 13, 1966 in Leningrad into a Jewish family. His father Yakov was an electrical engineer (contrary to popular belief, Yakov Isidorovich Perelman, a well-known popularizer of physics, mathematics and astronomy, is not the father of Grigory Yakovlevich Perelman), emigrated to Israel in 1993. Mother, Lyubov Leibovna, remained in St. Petersburg, worked as a mathematics teacher at a vocational school. It was the mother, who played the violin, who instilled in the future mathematician a love for classical music. Grigory Perelman has a younger sister, Elena (born 1976), also a mathematician, a graduate of St. Petersburg University (1998), who in 2003 defended her PhD thesis at the Weizmann Institute in Rehovot; since 2007 he has been working as a programmer in Stockholm.

Education

Until grade 9, Perelman studied at high school on the outskirts of Leningrad, and then transferred to the 239th Physics and Mathematics School. He played table tennis well, attended music school. I didn’t get a gold medal only because of physical education, without passing the TRP standards. From the 5th grade, Grigory studied at the Mathematical Center at the Palace of Pioneers under the guidance of Associate Professor of the Russian State Pedagogical University Sergey Rukshin, whose students won many awards at mathematical Olympiads. In 1982, as part of a team of Soviet schoolchildren, he won a gold medal at the International mathematical olympiad in Budapest, receiving a full score for the impeccable solution of all problems.
He was enrolled without exams in the Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics of the Leningrad State University. He won faculty, city and all-Union student mathematical Olympiads. All the years I studied only "excellently". For academic success, he received a Lenin scholarship. After graduating with honors from the university, he entered graduate school (supervisor - A. D. Aleksandrov) at the Leningrad Department of the Mathematical Institute. V. A. Steklova (LOMI - until 1992; then - POMI). In 1990, having defended his Ph.D. thesis on the topic "Saddle surfaces in Euclidean spaces", he remained to work at the institute as a senior researcher.

Activity

"News"

Will Blockchain Help Solve the Problem of Authorship in Science (Part 2)

As part of the special project "Intellectual Property and Blockchain", the Forklog editors prepared a material dedicated to iconic historical examples scientific collaborations that changed the world.

By their example, you can select for yourself fundamental problems with which academic science faces to this day.

The lyceum where mathematician Perelman studied became the best school in Russia

Petersburg Physics and Mathematics Lyceum No. 239 topped the list of the best schools in Russia.

As the correspondent of "Rosbalt" was informed in the press service of the Committee on Education, the lyceum took first place in the top 500 and 25 best schools in the country for the third time in a row.

"Perelman really studied with us"

“We are not chasing know-how. It's all nonsense. Innovation must be justified, not for its own sake. For example, the use of computer technology does not always contribute to the growth of knowledge, ”Maxim Pratusevich, director of the Presidential Physics and Mathematics Lyceum No. 239, named the best school in the country, told the VZGLYAD newspaper. It was this school that the famous mathematician Grigory Perelman graduated from in his time.

Thursday is Teacher's Day in Russia. In this regard, Deputy Prime Minister Olga Golodets and the head of the Ministry of Education and Science Olga Vasilyeva presented the rating " Top Schools Russia" for 2016-2017. It includes 500 educational institutions from almost all regions of the country, but almost a third of the list - 136 schools - falls on Moscow.

Mathematician G. Perelman can become a Hollywood movie star
The biography of the outstanding Russian mathematician Grigory Perelman, who proved the Poincaré conjecture, could become the subject of a documentary directed by Titanic creator James Cameron. Israeli journalist Alexander Zabrovsky told Komsomolskaya Pravda about this.
Read in full: http://top.rbc.ru/society/02/08/2012/662880.shtml

The ECB left the discount rate at the level of a historical minimum - 0.75%.

08/02/2012, Brussels 15:45:15 European central bank(ECB) left the discount rate at a historic low of 0.75%, the bank said in a statement released today. This decision coincided with analysts' forecasts.
link: http://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/20120802154515. shtml

Interview with mathematician Grigory Perelman: Why do I need a million dollars? I can control the universe

It has been a year since Grigory Perelman, who proved the Poincaré theorem, over which scientists from all over the world fought for decades, refused the million dollar prize awarded to him!

It is difficult to say what struck us, the townsfolk, more: the fact that our scientist went around all the others, or the fact that he refused astronomical money! I immediately wanted to ask: “What kind of rich man is doing weird things here ?!” As it turned out, Grigory Yakovlevich lives in St. Petersburg, in Khrushchev, with his mother, actually vegetates in poverty ... But he is not interested in what ordinary men are interested in - money, wine, women ... Perelman has never been married. Having become a "millionaire from Khrushchev", he closed himself off from the whole world. He lives as a hermit, occasionally goes to the store with a string bag. Communicates only with units approximate. Doesn't cut, doesn't shave, doesn't cut nails
link: http://www.kp.ru/daily/25677. 3/836229/

Khrushchev Millionaire Grigory Perelman - Reportage A million US dollars will be received by Russian scientist Grigory Perelman, who became the first ever winner of the Millennium Prize. Its founder, the American Clay Institute, announced that the Russian had succeeded in realizing the age-old dream of mathematicians around the world - to prove the Poincaré conjecture. In its original formulation, it sounds in the following way: "Every simply connected compact 3-manifold without boundary is geomorphic to a 3-sphere." Translated into common language, this means that any three-dimensional object, for example, a glass, can be transformed into a ball by deformation alone, that is, it will not need to be cut or glued. In other words, Poincare suggested that space is not three-dimensional, but contains significantly more measurements, and Perelman proved it mathematically 100 years later. link: http://www.5-tv.ru/news/27451/

Grigory Perelman proved that there is no God Until recently, mathematics did not promise either glory or wealth to its "priests". They didn't even get a Nobel Prize. There is no such nomination. Indeed, according to a very popular legend, Nobel's wife once cheated on him with a mathematician. And in retaliation, the rich man deprived all their chicane brethren of his respect and prize money. link: http://kem.kp.ru/daily/24466. 4/626061/

Perfectly normal person Grigory Perelman's "first ever" interview, although it contains a number of inaccuracies, gives a much better idea of ​​​​the personality of this outstanding mathematician than the vast majority of previous publications about him in Russian media. Read in full: http://www.gazeta.ru/science/2011/05/04_a_3603217.shtml

Grigory Perelman. How not to become a millionaire In 2002-2003, the Russian mathematician Grigory Perelman published on the Internet a proof of the Poincaré conjecture, which had not been given to any of his colleagues for almost a hundred years. Perelman received fame, numerous awards, and a $1 million prize from the Clay Institute for this task. Perelman, however, refused both honors and money, and a few years later he completely left mathematics. Masha Gessen, deputy editor-in-chief of the Snob project, wrote a book on mathematics. The book was originally published on English language in the USA, now a translation of the book “Impeccable rigor. Grigory Perelman: the genius and the task of the millennium” is published in Russian by the publishing house CORPUS (translated by Ilya Krieger). Forbes publishes excerpts from the book, including the chapter "How Not to Become a Millionaire." link: http://www.forbes.ru/ekonomika/lyudi/65531-grigorii-perelman-kak-ne-stat-millionerom

Grigory Perelman: I'm not Britney Spears! Five years ago, Grigory PERELMAN was awarded the highest award in the mathematical world, the Fields Gold Medal. Thus, his colleagues recognized the correctness of his proof of the Poincaré conjecture. And the Clay Institute of Mathematics awarded Perelman a $1 million prize. However, he refused the money. On June 13, Perelman turns 45 years old. Until now, the famous mathematician has eschewed journalists, but on the eve of the anniversary he made an exception for Express Gazeta. link: http://eg.ru/daily/melochi/26010/

Grigory Perelman as the ideal of a scientist for power When in May, this year, General Meeting RAS Prime Minister Vladimir Putin said that for him the ideal of a Russian scientist is Grigory Perelman, he was unlikely to be aware that Grigory Perelman, quite possibly, appeared to him and the ideal of a Russian security official. Every person wants to be good, and every person is outraged by the injustices that are happening in the world. And everyone just wants to “throw an iron verse in their faces, drenched in bitterness and anger” and, like Perelman, not accept a million of them or, like Vladimir Putin, declare that there is no one to talk to, except perhaps with Mahatma Gandhi. link: http://www.ng.ru/science/2010-10-13/11_perelman.html

Friends of Grigory Perelman told about his childhood The news that the St. Petersburg mathematician-recluse was awarded the "Millennium Prize" of $1 million excited the whole country. Firstly, it is bursting with legitimate pride for a fellow countryman who has solved one of the most difficult tasks on the planet. Secondly, his refusal to accept this money is somewhat surprising. Why? It would be good to ask this question to the scientist himself. But he is tightly closed to everyone except those whom he knows and respects. It was their "AiF" that asked about the mysterious reclusive genius link: http://www.aif.ru/society/article/33851

Grigory Perelman thought about the offspring St. Petersburg scientist-recluse Grigory Perelman said that for the first time he thought about how to continue his family. He made a frank confession to the mathematics teacher who taught the future Fields Prize winner the exact sciences from the fifth grade, Valentina Berdova. link: http://www.lifenews.ru/news/ 23048

Grigory Perelman celebrated his birthday for 15 rubles St. Petersburg mathematician Grigory Perelman, who proved one of the seven main mathematical problems of the millennium - the Poincare conjecture - and refused the $ 1 million due for this, extremely modestly celebrated his 44th birthday. The outstanding scientist did not invite guests to his apartment in Kupchyna, since last years leads a reclusive life, and the meal was not festive at all. Over the past two weeks, Perelman only twice left the apartment on the street. The first time he took a walk with his mother, they live together. On the second, June 13, on his birthday, the mathematician went down to the nearest store and bought half a loaf rye bread. The holiday purchase cost the scientist 15 rubles. link: http://www.utro.ru/articles/2010/06/15/900967.shtml

Grigory Perelman, who proved the Poincaré theorem, refuses awards Grigory Perelman, who proved the Poincaré conjecture, refuses numerous awards and cash prizes that are awarded to him for this achievement, the Guardian newspaper reports. After a wide-ranging verification of the evidence, which lasted almost four years, the scientific community concluded that Perelman's solution was correct. link: http://lenta.ru/news/2006/08/16/perelman/

Grigory Perelman refused to be an academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences St. Petersburg mathematician Grigory Perelman did not respond to requests from the Steklov Mathematical Institute, which nominated him as an academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, LentaRu reports with reference to Interfax and a representative of the St. Petersburg branch of the institute. According to him, the institute did not wait for the scientist's response to calls and telegrams. Thus, Perelman will not become an academician, since this requires his consent. The preparation of lists of candidates for academicians of the Russian Academy of Sciences should be completed on October 4. Voting will take place in December. The fact that Perelman is likely to refuse to join the ranks of academicians of the Russian Academy of Sciences was reported earlier. The Scientific Council of the St. Petersburg branch of the Steklov Institute of Mathematics proposed Perelman's candidacy at the beginning of September, but they never managed to get in touch with the mathematician. link: http://www.amic.ru/news/162006/

Proud of people like Grigory Perelman The famous mathematician Grigory Perelman turned out to be elusive not only for foreign luminaries of science, but also for domestic ones: the scientist did not accept the offer to become a member Russian Academy Sciences. It is reported by Utro.ru. G. Perelman simply ignored all requests sent by the Steklov Mathematical Institute, which nominated him as an academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, without answering either telegrams or phone calls. link: http://security-zone.ru/?p=2920 Grigory Perelman ignored his nomination as an academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Representative of the St. Petersburg branch of the Mathematical Institute. Vladimir Steklov, who proposed to nominate Perelman as an academician, said that the scientist did not answer a single telegram or phone call and did not try to contact the institute himself. Thus, he will not be nominated from this institution. link: http://www.dp.ru/a/2011/10/03/ Grigorij_Perelman_ne_zhel/ The smartest person in the world refused a million dollar award for solving the most difficult mathematical problem A Russian who was awarded a one million dollar prize for solving one of the most difficult mathematical problems, said yesterday that he did not want to take this money. 44-year-old doctor Grigory Perelman, who, according to many, is smartest person in the world, lives in St. Petersburg in an empty apartment infested with cockroaches. Through closed door he said, "I have everything I need." Read more: http://news.mail.ru/society/3549898/ Probably cool Grisha Perelman - a Jewish mathematical luminary, was born on June 13, 1966 in Leningrad in a poor Jewish family. Father Grisha - Yakov, an electrician by profession, left his family in 1993 and left for Israel, and his mother, Lyubov Leibovna, a mathematics teacher at a vocational school and a violinist, remained on the farm and instilled in Grisha a passion for mathematics and classical music. Even from the cradle, Grisha began to attend the synagogue, and most importantly, the mathematical school, where he noticeably differed from his peers and even from teachers with an unprecedented mathematical mindset. link: http://lohi.ru/post/414 Grigory Perelman never got in touch with the Russian Academy of Sciences Earlier, in the St. Petersburg branch of the Steklov Mathematical Institute, the mathematician was offered to become an academician. The lists of candidates were to be prepared by 4 October. Now, they emphasize at the Academy of Sciences, Perelman will not be nominated. He did not answer telegrams or phone calls. link:

Russian mathematician Grigory Yakovlevich Perelman was born on June 13, 1966 in Leningrad (now St. Petersburg).

He studied at an ordinary high school, in the fifth grade he began to study at the mathematical center at the Palace of Pioneers. After graduating from the eighth grade, he continued his studies at the Physics and Mathematics School.

In 1982, Grigory Perelman, as part of a team of schoolchildren, won a gold medal at the International Mathematical Olympiad in Budapest (Hungary).

After graduating from school without exams, he was enrolled in the Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics of the Leningrad State University (now St. State University). In his student years, Perelman repeatedly won the mathematical Olympiads. After graduating with honors from the university, he entered graduate school at the Leningrad Department of the Mathematical Institute. V.A. Steklov (since 1992 - the St. Petersburg Department of the Mathematical Institute).

In 1990 he defended his Ph.D. thesis and was left at the institute as a senior researcher.

In 1992, the scientist received an invitation to lecture at New York University and Stony Brook University, and then worked for some time at the University of Berkeley (USA). While in the United States, Perelman worked as a research assistant at American universities.
In 1996 he returned to St. Petersburg, where he worked at the St. Petersburg Department of the Mathematical Institute until December 2005.

Between November 2002 and July 2003, Perelman wrote three articles in which he revealed the solution of one of the special cases of William Thurston's geometrization conjecture, from which the validity of the Poincaré conjecture follows. The method of studying the Ricci flow described by Perelman was called the Hamilton-Perelman theory, since the American mathematician Richard Hamilton was the first to study it.

The Poincare conjecture was formulated by the French mathematician Henri Poincaré in 1904 and is the central problem of topology, the science of the geometric properties of bodies that do not change when a body is stretched, twisted, or compressed. Poincaré's theorem was considered one of the unsolvable mathematical problems.

Their science articles and did not attempt to publish them officially. In 2003, the scientist gave lectures on his work at US universities. In 2006, Perelman's proof was found to be correct.

In 1996, the scientist was awarded the European Mathematical Society Prize for Young Mathematicians. In 2006, Grigory Perelman was awarded the international prize "Fields Medal" for solving the Poincaré conjecture, and in 2010 the Clay Mathematical Institute (Cambridge, USA) awarded the scientist a prize of one million dollars. The scientist refused all awards and prizes.
In 2006, the journal Science named the proof of Poincaré's theorem the Scientific Breakthrough of the Year. In 2007, the British newspaper The Daily Telegraph published a list of "One Hundred Living Geniuses", in which Perelman took ninth place.

Russian mathematician who proved the Poincaré conjecture

Russian scientist who proved the Poincare conjecture - one of the fundamental problems of mathematics. Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences. He worked at the Leningrad (St. Petersburg) Department of the Steklov Institute of Mathematics, taught at a number of US universities. Since 2003, he has not worked and hardly communicates with outsiders.

Grigory Yakovlevich Perelman was born on June 13, 1966 in Leningrad. His father was an electrical engineer and emigrated to Israel in 1993. Mother remained in St. Petersburg, worked as a mathematics teacher at a vocational school.

Perelman graduated from high school No. 239 with an in-depth study of mathematics. In 1982, as part of a team of schoolchildren, he participated in the International Mathematical Olympiad in Budapest. In the same year he was enrolled in the Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics of Leningrad State University without exams. He won faculty, city and all-Union student mathematical Olympiads. He received a Lenin scholarship, graduated from the university with honors.

In November 2002 - July 2003, Perelman posted three scientific articles on the arXiv.org website, containing in an extremely compressed form the solution of one of the special cases of William Thurston's geometrization conjecture, leading to the proof of the Poincaré conjecture. The proof of this conjecture (that any simply connected closed three-dimensional manifold is homeomorphic to a three-dimensional sphere) was considered one of the fundamental problems of mathematics. The method described by the scientist for studying the Ricci flow was called the Hamilton-Perelman theory. These works by Perelman have not received the status of an official scientific publication, since arXiv.org is a preprint library and not a peer-reviewed journal. Perelman did not attempt to officially publish these works.

In 2003, Perelman gave a series of lectures in the United States on his work, after which he returned to St. Petersburg and settled in his mother's apartment in Kupchino. In December 2005, he resigned as a leading researcher at the Laboratory of Mathematical Physics, resigned from the Mathematical Institute and almost completely cut off contacts with colleagues.

After the appearance of Perelman's work, several groups of mathematicians set about checking the correctness of his proofs. For four years of checking and detailing Perelman's calculations, leading experts in this field did not find any errors. On August 22, 2006, Perelman was awarded the Fields Prize "for his contribution to geometry and revolutionary achievements in understanding the analytical and geometric structure of the Ricci flow." Perelman refused to accept the award and communicate with journalists,,. Then he said that he said goodbye to scientific community and no longer considers himself a professional mathematician.

In December 2006, Perelman's proof of Poincaré's theory was named the main scientific breakthrough of the year by Science magazine,,.

For the proof of the Poincaré conjecture, the Clay Mathematical Institute (USA) awarded a prize of one million dollars, the Millennium Prize. According to the award rules, Perelman may be awarded the award upon publication of his work in a peer-reviewed journal. Despite this, in March 2010 he was announced the winner of the award, but as The Daily Mail reported at the end of the same month, Perelman refused this award as well. Nevertheless, in June 2010, the award ceremony was held: a symbolic certificate of the Millennium Prize was handed over to the Russian mathematician Mikhail Gromov, who worked in France, and Francois Poincaré, the grandson of Henri Poincaré, who put forward the hypothesis confirmed by Perelman. At the end of the same month, Perelman officially notified the Clay Institute of the final rejection of the prize. The mathematician called the reason for the refusal a disagreement with the unfair decisions of the mathematical community. At the same time, he emphasized that his contribution to the proof of the Poincaré conjecture was no more than that of Hamilton.

In April 2011, after a long silence, Perelman gave his first interview to the Israeli journalist and executive producer of the Moscow film company "President-Film" Alexander Zabrovsky. In this interview, the mathematician, when asked why he did not take a million dollars, replied that this money is nothing for "the person who controls the Universe." In addition, Perelman agreed to star in Zbarovsky's film, in which it was supposed to be about "cooperation and confrontation between the three main world mathematical schools: Russian, Chinese and American, the most advanced in the path of studying and managing the Universe" .

In September 2011, it became known that the Clay Institute decided to send a million dollars intended for Perelman to scholarships for young gifted mathematicians,. In the same month, the academic council of the St. Petersburg branch of the Steklov Institute nominated Perelman for the post of academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, but the scientist did not react to this initiative in any way and was not included in the list of candidates for academicians.

In a list of 100 living geniuses published in October 2007 by The Sunday Telegraph newspaper, Perelman shared ninth place with Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer and American minimalist composer Philip Glass.

Used materials

Perelman refused to be an academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences. - Interfax, 03.10.2011

Modest math man "s million goes to young scholars. - Russia Today, 23.09.2011

Math genius' $1m to go to charity. - Voice of Russia, 22.09.2011

RAS: for the election of Perelman as an academician, his consent is required. - Vesti.Ru, 14.09.2011

Irina Tumakova. Grigory Perelman nominated to academician. - News, 13.09.2011

Anna Veligzhanina. Interview with mathematician Grigory Perelman: Why do I need a million dollars? I can control the universe. - TVNZ, 28.04.2011

Grigory Yakovlevich Perelman (b. June 13, 1966, Leningrad) is an outstanding Russian mathematician who was the first to prove the Poincaré conjecture.

Biography

Grigory Yakovlevich Perelman was born on June 13, 1966 in Leningrad. His father was an electrical engineer and emigrated to Israel in 1993. Mother remained in St. Petersburg, worked as a mathematics teacher at a vocational school. It is a common misconception that Grigory Perelman is the son of the famous science popularizer Yakov Perelman, but he died in March 1942 in besieged Leningrad.

Perelman graduated from the 239th Physics and Mathematics School in Leningrad. In 1982, as part of a team of Soviet schoolchildren, he won a gold medal at the International Mathematical Olympiad, held in Budapest. He was enrolled at the Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics of the Leningrad State University without exams. He won faculty, city and all-Union student mathematical Olympiads. All the years I studied only "excellently". For academic success, he received a Lenin scholarship. After graduating with honors from the university, he entered graduate school at the Leningrad Department of the Mathematical Institute. V. A. Steklova (POMI). Having defended his Ph.D. thesis, he remained to work at the institute as a senior researcher.

In the late 1980s, Perelman came to the United States, where he worked as a research assistant at various universities. In 1996 he returned to St. Petersburg, where he worked at POMI. In December 2005, he resigned as a leading researcher at the Laboratory of Mathematical Physics, resigned from POMI, and almost completely cut off contacts with colleagues.

He showed no interest in a further scientific career. Currently, he lives in Kupchino in the same apartment with his mother, leads a secluded life, ignores the press.

Scientific contribution

Grigory Perelman is known for his works on the theory of Alexandrov spaces, he managed to prove a number of hypotheses.

In 2002, Perelman first published his pioneering work on solving one of the special cases of William Thurston's geometrization conjecture, from which the famous Poincaré conjecture, formulated by the French mathematician, physicist and philosopher Henri Poincaré in 1904, follows. The method described by the scientist for studying the Ricci flow was called the Hamilton-Perelman theory.

In 2006, Grigory Perelman was awarded the international prize "Fields Medal" for solving the Poincaré conjecture, but he refused it.

In 2006, the journal Science named the proof of Poincaré's theorem the scientific "Breakthrough of the Year". This is the first work in mathematics that has earned such a title.

In 2006, Sylvia Nazar wrote the Manifold Destiny article, which talks about Grigory Perelman and the mathematical community, and includes a rare interview with him.

In 2007, the British newspaper The Daily Telegraph published a list of 100 living geniuses, in which Grigory Perelman takes 9th place. In addition to Perelman, only 2 Russians made it to this list - Garry Kasparov (25th place) and Mikhail Kalashnikov (83rd place).

On March 18, 2010, the Clay Mathematical Institute announced that it had awarded Grigory Perelman a $1 million prize for proving the Poincaré conjecture. This is the first ever award for solving one of the Millennium Problems. It remains unclear whether Perelman will accept this award.

The mathematician Perelman is a very famous person, despite the fact that he leads a solitary life and avoids the press in every possible way. His proof of the Poincare conjecture placed him on a par with the greatest scientists in world history. The mathematician Perelman refused many awards provided by the scientific community. This man lives very modestly and is completely devoted to science. Of course, it is worth talking about him and his discovery in detail.

Father Grigory Perelman

On June 13, 1966, Grigory Yakovlevich Perelman, a mathematician, was born. There are few photos of him in the public domain, but the most famous ones are presented in this article. He was born in Leningrad, the cultural capital of our country. His father was an electrical engineer. He had nothing to do with science, as many believe.

Yakov Perelman

It is widely believed that Grigory is the son of Yakov Perelman, a well-known popularizer of science. However, this is a delusion, because he died in besieged Leningrad in March 1942, so he could not be a father in any way. This man was born in Bialystok, a city that previously belonged to Russian Empire and is now part of Poland. Yakov Isidorovich was born in 1882.

Yakov Perelman, which is very interesting, was also attracted to mathematics. In addition, he was fond of astronomy and physics. This man is considered the founder of entertaining science, as well as one of the first who wrote works in the genre of popular science literature. He is the creator of the book "Live Mathematics". Perelman wrote many other books. In addition, his bibliography includes more than a thousand articles. As for such a book as "Live Mathematics", Perelman presents in it various puzzles related to this science. Many of them are designed in the form of short stories. This book is intended primarily for teenagers.

In one respect, another book is especially interesting, the author of which is Yakov Perelman ("Entertaining Mathematics"). Trillion - do you know what this number is? It's 1021. In the USSR, for a long time, two scales existed in parallel - "short" and "long". According to Perelman, "short" was used in financial calculations and everyday life, and "long" - in scientific papers dedicated to physics and astronomy. So, a trillion on a "short" scale does not exist. 10 21 is called a sextillion in it. These scales generally differ significantly.

However, we will not dwell on this in detail and move on to a story about the contribution to science that was made by Grigory Yakovlevich, and not by Yakov Isidorovich, whose achievements were less modest. By the way, it was not his well-known namesake who instilled in Gregory a love for science.

Perelman's mother and her influence on Grigory Yakovlevich

The mother of the future scientist taught mathematics at a vocational school. In addition, she was a talented violinist. Probably, Grigory Yakovlevich adopted his love for mathematics, as well as for classical music, from her. Both equally attracted Perelman. When he faced the choice of where to enter - to the conservatory or to a technical university, he could not decide for a long time. Who knows who Grigory Perelman could have become if he had decided to get a musical education.

The childhood of the future scientist

Already with young years Gregory was distinguished by literate speech, both written and oral. He often amazed teachers at school with this. By the way, before the 9th grade, Perelman studied at a secondary school, apparently typical, of which there are so many on the outskirts. And then teachers from the Palace of Pioneers noticed a talented young man. He was taken to courses for gifted children. This contributed to the development of Perelman's unique talents.

Victory at the Olympics, graduation from school

Since then, the milestone of victories for Gregory begins. In 1982, he received at the International Mathematical Olympiad held in Budapest. Perelman participated in it together with a team of Soviet schoolchildren. He received a full score, solving all the problems flawlessly. Gregory graduated from the eleventh grade of the school in the same year. The very fact of participation in this prestigious Olympiad opened the doors of the best educational institutions of our country for him. But Grigory Perelman not only participated in it, but also received a gold medal.

It is not surprising that he was enrolled without exams in the Leningrad State University, in the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics. By the way, Gregory, oddly enough, did not receive a gold medal at school. This was prevented by the assessment in physical education. Passing sports standards at that time was mandatory for everyone, including those who could hardly imagine themselves at the pole for jumping or at the bar. In other subjects, he studied for five.

Studying at LSU

Over the next few years, the future scientist continued his education at Leningrad State University. He participated, and with great success, in various mathematical competitions. Perelman even managed to get the prestigious Lenin Scholarship. So he became the owner of 120 rubles - a lot of money at that time. He must have been doing well at the time.

It must be said that the Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics of this university, which is now called St. Petersburg, was one of the best in Russia in the Soviet years. In 1924, for example, V. Leontiev graduated from it. Almost immediately after completing his studies, he received the Nobel Prize in Economics. This scientist is even called the father of the American economy. Leonid Kantorovich, the only domestic laureate of this award, who received it for his contribution to this science, was a professor of mathematics.

Continuing education, life in the USA

After graduating from Leningrad State University, Grigory Perelman entered the Steklov Mathematical Institute to continue his postgraduate studies. Soon he flew to the USA in order to present it. educational institution. This country has always been considered a state of unlimited freedom, especially in Soviet time among the inhabitants of our country. Many dreamed of seeing her, but the mathematician Perelman was not one of them. It seems that the temptations of the West have gone unnoticed for him. The scientist still led a modest lifestyle, even somewhat ascetic. He ate sandwiches with cheese, which he washed down with kefir or milk. And of course, the mathematician Perelman worked hard. In particular, he was a teacher. The scientist met with his fellow mathematicians. America bored him after 6 years.

Return to Russia

Grigory returned to Russia, to his native institute. Here he worked for 9 years. It was at this time that he must have begun to understand that the road to " pure art"lies through isolation, isolation from society. Grigory decided to break off all his relations with his colleagues. The scientist decided to lock himself in his Leningrad apartment and start a grandiose work ...

Topology

It is not easy to explain what Perelman proved in mathematics. Only great lovers of this science can fully understand the significance of his discovery. We will try to talk in an accessible language about the hypothesis that Perelman brought out. Grigory Yakovlevich was attracted by topology. This is a branch of mathematics, often also called geometry on a rubber sheet. Topology is the study of geometric shapes that persist when a shape is bent, twisted, or stretched. In other words, if it is absolutely elastically deformed - without gluing, cutting and tearing. Topology is very important for a discipline like mathematical physics. It gives an idea of ​​the properties of space. In our case, we are talking about an infinite space that is continuously expanding, that is, about the Universe.

Poincare conjecture

The great French physicist, mathematician and philosopher J. A. Poincaré was the first to hypothesize this. This happened at the beginning of the 20th century. But it should be noted that he made an assumption, and did not give a proof. Perelman made it his task to prove this hypothesis, to derive a mathematical solution, logically verified, after a whole century.

When talking about its essence, they usually begin as follows. Take the rubber disk. It should be pulled over the ball. Thus, you have a two-dimensional sphere. It is necessary that the circumference of the disk be collected at one point. For example, you can do this with a backpack by pulling it off and tying it with a cord. It turns out a sphere. Of course, for us it is three-dimensional, but from the point of view of mathematics it will be two-dimensional.

Then figurative projections and reasoning begin, which are difficult to understand for an unprepared person. One should now imagine a three-dimensional sphere, that is, a ball stretched over something that goes into another dimension. A three-dimensional sphere, according to the hypothesis, is the only existing three-dimensional object that can be pulled together by a hypothetical "hypercord" at one point. The proof of this theorem helps us understand what shape the Universe has. In addition, thanks to it, one can reasonably assume that the Universe is such a three-dimensional sphere.

The Poincaré Hypothesis and the Big Bang Theory

It should be noted that this hypothesis is a confirmation of the Big Bang theory. If the universe is a single "figure", distinguishing feature which is the ability to pull it to one point, which means that it can be stretched in the same way. The question arises: if it is a sphere, what is outside the universe? Is man, who is a by-product belonging to the planet Earth alone and not even to the cosmos as a whole, capable of cognizing this mystery? Those who are interested can be invited to read the works of another world-famous mathematician - Stephen Hawking. However, he cannot yet say anything concrete on this score. Let's hope that in the future another Perelman will appear and he will be able to solve this riddle, which torments the imagination of many. Who knows, maybe Grigory Yakovlevich himself will still be able to do it.

Nobel Prize in Mathematics

Perelman did not receive this prestigious award for his great achievement. Strange, isn't it? In fact, this is explained very simply, given that such an award simply does not exist. A whole legend has been created about the reasons why Nobel deprived representatives of such an important science. To this day, the Nobel Prize in mathematics has not been awarded. Perelman would probably get it if it existed. There is a legend that the reason for Nobel's rejection of mathematicians is the following: it was to the representative of this science that his bride left him. Like it or not, it was only with the advent of the 21st century that justice finally prevailed. It was then that another prize for mathematicians appeared. Let's briefly talk about its history.

How did the Clay Institute Award come about?

At a mathematical congress held in Paris in 1900, he proposed a list of 23 problems that needed to be solved in the new, 20th century. To date, 21 of them are already allowed. By the way, in 1970 Yu. V. Matiyasevich, a graduate of mathematics and mechanics at Leningrad State University, completed the solution of the 10th of these problems. At the beginning of the 21st century, the American Clay Institute compiled a list similar to it, consisting of seven problems in mathematics. They should have been solved already in the 21st century. A million dollar reward was announced for solving each of them. As early as 1904, Poincaré formulated one of these problems. He put forward the conjecture that all three-dimensional surfaces that are homotypically equivalent to a sphere are homeomorphic to it. talking in simple words, if a three-dimensional surface is somewhat similar to a sphere, then it is possible to flatten it into a sphere. This statement of the scientist is sometimes called the formula of the universe because of its great importance in understanding complex physical processes, and also because the answer to it means solving the question of the shape of the universe. It should also be said that this discovery plays an important role in the development of nanotechnologies.

So, the Clay Mathematics Institute decided to choose the 7 most difficult problems. For the solution of each of them was promised a million dollars. And now Grigory Perelman appears with his discovery. The prize in mathematics, of course, goes to him. He was noticed quite quickly, since since 2002 he has been publishing his work on foreign Internet resources.

How Perelman was awarded the Clay Award

So, in March 2010, Perelman was awarded the well-deserved award. The prize in mathematics meant receiving an impressive fortune, the size of which was $ 1 million. Grigory Yakovlevich was supposed to receive it for the proof. However, in June 2010, the scientist ignored the mathematical conference held in Paris, at which this award was to be presented. And on July 1, 2010, Perelman announced his refusal publicly. Moreover, he never took the money allotted to him, despite all the requests.

Why did the mathematician Perelman refuse the prize?

Grigory Yakovlevich explained this by the fact that his conscience did not allow him to receive a million, which was due to several other mathematicians. The scientist noted that he had many reasons both to take the money and not to take it. It took him a long time to decide. Grigory Perelman, a mathematician, cited disagreement with the scientific community as the main reason for refusing the award. He noted that he considers his decisions unfair. Grigory Yakovlevich stated that he believed that the contribution of Hamilton, a German mathematician, to the solution of this problem was no less than his.

By the way, a little later there was even an anecdote on this topic: mathematicians need to allocate millions more often, perhaps someone will still decide to take them. A year after Perelman's refusal, Demetrios Christodoul and Richard Hamilton were awarded the Shaw Prize. The amount of this award in mathematics is one million dollars. This award is sometimes also referred to as the Nobel Prize for the East. Hamilton got her for creating mathematical theory. It was it that the Russian mathematician Perelman then developed in his works devoted to the proof of the Poincaré conjecture. Richard accepted the award.

Other awards refused by Grigory Perelman

By the way, in 1996 Grigory Yakovlevich was awarded a prestigious prize for young mathematicians from the European Mathematical Society. However, he refused to receive it.

Ten years later, in 2006, the scientist was awarded the Fields Medal for solving the Poincare conjecture. Grigory Yakovlevich also refused her.

The journal Science in 2006 called the proof of the hypothesis created by Poincaré the scientific breakthrough of the year. It should be noted that this is the first work in the field of mathematics that has earned such a title.

David Gruber and Sylvia Nazar published an article in 2006 called Manifold Destiny. It talks about Perelman, about his solution to the Poincaré problem. In addition, the article talks about the mathematical community and the ethical principles that exist in science. It also features a rare interview with Perelman. Much is also said about the criticism of Yau Xingtang, the Chinese mathematician. Together with his students, he tried to challenge the completeness of the evidence presented by Grigory Yakovlevich. In an interview, Perelman noted: "Those who violate ethical standards in science are not considered outsiders. People like me are who are isolated."

In September 2011, the mathematician Perelman also refused membership in the Russian Academy of Sciences. His biography is presented in a book published in the same year. From it you can learn more about the fate of this mathematician, although the information collected is based on the testimony of third parties. Its author - The book was compiled on the basis of interviews with classmates, teachers, colleagues and colleagues of Perelman. Sergei Rukshin, Grigory Yakovlevich's teacher, spoke critically of her.

Grigory Perelman today

And today he leads a solitary life. The mathematician Perelman ignores the press in every possible way. Where does he live? Until recently, Grigory Yakovlevich lived with his mother in Kupchino. And since 2014, the famous Russian mathematician Grigory Perelman has been in Sweden.