The Civil Defense of the USSR was created c. The history of formation and stages of development of civil defense in the Russian Federation
In October 1932, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR approved the Regulations on the country's air defense. According to this document, the local air defense (LPA) was separated into an independent organization, designed to protect the population and national economy facilities during bombardment by enemy aircraft. She honorably justified her mission during the Great Patriotic War. The Air Defense Forces saved many millions of citizens from death, put out 90,000 fires and fires, prevented 32,000 serious industrial accidents, neutralized more than 430,000 bombs and almost 2.5 million shells and mines.
In July 1961, the MPVO was transformed into the Civil Defense (GO) of the USSR, which became an integral part of the system of nationwide defense measures carried out in peacetime and wartime.
In the second half of the 80s. the threat of global war began to weaken. At the same time, for a number of reasons, the civil defense forces did not have time to effectively respond and promptly eliminate the consequences of peacetime emergencies. Therefore, in July 1987, the country's leadership issued a document on a radical restructuring of the civil defense system. The heads of state authorities at all levels were tasked with ensuring the high readiness of the civil defense bodies and forces to act as intended. At the same time, it was emphasized that they must be ready to eliminate the consequences of possible accidents, catastrophes and natural disasters, to carry out rescue and other urgent work.
In November 1991, on the basis of the State Committee of the RSFSR for Emergency Situations and the Headquarters of the Civil Defense of the RSFSR, the State Committee for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters was formed, which on January 10, 1994 was transformed into a ministry (EMERCOM of Russia).
Civil defense - a system of measures aimed at preparing for the protection and protection of the population, material and cultural values on the territory of the Russian Federation from the dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities or as a result of these actions.
The main tasks in the field of civil defense:
Teaching the population how to protect themselves from the dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities or as a result of these actions;
Alert the population about the dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities or as a result of these actions;
Evacuation of the population, material and cultural values to safe areas;
Provision of shelters and personal protective equipment to the population;
Taking measures for light masking and other types of masking;
Carrying out emergency rescue operations in the event of danger to the population during the conduct of hostilities or as a result of these actions;
The priority provision of the population affected by the conduct of hostilities or as a result of these actions, including medical care (including the provision of first aid), urgent provision of housing and the adoption of other necessary measures;
Fighting fires arising during the conduct of hostilities or as a result of these actions;
Detection and designation of areas subjected to radioactive, chemical, biological and other contamination;
Disinfection of the population, equipment, buildings, territories and taking other necessary measures;
Restoration and maintenance of order in areas affected by the conduct of hostilities or as a result of these actions;
Urgent restoration of the functioning of the necessary public services in wartime;
Urgent burial of corpses in wartime;
Development and implementation of measures aimed at preserving objects that are essential for the sustainable functioning of the economy and the survival of the population in wartime;
Ensuring the constant readiness of forces and means of civil defense.
The organization and conduct of civil defense are the most important functions of the state, components of defense development and ensuring the country's security.
The civilian population throughout the history of existence is threatened by various dangers, including those associated with hostilities. Over the past five and a half millennia, about 15 thousand wars have thundered on earth, in which more than 3.5 billion people died. Means of destruction are constantly being improved. Scientific and technological progress led to the emergence of weapons of mass destruction: on April 22, 1915, for the first time in the history of wars, the German army used chemical weapons in the form of a chlorine gas attack, 5 thousand French and Belgian soldiers became victims. And the development of aviation made it possible to defeat people and objects, as well as the delivery of toxic substances deep behind enemy lines. There was a need to carry out measures and create units that directly protect the population.
In Russia, air defense arose in February 1918, when Petrograd was under the threat of an enemy strike. In addition to the deployment of anti-aircraft batteries, aviation and searchlight detachments, special points were opened in the city where the population could receive protective masks, gas masks and leaflets with instructions on how to avoid poisoning by poisonous gases.
On October 4, 1932, the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR approved the "Regulations on the Air Defense of the Territory of the USSR". This act laid the foundation for the creation of the local air defense of the USSR MPVO). In this regard, October 4, 1932 is considered to be the birthday of the local air defense - the basis of the future civil defense system of the USSR. The years of the Great Patriotic War showed humanity an unprecedented case of the unity of our entire people in the pursuit of Victory. This was also manifested in the activities of the MPVO, whose forces included primarily women, adolescents and the elderly.
After the end of the Great Patriotic War, the Soviet people faced the task of eliminating the consequences of fascist aggression. A new battle unfolded in the country - for creation. The bodies and forces of the MPVO made their contribution to it. Special pyrotechnic detachments of the MPVO participated in the continuous demining of the territory of the USSR ..
In the 1950s, with the advent of nuclear missile weapons, a qualitatively new stage in the improvement of air defense began. At that time, the governing bodies, the air defense forces and the population were not ready for action in the centers of nuclear destruction. However, the danger of an armed attack by a potential enemy has increased dramatically. The existing MPVO for a given period of time did not meet the new requirements, since the local nature of its activities, the limited number of special forces and means did not allow to reliably protect the population and ensure the stability of the entire national economy in the event of an enemy attack. The question arose of other, more advanced methods and means of protecting the population and the national economy of the country. It became obvious that without major measures to protect the rear of the country it was impossible to ensure its readiness for defense in the conditions of a nuclear missile war. We have already discussed the creation of a set of tools that would not only protect people, but also ensure the functioning of the state's vital activity system in the conditions of the use of weapons of mass destruction.
In 1961, on the basis of the MPVO, a new nationwide nationwide defense system was created in the country - the Civil Defense of the USSR. In terms of their importance, the issues of civil defense have reached the strategic level and have acquired priority significance.
According to the adopted Regulations "On the Civil Defense of the USSR", civil defense was a system of nationwide defense measures carried out in advance, in peacetime, in order to protect the population and the national economy of the country from nuclear, chemical, bacteriological weapons, to carry out rescue and urgent emergency recovery work in lesions and was built according to the territorial production principle.
By the end of the 1980s, the focus on solving civil defense problems only in wartime led to the fact that many people developed a light-hearted attitude and, to some extent, distrust of civil defense measures. There was a basis for this. Civil defense did not guarantee, and could not guarantee, absolute protection of the population from modern means of destruction, and at the same time, to some extent, stood aloof from the needs of life in peacetime. The changes taking place in the structure of the sectors of the national economy, which required an expansion of the tasks solved by civil defense in peacetime, were not taken into account in a timely manner. For the first time, they manifested themselves with particular acuteness during the liquidation of the consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant (1986). The experience of this accident showed that the readiness of the civil defense system cannot ensure the fulfillment of suddenly arising tasks. Moreover, it was not only about the participation of the civil defense forces in the elimination of emergency situations, but also about the transfer of tasks for the prevention and elimination of emergencies from the rank of secondary to the rank of priority. On July 30, 1987, the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 866213 "On measures for a radical restructuring of the civil defense system" was adopted.
The turn of civil defense towards solving peacetime problems meant a new qualitative stage in its existence, which turned out to be not easy. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that civil defense is at the same time practically preparing itself for action in war conditions. In addition, the new task required the implementation of a number of specific measures. First of all, those that should be focused on increasing its readiness in peacetime. So, one of the most important decisions of that time was to have two operational civil defense plans in the civil defense headquarters: a civil defense plan for wartime and a separate civil defense plan for peacetime in case of possible emergencies associated with the occurrence of natural disasters, major accidents and catastrophes.
After the earthquake in the city of Spitak (Armenia, 1988), voluntary and full-time rescue units began to be created on the ground. All these rescue formations, created on an initiative basis, were united into a single Allied Association of Rescuers. Of particular importance in the formation of the rescue units of the USSR was the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of November 30, 1990 No. 1201 "Issues of the Association of Rescue Units of the USSR". By decree, units of the USSR emergency rescue units were included in the forces involved in the elimination of the consequences of natural disasters, accidents, catastrophes and other emergencies.
It is quite clear that protection against emergency situations in peacetime prevails in the minds of people. Therefore, in accordance with the Decree of the President of the RSFSR of November 19, 1991, on the basis of the State Commission for Emergency Situations under the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR and the Civil Defense Headquarters of the RSFSR, the State Committee for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters under the President of the RSFSR (GKChS RSFSR) was created ). This was the beginning of the creation in Russia of a modern state system for protecting the population and territories from natural, man-made and military emergencies.
On May 8, 1993, the President of the Russian Federation signed the Decree "On Civil Defense", in which the overall leadership of civil defense in the Russian Federation was entrusted to the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Government of the Russian Federation, who became the head of the country's Civil Defense. The Chairman of the State Committee for Emergency Situations of Russia was appointed as his first deputy. The leadership of civil defense in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, regions and cities, in federal executive bodies, institutions, organizations and enterprises, regardless of ownership, was entrusted to the relevant heads of executive bodies, heads of institutions, organizations and enterprises. They were also given personal responsibility for the organization and implementation of civil defense measures, the creation and maintenance of the accumulated means of protection and property of civil defense in the territories and objects under their jurisdiction.
In early 1998, the Federal Law "On Civil Defense" came into force. For the first time in the history of Russia, the problems of civil defense were regulated by a legislative act. This made it possible to proceed with the further reorganization of the country's civil defense in order to increase its readiness to protect the population and territories from the dangers arising from the conduct of modern wars, as well as in emergency situations of various nature in peacetime. The forces and means of civil defense were repeatedly used in the event of large-scale emergencies.
In November 2007, by a decree of the Government of the Russian Federation, the “Regulations on the Civil Defense of the Russian Federation” were approved, which determined the procedure for preparing for conducting and the procedure for conducting civil defense in the Russian Federation, as well as the main civil defense measures aimed at performing civil defense tasks.
Currently, the control and warning system is being improved. Much attention is paid to increasing the protection of facilities critical for national security from natural, man-made threats, and terrorist manifestations. New means of individual and collective protection are being developed and introduced. In modern conditions, the state and civil defense are inseparable. On the one hand, it actively participates in ensuring the life and security of society, on the other hand, it organizes and develops in accordance with the general laws and processes inherent in the state in a given period of time. Today, the main distinguishing feature of civil defense is that it acts as a form of participation of the entire population of the country, state authorities and local governments in ensuring the defense capability and life of the state, performing defense, social and economic functions.
Inspector SPSC No. 3 O.V. Lifantiev
Civil defense occupies a special position in the ethics of armed confrontation, pursuing the goal of protecting the civilian population and providing assistance to them during military operations, as well as protection from peacetime emergencies. In addition, civil defense acts as a form of participation of the entire population of the country, state authorities and local self-government in ensuring the defense capability and life of the state.
The tragic statistics of the past century and the beginning of this century show that the number and scale of emergencies that have arisen in the world as a result of military operations, or as a result of these actions, as well as terrorist acts, man-made accidents and disasters, are inexorably increasing. This makes it necessary to take the necessary measures to reduce the losses of both human lives and material and cultural values as much as possible.
Civil defense is a system of measures to prepare for the protection and to protect the population, material and cultural values on the territory of the Russian Federation from the dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities or as a result of them.
Initially, the civil defense system in our country was created as a system for protecting the population and national economy from air strikes. On October 4, 1932, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR approved the Regulations on the country's air defense. According to this document, local air defense (LAD) was separated from the country's general air defense system as an independent part of it to protect the population and national economy facilities from enemy attacks from the air.
Local air defense is a system of measures carried out by local authorities aimed at protecting the population and the national economy from air attack.
MPVO was intended to solve the following tasks: warning the population about the threat of an attack from the air and alerting when the threat has passed; implementation of masking of the population, settlements and objects of the national economy; elimination of the consequences of an air attack; preparation of bomb shelters and gas shelters for the population; organization of first aid to victims of an air raid.
This system honorably justified its purpose in the harsh years of the Great Patriotic War. The Air Defense Forces extinguished about 100,000 fires and fires, prevented more than 30,000 serious industrial accidents, neutralized more than 400,000 aerial bombs and about 2.5 million shells and mines, saved many millions of citizens from death.
The Air Defense Forces, no doubt, made a significant contribution to reducing the damage from the Nazi air raids. However, few people know what a significant amount of work was carried out by units and formations of the MPVO during the restoration of industrial and agricultural enterprises. Thus, during the war years, they laid about 200 km of water and sewer mains, built 205 bridges, and cleared over 400,000 m3 of rubble.
The fighters of the MPVO raised from the ruins many quarters of Leningrad, Kyiv, Kharkov, Murmansk, Odessa, Dnepropetrovsk, Minsk.
Very few people traveling on Moscow metro trains today are aware that the section of track between the Semenovskaya and Izmailovsky Park stations was mainly built by the MPVO. And those who visit the State Academic Bolshoi Theater or the Theater. Yevgeny Vakhtangov, they hardly have an idea that, after being hit by German air bombs, they were completely restored by the fighters of the MPVO. They also built a tram line between Moscow and Tushino (at that time a suburb of Moscow), 4.5 km long.
In the 1950s, new weapons appeared in the arsenal of states - nuclear weapons, and new means of delivering nuclear weapons - missiles. All this led to the need to improve the system of measures to protect the population and the national economy from new nuclear missile weapons.
In July 1961, the MPVO was transformed into civil defense (GO). Civil defense has become an integral part of the system of nationwide defense measures carried out in peacetime and wartime in order to protect the population and the national economy of the country from weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and other means of enemy attack, as well as to carry out rescue operations in the centers of destruction and areas of catastrophic flooding . It was then that the slogan “Everyone should know and be able to do this!” was born, the relevance of which remains to this day.
In our country, it was planned to ensure the protection of the population from weapons of mass destruction by the advance preparation of various protective structures; the creation of stocks of personal protective equipment; evacuation from large cities; training in methods of defense against weapons of mass destruction; notification of the danger of an enemy attack.
To protect economic facilities, measures were planned and carried out aimed at increasing the stability of their work in wartime: protection of production assets; creation of inventories of material and technical means; preparation of autonomous sources of electricity, gas, water supply; accumulation of materials and funds for restoration work.
At present, the goals and objectives of civil defense are determined by the system of officially accepted views on the conduct of civil defense, taking into account the foreign and domestic policies pursued by the state to preserve the national security and defense capability of the country.
Improving the civil defense system in our country is inextricably linked with the reform of the Armed Forces, in accordance with the changed geopolitical, military-strategic and socio-economic conditions.
Civil defense is organized according to the territorial production principle throughout the country. This means that the planning and implementation of all its activities is carried out both through the federal government bodies and through departments and institutions in charge of production and economic activities.
The preparation of the state for conducting civil defense is carried out in advance in peacetime, taking into account the development of weapons, military equipment and means of protecting the population during the conduct of hostilities. The introduction of civil defense on the territory of the Russian Federation or in its individual areas begins from the moment a state of war is declared, the actual outbreak of hostilities, or the introduction of martial law by the President of the Russian Federation on the territory of Russia or in its individual areas.
In peacetime, the forces and means of civil defense participate in the protection of the population and territories in natural and man-made emergencies.
The Civil Defense, its forces and means took an active part in the liquidation of the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster, the earthquake in Armenia, carried out rescue work during the infamous accident on the gas pipeline in Bashkortostan, the explosion in Arzamas and in many other places.
After these events, it became clear that the country needs a service that, not only in wartime, but also in peacetime, could deal with issues of preventing and eliminating the consequences of disasters and accidents.
In mid-1989, the State Commission of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for Emergency Situations was established, and on December 27, 1990, in order to predict, prevent and eliminate emergency situations, ensure the constant readiness of government bodies for quick and effective actions in extreme conditions, the Russian Rescue Corps was created. as a state committee. Later it was transformed into the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Disaster Relief, on the basis of which the Russian Emergencies Ministry was created. At the same time, the Russian System for Warning and Action in Emergency Situations (RSChS) began to be created. 1993 can be called the year of its formation. And, finally, 1994 became, in fact, the first year of its full-fledged functioning. In addition, in January 1994, the State Committee for Emergency Situations was transformed into the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters (MES). The work of the new public administration body took place in difficult conditions. Thus, in 1994 alone, about 1,500 major emergencies occurred on the territory of the Russian Federation, of which almost 400 were natural and more than 1,100 were man-made.
It is impossible to overestimate the contribution of all bodies of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation to the cause of saving lives, preserving the health of both Russian citizens and citizens of other states.
And this despite the fact that not all responsible workers in the field, not all heads of enterprises, organizations, institutions and educational institutions understand the importance of the tasks solved by the Ministry of Emergency Situations, and the measure of their responsibility to protect both individual regions and any smallest team, each person.
History in the USSR and the Russian Federation in dates
The civil defense system in the USSR dates back to October 4, 1932, when the local air defense (LAD) was formed as an integral part of the country's air defense system. MPVO was a system of measures carried out with local authorities in order to protect the population and economic facilities from enemy attacks from the air, eliminate the consequences of his strikes, create normal conditions for the operation of industrial enterprises, power plants, transport, etc.
In 1940, as the Main Directorate of the MPVO, it was included in the system of the NKVD-MVD of the USSR.
In 1961, the MPVO was reorganized into the Civil Defense (GO) of the USSR, and the position of head of the GO was introduced. In 1971, the leadership of the civil defense was entrusted to the USSR Ministry of Defense, daily management - to the head of the civil defense - the deputy minister of defense of the USSR (Head of the civil defense troops).
Responsibility for civil defense on the ground was assigned to the Councils of Ministers of the Republics, the executive committees of the Councils of People's Deputies, ministries, departments, organizations and enterprises, the heads of which were the heads of civil defense. Under them, civil defense headquarters and various services were created.
In 1991, the civil defense system was included in the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Disaster Relief (since 1994 - Ministry of Emergency Situations)
Civil Defense Troops
In the 1970s, new types of high-readiness civil defense formations were created - consolidated detachments and teams of mechanization of work. Then the civil defense troops included civil defense regiments (located in major cities of the USSR), the Moscow Military School of Civil Defense (the city of Balashikha).
Since 1991, the civil defense forces in Russia have been subordinate to the State Committee for Emergency Situations (then - the Ministry of Emergency Situations) of Russia.
The following main tasks are assigned to the civil defense troops:
1. conducting general and special reconnaissance in the centers of destruction, zones of infection (pollution) and catastrophic flooding, as well as on the routes of advance to them;
2. carrying out emergency rescue and other urgent work in the liquidation of emergency situations (threats of emergency situations) of a natural and man-made nature, ensuring the introduction of other forces into the zones of infection and catastrophic flooding;
3. carrying out sanitization of the population, special treatment of equipment and property, decontamination of buildings, structures and territory; carrying out pyrotechnic works;
4. participation in the evacuation of the population and its priority life support;
5. participation in carrying out work to restore life-support facilities for the population, airfields, roads, crossings and other important infrastructure elements
In accordance with the Federal Law "On Civil Defense" (1998), the civil defense troops carry out their tasks independently or jointly with non-military civil defense formations, and, if necessary, with the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and other military formations.
By Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of September 30, 2011 No. 1265, on the basis of formations, military units and organizations of civil defense troops, rescue military units of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Disaster Relief (abbreviated as rescue military units) were formed.
In 1928, the People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs approved the first Regulations on Air Defense of the USSR, which states that air defense is intended to protect the USSR from air attacks using for this purpose the forces and means belonging to both military and civilian departments. and relevant public defense organizations.
By 1932, the necessary organizational and material prerequisites were created for the creation of a unified nationwide system of local air defense in the country.
On October 4, 1932, the Council of People's Commissars - the Government of the country adopted the "Regulations on the Air Defense of the USSR". This document was the first to determine the measures and means of protecting the population and territories of the country from air danger in the zone of possible action of enemy aircraft. This act marked the beginning of the creation of MPVO (local air defense).
This date is considered the birthday of the Civil Defense, since it was precisely those functions that the country's MPVO performed that the Civil Defense of the USSR continued to improve and develop in the future.
Since the MPVO was an integral part of the entire air defense system of the country, the overall leadership of the MPVO in the country was carried out by the People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs. In addition to the military units of the Air Defense Forces, subordinate to the command of the military districts, voluntary formations of the Air Defense Forces were organized. In urban areas, these were district teams, at enterprises - facility teams, at house managements - self-defense groups.
By a decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of October 7, 1940, the leadership of the MPVO was transferred to the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR, within which the Main Directorate of the MPVO was created. The Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of July 2, 1941 introduced universal mandatory training of the population for air defense.
civil defense
On July 15, 1961, by the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the MPVO was transformed into civil defense, the position of head of the civil defense was introduced and a new nationwide system was created: USSR Civil Defense. The Regulations on the Civil Defense of the USSR were approved. General management of the USSR Civil Defense was carried out by the Council of Ministers of the USSR, direct leadership - by the USSR Ministry of Defense, daily leadership - by the head of the USSR Civil Defense, Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR. The direct leadership of civil defense in the union and autonomous republics, territories, regions, cities, urban and rural areas is carried out by the chairmen of the Councils of People's Deputies, who are the heads of the civil defense.
In the 1970s, new types of high-readiness civil defense formations were created: consolidated detachments and mechanization teams, and then civil defense troops.
In 1971, the leadership of the civil defense was entrusted to the Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR, and the system itself was transferred to the Ministry of Defense. From that moment on, both the civil defense system and the DOSAAF system (a voluntary society for the assistance of the army, aviation and navy) began to flourish. Many events were held, a grandiose material base was created, which is still used today.
Since 1987, the Civil Defense has been officially entrusted with the responsibility of protecting the population and objects of the national economy from the consequences of accidents, catastrophes, natural disasters, carrying out rescue and restoration work. The question arose about the formation of a unified state system that provides advance preparation for actions in extreme conditions to overcome emergency situations caused by major accidents, catastrophes and natural disasters. Such a formulation of the question in no way implied the substitution or, on the contrary, the replacement of the country's civil defense system with a new system. On the contrary, a wider use of the capabilities of the Civil Defense system was envisaged in the course of overcoming various emergency situations.
On December 27, 1990, the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR "On the formation of the Russian rescue corps on the rights of the State Committee of the RSFSR, as well as the formation of a unified state-public system for forecasting, preventing and eliminating the consequences of emergency situations" was adopted.
April 17, 1991 Deputy Chairman of the Gosstroy of the RSFSR Sergei Shoigu was appointed chairman of the Russian rescue corps.
By a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR of July 30, 1991, the Russian rescue corps was transformed into the RSFSR State Committee for Emergency Situations, whose chairman on August 5, 1991 was reappointed S. K. Shoigu.
On November 19, 1991, by Decree of the President of the RSFSR B.N. Yeltsin No. 221, the State Committee for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters under the President of the RSFSR (GKChS RSFSR) was created, the chairman of which was appointed S. K. Shoigu.
In 1991, the civil defense system was included in the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters. The head of the Civil Defense of Russia is the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation.
In May 1993, Russia joined the International Civil Defense Organization (ICDO).
On January 10, 1994, by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 66 “On the structure of federal executive bodies”, the State Committee for Emergency Situations of Russia was transformed into the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Disaster Relief (EMERCOM of Russia).
By Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated January 20, 1994 No. 171, S.K.
World Civil Defense Day is celebrated annually on March 1st.
Civil Defense Day of the EMERCOM of Russia is celebrated on October 4.
In the Soviet Union, the foundation of civil defense - until 1961 it was called the local air defense (MPVO) - began to be laid in the very first years of the establishment of Soviet power. The first MPVO measures were carried out in Petrograd in March 1918 after the first aerial bombardment of the city by German aircraft. During the years of the Civil War, residents of a number of other large cities were involved in the activities of the MPVO when there was a threat of air raids.
The Soviet government, beginning in 1925, issued a number of decrees aimed at creating and strengthening the country's air defense. By the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, a lot of work had been done to prepare the population and cities of the threatened border zone for air defense and chemical defense.
Civil Defense (GO) is a system of measures for the preparation and protection of the population, material and cultural values on the territory of the Russian Federation from the dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities or as a result of these actions (Law of the Russian Federation of February 12, 1998 No. 28-FZ "On civil defense"). The civil defense of Russia is an integral part of the general system of state defense measures carried out in peacetime and wartime. The activity of civil defense is aimed both at protecting against modern means of attack by the enemy, and at carrying out rescue and urgent emergency recovery work at facilities and in the centers of destruction in emergency situations of peacetime and wartime. The main tasks facing civil defense can be formulated as follows:
1) teaching the population how to protect themselves from the dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities or as a result of these actions;
2) notification of the population about the dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities or as a result of these actions;
3) evacuation of the population, material and cultural values to safe areas;
4) provision of shelters and personal protective equipment to the population;
5) carrying out activities for light and other types of camouflage;
6) fighting fires arising during the conduct of military operations or as a result of these operations;
7) restoration and maintenance of order in areas affected by the conduct of hostilities, urgent restoration of the functioning of the necessary public services in wartime;
8) development and implementation of measures aimed at preserving objects that are essential for the sustainable functioning of the economy and the survival of the population in wartime.
At each facility, a regulation on civil defense should be developed, in which the tasks of the civil defense of the object are indicated.
An important task of the civil defense headquarters is the training and preparation of personnel for actions in emergency situations. The learning process is multilevel. It includes an introductory briefing, familiarization with the characteristics and methods of handling individual and collective protective equipment, conducting drills, etc.