Types of numerals - simple, compound and complex. Complex numbers

The numeral is a part of speech with a rather complex structure, since it can express infinitely long combinations of words. In Russian, numerals are divided into two large groups: simple and complex. This article details the characteristics of both groups with examples.

Numerals stand out among other parts of speech due to their complex structure. They have the ability to express one meaning in a very long, almost endless combination of words.

Simple and complex numerals

Simple numbers consist of one root. Most simple cardinal numbers are non-derivative. Among this category there are words that originate from other numerals. For example: Seventeen - seven + by + ten; twenty - two + ten.

TO derivative The numeral forty also applies: it has a common root with modern word“shirt” is not accidental. It is believed that it took exactly 40 sable or marten skins to make one fur product, which was called “soro” (something similar to a modern fur coat). This was also the name of the bag in which this amount of skins was placed. Gradually, the complex numeral “fourty” was replaced by a simpler word.

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All cardinal numbers have a corresponding ordinal number, formed in a suffixal manner.

Complex and compound numerals

Many people confuse the names of categories, calling combinations of several words complex, and compound words - complex words. To remember the names correctly and not get confused, you can use the following hint diagram:

• Difficult- formed by adding: seven + hundred - seven hundred, six + ten - sixty;
• Composite- one that consists of several words written separately: forty-two, thirty-four, seven hundred seventy, seven.

When declension occurs in cardinal complex numerals, all bases change, and in compound numerals, all parts of the combination change.

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Russian language lesson 6th grade

Kovaleva T.I., teacher of Russian language and literature
Tsentralny village, Volodarsky district, Nizhny Novgorod region. MBOU secondary school No. 45

Subject: “Simple, complex and composite numerals.”

Lesson objectives:

Open the textbooks on page 147 § 60. Read the textbook material.

1. 
   Using the slide, tell us about groups of numerals? Who will try?
2. 
   ……, repeat what you said…...

- students’ message from the history of numerals;

Eleven is derived from the expression "one over ten" and means "one over ten", ten in pronunciation has changed to dtsat. Our ancestors counted “one per ten”, “two per ten”, that is, one plus ten, two over ten. Gradually merge three words one gave us eleven, twelve, thirteen. All numerals of the second ten from 11 to 19 are formed this way.

The word million was coined by the famous Italian traveler Marco Polo. Having visited China in the 15th century, he could not find words to express his admiration for the riches of this country. So he formed a new word from the Italian milli (which meant “thousand”) and the particle -one (corresponding to the augmentative suffix -ish). Thus, the word million is literally translated as “thousands”.

c) vocabulary work: one + by + twenty = eleven;

three + by + twenty = thirteen

4. Consolidation

We got acquainted with groups of numerals by structure. Let's consolidate what we have learned by completing the following task.

Slide number 2.

Look at the slide.

Task: Choose and name simple numbers. How did you determine this?

complex numerals

compound numerals

Simple: six plots, eleventh century.

Complex: five hundred rubles, one hundred thousandth customer.

Compounds: two point five percent, thirty-fifth year.

Well done. You completed the task.

List again the groups of numerals for which you were looking for examples.

- work using cards (2 people)

Distributive dictation: divide the numerals into two groups (simple and compound):

Three, forty-eight, one thousand nine hundred forty-five, seventy-seven, five hundred forty-two, three hundred fifteen, six hundred eighty-one, one million two hundred thirty-five thousand nine hundred seventy-one, one hundred and thirteen.

And now you will act as designers.

Assignment: On your desk are parts of sentences with numerals. Make up 3 sentences and write them down in your notebooks.
- Read the sentences and name the group of numerals according to their structure in this proverb.
1. In the Russian language textbook three hundred sixty five pages.

(Composite).

2. We study in sixth class. (Simple).

3.The weight of the candies is fifty t kilogram. (Complex).

4. Test work.
Now let’s check how well you have understood the topic of the lesson.

Assignment: Each of you has assignments with answer forms on your desks. Sign the form. Read the assignment carefully and write your answers on the forms.

Slide number 3.
Look at the key.

sl p s p sl

Check that you are doing the job correctly. Rate yourself and pass the papers.

Let's summarize the test work.

Who did the job without errors? Raise your hands.

Who made 1 mistake?

Who didn't make it?

I'm glad that most class I learned to identify groups of numerals by structure without errors, i.e. The goals set at the beginning of our lesson have been achieved.

In the next lessons we will continue our acquaintance with numerals.

And today in class we received grades...

Giving marks with a brief comment.

Exercise to your home with recommendations (1 min.)

Slide number 4.

§ 60 p.147 Learn groups of numerals by structure.

Exercise 351. Identify groups of numerals by structure.

☼ additionally optional: copy from newspapers or magazines 3

sentences with numerals that differ in their structure.

This :

Do you know that the number “seven” has been considered sacred since ancient times and was very widespread, which is why there are so many proverbs, sayings, and phraseological units with this number.

Assignment: Remember and name examples.

Let me start. In seventh heaven, 7 Fridays in a week, lose 7 skins, sweat, seven spans in the forehead, etc.

Literature.

1. 
   Russian language. 5th grade. Textbook for general education institutions with an appendix on electronic media. At 2 o'clock / [T. A. Ladyzhenskaya, M. T. Baranova, L. A. Trostentsova and others; scientific editor N. M. Shansky]. – 2nd edition – M.: Education, 2013.
2. 
   Raman T.V. Thematic and lesson planning in the Russian language: 5th grade: to the textbook by T.A. Ladyzhenskaya and others. “Russian language. 5th grade” / T.V. Raman. - M.: Exam, 2006. - 318, - (Series “Training and methodological kit”).
3. 
   Shibalova L.V. Control and testing work in the Russian language: 5th grade: to the textbook by T. A. Ladyzhenskaya and others. “Russian language: a textbook for educational institutions” / L. V. Shibalova. – 2nd edition, revised and expanded – M.: Publishing House “Exam”, 2013.
4. 
   Russian language lessons in 5th grade: A book for teachers/G. A. Bogdanova. - 2nd edition - M.: Education, 2003.
5. 
   Egorova N.V. Lesson developments in the Russian language. 5th grade. - 2nd edition, revised - M.: VAKO, 2013

Card No. 1
Exercise: Please indicate: simple ( n.); complex ( sl.); compound ( With) numerals.
One second kilometer, one fourth of the final, seven hundred kilograms, five people, three days, five lessons, eighteen degrees, sixty years, three hundredths of a section, two sevenths.

Card No. 2.
Exercise: Specify: simple ( n.); complex ( sl.); compound ( With) numerals.
One second kilometer, one quarter final, seven hundred kilograms, five people, three days, five lessons, eighteen degrees, sixty years, three hundredths of a section, two sevenths
Card No. 3
Exercise: Specify: simple ( n.); complex ( sl.); compound ( With) numerals.
The Russian language textbook has three hundred and sixty-five pages.

We are in sixth grade.

The weight of the candies is fifty kilograms.

The Russian language textbook has three hundred and sixty-five pages.

A numeral is a part of speech that serves to indicate the number, quantity and order of objects. Numerals answer the questions: how many? Which? which? Examples: three, one hundred twenty-seven, first, both, four.

Quantity can also mean other parts of speech. In contrast, numerals can be written not only in words, but also in numbers: five (or 5) hockey players (number) - magnificent five (noun).

Simple and compound numbers

Based on the number of words, numerals are divided into simple and compound. Simple ones consist of one stem, compound ones - of two stems or several words.

• Simple - have one base (describe one number): one, three, eight.
• Complex ones - have two stems (describe two numbers), are written together: thirteen, seventy.
• Compounds - consist of several words, written separately: two thousand fourteen, one hundred eighty.

In compound numerals, the number of words is equal to the number of significant figures, not counting zeros, but with the addition of the words thousand, million, etc. and taking into account the continuous writing of complex numerals: 102 - one hundred and two, 1501 - one thousand five hundred and one.
Numerals ending in “-thousandth”, “-millionth”, “-billionth”, etc. are written together: five thousandth (bill), one hundred and twenty millionth (budget).

Meaning and grammatical features

Depending on their meaning and use, numerals are divided into cardinal and ordinal.

There are also other types of numerals, which in school curriculum usually not considered: countable (single case, binary code), multiplicative (double impact, triple benefit), indefinitely quantitative (few, several). The classification of numerals is a controversial issue, since different authors and philologists distinguish various types numerals. But in the school curriculum everything is simple, cardinal and ordinal numbers are studied.

Morphological characteristics

A numeral is an inflected part of speech; numerals are declined according to cases. The initial form of the numeral is the nominative case.

All cardinal numbers (integers, collective numbers, fractions) change by case. The numeral one varies by gender (one, one, one) and numbers (one, one), the numeral two changes by gender (two, two).

Ordinal numbers change according to cases, numbers and genders. The ordinal number agrees with the noun; in the phrase, the ordinal number is a dependent word: the first car, the second car, the third bell.

The main page of the site describes in detail the declension of all types of numerals with rules, exceptions and examples.

Syntax function

Cardinal numbers can be any part of a sentence. Ordinal numbers are more often a determiner, less often a predicate and subject.
Twenty is divisible by five (the numeral twenty is the subject).
Six six - thirty six (the numeral thirty six is ​​the nominal part of the predicate).
We are traveling in the fifth carriage (the numeral fifth is the definition).
The war ended in 1945 (in 1945 - a circumstance of the times).

A cardinal number in combination with a noun is one member of a sentence.
Eight employees of our company are going on a business trip tomorrow (eight employees - subject).
The working day begins at eight o'clock (at eight o'clock - circumstance).

Numeral gender

The numeral gender can be written together, with a hyphen, or separately.

It is written together: if it means “half” and is part of a compound word, the second part of which is a noun in the genitive case and begins with a consonant: half a kilogram, half a kilometer, half a third, half an hour;
if it is part of an adverb: half turn, in a low voice;
the word half-liter and the word quarter are written together difficult words: quarterfinals. It is written with a hyphen: before a vowel, before the letter l, before a proper name: half-island, half-lemon, half-Russia. It is written separately: if it has an independent meaning and is related to the subsequent noun through an agreed definition: half a tablespoon, half a bag of sugar.

Abbreviated spelling

Ordinal numbers can have one or two letters on the right (3rd, 21st), there are no other options. If part of the word is written in numbers, and part in letters with its own root, then the increment on the right is not applied (10th anniversary, 2-tone, 3 percent). In all numbers, starting with five-digit ones, their entire part is divided by non-breaking spaces into groups of three digits: 18,789,300, 25,000 (but 200, 3700). If four-digit numbers are used in the same column or list with numbers of a higher order, then they are divided into groups: 15,000, 2,000, 145,000. A non-breaking space in Windows is set by simultaneously pressing Alt + Shift + Space, for MAC - Alt + Space.

Spelling not with numerals

Negation with numerals Not written separately. Examples: not two, not the first on the list, not the prime meridian passes through our city.

Using zero and zero

Both forms are acceptable. The use of each form has its own rationale.

• When counting and comparing, the form zero is most often used: zero is less than one, zero whole and one tenth.
• In the terminological meaning, the zero form predominates: the sum is equal to zero, the street temperature is kept at zero.
• In stable expressions both forms occur: zero attention, at twenty zero-zero, reduce to zero, temperature of absolute zero.
• The adjective is often formed from the form zero: zero kilometer, zero mileage.

Numeral- one of the simplest parts of speech in the Russian language. Finding out a numeral is easy - just ask the question “how much” or “which”, and if the word answers it, then it is included in this group.

But within a large group, numerals are divided into several varieties. Let's look at the main ones and find out how to classify a part of speech to one type or another.

What numbers are called simple?

Main hallmark numeral is the ability to write a word in numerical form, that is, in numbers. But the records may differ greatly from each other appearance and by reading - for example, the words “ten”, “three hundred twelve” and “one thousand six hundred seventy eight”.

• The group of simple numerals includes mainly prime numbers that are written in just one word - “six”, “nine”, “four”.
• It happens that a numeral consists of two or more digits - “twelve”, “one hundred”, “million”. It still remains simple, since there is only one word - and most importantly, only one root.

Complex numbers

But words like “sixty”, “eighty” or “seven hundred” are no longer simple. Although they are written in one word, there are more roots here. For example, the word “sixty” consists of the stems “six” and “ten”, the word “seven hundred” - from the stems “seven” and “hundred”. Such words are usually called complex, and it is very important not to confuse them with simple ones.

Compounds - numerals made up of several words

The main difference between compound numerals and the previous two groups is that they are written in several in separate words. Examples are “one thousand sixty eight”, “four hundred twenty three”, “eight hundred forty one”, “twenty two”. Almost all fractions also belong to this group - if you write them in words and not in numbers, you always get a whole phrase.

For example - “one point six”, “five ninths”, “two thirds”. The only exception is the word “one and a half” - it can be used to express the number “one point five.”

The rules for declension of compound numerals deserve special mention. They vary depending on the situation. Sometimes the expression is declined completely, for each word - for example, “pay for the purchase with three hundred and forty-three rubles.” But in some cases, only the last part of the compound numeral is transformed. For example, you can take “in one thousand nine hundred and forty-five.” As we see, here the case is changed only for the last part - all the rest remain in the nominative case.